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Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and Prolongations

Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

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Page 1: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Linear TechniquesLinear Progressions and Prolongations

Page 2: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Melody and Harmony

Page 3: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Melody and Harmony

✦ The melodic and harmonic components of music are separate, but they are closely interrelated.

Page 4: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Melody and Harmony

✦ The melodic and harmonic components of music are separate, but they are closely interrelated.

✦ How they work together is the topic of linear progressions.

Page 5: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Bach: Organ Prelude in C Major!"!"!"

# $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $% $ $% $ $% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $& ' $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $(

$ $($ $(

& ' ' '

4

# $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $&

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

& ' ) ) $( $ $( $ $(

Page 6: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Bach: Organ Prelude in C Major

✦ The first measure outlines a C Major scale

!"!"!"

# $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $% $ $% $ $% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $& ' $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $(

$ $($ $(

& ' ' '

4

# $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $&

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

& ' ) ) $( $ $( $ $(

Page 7: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Bach: Organ Prelude in C Major

✦ The first measure outlines a C Major scale✦ Bach's grouping of the pitches, and their metric placement,

leads us to hearing the notes outlining the tonic triad more prominently than the others.

!"!"!"

# $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $% $ $% $ $% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $& ' $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $(

$ $($ $(

& ' ' '

4

# $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $&

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

& ' ) ) $( $ $( $ $(

Page 8: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Bach: Organ Prelude in C Major!"!"!"

# $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $% $ $% $ $% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $& ' $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $(

$ $($ $(

& ' ' '

4

# $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $&

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

& ' ) ) $( $ $( $ $(

Page 9: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Bach: Organ Prelude in C Major

✦ Bar 4's upper voice also outlines the tonic triad.

!"!"!"

# $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $% $ $% $ $% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $& ' $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $(

$ $($ $(

& ' ' '

4

# $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $&

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

& ' ) ) $( $ $( $ $(

Page 10: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Bach: Organ Prelude in C Major

✦ Bar 4's upper voice also outlines the tonic triad.✦ In fact, bar 4 is really a variation of bar 1, transposed up an

octave

!"!"!"

# $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $% $ $% $ $% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $& ' $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $(

$ $($ $(

& ' ' '

4

# $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $&

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

& ' ) ) $( $ $( $ $(

Page 11: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Bach: Organ Prelude in C Major!"!"!"

# $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $% $ $% $ $% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $& ' $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $(

$ $($ $(

& ' ' '

4

# $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $&

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

& ' ) ) $( $ $( $ $(

Page 12: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Bach: Organ Prelude in C Major

✦ In bar 2, connecting the notes on the beats (as opposed to the afterbeats) reveals a stepwise line

!"!"!"

# $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $% $ $% $ $% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $& ' $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $(

$ $($ $(

& ' ' '

4

# $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $&

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

& ' ) ) $( $ $( $ $(

Page 13: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Bach: Organ Prelude in C Major

✦ In bar 2, connecting the notes on the beats (as opposed to the afterbeats) reveals a stepwise line

✦ This stepwise line from beat 2 to the downbeat of beat 1 of the next measure, is an augmented version of the first three notes

!"!"!"

# $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $% $ $% $ $% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $& ' $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $(

$ $($ $(

& ' ' '

4

# $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $&

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

& ' ) ) $( $ $( $ $(

Page 14: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Bach: Organ Prelude in C Major!"!"!"

# $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $% $ $% $ $% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $& ' $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $(

$ $($ $(

& ' ' '

4

# $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $&

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

& ' ) ) $( $ $( $ $(

Page 15: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Bach: Organ Prelude in C Major

✦ In bar 3, the tonic triad is again outlined—this time from ^1 to ^5, and including all passing tones

!"!"!"

# $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $% $ $% $ $% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $& ' $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $(

$ $($ $(

& ' ' '

4

# $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $&

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

& ' ) ) $( $ $( $ $(

Page 16: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Bach: Organ Prelude in C Major

✦ In bar 3, the tonic triad is again outlined—this time from ^1 to ^5, and including all passing tones

✦ This helps to refer back to both bars 1 and 2

!"!"!"

# $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $% $ $% $ $% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $& ' $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $(

$ $($ $(

& ' ' '

4

# $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $&

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

& ' ) ) $( $ $( $ $(

Page 17: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Bach: Organ Prelude in C Major

✦ In bar 3, the tonic triad is again outlined—this time from ^1 to ^5, and including all passing tones

✦ This helps to refer back to both bars 1 and 2✦ As well as connect to the bar 4, which contains a canonic

copy of the figure

!"!"!"

# $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $% $ $% $ $% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $& ' $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $(

$ $($ $(

& ' ' '

4

# $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $&

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

& ' ) ) $( $ $( $ $(

Page 18: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Tonic Triad and Octaves

! " " " " " " " " " " """"

Page 19: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Tonic Triad and Octaves

✦ Viewed in a two-voice texture, the structure reveals

! " " " " " " " " " " """"

Page 20: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Tonic Triad and Octaves

✦ Viewed in a two-voice texture, the structure reveals✦ Two instances of thirds

! " " " " " " " " " " """"

Page 21: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Tonic Triad and Octaves

✦ Viewed in a two-voice texture, the structure reveals✦ Two instances of thirds✦ One instance of a fourth

! " " " " " " " " " " """"

Page 22: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Tonic Triad and Octaves

✦ Viewed in a two-voice texture, the structure reveals✦ Two instances of thirds✦ One instance of a fourth

✦ Viewed in a three-voice texture, the structure reveals

! " " " " " " " " " " """"

Page 23: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Tonic Triad and Octaves

✦ Viewed in a two-voice texture, the structure reveals✦ Two instances of thirds✦ One instance of a fourth

✦ Viewed in a three-voice texture, the structure reveals✦ An instance of a fifth

! " " " " " " " " " " """"

Page 24: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Tonic Triad and Octaves

✦ Viewed in a two-voice texture, the structure reveals✦ Two instances of thirds✦ One instance of a fourth

✦ Viewed in a three-voice texture, the structure reveals✦ An instance of a fifth

✦ Viewed in a four-voice texture, the structure reveals

! " " " " " " " " " " """"

Page 25: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Tonic Triad and Octaves

✦ Viewed in a two-voice texture, the structure reveals✦ Two instances of thirds✦ One instance of a fourth

✦ Viewed in a three-voice texture, the structure reveals✦ An instance of a fifth

✦ Viewed in a four-voice texture, the structure reveals✦ An instance of an octave

! " " " " " " " " " " """"

Page 26: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Mozart: "Lison dormait", K. 264

!"!"

!!!!

# $% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ & $$'$$ $$ $$ & $$

%$$ $$ $$ &

( & $$$$ )$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $$ $$

&

Page 27: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Mozart: "Lison dormait", K. 264

✦ Begin by identifying the primary melodic tones (extra stems are added)

!"!"

!!!!

# $% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ & $$'$$ $$ $$ & $$

%$$ $$ $$ &

( & $$$$ )$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $$ $$

&

Page 28: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Mozart: "Lison dormait", K. 264

✦ Begin by identifying the primary melodic tones (extra stems are added)

✦ Go through the harmony and identify T, int, and D

!"!"

!!!!

# $% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ & $$'$$ $$ $$ & $$

%$$ $$ $$ &

( & $$$$ )$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $$ $$

&

T int D TI ii V I6

Page 29: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Mozart: "Lison dormait", K. 264

!"!"

!!!!

# $% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ & $$'$$ $$ $$ & $$

%$$ $$ $$ &

( & $$$$ )$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $$ $$

&

T int D TI ii V I6

Page 30: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Mozart: "Lison dormait", K. 264

✦ Note the way that ^5-^4-^3 is so strongly supported by tenths in the bass

!"!"

!!!!

# $% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ & $$'$$ $$ $$ & $$

%$$ $$ $$ &

( & $$$$ )$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $$ $$

&

T int D TI ii V I6

Page 31: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Mozart: "Lison dormait", K. 264

✦ Note the way that ^5-^4-^3 is so strongly supported by tenths in the bass

✦ The line is heard twice:

!"!"

!!!!

# $% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ & $$'$$ $$ $$ & $$

%$$ $$ $$ &

( & $$$$ )$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $$ $$

&

T int D TI ii V I6

Page 32: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Mozart: "Lison dormait", K. 264

✦ Note the way that ^5-^4-^3 is so strongly supported by tenths in the bass

✦ The line is heard twice:✦ Bars 2 - 4, stopping on ^3

!"!"

!!!!

# $% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ & $$'$$ $$ $$ & $$

%$$ $$ $$ &

( & $$$$ )$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $$ $$

&

T int D TI ii V I6

Page 33: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Mozart: "Lison dormait", K. 264

✦ Note the way that ^5-^4-^3 is so strongly supported by tenths in the bass

✦ The line is heard twice:✦ Bars 2 - 4, stopping on ^3✦ Bars 5 - 8, concluding the melodic line

!"!"

!!!!

# $% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ & $$'$$ $$ $$ & $$

%$$ $$ $$ &

( & $$$$ )$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $$ $$

&

T int D TI ii V I6

Page 34: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Mozart: "Lison dormait", K. 264

!"!"

!!!!

# $% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ & $$'$$ $$ $$ & $$

%$$ $$ $$ &

( & $$$$ )$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $$ $$

&

T int D TI ii V I6

Page 35: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Mozart: "Lison dormait", K. 264

✦ Bars 2 - 4 form a descending thirds progression (3-prg.)

!"!"

!!!!

# $% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ & $$'$$ $$ $$ & $$

%$$ $$ $$ &

( & $$$$ )$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $$ $$

&

T int D TI ii V I6

3-prg.

Page 36: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Mozart: "Lison dormait", K. 264

✦ Bars 2 - 4 form a descending thirds progression (3-prg.)✦ Bars 5 - 8 form a descending fifths progression (5-prg.)

!"!"

!!!!

