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8/2/2019 LING-14 Supra-Segmental Phonemes Juncture
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Juncture
When we write English, the boundariesbetween words are symbolized by
leaving a space between them When we speak English, grammatical
boundaries are indicated by the features
of the sound system itself
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Juncture
In written English ni@trate$ and night@ rate$have identical stresses.
A supra-segmental phoneme is presentin the utterance /nayt@ ret$/ which is notpresent in the utterance / na@ytre$t/
This phoneme is called juncture and isrepresented by /+ /
It occurs between /nayt+ret/
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Perceived Space
The phoneme represented by /+/ iscalled plus juncture
The phonemes of juncture serve tomark grammatical boundaries
The boundaries between night and rate
is indicated by the phoneme /+// nayt+ret/
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Pre-junctural
The term pre-junctural meansimmediately preceding or contiguous
to, a following open juncture. In pre or post junctural position, all
segmental phonemes(consonants and
vowels) exhibit special allophones In night rate the first t is in pre-junctural
position
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Minimal Pair
The first t in night rate is unreleased/=/ [nayt= + ret]
The first t of nitrate is aspirated/naytHret /
[nayt@=+ret$] contrasts with [na@ytH$r$et/
Close Transition nitrate refers to noperceived space between the sounds
Open transition night rate refers to a
perceived space or break
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In pre junctural position all stops
are normally releasednight rate
/nayt= + ret/
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In pre-junctural position all
vowels and glides are lengthened Nye trait ( a trait of the Nye family)
/nay: tret/ vowels, glides and
diphthongs are lengthened.
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Pre and post junctural phonemes
/DQ$t + sa@d/
/DQ$ts+ sa@d /
/sI@n + tQ$ks / /sIn@tQks$/
Th$at s@od
Thats so@d
si@nta$x sy@nt$ax
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Minimal pair
The /n/ of sin tax is in pre-juncturalposition.
The /n/ of sin tax /sIn tQks/ is longerthan the /n/ of syntax /sIntQks/
All nasals in pre-junctural position are
lengthened
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Minimal Pair
/DQt$+ st! / represents that stuff
/D$Q$ts t@/ represents thats tough
In the utterance that stuff, the final /t/of that is unreleased [t=]
In the utterance thats tough, the /t/ ofthats is aspirated and the final /s/ islengthened
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Post Junctural Allophones
Like the phonemes in prejuncturalposition, the phonemes in post
junctural position have specialallophones
In the utterance/DQts + t / the /t/ is in
post -junctural position Like all initial voiced stop consonants,
the post junctural /t/ is aspirated [tH]
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Summary
In pre-junctural position, stopconsonants are generally unreleased.
In post -junctural position, voicelessconsonants are aspirated
In pre-junctural position, fricatives are
lengthened In pre-junctural position, nasals ,
vowels and diphthongs are lengthened
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Close and Open Juncture
The smooth unbroken transitionbetween segmental phonemes is called
close juncture. Close juncture is not marked, but
internal open juncture is marked by
/+/
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External Open Juncture
The type of juncture which marks theend of an utterance is called external
open juncture. Since it marks the end of an utterance,
external open juncture often appears
before silence
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Utterance
We can define utterance as anysegment of speech bounded at the
beginning and end by silence. /+/ does not represent silence
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Terminal Juncture
External open juncture, often calledterminal juncture, involves a change of
voice pitch. For example, in the utteranceAre you
going home? the voice rises sharply at
the end of the final syllable. This rising terminal juncture is
characteristic of a question.
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Special Allophones
Continuant segmental phonemes whichoccur before external open juncture are
generally lengthened. As was the case before internal open
juncture, stop consonants followed by
external open juncture are generallyunreleased
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Terminal Juncture
The type of juncture which occurs at theend of the utteranceAre you going home?
is represented by / / / / ischaracteristic of a question.
/ar yu goiN hom / illustrates the
rising juncture pattern.
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Terminal Falling Juncture
The type of terminal juncture whichoccurs at the end of a statement is
represented by / / The statement I am going home would
end in // / / is characterized by a fall
in voice pitch. The phoneme /m/ in /hom/ is
lengthened.
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Minimal Pair
/j &anz + g$oi&N+ ho@m /
/janz + g$oi(@N + ho@m /
In the first utterance, the pitch of thevoice rises, while it falls in the secondutterance
/ / fall -- statement
/ / rise --- question
/+/ does not occur at end of utterance
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Summary
/ / and / / signal an end of anutterance
Grammatical boundaries within anutterance are signalled by the presenceof /+/
/+/ does not involve a change in pitchof voice
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Sustained Juncture
The third variety of terminal junctureconsists of neither a rise or a fall in
voice pitch, but of sustained pitch Sustained juncture is represented by
/-- /
Unlike the other terminal junctures/-- / may occur both within and at theend of an utterance
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/dZan wEnt hom -- mQri wEnt
tu skul / -- / represents sustained
juncture/ / represents falling juncture
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Summary
Like / / and / / , /-- / may befollowed by a pause or silence.
When it does, it gives the impression ofan unfinished utterance.
/his goiN tu bay a kar / / .
/his goiN tu bay a kar /-- / , /his goiN tu bay a kar / /
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Sustain Juncture
When /-- / occurs within an utterance,it is at least twice as long as /+/
/hi + hQz + rEd-- ord/ /hi + hQz + rEd + ord /
The juncture between red and Ford in
the first utterance is longer than thejuncture between red and Ford in thesecond utterance.