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New Thinking on Community-led Responses: From Local to Global
AfricaAdapt Climate Change SymposiumAddis Ababa, 11 March 2011
Lindiwe Majele Sibanda (PhD)CEO, FANRPAN
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Outline
From Local to Global
Understanding the Local Context
Understanding the Global (Policy) Context
Innovations for scaling UP- What can be done?
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From Local to Global
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From Local to Global• COMMON VISION-Sustainable Development for
a World free of Hunger and Poverty
1.Facilitating linkages and partnerships between state and non state actors at all levels
2.Building the capacity for policy analysis and policy dialogue in Africa
3.Advocating for evidence based policies
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From Local to Global
Global Policy Making and Investment Options
(Local and Indigenous Knowledge)
Empirical Learning
Anecdotal Findings
National/Countries Policy Frameworks
Continental Policy Frameworks
Feedback
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Linking Local to Global Model
Natural, Physical, Financial, Human and Social
HOUSEHOLD Livelihood Assets
Agri. Production Databases
Climate Data
GIS Mapping
OF assets
Policy DevelopmentNational Policy
Level
Community Livelihood
Global Level Data Global Knowledge
Research Level
Sca
lin
g U
pS
cali
ng
Do
wn
Po
licy
Dia
log
ue
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Understanding the Local Context
YOU CAN’T IMPROVE WHAT YOU DON’T MEASURE!
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Which Communities?• Over 75% of the African population lives in RURAL
areas
• 80 % of farmers in Africa are smallholder farmers – rely on rain-fed agriculture for their livelihoods– Women constitute 70% of the labour force
• Produce 80 % of the food that is consumed by Africans – on farms that are less than 2 hectares
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Household Vulnerability In Africa
• A quarter of the world’s chronically poor population is in Sub-Saharan Africa,
• One in 6 – 7 people are chronically poor.
• Two-thirds of this population lives in rural areas, and rely on rain-fed subsistence agriculture for their livelihood
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● Land Owned - 1 ha
● Main Crops - Staples
● Yields - Maize 100kg/ha
● Fertilizer used - 20% of recommended
● Agricultural implements owned - hand hoe
FACE of an African Small-scale Farmer
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Measuring Household Vulnerability
Measure the vulnerability of households and communities to the impact of shocks:
– Natural assets such as land, soil and water;
– Physical assets such as livestock and equipment;
– Financial assets such as savings, salaries, remittances or pensions;
– Human capital assets such as farm labour, gender composition and dependents; and
– Social assets such as information, community support, extended families and formal or informal social welfare support
http://www.fanrpan.org/documents/d00217/
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Typology Of Vulnerable Households Capital Low vulnerability Moderate vulnerability High vulnerability
Human Headed by an economically active household member
Very low dependency ratio (less sick members and no orphans)
Several economically active members
Tertiary level education
Headed by an economically active household member
Dependency ratio is low, less sick members and no orphans
At least two economically active members
Secondary school level education
Headed by an economically inactive person, e.g. elderly, sick or child
Dependency ratio is high, more orphans and sick members
Economically active members are few
Illiterate, or educated to primary level
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Typology Of Vulnerable Households Capital Low vulnerability Moderate vulnerability High vulnerability
Natural
Mostly rely on inorganic fertilizer
High agriculture productivity
Utilize land for mostly commercial farming
Manages the environment very well
Household use both inorganic and organic fertilizers
Medium agriculture activity
Utilize much land for subsistence and some for commercial farming
They can fairly manage the environment
Organic fertilizers are the main sources of fertilizers
Low agriculture productivity
Utilize less land for subsistence farming
They cannot manage the environment well
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Typology Of Vulnerable Households Capital Low vulnerability Moderate vulnerability High vulnerability
Social No support from NGOs and govt
Well-informed on agric and HIV/AIDS - Owns a TV and radio
House electrified
Uses an improved latrine or
Water from private borehole or standpipe
Some means of support from NGOs and govt
More knowledgeable on agric and HIV/AIDS - Owns a radio
Uses solar energy for lighting
Uses a pit latrine
Water from protected source
Support from NGO’s and govt - food and health
Poor access to information on agric and HIV/AIDS
Dependant on firewood for household energy
Uses the bush for toilet
Water from unprotected source, e.g. dam, river
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Typology Of Vulnerable Households Capital Low vulnerability Moderate vulnerability High vulnerability
Physical Own important livestock in large numbers
Contracted labour for farm and off farm work
Own major farm implements
Receive and able to buy agricultural advisory services
Affords more than three meals per day
Own important livestock in sustainable numbers
Labour for farm and off farm work
Owns basic farm implements
Receive some agricultural extension services
At least three meals per day
Own very little or no livestock
No labour for farm and off farm work
Do not own farm implements
Do not regularly eat three times a day
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Typology Of Vulnerable Households
Capital Low vulnerability Moderate vulnerability
High vulnerability
Financial Diversified income source
Income is used on a balance of needs (farming inputs, education, health, recreation etc), investments and savings
Fairly diversified income source
Income is used on a balance of needs (farming inputs, education, health, recreation etc)
No basic source of income Social grant is used on food and medicines
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Results from HVI Assessments in Pilot Countries year 2010
Country No. of householdssurveyed
Household vulnerability levels (%)
Low Moderate High
Lesotho 2,581 1.3 94.5 4.1
Swaziland 3,212 1.2 93.9 4.9
Zimbabwe 6,089 8.2 90.6 1.2
Average 3.6 93.0 3.4
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Understanding the Policy Context
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Monitoring and Evaluation
Agenda Setting
DecisionMaking
Policy Implementation
Policy Formulation
The Policy Environment: A Confused Arena
Civil Society
DonorsCabinet
Parliament
Ministries
Private Sector
Source: John Young, Networking for impact. Experience from CTA supported regional agricultural policy networks, 2007
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RESEARCH SYSTEMACTORS•Research
Public (universities and research centre)PrivateCivil SocietyPolicy makers
POLICY SYSTEMACTORS• politicians & political system •Civil servants•Universities•Civil societies and groups
PRACTICE SYSTEMACTORS•Producers of goods and services•Input providers•Organized groups of interest
LINKING ENVIRONMENT ACTORS•Education, Institutions, •Incentives, Innovation policy, •Political systems and channel •Stakeholder platforms
Fig 1: A framework for linking research, policy and practice
The Policy Environment: The Key Players
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Egypt
EAC
Reunion
TanzaniaBurundi Rwanda
CEPGL
Swaziland
SACUIOC
Comoros
SADC
COMESA
MauritiusMadagascarSeychelles
ZambiaZimbabwe
Malawi
DRC
Angola
AlgeriaMorocco
MauritaniaTunisia
BotswanaLesotho
NamibiaSouth Africa
Libya
UMADjiboutiEthiopiaEritreaSudan
KenyaUganda
Somalia IGADCape VerdeLiberiaGambiaGhanaGuineaNigeria
Sierra Leone
BeninBurkina
FasoIvory CoastMali
NigerSenega
lTogo
UEMOA
ECOWAS
CameroonCentral Africa
RepublicChad
CongoEquatorial Guinea
Gabon
CEMAC
CFA
Mozambique
Sao Tomeand
Principe
ECCAS
Regional Integration-AfricaRegional Integration-Africa
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The Policy Environment: Challenges in Policy Development
• Plethora of actors – African policy environment is crowded, and involvement
demands flexibility and responsiveness
• Lack of empirical data to validate assumptions
– Reliance on external information & databases
• Insufficient resources for continuous engagement
• Engagement in policy processes is the preserve of government
and the literate…YET– Africa has some of the world’s lowest literacy levels in some
countries rates as low as 40 %
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The Policy Environment: Challenges in Policy Development
• Plethora of actors – African policy environment is crowded, and involvement
demands flexibility and responsiveness
• Lack of empirical data to test assumptions
– Reliance on external information & databases
• Insufficient resources for continuous engagement
• Engagement in policy processes is the preserve of government
and the literate…YET– Africa has some of the world’s lowest literacy levels in some
countries rates as low as 40 %
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The Research Challenges• Lack of multi-and trans-disciplinary and research teams
• Research agenda not ALIGNED to – community needs– policy concerns and government agenda
• Lack capacities to communicate research results to policymakers– Language – Medium / channels
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The Policy Challenges• Lack of capacities to integrate knowledge into policy
• Absence of foresighted policy targeted at the existing problems using research result
• Weak demand for research input by African policymakers– Over reliance on external knowledge at the expense of local
knowledge
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Research & Policy Into Use: The Challenge• Lack of information to enable engagement in the policy and
research processes
• Disconnect between Researchers, Policy Makers & Community:– Little support from research and policy– Suspicious of research and policy
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When the bull elephants fight – it’s the grass that suffers
Scientific KnowledgeIndigenous Knowledge
Rural Communities!!!