# $% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ & $$'$$ $$ $$ & $$

%$$ $$ $$ &

( & $$$$ )$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $$ $$

&

T int D TI ii V I6

3-prg. 5-prg.

Page 37: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Mozart: "Lison dormait", K. 264

!"!"

!!!!

# $% $ $ $ $ $ $3-prg.

$ $ $ $ $ & $$'$$ $$ $$

5-prg.

& $$%

$$ $$ $$ &( & $$$$ )

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $$ $$&

Page 38: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Mozart: "Lison dormait", K. 264

✦ The two linear progressions are here shown as "foreground" interpretation—i.e., a way of showing the progression while maintaining most, if not all, of the surface elements of the music.

!"!"

!!!!

# $% $ $ $ $ $ $3-prg.

$ $ $ $ $ & $$'$$ $$ $$

5-prg.

& $$%

$$ $$ $$ &( & $$$$ )

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ $$ $$&

Page 39: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Linear Progression

Page 40: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Linear Progression

✦ Schenker's own term is Zug (thus dreizug would be a "thirds progression".)

Page 41: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Linear Progression

✦ Schenker's own term is Zug (thus dreizug would be a "thirds progression".)

✦ The word has various meanings:

Page 42: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Linear Progression

✦ Schenker's own term is Zug (thus dreizug would be a "thirds progression".)

✦ The word has various meanings:✦ "Pulling"

Page 43: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Linear Progression

✦ Schenker's own term is Zug (thus dreizug would be a "thirds progression".)

✦ The word has various meanings:✦ "Pulling"✦ "Drawing"

Page 44: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Linear Progression

✦ Schenker's own term is Zug (thus dreizug would be a "thirds progression".)

✦ The word has various meanings:✦ "Pulling"✦ "Drawing"

✦ Thus the term suggests something dynamic, of motion towards a goal.

Page 45: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Linear Progression

✦ Schenker's own term is Zug (thus dreizug would be a "thirds progression".)

✦ The word has various meanings:✦ "Pulling"✦ "Drawing"

✦ Thus the term suggests something dynamic, of motion towards a goal.

✦ Because the first and last tones belong either to the same harmony or to closely related ones, an inner affinity connects the first tone to the last.

Page 46: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Basic Linear Progressions

! "###P

" " "### P

" " ###"

P

" "P

" "

Page 47: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Basic Linear Progressions

✦ Each of these progressions horizontalizes the tonic triad in one way or another

! "###P

" " "### P

" " ###"

P

" "P

" "

Page 48: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Basic Linear Progressions

✦ Each of these progressions horizontalizes the tonic triad in one way or another

✦ The third horizontalizes the complete tonic triad

! "###P

" " "### P

" " ###"

P

" "P

" "

Page 49: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Harmonized Linear Progressions

!I

""

IV

""

V64

""53

""I

""I

"# "V

#"

I

#" "IV

"#

Page 50: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Harmonized Linear Progressions

✦ The 5-prg. harmonizes the tonic triad—beginning and ending on I—but demonstrates how a simple progression can really be a prolongation of a single triad

!I

""

IV

""

V64

""53

""I

""I

"# "V

#"

I

#" "IV

"#

Page 51: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Harmonized Linear Progressions

✦ The 5-prg. harmonizes the tonic triad—beginning and ending on I—but demonstrates how a simple progression can really be a prolongation of a single triad

✦ The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another can be achieved

!I

""

IV

""

V64

""53

""I

""I

"# "V

#"

I

#" "IV

"#

Page 52: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Bach: "Jesu, meine Freude"

!" ## ## # ## #" # $# #" $$%" ## ## # !# # # #& #

### # $$

Page 53: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Bach: "Jesu, meine Freude"

✦ Examine both the melody and the harmonic motion to understand the nature of the unfolding tonic triad

!" ## ## # ## #" # $# #" $$%" ## ## # !# # # #& #

### # $$

Page 54: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Bach: "Jesu, meine Freude"

!" ## ## # ## #" # $# #" $$%" ## ## # !# # # #& #

### # $$

!" # # # #5-prg.

# #%"

i

# # # #ii65 V

#& #i

#

Page 55: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Bach: "Jesu, meine Freude"

✦ A foreground analysis of the phrase

!" ## ## # ## #" # $# #" $$%" ## ## # !# # # #& #

### # $$

!" # # # #5-prg.

# #%"

i

# # # #ii65 V

#& #i

#

Page 56: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Bach: "Jesu, meine Freude"

✦ A foreground analysis of the phrase✦ The 5-prg. is indicated by a beam

!" ## ## # ## #" # $# #" $$%" ## ## # !# # # #& #

### # $$

!" # # # #5-prg.

# #%"

i

# # # #ii65 V

#& #i

#

Page 57: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Bach: "Jesu, meine Freude"

✦ A foreground analysis of the phrase✦ The 5-prg. is indicated by a beam✦ The bass displays the motion from i-V-i, (T-D-T)

!" ## ## # ## #" # $# #" $$%" ## ## # !# # # #& #

### # $$

!" # # # #5-prg.

# #%"

i

# # # #ii65 V

#& #i

#

Page 58: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Bach: "Jesu, meine Freude"

✦ A foreground analysis of the phrase✦ The 5-prg. is indicated by a beam✦ The bass displays the motion from i-V-i, (T-D-T)✦ The int harmony ii65 is shown with a flag, indicating its

close relationship to V

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i

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#

Page 59: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

!"!"

!!!!

#$p% % % % % % % % % % % % % % %& % % % %$ % % % % % %

'$ ( % % % % % % % % % % % %

Page 60: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

✦ Without much in the way of initial analysis, it's easy enough to spot that there's an arch shape in the overall melodic structure

!"!"

!!!!

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Page 61: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

!"!"

!"!"

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+N

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Page 62: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

✦ The foreground analysis employs various elements of graphic analytical notation

!"!"

!"!"

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Page 63: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

!"!"

!"!"

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+N

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Page 64: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

✦ Dotted slurs indicate the retension of a single tone over a longer span

!"!"

!"!"

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Page 65: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

!"!"

!"!"

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+N

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Page 66: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

✦ Solid slurs indicate motions among different tones—i.e., they show connections that might not be otherwise visible

!"!"

!"!"

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Page 67: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

!"!"

!"!"

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+N

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Page 68: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

✦ Unstemmed noteheads indicate tones of lesser priority—usually those that are passing tones within a short figure, or consonant skips also within a short figure

!"!"

!"!"

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Page 69: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

✦ Unstemmed noteheads indicate tones of lesser priority—usually those that are passing tones within a short figure, or consonant skips also within a short figure

✦ Note that some melodic motions have already been reduced out of the analysis (such as the neighbor tones at he beginning of each measure.)

!"!"

!"!"

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Page 70: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

!"!"

!"!"

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+N

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Page 71: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

✦ Among stemmed notes, the length of the stem indicates relative priority

!"!"

!"!"

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Page 72: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

✦ Among stemmed notes, the length of the stem indicates relative priority

✦ The longest stemmed notes are the most fundamental

!"!"

!"!"

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Page 73: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

!"!"

!"!"

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+N

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Page 74: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

✦ Stem direction indicates polyphonic voices

!"!"

!"!"

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Page 75: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

✦ Stem direction indicates polyphonic voices✦ The LH part has two voices—the blue notes indicate the

"tenor", whereas the red notes indicate the "bass"

!"!"

!"!"

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Page 76: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

!"!"

!"!"

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+N

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Page 77: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

✦ There are several levels of structure in the top voice:

!"!"

!"!"

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Page 78: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

✦ There are several levels of structure in the top voice:✦ The prolongation of 'A'

!"!"

!"!"

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Page 79: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

✦ There are several levels of structure in the top voice:✦ The prolongation of 'A'✦ Linear progressions rising to and falling from 'C'

!"!"

!"!"

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+N

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Page 80: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

✦ There are several levels of structure in the top voice:✦ The prolongation of 'A'✦ Linear progressions rising to and falling from 'C'✦ Various tones of figurations that embellish these

progressions

!"!"

!"!"

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Page 81: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

!"!"

!"!"

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+N

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Page 82: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

✦ Also note that there is an "alto" voice in the RH part, which outlines a 3-prg. from F to A

!"!"

!"!"

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Page 83: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

✦ Also note that there is an "alto" voice in the RH part, which outlines a 3-prg. from F to A

✦ Smaller 3-prgs. foreshadow the larger 3-prg from bars 1 - 3

!"!"

!"!"

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+N

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Page 84: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

!"!"

!"!"

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+N

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Page 85: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

✦ A pair of brackets indicate a motivic parallelism that reflects the 3-prgs found throughout the piece

!"!"

!"!"

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Page 86: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

✦ A pair of brackets indicate a motivic parallelism that reflects the 3-prgs found throughout the piece

✦ LH: from G-E passing through F

!"!"

!"!"

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Page 87: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

✦ A pair of brackets indicate a motivic parallelism that reflects the 3-prgs found throughout the piece

✦ LH: from G-E passing through F✦ RH: from C-A passing through B-flat

!"!"

!"!"

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Page 88: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III!"!"

!"!"

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Page 89: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

✦ An analysis with a further level of reduction:

!"!"

!"!"

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N

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Page 90: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

✦ An analysis with a further level of reduction:✦ Lesser notes (such as unstemmed notes) are removed

!"!"

!"!"

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Page 91: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

✦ An analysis with a further level of reduction:✦ Lesser notes (such as unstemmed notes) are removed✦ Extra voices ("alto" and "tenor") are removed

!"!"

!"!"

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N

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Page 92: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 2 No. 1, III

✦ An analysis with a further level of reduction:✦ Lesser notes (such as unstemmed notes) are removed✦ Extra voices ("alto" and "tenor") are removed

✦ The 3-prgs in the RH are set on a tonic in the LH prolonged by two incomplete neighbors.

!"!"

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Page 93: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Clementi: Sonatina in C Major

!!

" # # # # # # #$ # # #% #% #% # # # # #$ # # # # #% #% #% #& # ' ( #$ # # # # # # # # ' ( # # # # # # # # #

Page 94: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Clementi: Sonatina in C Major

✦ This short passage will demonstrate a form of a linear progression that prolongs an underlying chord.

!!

" # # # # # # #$ # # #% #% #% # # # # #$ # # # # #% #% #% #& # ' ( #$ # # # # # # # # ' ( # # # # # # # # #

Page 95: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Clementi: C Major Sonatina

!!

!

" # # # # # # #$ # # #% #% #% # # # # #$ # # # # #% #% #% #& # ' ( #$ # # # # # # # # ' ( # # # # # # # # #

"

I

##N

P

#$#

3-prg.

5-prg.

##

P

P

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I6

##

Page 96: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Clementi: C Major Sonatina

✦ Melodic span is G-D, the boundary of the G Major harmony that governs this passage.

!!

!

" # # # # # # #$ # # #% #% #% # # # # #$ # # # # #% #% #% #& # ' ( #$ # # # # # # # # ' ( # # # # # # # # #

"

I

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P

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3-prg.

5-prg.

##

P

P

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Page 97: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Clementi: C Major Sonatina

✦ Melodic span is G-D, the boundary of the G Major harmony that governs this passage.

✦ This is a particularly clear example of how a triad may be expressed in the horizontal (temporal) dimension with passing tones.

!!

!

" # # # # # # #$ # # #% #% #% # # # # #$ # # # # #% #% #% #& # ' ( #$ # # # # # # # # ' ( # # # # # # # # #

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Page 98: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Clementi: C Major Sonatina

!!

!

" # # # # # # #$ # # #% #% #% # # # # #$ # # # # #% #% #% #& # ' ( #$ # # # # # # # # ' ( # # # # # # # # #

"

I

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Page 99: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Clementi: C Major Sonatina

✦ The bass motion is from I to I6

!!

!

" # # # # # # #$ # # #% #% #% # # # # #$ # # # # #% #% #% #& # ' ( #$ # # # # # # # # ' ( # # # # # # # # #

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I

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Page 100: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Clementi: C Major Sonatina

✦ The bass motion is from I to I6✦ Neighbor and passing tones embellish a 3-prg.

!!

!

" # # # # # # #$ # # #% #% #% # # # # #$ # # # # #% #% #% #& # ' ( #$ # # # # # # # # ' ( # # # # # # # # #

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Page 101: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Clementi: C Major Sonatina

✦ The bass motion is from I to I6✦ Neighbor and passing tones embellish a 3-prg.

✦ That bass motion supports a 5-prg. in the melody

!!

!

" # # # # # # #$ # # #% #% #% # # # # #$ # # # # #% #% #% #& # ' ( #$ # # # # # # # # ' ( # # # # # # # # #

"

I

##N

P

#$#

3-prg.

5-prg.

##

P

P

##

I6

##

Page 102: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Bach: Partita No. 6, Air

!

!

"#$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $# $# $ $ $

%#

i

$$$ &6

$$$4-prg.

&6

$$$ &

V

$$$ & $

Page 103: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Bach: Partita No. 6, Air

✦ A descending 4-prg. moves from i to V

!

!

"#$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $# $# $ $ $

%#

i

$$$ &6

$$$4-prg.

&6

$$$ &

V

$$$ & $

Page 104: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Bach: Partita No. 6, Air

✦ A descending 4-prg. moves from i to V✦ The intervening v6 and IV6 chords are contrapuntal—

passing tones in the bass.

!

!

"#$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $# $# $ $ $

%#

i

$$$ &6

$$$4-prg.

&6

$$$ &

V

$$$ & $

Page 105: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Bach: Partita No. 6, Air

✦ A descending 4-prg. moves from i to V✦ The intervening v6 and IV6 chords are contrapuntal—

passing tones in the bass.✦ The descending fourth is an inversion of an ascending

fifth.

!

!

"#$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $# $# $ $ $

%#

i

$$$ &6

$$$4-prg.

&6

$$$ &

V

$$$ & $

Page 106: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Handel: Keyboard Suite No. 8, Courante

!"!"

#$$$$ % !&'& & & !%( )

&* % ! & & & & & & & !& & & & &+$$$$

&

V

&& && &, (&&4-prg.

&& && (&& &&

i

%& &

Page 107: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Handel: Keyboard Suite No. 8, Courante

✦ This ascending 4-prg. connects V to i

!"!"

#$$$$ % !&'& & & !%( )

&* % ! & & & & & & & !& & & & &+$$$$

&

V

&& && &, (&&4-prg.

&& && (&& &&

i

%& &

Page 108: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Handel: Keyboard Suite No. 8, Courante

✦ This ascending 4-prg. connects V to i✦ It incorporates some chromatic motions (raised ^6 and ^7)

which have been indicated with slurs—the fundamental motion is as beamed

!"!"

#$$$$ % !&'& & & !%( )

&* % ! & & & & & & & !& & & & &+$$$$

&

V

&& && &, (&&4-prg.

&& && (&& &&

i

%& &

Page 109: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Bagatelle, Op. 119 No. 1

!"!"

#$$$ % % % % % % % %& % % % % % % % % % %& % % % ''

#$$$ '' !' % %%% ( ( '' !' % %%% ( ( '' !!

Page 110: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Bagatelle, Op. 119 No. 1

✦ The LH sustains a vertical seventh

!"!"

#$$$ % % % % % % % %& % % % % % % % % % %& % % % ''

#$$$ '' !' % %%% ( ( '' !' % %%% ( ( '' !!

Page 111: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Bagatelle, Op. 119 No. 1

✦ The LH sustains a vertical seventh✦ The RH linearizes that same interval with a set of passing

tones

!"!"

#$$$ % % % % % % % %& % % % % % % % % % %& % % % ''

#$$$ '' !' % %%% ( ( '' !' % %%% ( ( '' !!

Page 112: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Bagatelle, Op. 119 No. 1

✦ The LH sustains a vertical seventh✦ The RH linearizes that same interval with a set of passing

tones✦ That 7th unfolds a dissonant span—moving from one voice to

another over the larger interval

!"!"

#$$$ % % % % % % % %& % % % % % % % % % %& % % % ''

#$$$ '' !' % %%% ( ( '' !' % %%% ( ( '' !!

Page 113: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Bagatelle, Op. 119 No. 1

!"!"

#$$$ % % % % % % % %& % % % % % % % % % %& % % % ''

#$$$ '' !' % %%% ( ( '' !' % %%% ( ( '' !!

Page 114: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Bagatelle, Op. 119 No. 1

✦ The diagonal beam indicates an unfolded interval

!"!"

#$$$ % % % % % % % %& % % % % % % % % % %& % % % ''

#$$$ '' !' % %%% ( ( '' !' % %%% ( ( '' !!

Page 115: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Bagatelle, Op. 119 No. 1

✦ The diagonal beam indicates an unfolded interval✦ The resolution of the 7th in the RH is delayed until the last

measure of the example

!"!"

#$$$ % % % % % % % %& % % % % % % % % % %& % % % ''

#$$$ '' !' % %%% ( ( '' !' % %%% ( ( '' !!

Page 116: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Bagatelle, Op. 119 No. 1

✦ The diagonal beam indicates an unfolded interval✦ The resolution of the 7th in the RH is delayed until the last

measure of the example✦ Just as in the LH

!"!"

#$$$ % % % % % % % %& % % % % % % % % % %& % % % ''

#$$$ '' !' % %%% ( ( '' !' % %%% ( ( '' !!

Page 117: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Sequences

Page 118: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Sequences

✦ Harmonic sequences typically involve some kind of repeated intervallic pattern between a pair of voices

Page 119: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Sequences

✦ Harmonic sequences typically involve some kind of repeated intervallic pattern between a pair of voices

✦ Such patterns are known as linear intervallic patterns.

Page 120: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Sequences

✦ Harmonic sequences typically involve some kind of repeated intervallic pattern between a pair of voices

✦ Such patterns are known as linear intervallic patterns.✦ Sequences and their associated linear intervallic patterns

produce harmonic prolongations and larger structural connections.

Page 121: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Handel: Passacaille!

!

!!

"## $$ !!$ ! $% $ !$& $$ !! $% $ !$& $ ! $% $ !$& $$ !! $% $ !$& $ ! $% $ !$& $ ! '$% $$& $ $$ $ ! $ $(## $ $ $ $

$ $ $ $$ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

$ $ $ $$ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

$ $ $ $$ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

"## $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $(##

i

5) 10

iv

$5

VII

$ 10

III

$5

VI

$ 10

ii

$5

V

$

i

10

)

Page 122: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Handel: Passacaille

✦ Descending fifths sequence

!

!

!!

"## $$ !!$ ! $% $ !$& $$ !! $% $ !$& $ ! $% $ !$& $$ !! $% $ !$& $ ! $% $ !$& $ ! '$% $$& $ $$ $ ! $ $(## $ $ $ $

$ $ $ $$ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

$ $ $ $$ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

$ $ $ $$ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

"## $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $(##

i

5) 10

iv

$5

VII

$ 10

III

$5

VI

$ 10

ii

$5

V

$

i

10

)

Page 123: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Handel: Passacaille

✦ Descending fifths sequence✦ Complete circle of fifths

!

!

!!

"## $$ !!$ ! $% $ !$& $$ !! $% $ !$& $ ! $% $ !$& $$ !! $% $ !$& $ ! $% $ !$& $ ! '$% $$& $ $$ $ ! $ $(## $ $ $ $

$ $ $ $$ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

$ $ $ $$ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

$ $ $ $$ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

"## $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $(##

i

5) 10

iv

$5

VII

$ 10

III

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VI

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ii

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V

$

i

10

)

Page 124: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Handel: Passacaille

✦ Descending fifths sequence✦ Complete circle of fifths✦ Focus on the recurring pattern in the outer voices

!

!

!!

