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LightweightX-rayOptics
WilliamW.ZhangNASAGoddardSpaceFlightCenter
WilliamW.Zhang NASA/GSFC 1
MetricsofX-rayOptics
•••
PSF:AngularResolutionMassperunitEffectiveAreaCostperunitEffectiveArea
DefinitionofProgress:
10timesbetterthanexisting technologyinoneormoreofthe threemetrics
WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC 2
MissionsinOperations
Chandra XMM-Newton NuSTAR
Agency NASA ESA NASAPSF(“HPD) 0.5 15 58Mass/EffArea
(kg/m2)Cost/EffArea($/m2,2013$)
~18,000
~$10,000M
~2,000
~$413M
~180
~$50M
WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC 3
TechnologyforIXO
WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC 4
Basedonglassslumping.Mature.Readyformissionsrequiring10”PSF.
FutureMissions
PSF(“HPD)
MirrorArea(m2)
HST 0.1 5
Chandra 0.5 19
TMT ~0.1 ~700Athena 5 ~700
X-raySurveyor
Probes,Explorers
~0.5
0.1-10
~700
20-200
5WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC
ThreeChallenges
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MirrorFabricationMake~102m2oflightweightopticsatreasonablecostinreasonabletimeCoatingCoat15nmofiridiumwithoutdegradingfigureAlignmentandBondingIntegrate~104mirrorsintoanassembly atreasonablecostinreasonabletime
6WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC
MirrorFabrication
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UsesinglecrystalsiliconPerfectstructure,nointernalstressLowdensity,highthermalconductivity,lowCTE,andhighstiffness
Use“grind&polish”Proventechniqueformakinghighqualityoptics
DevelopandperfectAprocesstomakethin&lightweightmirrorsAmass-productionprocesstolowercostand productiontime
7WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC
MirrorFabricationConcept
Singlecrystallinesilicon:Stressfree
Ahighqualitymirror,made withexistingpolishing
Light-weighting: Slicingandremovalof damagebyacidetch
WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC 8
ConceptProven
WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC 9
CoatingConcept
•
•
Sputterbothsidesofsiliconmirrors with15nmofiridiumtominimize netstressAnnealcoatedmirrorstoeliminateresidualnetstress
10WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC
CoatingConceptProven
11
BareWafers IridiumCoatedonBothSides
AfterAnnealing
Wafer#1
Wafer#2
WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC
AlignmentandBondingConceptEachmirror kinematically supportedto minimize distortion.
Implementationand testingunderway. Initialresultsby December2016.
WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC 12
StatusandProspects•
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Slumpedglasstechnologyreadyformaking10”X-ray telescopes
10timeslighterthanXMM-Newton’s,comparableangular resolution10timesbetterangularresolutionthanSuzaku’s, comparableweight
Singlecrystalsiliconmirrortechnologyunder development
Mirrorscurrentlyat~2”levelDiffraction-limitedperformancepossible(~0.1”)Coating,alignmentandbondingbeingworkedon~2”X-rayimagesexpectedforDecember2016Likelytoreach1”by2020,readytosupporttheX-raySurveyormission
13WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC
OtherDevelopmentEfforts
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•––––
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Effortstoimprovetheglassslumpingprocess
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MPE,Germany(Winteretal.)OAB,Italy(Gighoetal.)
EffortstoimproveslumpedglassmirrorsDifferentialdepositionatMSFC(Ramseyetal.)&RXO(Windt)PiezoadjustableatSAO&PSU(Reidetal.)MagneticsmartmaterialatNorthwesternUniv.(Ulmeretal.)IonimplantatMIT(Schattenburgetal.)
EffortstogrindandpolishthinfullshellsOAB,Italy(Pareschietal.)MSFC(Gubarevetal.)
UsingsolderatMIT(Schattenburgetal.)
14WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC
Effortstoimprovemirror bonding
NextGenerationX-rayOpticsTeam
K. D.Allgood1,M.P.Biskach1,K.W.Chan2,J.R.Mazzarella1,R.S.McClelland1,J.Niemeyer1,A.Numata1,L.G.Olsen,R.E.Riveros2,T.T.Saha,M.J.Schofield1,M.V.Sharpe1,P.M.Solly1,W.W.Zhang
NASAGoddardSpaceFlightCenter1StingerGhaffarianTechnologies,Inc.
2UniversityofMaryland,BaltimoreCounty
J.M.Carter,J.A.Gaskin,W.D.Jones,J.J.Kolodziejczak,S.L.O’DellNASAMarshallSpaceFlightCenter
UndergraduateInterns DillonMartin
UniversityofCentralFloridaTonyZheng
StonyBrookUniversity
WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC
Acknowledgement
ThisworkhasbeenfundedbyNASAthrough
APRAandSATPrograms.
16WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC