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Linda Stroup, Ph.D., RN Chair, Department of Nursing
Metropolitan State University of Denver July 18, 2014
Importance of a culturally competent healthcare workforce
American Nurses’ Association and The Joint Commission standards for patient care include cultural competence Leininger’s theory for transcultural nursing:
Culturally congruent nursing care improves health and well-being for the patient
In 2010:
16% of U.S. population identified as Hispanic/Latino
3.6% of registered nursing workforce identified as Hispanic/Latino
6% of students enrolled in baccalaureate nursing programs identified as Hispanic/Latino
7.6% of students enrolled in associate degree nursing programs identified as Hispanic/Latino
Predicted that 24.4% of the U.S. population will be Hispanic/Latino by 2050
The purpose of the study was to explore Hispanic/Latino college students’ consideration of nursing as a career choice.
Primary research question: What factors influence Hispanic/Latino college
students’ consideration of nursing as a career choice?
Nine additional research questions related to career
interest, career self-efficacy, demographic variables, factors for success in a nursing program
Previous research studies conducted on factors that impact college enrollment and career development for Hispanic/Latino students:
Gender
Linguistic acculturation
Financial constraints
Immigration status
Mentoring
Role modeling
Family support
Limited research on successful strategies to recruit Hispanic/Latino students to nursing
Limited research on the experience of Hispanic/Latino nursing students
Lack of research on nursing as a career choice by Hispanic/Latino college students
Quantitative study
Non-experimental, associational research design
Non-probability sample was drawn from three comprehensive state universities and one community college
Descriptive and inferential statistics
Three colleges designated as Hispanic Serving Institutions (25% or greater); fourth had enrollment of 19.5% Hispanic students
Sample –
961 students
240 Hispanic/Latino students
Career Search Questionnaire
Developed and tested by Dr. Cristine Roberts
48 Likert-scale items with 5 possible responses to each item
23 items address career interest
25 items address self-efficacy
Demographic section
Additional questions added for this study
Freshman or sophomore level courses
44 class sessions
Survey administered in pencil and paper format
Survey usually administered immediately before or during beginning of class session
Prepared script read to students
Total sample was 961 students
41.2% male, 58.6% female
Age: 18-20 = 53.7%
63.8% were Hispanic/Latino students
Ethnicity/race = 59.7% White (n = 574) 21.7% Hispanic/Latino (n = 240)
English as primary home language = 88.3%
72.5% of Hispanic/Latino students
Nursing, non-nursing healthcare and natural sciences accounted for 46.36% of reported majors
Favorable association between nursing career interest and nursing career self-efficacy may promote student success
CSQ appeared to be useful tool to distinguish between interest in and self-efficacy for nursing and non-nursing careers
Gender not significantly correlated with interest in or self-efficacy for nursing for Hispanic/Latino students
English as primary language in home not significantly correlated with interest in or self-efficacy for nursing for Hispanic/Latino students
Number of credits completed significantly correlated with interest in and self-efficacy for nursing for both Hispanic/Latino and non-Hispanic/Latino students
No significant differences between Hispanic/Latino and non-Hispanic/Latino college student interest in or self-efficacy for nursing as a career choice
Results suggested that lower enrollment of Hispanic/Latino students in nursing programs did not appear to be related to less interest in or self-efficacy for nursing as a career choice
Confidence in completing seven courses that are often pre-requisites for nursing programs
No difference between either groups of students (Hispanic/Latino and non-Hispanic/Latino):
Most confidence in psychology, English and nutrition courses
Least confidence in math and science courses
Interest in a healthcare career
Hispanic/Latino students:
Strongly agreed or agreed = 52.5%
Non-Hispanic/Latino students:
Strongly agreed or agreed = 53.7%
Interest in nursing as a career
Hispanic/Latino students: 19.39%
Non-Hispanic/Latino students: 15.81%
Top four factors identified by both Hispanic/Latino and non-Hispanic/Latino students for success in a nursing program:
- Shadowing a nurse
- Healthcare work experience
- Volunteer experience in healthcare
- Mentoring by nurses
Findings reinforce importance of a rigorous high school curriculum, especially in math and science courses
Hispanic/Latino students equally interested in pursuing healthcare careers as
non-Hispanic/Latino students
Hispanic/Latino students had strong interest in professional healthcare programs, in some cases requiring advanced degrees (physician, physical therapist)
Results suggested that students are unsure about the role of the registered nurse
Desired a professional relationship with a nurse
Responses suggested that students believe experience in the healthcare setting will give them additional practical knowledge and interaction with healthcare providers
Rigorous high school curriculum, especially math and science courses
Linguistic acculturation
Financial constraints
Importance of mentoring and role modeling
Interest in professional healthcare careers by Hispanic/Latino students
Role of gender
Acculturation
CSQ instrument as career advising tool
CSQ scoring matrix
High school academic experience and career advising
Outreach programs to Hispanic/Latino college students
Marketing
Mentoring programs
Nursing program admission criteria
Male Hispanic/Latino college student interest in nursing as a career choice
Investigate whether Hispanic/Latino students are applying to nursing programs
Replicate study with following populations:
Community college students
Private and proprietary school students
Hispanic/Latino individuals employed in entry-level healthcare positions
High school students
Hispanic/Latino college students are equally interested and confident in nursing as a career choice as non-Hispanic/Latino college students
Gender, linguistic acculturation, financial constraints, interest in professional healthcare careers differed from literature
Mentoring, shadowing a nurse, and healthcare/volunteer experience were identified as factors for success in a nursing program
CSQ instrument can be used as advising tool
Chitty, K. K. & Black, B. P. (2011). Professional nursing: Concepts and challenges. Maryland Heights, MO: Saunders.
Leininger, M. & McFarland, M., 2002. Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research & practice. New York: McGraw-Hill.
The Joint Commission: Advancing Effective Communication, Cultural Competence, and Patient- and Family-Centered Care: A Roadmap for Hospitals. Oakbrook Terrace, IL: The Joint Commission, 2010.
National League for Nursing (2011). Executive summary: Findings from the Annual Survey of Schools of Nursing Academic Year 2009-2010 retrieved from:
http://www.nln.org/researchgrants/slides/exec_summary_0910.pdf
Roberts, C. A., & Ward-Smith, P. (2010). Choosing a career in nursing: Development of a career search instrument. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship, 7, 1-18.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Service Administration (2010). The registered nurse population: Findings from the 2008 national sample survey of registered nurses. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Service Administration.