"## $$ !!$ ! $% $ !$& $$ !! $% $ !$& $ ! $% $ !$& $$ !! $% $ !$& $ ! $% $ !$& $ ! '$% $$& $ $$ $ ! $ $(## $ $ $ $

$ $ $ $$ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

$ $ $ $$ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

$ $ $ $$ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

"## $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $(##

i

5) 10

iv

$5

VII

$ 10

III

$5

VI

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ii

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V

$

i

10

)

Page 125: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Handel: Passacaille

✦ Descending fifths sequence✦ Complete circle of fifths✦ Focus on the recurring pattern in the outer voices✦ Also note that there is a kind of descending 4-prg in the

LH motion.

!

!

!!

"## $$ !!$ ! $% $ !$& $$ !! $% $ !$& $ ! $% $ !$& $$ !! $% $ !$& $ ! $% $ !$& $ ! '$% $$& $ $$ $ ! $ $(## $ $ $ $

$ $ $ $$ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

$ $ $ $$ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

$ $ $ $$ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

"## $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $(##

i

5) 10

iv

$5

VII

$ 10

III

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ii

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V

$

i

10

)

Page 126: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Mozart: Sonata K. 545, I

!!

!

!

"#

$# ### $###

#$# # #% # $### # $#### $### # $# #% ## $### &

" $#### $#### $# # #% # $#### $

# ###$# ###

$#% ## #% $

# ### ##'

"#

10

# #10

# #10

# #10

#8

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10

I6

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vii6

#iii

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vi6

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V6

#%

I

& #

Page 127: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Mozart: Sonata K. 545, I

✦ Also a descending fifths sequence

!!

!

!

"#

$# ### $###

#$# # #% # $### # $#### $### # $# #% ## $### &

" $#### $#### $# # #% # $#### $

# ###$# ###

$#% ## #% $

# ### ##'

"#

10

# #10

# #10

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10

I6

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vii6

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vi6

#ii

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#%

I

& #

Page 128: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Mozart: Sonata K. 545, I

✦ Also a descending fifths sequence✦ Alternating root-position and first-inversion chords

!!

!

!

"#

$# ### $###

#$# # #% # $### # $#### $### # $# #% ## $### &

" $#### $#### $# # #% # $#### $

# ###$# ###

$#% ## #% $

# ### ##'

"#

10

# #10

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10

I6

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vii6

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vi6

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V6

#%

I

& #

Page 129: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Mozart: Sonata K. 545, I

✦ Also a descending fifths sequence✦ Alternating root-position and first-inversion chords

✦ Note the two levels of harmonic analysis

!!

!

!

"#

$# ### $###

#$# # #% # $### # $#### $### # $# #% ## $### &

" $#### $#### $# # #% # $#### $

# ###$# ###

$#% ## #% $

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10

# #10

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10

I6

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vii6

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vi6

#ii

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I

& #

Page 130: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Mozart: Sonata K. 545, I

✦ Also a descending fifths sequence✦ Alternating root-position and first-inversion chords

✦ Note the two levels of harmonic analysis✦ The harmonic prolongation of I

!!

!

!

"#

$# ### $###

#$# # #% # $### # $#### $### # $# #% ## $### &

" $#### $#### $# # #% # $#### $

# ###$# ###

$#% ## #% $

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10

# #10

# #10

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10

I6

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vii6

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vi6

#ii

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#%

I

& #

Page 131: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Mozart: Sonata K. 545, I

✦ Also a descending fifths sequence✦ Alternating root-position and first-inversion chords

✦ Note the two levels of harmonic analysis✦ The harmonic prolongation of I✦ Inner, passing harmonies that fill the space

!!

!

!

"#

$# ### $###

#$# # #% # $### # $#### $### # $# #% ## $### &

" $#### $#### $# # #% # $#### $

# ###$# ###

$#% ## #% $

# ### ##'

"#

10

# #10

# #10

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10

I6

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vi6

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#%

I

& #

Page 132: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Mozart: Sonata K. 545, I

!!

!

!

"#

$# ### $###

#$# # #% # $### # $#### $### # $# #% ## $### &

" $#### $#### $# # #% # $#### $

# ###$# ###

$#% ## #% $

# ### ##'

" #10

# #10

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10

I6

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& #

Page 133: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Mozart: Sonata K. 545, I

✦ This modification of the melodic RH motion shows more clearly the incomplete neighbors that characterize the descending progression.

!!

!

!

"#

$# ### $###

#$# # #% # $### # $#### $### # $# #% ## $### &

" $#### $#### $# # #% # $#### $

# ###$# ###

$#% ## #% $

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Page 134: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Dowland: "Come Again, Sweet Love"!!

!

!

!

!

S

A

T

B

!

"

"# $To

%see,

& $to

%hear,

& $to

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& $to

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& $to

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& $to

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& $to

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To

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% %%6

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%%

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%% % 5%% % 5%% %

I

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Page 135: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Dowland: "Come Again, Sweet Love"

✦ An ascending 5-6 sequence

!!

!

!

!

!

S

A

T

B

!