Local Community vs. Researchers
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Innovations in Linking Local to Global
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Africa’s Oral Culture
• ORAL CULTURE has been used for 1000’s of years to– pass on knowledge across generations without a writing
system.
• An important role in Africa's history – stories of the old times and the history of the continent
preserved this way
• Encompassed stories, songs and folklore – sometimes performed to give a richer and more
expressive way of communication
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Why Theatre for Policy Advocacy
• Theatre makes use of Africa’s traditional ORAL CULTURE: Song, dance, narrative and ceremonial rituals a part of African tradition Defines a community’s identity
• Theatre is a powerful medium for communicating ideas Levels the field, Breaks barriers and Addresses topics that are deemed “taboo”
• The TPA process Is developed and refined by various development agents, researchers, social
scientists and theatre specialists Stimulates dialogue and action - a theatrical performance is a major social event
in rural Africa Provides a holistic enactment of the community's responses to the challenges of
daily existence and development Works through community based processes
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The FANRPAN Model: Theatre for Policy Advocacy
Policy Change
through Theatre for
Policy Advocacy
Rural Women Farmers
ISSUES
Researchers and Policy
Analysts
EVIDENCE
-
DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT
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The Theatre for Policy Advocacy Process
Community entry and mobilization
• Secure the community’s buy-in for developing their own theatrical performance• Identification of appropriate performers, stakeholders and influencers
Engagement of policy researchers and development experts
•Theatre company, policy researchers and communities develop a script capturing key issues
•Policy makers provide “expert” at the same time they gain community knowledgethat only villagers and farmers have
Building local capacity to communicate key messages through theatre
•Community performers equipped with skills to package their own livelihoods stories and mobilize their own communities towards a solution
1
2
3
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The Theatre for Policy Advocacy Process
Community dialogue platform
•Theatre performance provides a platform for researchers and policy makers to engage in dialogue with different community groups
•Performances serves as an icebreaker and sensitizer•Facilitated discussions are conducted to develop community based and
community supported solutions to women’s challenges
Identification of champions for community issues
•Communities together with the professional theatre team identifies opinion leaders •The identified champions are individuals who are passionate about the issue and
•willing to advocate on specific interventions
Community Voices taken to National & Global levels•Trained local talent and issue champions become a permanent community voice•They access and incorporate broader policy data to add weight to their advocacy
messages•They communicate their needs in a language that makes sense to relevant decision
makers
4
5
6
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Theatre in Action: Women Farmer Voices Malawi, Everlyn Machete asked: “we no longer have agricultural extension
service workers in our communities and visiting us everyday, so how do you
expect small holder farmers like us to learn new farming technologies or to learn how to improve our agricultural
enterprises”
In response, Mrs. Alice Kishombe, the Agriculture gender Roles and Extension Support Services Officer (AGRESSO) says the “Government has a shortage of Extension workers and hence no officers are assigned to villages. Extension services were provided on a demand basis”.
