Lightning parameters of engineering interest: … parameters of engineering interest: Application of lightning detection technologies Vladimir A. Rakov Department of Electrical and

Lightning parameters of engineering interest Application of lightning

detection technologies

Vladimir A Rakov

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

University of Florida Gainesville

EGAT Bangkok Thailand

November 7 2012

Lightning parameters of engineering interest Application of lightning detection technologies

1 CIGRE Working Group C4407 activities 2 General characterization of lightning 3 Ground flash density 4 Number of strokes per flash 5 Multiple channel terminations on ground 6 Rocket-triggered lightning 7 Lightning peak current distributions

8 Calibration of lightning locating systems

9 Summary

3

1 CIGRE Working Group C4407 activities

4 4

CIGRE Working Group C4407 activities

The CIGRE Working Group C4407 Lightning Parameters for Engineering Applications was formed in April 2008 The target date for completion of its work was originally set at March 31 2011 It is presently extended to December 31 2012 The final meeting was held in conjunction with the ICLP 2012 in Vienna Austria (Sept 2 2012) The final product of this WG is the Reference Document a summary of which may be published in the Electra

Members of CIGRE WG C4-407 Lightning Parameters for Engineering Applications A Borghetti (Secretary) Italy C Bouquegneau Belgium W Chisholm Canada V Cooray Sweden K Cummins USA G Diendorfer Austria F Heidler Germany A Hussein Canada M Ishii Japan CA Nucci Italy A Piantini Brazil O Pinto Brazil X Qie China F Rachidi Switzerland V Rakov (Convener) USA M Saba Brazil T Shindo Japan W Schulz Austria R Thottappillil Sweden S Visacro Brazil W Zischank (Corresponding Member) Germany

WG Scope

bull Evaluation of current measurements on instrumented towers

bull Evaluation of current measurements for rocket-triggered lightning

bull Evaluation of the procedures used to estimate lightning currents from measured fields with emphasis on those implemented in lightning locating systems

bull Inclusion of additional lightning parameters (eg characteristics of continuing currents return-stroke propagation speed equivalent lightning channel impedance etc) that are presently not on the CIGRE list but needed in engineering applications

bull Further characterization of positive and bipolar lightning discharges

bull Characterization of upward lightning discharges

bull Search for any geographical seasonal and other variations in lightning parameters

bull Preparation of a reference document ldquoLightning Parameters for Engineering Applicationsrdquo based on the current understanding of lightning processes and taking into account limitations of various measuring techniques

24 Ground Flash Density

25 Number of Strokes in a Downward Cloud-to-Ground Flash

27 Multiple Channel Terminations on Ground

31 32 and 35 Lightning Peak Current Distributions

9

2 General Characterization of Lightning

Types of lightning discharges from cumulonimbus

Cloud-to-ground (25) Cloud-to-air

Intracloud Cloud-to- cloud

Cloud discharges (75)

10

Types of Lightning Discharges

10

Four types of lightning effectively lowering cloud charge to ground Only the initial leader is shown for each type In each lightning-type name given below the sketch the direction of propagation of the leader and the polarity of the cloud charge effectively lowered to ground are indicated

Types of Lightning Discharges CGs

11

Diagram showing the luminosity of a three-stroke ground flash and the corresponding current at the channel base (a) still-camera image (b) streak-camera image and (c) channel-base current

Downward Negative Lightning Discharges to Ground

12

Beasley W H and Jordan D M Comparison of High-Speed Video and VHF Source Locations for CG Lightning Flashes AGU 2008 AE24A-02 Photron 10000 frames per second (100 micros frames)

13

14


15

Number of Lightning Strikes to a Structure

When the incidence of only downward lightning strikes is concerned it is common to ascribe the so-called equivalent attractive area to a ground-based object It can be defined as ground-surface area that would receive the same number of strikes as the structure provided that Ng=const For a free-standing structure such as a mast or chimney this area is given by where Ra is the equivalent attractive radius For stretched structures (such as a power line) the equivalent attractive area is termed the shadow zone or attractive swath and expressed as where for power lines L is the line length b is the line effective width and Ra is the equivalent attractive distance thought to be equal to the equivalent attractive radius for a free-standing structure of the same height b is usually taken as the distance between overhead ground wires ( b=0 for a single ground wire)

16


Ra is usually assumed to be a function of structure height h where a and b can be estimated using actual data on lightning incidence to structures of different height as According to the IEEE Std 1243 and the transmission-line flash collection rate Ns (in strikes100 kmyr) is where h and b are in meters and Ng in flasheskm2yr

A global map of total lightning flash density (per square kilometer per year) based on data from two satellite detectors Optical Transient Detector (OTD 5 years) and Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS 3 years) Grey areas 001-01 km-2yr-1 white areas lt001 km-2yr-1

Total Lightning Flash Density ndash Ng(Ng + Nc) is needed

17

Ground Lightning Flash Density (Ng) ndash 15 years (1997-2011) of observations

18

19

Lightning Incidence ndash South Africa

1975-1986 (11 years)

20

21

4 Number of Strokes per Flash

22

Number of Strokes per Flash

Location (Reference)

Average Number of Strokes per

Flash

Percentage of Single-Stroke

Flashes

Sample Size

New Mexico (Kitagawa et al 1962)

64

13

83

Florida (Rakov and Uman 1990a)

46

17

76

Sweden (Cooray and Perez 1994)

34

18

137

Sri Lanka (Cooray and Jayaratne 1994)

45

21

81

Brazil (Saraiva et al 2010)

39

20

223

Arizona (Saraiva et al 2010)

39

19

209

23

5 Multiple Channel Terminations on Grounds

24

Multiple Channel Terminations on Ground

25

Number of Channel Terminations per Flash


Average Number of Channels per

Flash

Percentage of Multigrounded

Flashes

Sample Size


17 16

49 42

72 83

Florida (Rakov and Uman 1990)

17

50

76

Arizona (Valine and Krider 2002)

14

35

386

France (Berger et al 1996 Hermant 2000)

15

34

2995


17

51

138


17

48

206

multiple-stroke flashes only including 11 single-stroke flashes assumed to have single channel per flash

26

Histogram of the distances between the multiple terminations of 22 individual ground flashes in Florida The distances were determined using optical triangulation and thunder ranging Adapted from Thottappillil et al (1992)


Min = 03 km Max = 73 km GM = 17 km

27

6 Rocket-Triggered Lightning

The rocket-and-wire technique for triggering lightning

Schematic illustration of the equipotential surfaces in the lowest 200 m and their interaction with a ldquoclassicalrdquo rocket The equipotentials are closely spaced aloft where the vertical field is assumed to be 50 kVm and near the tip of the rocket where they are concentrated geometrically They are further apart near the ground where the field is greatly reduced by corona space charge

Instrumented triggering facility

wire

28 28

Artificial Initiation (Triggering) of Lightning

Sequence of Events in Classical Rocket-Triggered Lightning [Rakov 1999]

LeaderReturn Stroke Sequence Initial Stage

29


Rocket-triggered lightning vs natural lightning

Natural

Triggered

Initial Stage (50 ndash 500 A)

~ 5 C

~ 1 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 30 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 1 C

30

31

Fiberglass rocket with a spool of Kevlar-coated copper wire

ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32

Photographs of lightning flashes triggered in 1997 at the ICLRT at Camp Blanding Florida Top a distant view of a strike to the test runway bottom a close-up view of a strike to the test power system initiated from the 11-m high tower launcher

ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34

7 Lightning Peak Current Distributions

Lightning Parameters

35

Peak current For objects or systems that present an essentially resistive impedance such as under certain conditions a ground rod a power line and a tree the voltage (V) on the object or system with respect to remote ground will be proportional to the current I via Ohms law V = RI where R is the effective resistance at the strike point For example a 10 kA peak current injected into a power line conductor with a 400 Ω characteristic impedance produces a line voltage of 2 MV with respect to the earth

Such a large voltage will cause insulation flashover

36

Cumulative statistical distributions of lightning peak currents giving percent of cases exceeding abscissa value from direct measurements in Switzerland (Berger 1972 Berger et al 1975) The distributions are assumed to be lognormal and given for (1) negative first strokes (2) positive first strokes (3) negative and positive first strokes and (4) negative subsequent strokes Adapted from Bazelyan et al (1978)

Lightning peak currents for first strokes vary by a factor of 50 or more from about 5 to 250 kA The probability of occurrence of a given value rapidly increases up to 25 kA or so and then slowly decreases Statistical distributions of this type are often assumed to be lognormal

Lightning Peak Current ndash Bergerrsquos Distributions

37

Cumulative statistical distributions of peak currents (percent values on the vertical axis should be subtracted from 100 to obtain the probability to exceed the peak current value on the horizontal axis) for negative first strokes adopted by IEEE and CIGRE Taken from CIGRE Report 63 (1991)

For the CIGRE distribution 98 of peak currents exceed 4 kA 80 exceed 20 kA and 5 exceed 90 kA For the IEEE distribution the ldquoprobability to exceedrdquo values are given by the following equation where ΡI is in per unit and I is in kA This equation applies to values of I up to 200 kA The median (50) peak current value is equal to 31 kA

Peak current I kA (IEEE distribution) 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 200

Percentage exceeding tabulated value ΡI 100

99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=

Lightning Peak Current ndash IEEE and CIGRE Distributions

38

Brazil Visacro et al (2004 2011) presented a statistical analysis of parameters derived from lightning current measurements on the 60-m Morro do Cachimbo tower near Belo Horizonte Brazil A total of 38 negative downward flashes containing 109 strokes were recorded Median peak currents for first and subsequent strokes were found to be 45 and 18 kA respectively higher than the corresponding values 30 and 12 kA reported for 101 flashes containing 236 strokes by Berger et al (1975) Possible reasons for the discrepancy include 1) a relatively small sample size in Brazil 2) dependence of lightning parameters on geographical location (Brazil versus Switzerland) and 3) different positions of current sensors on the tower at the two locations (bottom of 60-m tower in Brazil versus top of 70-m tower in Switzerland) Visacro and Silveira (2005) using a hybrid electromagnetic (HEM) model and assuming a 100-m long upward connecting leader showed that for typical subsequent-stroke current risetimes peak currents at the top and bottom of the Morro do Cachimbo tower should be essentially the same

Lightning Peak Current ndash Recent Direct Measurements

Visacro et al Updated statistics of lightning currents measured at Morro do Cachimbo station Atmospheric Research 117 (2012) pp 55ndash63

(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)

First strokes Median 45 kA

Subs strokes Median 18 kA (16 kA -gt 18 kA)


40

Japan Takami and Okabe (2007) presented lightning return-stroke currents directly measured on 60 transmission-line towers (at the top) whose heights ranged from 40 to 140 m A total of 120 current waveforms for negative first strokes were obtained from 1994 to 2004 This is the largest sample size for negative first strokes as of today The median peak current was 29 kA (26 kA after compensation for the 9-kA lower measurement limit) which is similar to that reported by Berger et al (1975)

41

Measurements in Japan

(a) Schematic diagram of instrumentated tower (b) Photograph of strike rod and Rogowski coil on top of the tower Adapted from Takami et al (2007)


Comparison of return-stroke peak currents (the largest peak in kA) for first strokes in negative downward lightning

References Location Sample size

Percent exceeding tabulated value σlogI (base

10)

Remarks

95 50 5

Berger et al (1975) Switzerland 101 14 30 (~30) 80 026 Direct measurements on 70-m towers

Anderson and Eriksson (1980)

Switzerland

80 14 31 69 021 Direct measurements on 70-m towers

Dellera et al (1985) Italy 42 - 33 - 025 Direct measurements on 40-m towers

Geldenhuys et al (1989)