"

"# $To

%see,

& $to

%hear,

& $to

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& $to

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'

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& $to

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& $to

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To

'see,

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& $to

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"# %% %%6

% %%6

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%%

(#

I6

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%% % 5

%% % 5%% % 5%% %

I

%&

Page 136: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Dowland: "Come Again, Sweet Love"

✦ An ascending 5-6 sequence✦ The chordal skips throughout tend to hide the stepwise linear

pattern

!!

!

!

!

!

S

A

T

B

!

"

"# $To

%see,

& $to

%hear,

& $to

%touch,

& $to

%kiss,

& $to

%die.

& '

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& $to

%hear,

& $to

%touch,

& $to

%kiss,

& $to

%die.

'

"##

To

'see

& $to

%hear,

& $to

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& $to

%kiss,

& $to

%die,

%to

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To

'see,

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%% % 5

%% % 5%% % 5%% %

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Page 137: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Dowland: "Come Again, Sweet Love"

✦ An ascending 5-6 sequence✦ The chordal skips throughout tend to hide the stepwise linear

pattern✦ The tenor voice helps to understand the pattern—note the

way that implied notes are placed in parentheses

!!

!

!

!

!

S

A

T

B

!

"

"# $To

%see,

& $to

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& $to

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Page 138: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 79, III

!"!"

!"!"

#$p dolce

% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %

&$ %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %%

#$ % % %6

% % % %6

% %6

% % %

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I

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I

Page 139: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 79, III

✦ Falling thirds sequence

!"!"

!"!"

#$p dolce

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Page 140: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 79, III

✦ Falling thirds sequence✦ Prolongation of opening tonic to I6, then to the cadence

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Page 141: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 79, III

✦ Falling thirds sequence✦ Prolongation of opening tonic to I6, then to the cadence✦ Inner harmonies are contrapuntal and passing

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Page 142: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 79, III

✦ Falling thirds sequence✦ Prolongation of opening tonic to I6, then to the cadence✦ Inner harmonies are contrapuntal and passing✦ Note the prolonged voice exchange

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Page 143: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 79, III

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Page 144: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 79, III

✦ The pattern can be reduced still further

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Page 145: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 79, III

✦ The pattern can be reduced still further✦ First showing the voice exchange

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Page 146: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 79, III

✦ The pattern can be reduced still further✦ First showing the voice exchange✦ Then showing it as a I-V-I pattern in the bass, and a

neighbor-tone figure in the melody

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Page 147: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Neighbor Tones

Page 148: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Neighbor Tones

✦ Neighbor tones exist on various structural levels in a piece of music

Page 149: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Neighbor Tones

✦ Neighbor tones exist on various structural levels in a piece of music

✦ Not all neighbor tones are surface embellishment; neighbors can also serve to act as larger-scale prolongations

Page 150: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Brahms: Waltz, Op. 39 No. 15

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Page 151: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Brahms: Waltz, Op. 39 No. 15

✦ Tonic harmony is prolonged through the phrase

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Page 152: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Brahms: Waltz, Op. 39 No. 15

✦ Tonic harmony is prolonged through the phrase✦ The chord in bar 3 is a neighboring 6-4, supporting D-flat as

an upper neighbor to C

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Page 153: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Brahms: Waltz, Op. 39 No. 15

✦ Tonic harmony is prolonged through the phrase✦ The chord in bar 3 is a neighboring 6-4, supporting D-flat as

an upper neighbor to C✦ The neighbor tone does not resolve to the C immediately

following; instead, the resolution is on bar 4

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Page 154: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 27 No. 2, I!!!!

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Page 155: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 27 No. 2, I

✦ The upper voice traverses a 3-prg.

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Page 156: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 27 No. 2, I

✦ The upper voice traverses a 3-prg.✦ Elaborated and expanded by 'A', upper neighbor to G#

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Page 157: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 27 No. 2, I

✦ The upper voice traverses a 3-prg.✦ Elaborated and expanded by 'A', upper neighbor to G#

✦ Note that the A is an incomplete neighbor—that is, it is neighboring only to the G# before.

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Page 158: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 27 No. 2, I

✦ The upper voice traverses a 3-prg.✦ Elaborated and expanded by 'A', upper neighbor to G#

✦ Note that the A is an incomplete neighbor—that is, it is neighboring only to the G# before.

✦ The following G# is an accented passing tone, not a main tone.

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Page 159: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 27 No. 2, I

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Page 160: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 27 No. 2, I

✦ The Beethoven is the first example—the G# is interpreted as a passing tone.

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Page 161: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 27 No. 2, I

✦ The Beethoven is the first example—the G# is interpreted as a passing tone.

✦ It might be possible to interpret the G# as a complete neighbor, but that isn't taking the embellishing nature of the following G# into account.

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Page 162: Linear Techniques - sfcmtheory.com · Linear Techniques Linear Progressions and ... Bach's grouping of the ... The other two progressions show how motion from one chord to another

Beethoven: Sonata Op. 27 No. 2, I

✦ The Beethoven is the first example—the G# is interpreted as a passing tone.

✦ It might be possible to interpret the G# as a complete neighbor, but that isn't taking the embellishing nature of the following G# into account.

✦ A wiser interpretation understands the figure as an incomplete neighbor, or escape tone.

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