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REGIONAL: Advocacy – Women Farmer AdvocatesName: Mrs. Nevelesi MaliseniDistrict: Lilongwe North, MalawiLand Size: 5AcresFarming Activities: Grows Tobacco; Maize and Soya beansLevel of Education: She holds a Junior Secondary certificate
Name: Miss Alice KachereDistrict: Lilongwe North, MalawiLand Size: 2.4 HectaresFarming Activities: Grows Maize; Tobacco; Soya and GroundnutsLevel of Education: She holds a Junior Secondary Certificate
http://www.fanrpan.org/themes/eachproject/?project=6
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From Community to National Level• Innovative Strategies – Theatre for Policy Advocacy
– Community dialogues– Support of oral culture and transcribe to written communication that is far reaching– Action research
• Amplifying local voices– Widen decision making process– Training of women advocates
• Success Stories– Document good practices- local secondary schools aided by tertiary institutions
• Validating local knowledge– Tertiary Institutions-Local, colleges, Universities
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Multi-Stakeholder Trans-boundary Engagements
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REGIONAL: Linking Policy Demand & SupplyPolicy Advice/Options/Evidenceto support policy development
Enabling policies – Production toTrade and Markets (Value Chain)
Enabling policies – Production toTrade and Markets (Value Chain)
Validation, analysis and dissemination
POLICY HORMONISATION VALUE FOR $
Rallying point for FANR news
SUPPLY
Government/Policy Makers
Farmers Organisations
Private Sector
Researchers/Policy AnalystsTechnical Partners
Development Partners
Media
Youth
NGOs
Enabling environment for their active engagement in the value chain
Enabling policies - advocacy
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POLICY ADVISORY NOTES-TO GOVERNMENT
(Node Host Institution submits, follows up and reports back at next stakeholder engagement
Ongoing Research Studies
Emerging Issues andFANR Policies Tracking
National Policy
Dialogues(Periodic)
NATIONAL LEVEL
Policy AdvisoryProcess
Agenda forPolicy
Engagement
REGIONAL LEVEL
• Coordination of multi-country studies• Synthesis of research evidence
Into Agenda for Policy engagements
• Networking, sharing of information, regional and
global representation
Africa RegionRepresentatives from: •Farmers’ Organisations• Governments• Private Sector• Researchers• Development Partners•Media•Youth •NGOs from all FANR Stakeholder Groups
REGIONAL - Multi – Stakeholder Policy Dialogues
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REGIONAL: Knowledge Dissemination Platforms• Information Dissemination to Strengthen Policy Advocacy
– Multi-stakeholder Policy Dialogue platforms – i.e. CAADP round tables
– Media Training on documenting best practices in the region
– Training women scientists in Policy Development-AWARD Programme
– Engagements with Regional Economic Communities – harmonization of policies
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REGIONAL: Advocacy - Wise Elders Group 60+• WHO-Former Presidents/ Prime Ministers, Head of
key Institutions, Chiefs, Parliamentarians
• ROLES- ADVOCACY Engagement with Regional economic secretariats, Ministers, Donors
Seed Elders:
•Former Prime Minister of Swaziland and Advisor to the King
•Chairman, Civil Society of Agriculture Network
•Executive Director, African Centre for Fertilizer Development
•Former Deputy Permanent Secretary Ministry of Agriculture, Zimbabwe
•Former Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture Zambia
•Former Permanent Secretary for Energy, Zimbabwe
FANRPAN HaSSP Seed Elders with SADC FANR Secretariat Director at the technical meeting preceding the SADC Ministers of Agriculture Meeting in Windhoek, Namibia- November
http://www.fanrpan.org/themes/eachproject/?project=6
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FANRPAN Food Security Policy Leadership Awards
REGIONAL - Recognizing African Success
20082009
H. E. Dr. Bingu wa Mutharika
President – Republic of
Malawi
H.E. L. DIEGO, Prime Minister –
MozambiqueOn behalf of President Emilio
Guebuza
2010
Hon. Abraham Ivambo, Minister
of Education – NamibiaOn behalf of President Hifikepunye Pohamba
http://www.fanrpan.org/about/annual_dialogues/
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Inaugural FANRPAN Civil Society Policy Movers and Shakers Award Ms. Cellina Cossa, 2009
Presented by Hon. Sindiso Ngwenya, FANRPAN Board of Governors Chairman & COMESA Secretary-General
REGIONAL - Recognizing African Success
Madame Celina Cossa founded the General Union of Agricultural Cooperatives, an organization of 10,000 peasants, 95 percent of
whom are women. The 200 cooperatives under UGC produce food for their members and their families. The surplus they have
generated is supplied to markets in Maputo, Mozambique
http://www.fanrpan.org/about/annual_dialogues/
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At Global Level• UNFCCC Engagements
– “no agriculture, no deal”– ARDD– ACCID newsletters
• Policy advocacy tools– Newsletters– policy briefs– FANRPAN Website
• Ministerial briefings – AU– COMESA– SADC
• Smart Partnerships– MOUS with partners-Shared vision
• High-level Policy Engagements– Interview with H.E. Ngwazi Dr. Bingu
wa Mutharika– Interviews with CNBC, BBC, Voice of
America
• Communities participate in global engagements
– Linking local CBOs-International NGOs– Building community confidence to
value their
• Climate Change Research and Policy Practice
– Home grown research and data – HVI– Review of NAPAs and NAMAs, CAADP
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GLOBAL: Exclusive Interview with His Excellency Ngwazi Dr. Bingu wa Mutharika
“MALAWI SHALL NEVER GO BEGGING FOR FOOD AGAIN” 2004
“IN 5 YEARS NO AFRICAN CHILD SHOULD DIE OF HUNGER AND MALNUTRITION” January 2010
State President of the Republic of Malawi & Minister of Agriculture and Food Security, MalawiChairman of the African Union
http://www.fanrpan.org/documents/d00935/
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GLOBAL - Mobilising the Global Community to support Africa’s Position
COMESA- Partners with Researchers and Advocacy Teams
http://www.fanrpan.org/documents/d00623/
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Communication Tools
– Policy Brief Series
– Newsletters
– Policy Advisory Notes
– Project Brochures
– Country Studies
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Electronic/Digital Media www.fanrpan.org
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www.fanrpan.org - Hits, Visits, Sites Nov 2010-1,313,040 Hits
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USE AND LINK TRANSBOUNDARY Institutions and Networks
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FANRPAN Structure: Network of Networks
FANRPANRegional
Secretariat
Malawi
Namibia
Mozambique
Tanzania
Mauritius
South Africa
Swaziland
Lesotho
Angola
Botswana
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Government
Researchers
CSOs
Madagascar
Farmers
Private Sector
Commercial Farmers
Small-scale farmers associations
Commodity Associations
DRC
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Angola: Government Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MINADER)
Botswana: Policy Research InstituteBotswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis (BIDPA)
DR Congo: CSO/NGOCenter of Dialogue for Legal and Institutional Reforms (Centre d’Echanges pour des Reformes Juridiques et Institutionnelles (CERJI))
Lesotho: Policy Research InstituteInstitute of Southern African Studies (ISAS)
Madagascar: GovernmentMinistry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries: Department of Rural Development Policies
Malawi: CSO/NGOCivil Society Agriculture Network (CISANET)
Mauritius: UniversityUniversity of Mauritius: Faculty of Agriculture
Mozambique: UniversityEduardo Mondlane University. Faculdade de Agronmia e Engenharia Florestal
Namibia: Policy Research InstituteThe Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit (NEPRU)
South Africa: Policy Research InstituteNational Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC)
Swaziland: CSO/NGOCoordinating Assembly of NGOS (CANGO)
Tanzania: Policy Research InstituteEconomic and Social Research Foundation (ESRF)
Zambia: CSO/NGOAgricultural Consultative Forum (ACF)
Zimbabwe: Policy Research InstituteAgricultural Research Council (ARC)
FANRPAN Node Hosting Institutions
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FANRPAN Structure: Membership Size
• Totals include other membership groups within associations
Country Government Farmers Research NGOs Donors Private for profit
Other Total
Angola 5 6 9 3 23Botswana 27 9 unions 3 1 5 6 18 74
Lesotho 6 ministries 1 5 7 6 2 27Madagascar 5 5 unions 3 2 2 2 1 20
Malawi 3 6 unions 5 60 8 12 94
Mauritius 6 ministries 5 federations
6 2 apex 5 12 12 Parastatals
48
Mozambique 4 2 unions 12 2 12 3 35
Namibia 2 2 unions 4 3 4 2 17
South Africa 1 4 6 23 34Swaziland 7 5 12Tanzania 13 4 unions 10 5 1 2 35
Zambia 12 4 1 7 6 16 45Zimbabwe 30 3 unions 25 20 4 50 132
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REGIONAL - FANRPAN Board of Governors
FANRPAN CEO
PS Ministry of
Agriculture, Swaziland
USAID COMESA Secretary-
General
National Depart of
Agriculture, South Africa
Ministry of Agriculture Zimbabwe
Former PSMinistry of Agriculture, Zambia
Professor University of Pretoria
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Levers for Scaling-up from Local To Global?
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Way Forward: The Building Blocks Seek out and scale up innovative solutions by
– incorporating communities’ aspirations into policy processes – Document and validate successful interventions– Train policy “champions” who can spread the word– Media is key in spreading the word
Collaborate across disciplines– More collaboration in multi- and trans-disciplinary teams– Look for ways to work together, while not losing the
advantages of deep sectoral expertise.
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Way Forward: The Building BlocksCreate an environment in which cooperation can thrive by• Building effective regional and global partnerships• developing mutual accountability mechanisms • using communication and advocacy to promote change
Build the evidence base• Collect relevant data in timely fashion, improve tools and
methods, and invest in monitoring and evaluation. • Rope in African Universities to be custodians of
knowledge and partners in development
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Lessons Learned
• Context is important to drive the environment in which science operates; communities should set research agendas to improve relevance and uptake
• Multi- and trans-disciplinary research teams are important to tackle complex issues of Climate Change
• There must be a systematic way of communicating policy recommendations to policy making and practice
• Create a network of like-minded institutions to sustain research knowledge brokerage
• There is need for trust and credibility; openness and continuous communication is very important
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REGIONAL - FANRPAN High-level Food Security Policy Dialogue, Maputo 2009
Hon S. Ngwenya, SG – COMESA, FANRPAN
Board ChairH.E. L. DIEGOPrime MinisterMozambique
Hon. C. Pajune Vice Minister - Agriculture
Mozambique
Hon S. Holland, Minister - National Healing
Zimbabwe
Prof. H. AmaniFANRPAN Board
Chairman(2004 – 2007)
Madame C. KhupeUSAID
Dr. S. Mundia, Member -
FANRPAN Board
Dr. L. M. Sibanda, CEO FANRPAN
Prof, Mucavele Former CEO
NEPAD
Madame C. CossaWinner – FANRPAN Civil Society Award
Winner
Pro. Filipe J. CuotoVice-Chancellor
UEM
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FANRPAN 2011 Annual High-level Food Security Policy Dialogue
Theme : Looking to the future: Advocating for Active Engagement of the Youth in the Agricultural Value Chain
Host Country: The Kingdom of Swaziland
Venue: The Royal Swazi Spa Hotel, Mbabane
Dates: SEPTEMBER 2011
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Message for CoP17, Durban, South Africa