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Limitations Limitations

•  Theguardswerecoached– Allweregivenadailyschedulethatincludedcountat2:30am

– One“soft”guardwastoldtobetougher•  “JohnWayne”wasrespondingtodemandcharacteristics– Saidhehadfiguredoutthepurposeoftheexperimentandworkedtomakeitsucceed

– Withouthim,whatwouldtheothershavedone?

Limitations

•  Paymentwastobegivenattheend,forhowevermanydaystheexperimentlasted– Soprisonershadanincentivenottoleave

•  Zimbardohassaidhetoldsomeprisonerstheycouldn’tleave– Theactualinteractionwasn’trecorded

•  …Participantshadhelpfallingintotheirroles– A2002replicationattemptfailed(BBCPrisonStudy)

AbuGhraibprison,Iraq•  SiteofprisonerabusesbyUSArmyandCIApersonnel,2003-2004

Among12peopleconvictedforoffensesatAbuGhraib

LynndieEngland SabrinaHarman

LynndieEngland(w/CharlesGraner)

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SabrinaHarman

“Iguessweweren’treallythinking,Hey,thisguyhasfamily,or,Hey,thisguywasjustmurdered,”Harmansaid.“Itwasjust—Hey,it’sadeadguy,it’dbecooltogetaphotonexttoadeadperson.Iknowitlooksbad.Imean,evenwhenIlookatthem,Igo,‘OhJesus,thatdoeslookprettybad.’Butwhenwewereinthatsituationitwasn’tasbadasitlookscomingoutonthemedia,Iguess,becausepeoplehavephotosofallkindsofthings.Like,ifasoldierseessomebodydead,normallythey’lltakephotosofit.”

Mentaldisorders(psychopathology,abnormalpsychology)

Outline

•  Whatisan“abnormal”behaviorormentalprocess?

•  Examinethenatureandtreatmentofthreequitedifferentmentaldisorders:– Schizophrenia– Depression– Anti-socialpersonalitydisorder

Whatis“abnormal”?

•  Notasimplequestion–  Importanttogettheanswerasrightaspossible,topromotementalhealthandavoidabuse

•  Psychiatristsandclinicalpsychologistsarelicensedtodiagnosementaldisorders

•  TheyusetheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders(DSM)– ProducedbytheAmericanPsychiatricAssociation

“Abnormal”pertheDSM

•  Abehavioralorpsychologicalsyndrome– Syndrome(fr.Greek)=thingsthat“runtogether”

•  ...associatedwithpresentdistressordisability,orincreasedriskofsuch– Toselforothers

•  ...andnotanexpectableorculturallysanctionedresponsetoanevent

Schizophrenia•  Afamilyofseverementaldisorders– About1%lifetimeprevalence

•  Concordancerates:– Fraternaltwins:0-28%–  Identicaltwins:41-65%•  60%for1-placentatwins(2/3rdofpairs),11%for2-placentatwins(1/3rdofpairs)

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Schizophrenia•  Positivesymptoms– Delusions:Fixedfalsebeliefs•  E.g.,grandiosity,paranoia

– Hallucinations:Falsesensoryexperiences•  Auditory,visual

– Disorganizedbehavior

Schizophrenia•  Negativesymptoms– Flataffect:Absenceofexpression– Catatonia:Absenceofmovement

•  Cognitivesymptoms– Disorderedlanguage– Disorderedthought– Psychosis:lossofcontactwithreality

JerroldS.Clinician:Howareyoudoing?JS:Notdoingsohot.Ithinkandfeelasthoughpeoplehavecalledmehere

toelectrocuteme,judgeme,putmeinjail,or...killme,electrocuteme,becauseofthesinsI’vebeenin.

C:Isthisanewfeelingforyou?JS:Mainthingis,don'tgetexcited,butthethingisis,uh...Notanewfeeling,

no.Iuh,I’mscaredofpeople.C:Mustbeveryfrighteningforyou,ifyoufeelyou’reabouttogetkilled.JS:I’msoscaredIcouldtellyouthatpicture’sgotaheadache.C:Canyoutellmemoreaboutthat,thepicture’sgotaheadache?JS:Doyouwanttoknow?C:YesIdo.

JerroldS.JS:Ok,whenaspermandanegggotogethertomakeababy,onlyone

spermgoesupintheegg,andwhentheytouch,there’stwocontactpointsthattouchbeforetheothertwo,and...thenit’scarriedupintotheegg,andwhentheyfuse,it’slikenuclearfusionexceptit'shumanfusion,there’samasslosttheprotononeheatabstractiongoesupintheelectron,spinsaround,comesbackdownintheprotontoformthemind,andthemindcanbereducedtooneatom.

DopaminehypothesisSchizophreniaislinkedtooversensitivitytodopamine

AugustineC:Youseemkindofdowntoday.A:Mmhm.C:...Couldyousharewithussomethingthat’sgoingoninyourmind,or

yourfeelings?A:I’mfeelingok,basically,butmentallyI’mamess,allIhaveisthoughts

goingacrossmyhead,ofallsorts.C:Dotheymakesense?A:No.C:Isthereanythingyou’dliketotellusoraskus?A:....No.C:....You’regettingreadytochangeyourmedications,aren’tyou?A:Yes....I’mlookingforwardtothat.

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Augustine,changedmedicationA:Iwantedtobecomeapainter,adoctorofthechurch,aworldleader,

thingsofthatsort.C:Fairlygrandideas.A:Yeah,Idon’thavethemanymore.C:Backthen,didyoureallybelievethosethings?Wereyoureallycaught

upinthem?A:IwascaughtupinthembutIdidn’tbelieveIcouldmakeit.C:Youdidn’tthinkyou’dmakeit.A:Right.C:Whatdoyouthinknow?Whatdoyouthinkthefutureholds?A:Work.C:Work?A:Work.

SomestructuralbrainabnormalitiesEnlargedventricles(smallerbrain)

Scrambledneuronsinthehippocampus

(ThetwofromFig.16.28?)

HeatherOkandsothat'stheproblem,isn’tit?That’sthecomplaint,right?

Well..uh,Ihavekryptoniteinme.Youknowwhatthatis,don’tyou,kryptonite?And,uh...soifIhavekryptoniteinmeandIdrinkcoffeeandsoda,andnooneelseknowswhattoeat,Imean,youneverhadraweggs?Doyoueverhaveraweggs?Doyoueatraweggs?WhenIwaspregnant–Ithinkboysgetpregnantandgirlsdon’t,yeah,it’strue–butIateraweggs,butuh,doyoueatraweggs?

Schizophrenia

•  Afamilyofdevastatingdiseases– Symptomsareoftenpronounced– Butnoteverycasehasallofthem

•  Casesareoftenassociatedwithclearbrainabnormalities– Couldbecauseoreffectorboth