South Africa 29 7 33 (43) 162 042 Direct measurements on a 60-m mast

Takami and Okabe (2007)

Japan 120 10 29 85 028 Direct measurements on 40- to 140-m transmission-line towers

Visacro et al (2011) Brazil 38 21 45 94 020 Direct measurements on a 60-m mast


Switzerland (N=125) Australia (N=18) Czechoslovakia

(N=123) Poland (N=3) South Africa (N=11) Sweden (N=14)

and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101

032 Combined direct and indirect (magnetic link) measurements

CIGRE Report 63 (1991)



and USA (N=44)

408 - 31 (33) - 021 Same as Anderson and Erikssonrsquos (1980) sample plus 70 additional measurements from South Africa

The 95 50 and 5 values are determined using the lognormal approximation to the actual data with 50 values in the parentheses being based on the actual data σlogI is the standard deviation of the logarithm (base 10) of peak current in kA As reported by Takami and Okabe (2007) 26 kA and 032 after compensation for the 9-kA lower measurement limit

43

Austria Diendorfer et al (2009) analyzed parameters of 457 upward negative flashes initiated from the 100-m Gaisberg tower in 2000ndash2007 Upward flashes contain only strokes that are similar to subsequent strokes in downward flashes ie they do not contain first strokes initiated by downward stepped leaders Some upward flashes contain no strokes at all only the so-called initial-stage current The median return-stroke peak current was 92 kA (n = 615 the largest sample size as of today)


44

Measurements in Austria

Radio tower at Gaisberg with nearby operational buildings

Top of the Gaisberg tower with air terminal and current-viewing resistor (shunt)

Adapted from Diendorfer et al (2009)


Courtesy of Prof F Rachidi and Prof M Rubinstein

Santis Tower (124 m) Switzerland

Instrumented since May 2010 180 flashes (32 positive) recorded Ng = 2 km-2 yr-1

46

Triggered Lightning Schoene et al (2009) presented a statistical analysis of the salient characteristics of current waveforms for 206 return strokes in 46 rocket-triggered lightning flashes The flashes were triggered during power-line experiments from 1999 through 2004 at Camp Blanding Florida The return-stroke current was injected into either one of two test power lines or into the earth near a power line via a grounding system of the rocket launcher The geometric mean return-stroke peak current was found to be 12 kA which is consistent with those reported from other triggered-lightning studies


Return-Stroke Current Peak ndash Triggered Lightning

Histogram of return stroke current peaks for 165 strokes in rocket-triggered flashes Camp Blanding Florida 1999 ndash 2004 power line experiments An adjustment factor of 075 has been applied to the current peaks from the 2000 experiment Adapted from Schoene et al (2009)

Direct strikes (n = 144) GM = 12 kA Nearby strikes (n = 21) GM = 11 kA Total (n = 165) GM = 12 kA Direct strikes are to an overhead power line conductor (initial input impedance of about 200 Ω) Nearby strikes are to a 8-m long vertical conductor connected to a concentrated grounding system

47


Comparison of return-stroke peak currents (in kA) for subsequent strokes in negative lightning References Location Sample

size Percent exceeding

tabulated value σlogI Remarks

95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)

Switzerland 135 46 12 30 024 Direct measurements on 70-m towers


Switzerland


Dellera et al (1985)

Italy 33 - 18 - 022 Direct measurements on 40-m towers


South Africa

- 7- 8 - - Direct measurements on a 60-m mast

Visacro et al (2011)

Brazil 71 75 18 41 023 Direct measurements on a 60-m mast

Diendorfer et al (2009)

Austria 615 35 92 21 025 Direct measurements on a 100-m tower upward lightning

Schoene et al (2009)

Florida 165 52 12 29 022 Direct measurements triggered lightning

The 95 50 and 5 values are determined using the lognormal approximation to the actual data σlogI is the standard deviation of the logarithm (base 10) of peak current in kA

Many lightning locating systems such as the US National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) output a peak current estimate for each stroke using the measured magnetic radiation field peaks and distances to the ground strike point reported by multiple sensors The following field-to-current conversion equation is used

where ip is the peak current in kA and Mean(RNSS) is the mean of rangendashnormalized (to 100 km) signal strengths in so-called LLP units from all sensors allowed by the central analyzer to participate in the peak current estimate This equation implies that the magnetic (as well as electric) radiation field is proportional to the current Normalization of measured signal strength SS to 100 km is performed taking into account signal attenuation due to its propagation over lossy ground The following empirical formula has been used since 2004 to compensate for propagation effects

where r is in kilometers and SS is in LLP units

49

Estimation of Peak Currents from Measured Electromagnetic Fields

minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50

8 Calibration of Lightning Locating Systems

Camp Blanding

Map showing the locations (as of late 2003) of 15 NLDN sensors in the Florida region Also shown is the location of lightning triggering site labeled ldquoCamp Blandingrdquo The nearest NLDN sensor is located in Ocala at a distance of 89 km Adapted from Jerauld et al (2005)

NLDN Sensors Around Camp Blanding Florida

Flash and Stroke Detection Efficiencies

Year Number

of Flashes Triggered

Number of NLDN Detected Flashes

NLDN Flash

Detection Efficiency

()

Number of

Strokes

Number of NLDN Detected Strokes

NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61

2010ndash2011 23 23 100 89 64 72 2004ndash2009 (Nag et al 2011)

37 34 92 139 105 76

2001ndash2003 (Jerauld et al 2005)

37 31 84 159 95 60

In 2010 NLDN misclassified one stroke as a cloud discharge

Location Errors

Min = 134 m Max = 35 km Median = 436 m



Location error is defined as the distance between the location of launcher (used as ground-truth) and the location reported by the NLDN

NLDN Peak Current Estimation Error (Absolute)

2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55

Absolute current estimation errors range from 0 to 50 (Median = 20)


Jerauld et al (2005 JGR) Nag et al (2010)

NLDN Reported Peak Currents vs Those Directly Measured at Camp Blanding Florida (2001-2009)

2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary

1 Ground lightning flash density (Ng) is the primary descriptor of lightning incidence Multiple-station lightning locating systems (LLSs) are by far the best available tool for mapping Ng

2 About 80 or more of cloud-to-ground lightning flashes are composed of two or more strokes This percentage is appreciably higher than 55 previously estimated by Anderson and Eriksson (1980) based on less accurate records The average number of strokes per flash is typically 3 to 5

3 Roughly one-third to one-half of lightning flashes create two or more terminations on ground separated by up to several kilometers When only one location per flash is recorded the correction factor for measured values of Ng to account for multiple channel terminations on ground is about 15-17 which is considerably higher than 11 estimated by Anderson and Eriksson (1980)

4 From direct current measurements the median return-stroke peak current is about 30 kA for first strokes in Switzerland Italy South Africa and Japan and typically 10-15 kA for subsequent strokes in Switzerland and for triggered and object-initiated lightning Corresponding values from measurements in Brazil are 45 kA and 18 kA

5 The field-to-current conversion procedure employed by the NLDN and other similar systems has been calibrated only for negative subsequent strokes with the median absolute error being 10 to 20

Rocket-Triggered Lightning at Camp Blanding Florida (2009) Photograph by Dustin Hill

58 58

Four strokes that were time correlated with power-line faults and the associated 50 confidence regions Originally 24 faults (in 2 years) were suspected to be due to lightning Strokes 1-3 were near 69-kV lines and stroke 4 was near a 230-kV line Adapted from Cummins et al (1998)

Lightning protection studies (Sacramento Municipal Utility District)

Lightning parameters of engineering interest Application of lightning detection technologies

1 CIGRE Working Group C4407 activities 2 General characterization of lightning 3 Ground flash density 4 Number of strokes per flash 5 Multiple channel terminations on ground 6 Rocket-triggered lightning 7 Lightning peak current distributions

8 Calibration of lightning locating systems

9 Summary

3


4 4




WG Scope













9






10


10



11



12


13

14


15



16





17


18

19


1975-1986 (11 years)

20

21


22




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


64

13

83


46

17

76


34

18

137


45

21

81


39

20

223


39

19

209

23


24


25




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


17 16

49 42

72 83


17

50

76


14

35

386


15

34

2995


17

51

138


17

48

206


26




27





wire

28 28




29



Natural

Triggered


~ 5 C

~ 1 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 30 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 1 C

30

31


ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



3


4 4




WG Scope













9






10


10



11



12


13

14


15



16





17


18

19


1975-1986 (11 years)

20

21


22




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


64

13

83


46

17

76


34

18

137


45

21

81


39

20

223


39

19

209

23


24


25




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


17 16

49 42

72 83


17

50

76


14

35

386


15

34

2995


17

51

138


17

48

206


26




27





wire

28 28




29



Natural

Triggered


~ 5 C

~ 1 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 30 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 1 C

30

31


ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



4 4




WG Scope













9






10


10



11



12


13

14


15



16





17


18

19


1975-1986 (11 years)

20

21


22




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


64

13

83


46

17

76


34

18

137


45

21

81


39

20

223


39

19

209

23


24


25




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


17 16

49 42

72 83


17

50

76


14

35

386


15

34

2995


17

51

138


17

48

206


26




27





wire

28 28




29



Natural

Triggered


~ 5 C

~ 1 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 30 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 1 C

30

31


ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58




WG Scope













9






10


10



11



12


13

14


15



16





17


18

19


1975-1986 (11 years)

20

21


22




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


64

13

83


46

17

76


34

18

137


45

21

81


39

20

223


39

19

209

23


24


25




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


17 16

49 42

72 83


17

50

76


14

35

386


15

34

2995


17

51

138


17

48

206


26




27





wire

28 28




29



Natural

Triggered


~ 5 C

~ 1 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 30 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 1 C

30

31


ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



WG Scope













9






10


10



11



12


13

14


15



16





17


18

19


1975-1986 (11 years)

20

21


22




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


64

13

83


46

17

76


34

18

137


45

21

81


39

20

223


39

19

209

23


24


25




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


17 16

49 42

72 83


17

50

76


14

35

386


15

34

2995


17

51

138


17

48

206


26




27





wire

28 28




29



Natural

Triggered


~ 5 C

~ 1 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 30 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 1 C

30

31


ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58







9






10


10



11



12


13

14


15



16





17


18

19


1975-1986 (11 years)

20

21


22




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


64

13

83


46

17

76


34

18

137


45

21

81


39

20

223


39

19

209

23


24


25




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


17 16

49 42

72 83


17

50

76


14

35

386


15

34

2995


17

51

138


17

48

206


26




27





wire

28 28




29



Natural

Triggered


~ 5 C

~ 1 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 30 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 1 C

30

31


ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



9






10


10



11



12


13

14


15



16





17


18

19


1975-1986 (11 years)

20

21


22




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


64

13

83


46

17

76


34

18

137


45

21

81


39

20

223


39

19

209

23


24


25




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


17 16

49 42

72 83


17

50

76


14

35

386


15

34

2995


17

51

138


17

48

206


26




27





wire

28 28




29



Natural

Triggered


~ 5 C

~ 1 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 30 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 1 C

30

31


ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58







10


10



11



12


13

14


15



16





17


18

19


1975-1986 (11 years)

20

21


22




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


64

13

83


46

17

76


34

18

137


45

21

81


39

20

223


39

19

209

23


24


25




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


17 16

49 42

72 83


17

50

76


14

35

386


15

34

2995


17

51

138


17

48

206


26




27





wire

28 28




29



Natural

Triggered


~ 5 C

~ 1 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 30 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 1 C

