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www.fanrpan.o rg New Thinking on Community- led Responses: From Local to Global AfricaAdapt Climate Change Symposium Addis Ababa, 11 March 2011 Lindiwe Majele Sibanda (PhD) CEO, FANRPAN

Lindiwe Sibanda: New Thinking on Community-led Responses: From Local to Global

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Page 1: Lindiwe Sibanda: New Thinking on Community-led Responses: From Local to Global

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New Thinking on Community-led Responses: From Local to Global

AfricaAdapt Climate Change SymposiumAddis Ababa, 11 March 2011

Lindiwe Majele Sibanda (PhD)CEO, FANRPAN

Page 2: Lindiwe Sibanda: New Thinking on Community-led Responses: From Local to Global

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Outline

From Local to Global

Understanding the Local Context

Understanding the Global (Policy) Context

Innovations for scaling UP- What can be done?

Page 3: Lindiwe Sibanda: New Thinking on Community-led Responses: From Local to Global

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From Local to Global

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From Local to Global• COMMON VISION-Sustainable Development for

a World free of Hunger and Poverty

1.Facilitating linkages and partnerships between state and non state actors at all levels

2.Building the capacity for policy analysis and policy dialogue in Africa

3.Advocating for evidence based policies

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From Local to Global

Global Policy Making and Investment Options

(Local and Indigenous Knowledge)

Empirical Learning

Anecdotal Findings

National/Countries Policy Frameworks

Continental Policy Frameworks

Feedback

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Linking Local to Global Model

Natural, Physical, Financial, Human and Social

HOUSEHOLD Livelihood Assets

 

Agri. Production Databases

Climate Data

GIS Mapping

OF assets

Policy DevelopmentNational Policy

Level

Community Livelihood

Global Level Data Global Knowledge

Research Level

Sca

lin

g U

pS

cali

ng

Do

wn

 

Po

licy

Dia

log

ue

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Understanding the Local Context

YOU CAN’T IMPROVE WHAT YOU DON’T MEASURE!

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Which Communities?• Over 75% of the African population lives in RURAL

areas

• 80 % of farmers in Africa are smallholder farmers – rely on rain-fed agriculture for their livelihoods– Women constitute 70% of the labour force

• Produce 80 % of the food that is consumed by Africans – on farms that are less than 2 hectares

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Household Vulnerability In Africa

• A quarter of the world’s chronically poor population is in Sub-Saharan Africa,

• One in 6 – 7 people are chronically poor.

• Two-thirds of this population lives in rural areas, and rely on rain-fed subsistence agriculture for their livelihood

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● Land Owned - 1 ha

● Main Crops - Staples

● Yields - Maize 100kg/ha

● Fertilizer used - 20% of recommended

● Agricultural implements owned - hand hoe

FACE of an African Small-scale Farmer

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Measuring Household Vulnerability

Measure the vulnerability of households and communities to the impact of shocks:

– Natural assets such as land, soil and water;

– Physical assets such as livestock and equipment;

– Financial assets such as savings, salaries, remittances or pensions;

– Human capital assets such as farm labour, gender composition and dependents; and

– Social assets such as information, community support, extended families and formal or informal social welfare support

http://www.fanrpan.org/documents/d00217/

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Typology Of Vulnerable Households Capital Low vulnerability Moderate vulnerability High vulnerability

Human Headed by an economically active household member

Very low dependency ratio (less sick members and no orphans)

Several economically active members

Tertiary level education

Headed by an economically active household member

Dependency ratio is low, less sick members and no orphans

At least two economically active members

Secondary school level education

Headed by an economically inactive person, e.g. elderly, sick or child

Dependency ratio is high, more orphans and sick members

Economically active members are few

Illiterate, or educated to primary level

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Typology Of Vulnerable Households Capital Low vulnerability Moderate vulnerability High vulnerability

Natural 

Mostly rely on inorganic fertilizer

High agriculture productivity

Utilize land for mostly commercial farming

Manages the environment very well

Household use both inorganic and organic fertilizers

Medium agriculture activity

Utilize much land for subsistence and some for commercial farming

They can fairly manage the environment

Organic fertilizers are the main sources of fertilizers

Low agriculture productivity

Utilize less land for subsistence farming

They cannot manage the environment well

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Typology Of Vulnerable Households Capital Low vulnerability Moderate vulnerability High vulnerability

Social No support from NGOs and govt

Well-informed on agric and HIV/AIDS - Owns a TV and radio

House electrified

Uses an improved latrine or

Water from private borehole or standpipe

Some means of support from NGOs and govt

More knowledgeable on agric and HIV/AIDS - Owns a radio

Uses solar energy for lighting

Uses a pit latrine

Water from protected source

Support from NGO’s and govt - food and health

Poor access to information on agric and HIV/AIDS

Dependant on firewood for household energy

Uses the bush for toilet

Water from unprotected source, e.g. dam, river

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Typology Of Vulnerable Households Capital Low vulnerability Moderate vulnerability High vulnerability

Physical Own important livestock in large numbers

Contracted labour for farm and off farm work

Own major farm implements

Receive and able to buy agricultural advisory services

Affords more than three meals per day

Own important livestock in sustainable numbers

Labour for farm and off farm work

Owns basic farm implements

Receive some agricultural extension services

At least three meals per day

Own very little or no livestock

No labour for farm and off farm work

Do not own farm implements

Do not regularly eat three times a day

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Typology Of Vulnerable Households

Capital Low vulnerability Moderate vulnerability

High vulnerability

Financial Diversified income source

Income is used on a balance of needs (farming inputs, education, health, recreation etc), investments and savings

Fairly diversified income source

Income is used on a balance of needs (farming inputs, education, health, recreation etc)

No basic source of income Social grant is used on food and medicines

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Results from HVI Assessments in Pilot Countries year 2010

Country No. of householdssurveyed

Household vulnerability levels (%)

Low Moderate High

Lesotho 2,581 1.3 94.5 4.1

Swaziland 3,212 1.2 93.9 4.9

Zimbabwe 6,089 8.2 90.6 1.2

Average 3.6 93.0 3.4

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Understanding the Policy Context

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Monitoring and Evaluation

Agenda Setting

DecisionMaking

Policy Implementation

Policy Formulation

The Policy Environment: A Confused Arena

Civil Society

DonorsCabinet

Parliament

Ministries

Private Sector

Source: John Young, Networking for impact. Experience from CTA supported regional agricultural policy networks, 2007

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RESEARCH SYSTEMACTORS•Research

Public (universities and research centre)PrivateCivil SocietyPolicy makers

POLICY SYSTEMACTORS• politicians & political system •Civil servants•Universities•Civil societies and groups

PRACTICE SYSTEMACTORS•Producers of goods and services•Input providers•Organized groups of interest

LINKING ENVIRONMENT ACTORS•Education, Institutions, •Incentives, Innovation policy, •Political systems and channel •Stakeholder platforms

Fig 1: A framework for linking research, policy and practice

The Policy Environment: The Key Players

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Egypt

EAC

Reunion

TanzaniaBurundi Rwanda

CEPGL

Swaziland

SACUIOC

Comoros

SADC

COMESA

MauritiusMadagascarSeychelles

ZambiaZimbabwe

Malawi

DRC

Angola

AlgeriaMorocco

MauritaniaTunisia

BotswanaLesotho

NamibiaSouth Africa

Libya

UMADjiboutiEthiopiaEritreaSudan

KenyaUganda

Somalia IGADCape VerdeLiberiaGambiaGhanaGuineaNigeria

Sierra Leone

BeninBurkina

FasoIvory CoastMali

NigerSenega

lTogo

UEMOA

ECOWAS

CameroonCentral Africa

RepublicChad

CongoEquatorial Guinea

Gabon

CEMAC

CFA

Mozambique

Sao Tomeand

Principe

ECCAS

Regional Integration-AfricaRegional Integration-Africa

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The Policy Environment: Challenges in Policy Development

• Plethora of actors – African policy environment is crowded, and involvement

demands flexibility and responsiveness

• Lack of empirical data to validate assumptions

– Reliance on external information & databases

• Insufficient resources for continuous engagement

• Engagement in policy processes is the preserve of government

and the literate…YET– Africa has some of the world’s lowest literacy levels in some

countries rates as low as 40 %

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The Policy Environment: Challenges in Policy Development

• Plethora of actors – African policy environment is crowded, and involvement

demands flexibility and responsiveness

• Lack of empirical data to test assumptions

– Reliance on external information & databases

• Insufficient resources for continuous engagement

• Engagement in policy processes is the preserve of government

and the literate…YET– Africa has some of the world’s lowest literacy levels in some

countries rates as low as 40 %

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The Research Challenges• Lack of multi-and trans-disciplinary and research teams

• Research agenda not ALIGNED to – community needs– policy concerns and government agenda

• Lack capacities to communicate research results to policymakers– Language – Medium / channels

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The Policy Challenges• Lack of capacities to integrate knowledge into policy

• Absence of foresighted policy targeted at the existing problems using research result

• Weak demand for research input by African policymakers– Over reliance on external knowledge at the expense of local

knowledge

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Research & Policy Into Use: The Challenge• Lack of information to enable engagement in the policy and

research processes

• Disconnect between Researchers, Policy Makers & Community:– Little support from research and policy– Suspicious of research and policy

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When the bull elephants fight – it’s the grass that suffers

Scientific KnowledgeIndigenous Knowledge

Rural Communities!!!

Local Community vs. Researchers

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Innovations in Linking Local to Global

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Africa’s Oral Culture

• ORAL CULTURE has been used for 1000’s of years to– pass on knowledge across generations without a writing

system.

• An important role in Africa's history – stories of the old times and the history of the continent

preserved this way

• Encompassed stories, songs and folklore – sometimes performed to give a richer and more

expressive way of communication

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Why Theatre for Policy Advocacy

• Theatre makes use of Africa’s traditional ORAL CULTURE: Song, dance, narrative and ceremonial rituals a part of African tradition Defines a community’s identity

• Theatre is a powerful medium for communicating ideas Levels the field, Breaks barriers and Addresses topics that are deemed “taboo”

• The TPA process Is developed and refined by various development agents, researchers, social

scientists and theatre specialists Stimulates dialogue and action - a theatrical performance is a major social event

in rural Africa Provides a holistic enactment of the community's responses to the challenges of

daily existence and development Works through community based processes

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The FANRPAN Model: Theatre for Policy Advocacy

Policy Change

through Theatre for

Policy Advocacy

Rural Women Farmers

ISSUES

Researchers and Policy

Analysts

EVIDENCE

-

DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT

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The Theatre for Policy Advocacy Process

Community entry and mobilization

• Secure the community’s buy-in for developing their own theatrical performance• Identification of appropriate performers, stakeholders and influencers

Engagement of policy researchers and development experts

•Theatre company, policy researchers and communities develop a script capturing key issues

•Policy makers provide “expert” at the same time they gain community knowledgethat only villagers and farmers have

Building local capacity to communicate key messages through theatre

•Community performers equipped with skills to package their own livelihoods stories and mobilize their own communities towards a solution

1

2

3

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The Theatre for Policy Advocacy Process

Community dialogue platform

•Theatre performance provides a platform for researchers and policy makers to engage in dialogue with different community groups

•Performances serves as an icebreaker and sensitizer•Facilitated discussions are conducted to develop community based and

community supported solutions to women’s challenges

Identification of champions for community issues

•Communities together with the professional theatre team identifies opinion leaders •The identified champions are individuals who are passionate about the issue and

•willing to advocate on specific interventions

Community Voices taken to National & Global levels•Trained local talent and issue champions become a permanent community voice•They access and incorporate broader policy data to add weight to their advocacy

messages•They communicate their needs in a language that makes sense to relevant decision

makers

4

5

6

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Theatre in Action: Women Farmer Voices Malawi, Everlyn Machete asked: “we no longer have agricultural extension

service workers in our communities and visiting us everyday, so how do you

expect small holder farmers like us to learn new farming technologies or to learn how to improve our agricultural

enterprises”

In response, Mrs. Alice Kishombe, the Agriculture gender Roles and Extension Support Services Officer (AGRESSO) says the “Government has a shortage of Extension workers and hence no officers are assigned to villages. Extension services were provided on a demand basis”.