30

31


ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58





11



12


13

14


15



16





17


18

19


1975-1986 (11 years)

20

21


22




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


64

13

83


46

17

76


34

18

137


45

21

81


39

20

223


39

19

209

23


24


25




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


17 16

49 42

72 83


17

50

76


14

35

386


15

34

2995


17

51

138


17

48

206


26




27





wire

28 28




29



Natural

Triggered


~ 5 C

~ 1 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 30 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 1 C

30

31


ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58





12


13

14


15



16





17


18

19


1975-1986 (11 years)

20

21


22




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


64

13

83


46

17

76


34

18

137


45

21

81


39

20

223


39

19

209

23


24


25




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


17 16

49 42

72 83


17

50

76


14

35

386


15

34

2995


17

51

138


17

48

206


26




27





wire

28 28




29



Natural

Triggered


~ 5 C

~ 1 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 30 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 1 C

30

31


ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58




13

14


15



16





17


18

19


1975-1986 (11 years)

20

21


22




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


64

13

83


46

17

76


34

18

137


45

21

81


39

20

223


39

19

209

23


24


25




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


17 16

49 42

72 83


17

50

76


14

35

386


15

34

2995


17

51

138


17

48

206


26




27





wire

28 28




29



Natural

Triggered


~ 5 C

~ 1 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 30 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 1 C

30

31


ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



14


15



16





17


18

19


1975-1986 (11 years)

20

21


22




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


64

13

83


46

17

76


34

18

137


45

21

81


39

20

223


39

19

209

23


24


25




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


17 16

49 42

72 83


17

50

76


14

35

386


15

34

2995


17

51

138


17

48

206


26




27





wire

28 28




29



Natural

Triggered


~ 5 C

~ 1 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 30 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 1 C

30

31


ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



15



16





17


18

19


1975-1986 (11 years)

20

21


22




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


64

13

83


46

17

76


34

18

137


45

21

81


39

20

223


39

19

209

23


24


25




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


17 16

49 42

72 83


17

50

76


14

35

386


15

34

2995


17

51

138


17

48

206


26




27





wire

28 28




29



Natural

Triggered


~ 5 C

~ 1 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 30 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 1 C

30

31


ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



16





17


18

19


1975-1986 (11 years)

20

21


22




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


64

13

83


46

17

76


34

18

137


45

21

81


39

20

223


39

19

209

23


24


25




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


17 16

49 42

72 83


17

50

76


14

35

386


15

34

2995


17

51

138


17

48

206


26




27





wire

28 28




29



Natural

Triggered


~ 5 C

~ 1 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 30 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 1 C

30

31


ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58





17


18

19


1975-1986 (11 years)

20

21


22




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


64

13

83


46

17

76


34

18

137


45

21

81


39

20

223


39

19

209

23


24


25




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


17 16

49 42

72 83


17

50

76


14

35

386


15

34

2995


17

51

138


17

48

206


26




27





wire

28 28




29



Natural

Triggered


~ 5 C

~ 1 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 30 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 1 C

30

31


ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58




18

19


1975-1986 (11 years)

20

21


22




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


64

13

83


46

17

76


34

18

137


45

21

81


39

20

223


39

19

209

23


24


25




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


17 16

49 42

72 83


17

50

76


14

35

386


15

34

2995


17

51

138


17

48

206


26




27





wire

28 28




29



Natural

Triggered


~ 5 C

~ 1 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 30 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 1 C

30

31


ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



19


1975-1986 (11 years)

20

21


22




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


64

13

83


46

17

76


34

18

137


45

21

81


39

20

223


39

19

209

23


24


25




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


17 16

49 42

72 83


17

50

76


14

35

386


15

34

2995


17

51

138


17

48

206


26




27





wire

28 28




29



Natural

Triggered


~ 5 C

~ 1 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 30 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 1 C

30

31


ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



20

21


22




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


64

13

83


46

17

76


34

18

137


45

21

81


39

20

223


39

19

209

23


24


25




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


17 16

49 42

72 83


17

50

76


14

35

386


15

34

2995


17

51

138


17

48

206


26




27





wire

28 28




29



Natural

Triggered


~ 5 C

~ 1 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 30 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 1 C

30

31


ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



21


22




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


64

13

83


46

17

76


34

18

137


45

21

81


39

20

223


39

19

209

23


24


25




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


17 16

49 42

72 83


17

50

76


14

35

386


15

34

2995


17

51

138


17

48

206


26




27





wire

28 28




29



Natural

Triggered


~ 5 C

~ 1 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 30 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 1 C

30

31


ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



22




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


64

13

83


46

17

76


34

18

137


45

21

81


39

20

223


39

19

209

23


24


25




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


17 16

49 42

72 83


17

50

76


14

35

386


15

34

2995


17

51

138


17

48

206


26




27





wire

28 28




29



Natural

Triggered


~ 5 C

~ 1 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 30 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 1 C

30

31


ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



23


24


25




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


17 16

49 42

72 83


17

50

76


14

35

386


15

34

2995


17

51

138


17

48

206


26




27





wire

28 28




29



Natural

Triggered


~ 5 C

~ 1 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 30 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 1 C

30

31


ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



24


25




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


17 16

49 42

72 83


17

50

76


14

35

386


15

34

2995


17

51

138


17

48

206


26




27





wire

28 28




29



Natural

Triggered


~ 5 C

~ 1 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 30 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 1 C

30

31


ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



25




Flash


Flashes

Sample Size


17 16

49 42

72 83


17

50

76


14

35

386


15

34

2995


17

51

138


17

48

206


26




27





wire

28 28




29



Natural

Triggered


~ 5 C

~ 1 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 30 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 1 C

30

31


ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



26




27





wire

28 28




29



Natural

Triggered


~ 5 C

~ 1 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 30 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 1 C

30

31


ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



27





wire

28 28




29



Natural

Triggered


~ 5 C

~ 1 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 30 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 1 C

30

31


ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58






wire

28 28




29



Natural

Triggered


~ 5 C

~ 1 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 30 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 1 C

30

31


ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58





29



Natural

Triggered


~ 5 C

~ 1 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 30 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 1 C

30

31


ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58




Natural

Triggered


~ 5 C

~ 1 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 30 C

~ 10 C

~ 1 C

~ 1 C

30

31


ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



31


ICLRT

Wire spool

1-m Rocket

32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



32


ICLRT

33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



33

F0321-OFFICE-WIDE

34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



34



35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58




35



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



36




37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



37





99 95 76 34 15 78 45 08

( ) 62

311

1I

PI+

=


38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



38




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58




(1985-1998 amp 2009-2010)




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58




40


41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



41







10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58






10)

Remarks

95 50 5



Switzerland











and USA (N=44)

338 9

30 (34) 101





and USA (N=44)



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



43



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



44









46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58






46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



46






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58






47





95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58






95 50 5

Berger et al (1975)



Switzerland





South Africa












49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58






49


minus

=

1000100exp

100rrSSRNSS

( )RNSSMeanip 1850=

50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



50


Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



Camp Blanding




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58




Year Number



NLDN Flash


()

Number of

Strokes


NLDN Stroke


()

2010 12 12 100 51 41 80

2011 11 11 100 38 23 61


37 34 92 139 105 76


37 31 84 159 95 60


Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



Location Errors






2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58




2010 2011 2010ndash2011

2004ndash2009

2001ndash2003

AM () 15 14 15 17 20 SD () 97 11 10 19 11 Median () 14 16 15 13 20

Min () 16 0 0 0 0 Max () 37 41 41 129 ~ 50 N 33 23 56 96 70

ΔI = INLDN - ICB

55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



55





2001-2003 n = 70

2004-2009 n = 96

9 Summary







58 58



9 Summary







58 58




58 58



58 58



Documents

Lightning parameters of engineering interest: … parameters of engineering interest: Application of lightning detection technologies Vladimir A. Rakov Department of Electrical and