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REGIONAL: Advocacy – Women Farmer AdvocatesName: Mrs. Nevelesi MaliseniDistrict: Lilongwe North, MalawiLand Size: 5AcresFarming Activities: Grows Tobacco; Maize and Soya beansLevel of Education: She holds a Junior Secondary certificate

Name: Miss Alice KachereDistrict: Lilongwe North, MalawiLand Size: 2.4 HectaresFarming Activities: Grows Maize; Tobacco; Soya and GroundnutsLevel of Education: She holds a Junior Secondary Certificate

http://www.fanrpan.org/themes/eachproject/?project=6

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From Community to National Level• Innovative Strategies – Theatre for Policy Advocacy

– Community dialogues– Support of oral culture and transcribe to written communication that is far reaching– Action research

• Amplifying local voices– Widen decision making process– Training of women advocates

• Success Stories– Document good practices- local secondary schools aided by tertiary institutions

• Validating local knowledge– Tertiary Institutions-Local, colleges, Universities

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Multi-Stakeholder Trans-boundary Engagements

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REGIONAL: Linking Policy Demand & SupplyPolicy Advice/Options/Evidenceto support policy development

Enabling policies – Production toTrade and Markets (Value Chain)

Enabling policies – Production toTrade and Markets (Value Chain)

Validation, analysis and dissemination

POLICY HORMONISATION VALUE FOR $

Rallying point for FANR news

SUPPLY

Government/Policy Makers

Farmers Organisations

Private Sector

Researchers/Policy AnalystsTechnical Partners

Development Partners

Media

Youth

NGOs

Enabling environment for their active engagement in the value chain

Enabling policies - advocacy

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POLICY ADVISORY NOTES-TO GOVERNMENT

(Node Host Institution submits, follows up and reports back at next stakeholder engagement

Ongoing Research Studies

Emerging Issues andFANR Policies Tracking

National Policy

Dialogues(Periodic)

NATIONAL LEVEL

Policy AdvisoryProcess

Agenda forPolicy

Engagement

REGIONAL LEVEL

• Coordination of multi-country studies• Synthesis of research evidence

Into Agenda for Policy engagements

• Networking, sharing of information, regional and

global representation

Africa RegionRepresentatives from: •Farmers’ Organisations• Governments• Private Sector• Researchers• Development Partners•Media•Youth •NGOs from all FANR Stakeholder Groups

REGIONAL - Multi – Stakeholder Policy Dialogues

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REGIONAL: Knowledge Dissemination Platforms• Information Dissemination to Strengthen Policy Advocacy

– Multi-stakeholder Policy Dialogue platforms – i.e. CAADP round tables

– Media Training on documenting best practices in the region

– Training women scientists in Policy Development-AWARD Programme

– Engagements with Regional Economic Communities – harmonization of policies

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REGIONAL: Advocacy - Wise Elders Group 60+• WHO-Former Presidents/ Prime Ministers, Head of

key Institutions, Chiefs, Parliamentarians

• ROLES- ADVOCACY Engagement with Regional economic secretariats, Ministers, Donors

Seed Elders:

•Former Prime Minister of Swaziland and Advisor to the King

•Chairman, Civil Society of Agriculture Network

•Executive Director, African Centre for Fertilizer Development

•Former Deputy Permanent Secretary Ministry of Agriculture, Zimbabwe

•Former Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture Zambia

•Former Permanent Secretary for Energy, Zimbabwe

FANRPAN HaSSP Seed Elders with SADC FANR Secretariat Director at the technical meeting preceding the SADC Ministers of Agriculture Meeting in Windhoek, Namibia- November

http://www.fanrpan.org/themes/eachproject/?project=6

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FANRPAN Food Security Policy Leadership Awards

REGIONAL - Recognizing African Success

20082009

H. E. Dr. Bingu wa Mutharika

President – Republic of

Malawi

H.E. L. DIEGO, Prime Minister –

MozambiqueOn behalf of President Emilio

Guebuza

2010

Hon. Abraham Ivambo, Minister

of Education – NamibiaOn behalf of President Hifikepunye Pohamba

http://www.fanrpan.org/about/annual_dialogues/

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Inaugural FANRPAN Civil Society Policy Movers and Shakers Award Ms. Cellina Cossa, 2009

Presented by Hon. Sindiso Ngwenya, FANRPAN Board of Governors Chairman & COMESA Secretary-General

REGIONAL - Recognizing African Success

Madame Celina Cossa founded the General Union of Agricultural Cooperatives, an organization of 10,000 peasants, 95 percent of

whom are women. The 200 cooperatives under UGC produce food for their members and their families. The surplus they have

generated is supplied to markets in Maputo, Mozambique

http://www.fanrpan.org/about/annual_dialogues/

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At Global Level• UNFCCC Engagements

– “no agriculture, no deal”– ARDD– ACCID newsletters

• Policy advocacy tools– Newsletters– policy briefs– FANRPAN Website

• Ministerial briefings – AU– COMESA– SADC

• Smart Partnerships– MOUS with partners-Shared vision

• High-level Policy Engagements– Interview with H.E. Ngwazi Dr. Bingu

wa Mutharika– Interviews with CNBC, BBC, Voice of

America

• Communities participate in global engagements

– Linking local CBOs-International NGOs– Building community confidence to

value their

• Climate Change Research and Policy Practice

– Home grown research and data – HVI– Review of NAPAs and NAMAs, CAADP

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GLOBAL: Exclusive Interview with His Excellency Ngwazi Dr. Bingu wa Mutharika

“MALAWI SHALL NEVER GO BEGGING FOR FOOD AGAIN” 2004

“IN 5 YEARS NO AFRICAN CHILD SHOULD DIE OF HUNGER AND MALNUTRITION” January 2010

State President of the Republic of Malawi & Minister of Agriculture and Food Security, MalawiChairman of the African Union

http://www.fanrpan.org/documents/d00935/

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GLOBAL - Mobilising the Global Community to support Africa’s Position

COMESA- Partners with Researchers and Advocacy Teams

http://www.fanrpan.org/documents/d00623/

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Communication Tools

PRINT

– Policy Brief Series

– Newsletters

– Policy Advisory Notes

– Project Brochures

– Country Studies

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Electronic/Digital Media www.fanrpan.org

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www.fanrpan.org - Hits, Visits, Sites Nov 2010-1,313,040 Hits

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USE AND LINK TRANSBOUNDARY Institutions and Networks

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FANRPAN Structure: Network of Networks

FANRPANRegional

Secretariat

Malawi

Namibia

Mozambique

Tanzania

Mauritius

South Africa

Swaziland

Lesotho

Angola

Botswana

Zimbabwe

Zambia

Government

Researchers

CSOs

Madagascar

Farmers

Private Sector

Commercial Farmers

Small-scale farmers associations

Commodity Associations

DRC

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Angola: Government Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MINADER)

Botswana: Policy Research InstituteBotswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis (BIDPA)

DR Congo: CSO/NGOCenter of Dialogue for Legal and Institutional Reforms (Centre d’Echanges pour des Reformes Juridiques et Institutionnelles (CERJI))

Lesotho: Policy Research InstituteInstitute of Southern African Studies (ISAS)

Madagascar: GovernmentMinistry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries: Department of Rural Development Policies

Malawi: CSO/NGOCivil Society Agriculture Network (CISANET)

Mauritius: UniversityUniversity of Mauritius: Faculty of Agriculture

Mozambique: UniversityEduardo Mondlane University. Faculdade de Agronmia e Engenharia Florestal

Namibia: Policy Research InstituteThe Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit (NEPRU)

South Africa: Policy Research InstituteNational Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC)

Swaziland: CSO/NGOCoordinating Assembly of NGOS (CANGO)

Tanzania: Policy Research InstituteEconomic and Social Research Foundation (ESRF)

Zambia: CSO/NGOAgricultural Consultative Forum (ACF)

Zimbabwe: Policy Research InstituteAgricultural Research Council (ARC)

FANRPAN Node Hosting Institutions

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FANRPAN Structure: Membership Size

• Totals include other membership groups within associations

Country Government Farmers Research NGOs Donors Private for profit

Other Total

Angola 5 6 9 3 23Botswana 27 9 unions 3 1 5 6 18 74

Lesotho 6 ministries 1 5 7 6 2 27Madagascar 5 5 unions 3 2 2 2 1 20

Malawi 3 6 unions 5 60 8 12 94

Mauritius 6 ministries 5 federations

6 2 apex 5 12 12 Parastatals

48

Mozambique 4 2 unions 12 2 12 3 35

Namibia 2 2 unions 4 3 4 2 17

South Africa 1 4 6 23 34Swaziland 7 5 12Tanzania 13 4 unions 10 5 1 2 35

Zambia 12 4 1 7 6 16 45Zimbabwe 30 3 unions 25 20 4 50 132

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REGIONAL - FANRPAN Board of Governors

FANRPAN CEO

PS Ministry of

Agriculture, Swaziland

USAID COMESA Secretary-

General

National Depart of

Agriculture, South Africa

Ministry of Agriculture Zimbabwe

Former PSMinistry of Agriculture, Zambia

Professor University of Pretoria

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Levers for Scaling-up from Local To Global?

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Way Forward: The Building Blocks Seek out and scale up innovative solutions by

– incorporating communities’ aspirations into policy processes – Document and validate successful interventions– Train policy “champions” who can spread the word– Media is key in spreading the word

Collaborate across disciplines– More collaboration in multi- and trans-disciplinary teams– Look for ways to work together, while not losing the

advantages of deep sectoral expertise.

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Way Forward: The Building BlocksCreate an environment in which cooperation can thrive by• Building effective regional and global partnerships• developing mutual accountability mechanisms • using communication and advocacy to promote change

Build the evidence base• Collect relevant data in timely fashion, improve tools and

methods, and invest in monitoring and evaluation. • Rope in African Universities to be custodians of

knowledge and partners in development

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Lessons Learned

• Context is important to drive the environment in which science operates; communities should set research agendas to improve relevance and uptake

• Multi- and trans-disciplinary research teams are important to tackle complex issues of Climate Change

• There must be a systematic way of communicating policy recommendations to policy making and practice

• Create a network of like-minded institutions to sustain research knowledge brokerage

• There is need for trust and credibility; openness and continuous communication is very important

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REGIONAL - FANRPAN High-level Food Security Policy Dialogue, Maputo 2009

Hon S. Ngwenya, SG – COMESA, FANRPAN

Board ChairH.E. L. DIEGOPrime MinisterMozambique

Hon. C. Pajune Vice Minister - Agriculture

Mozambique

Hon S. Holland, Minister - National Healing

Zimbabwe

Prof. H. AmaniFANRPAN Board

Chairman(2004 – 2007)

Madame C. KhupeUSAID

Dr. S. Mundia, Member -

FANRPAN Board

Dr. L. M. Sibanda, CEO FANRPAN

Prof, Mucavele Former CEO

NEPAD

Madame C. CossaWinner – FANRPAN Civil Society Award

Winner

Pro. Filipe J. CuotoVice-Chancellor

UEM

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FANRPAN 2011 Annual High-level Food Security Policy Dialogue

Theme : Looking to the future: Advocating for Active Engagement of the Youth in the Agricultural Value Chain

Host Country: The Kingdom of Swaziland

Venue: The Royal Swazi Spa Hotel, Mbabane

Dates: SEPTEMBER 2011

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Message for CoP17, Durban, South Africa