1. INTRODUCTION

Buckypaperis a thin sheet made from an aggregate ofcarbon nanotubes.The nanotubes are approximately 50,000 times thinner than a human hair. Originally, it was fabricated as a way to handle carbon nanotubes, but it is also being studied and developed into applications by several research groups, showing promise asvehicle armor,personal armor, and next-generationelectronicsand displays.Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) possess great potential for developing high-performance and multifunctional nanocomposites for a wide variety of applications. As the cost of producing CNT buckypaper, a thin film of CNT networks, continues to decrease while the quality increases, more users and companies are becoming interested in buckypaper for potential applications. Many of these applications, such as electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and fire retardant surface skins for fiber-reinforced composites or plastics, may not require buckypaper-based composites to be much stronger compared to fiber-reinforced composites. This means that there is a market for buckypaper even without its theoretical super strength, but desired functionality. The experimental results show that buckypapers have very low permeability, about 8-12 orders lower than those of carbon fiber preform cases, and also sensitive to liquid polarity due to their nanoscale porosity and large surface area. Both solution and resin film transfer prepregging processes were studied to pre-impregnate buckypaper to achieve 50 wt. % CNT concentration. The late one showed better quality in the resultant nanocomposites, but difficult for high viscosity resins. Three case studies were also conducted to demonstrate quality and property consistency of buckypaper composites.

2. LITERATURE SURVEY2.1BACKGROUND2.1.1 CARBON NANOTUBES

Carbon nanotubes(CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. Nanotubes have been constructed with length-to-diameter ratio of up to 132,000,000:1,significantly larger than for any other material. These cylindricalcarbonmoleculeshave unusual properties, which are valuable fornanotechnology,electronics,opticsand other fields ofmaterials scienceand technology. In particular, owing to their extraordinarythermal conductivityand mechanical andelectricalproperties, carbon nanotubes find applications as additives to various structural materials. For instance, nanotubes form a tiny portion of the material(s) in some (primarilycarbon fiber) baseball bats, golf clubs, or car parts. Nanotubes are members of thefullerenestructural family. Their name is derived from their long, hollow structure with the walls formed by one-atom-thick sheets of carbon, calledgraphene. These sheets are rolled at specific and discrete ("chiral") angles, and the combination of the rolling angle and radius decides the nanotube properties; for example, whether the individual nanotube shell is ametalorsemiconductor. Nanotubes are categorized assingle-walled nanotubes(SWNTs) andmulti-walled nanotubes(MWNTs). Individual nanotubes naturally align themselves into "ropes" held together byvan der Waals forces, more specifically, pi-stacking.Appliedquantum chemistry, specifically,orbital hybridizationbest describes chemical bonding in nanotubes. Thechemical bondingof nanotubes is composed entirely ofsp2bonds, similar to those ofgraphite. These bonds, which are stronger than thesp3bondsfound inalkanesanddiamond, provide nanotubes with their unique strength.2.1.2 BUCKMINISTER FULLERENE

Buckminster Fullerene(orbucky-ball) is a sphericalfullerenemolecule with the formula C60. It has a cage-like fused-ring structure which resembles asoccer ball, made of twentyhexagonsand twelvepentagons, with a carbon atom at each vertex of each polygon and a bond along each polygon edge.It was first generated in 1985 byHarold Kroto,James R. Heath, Sean O'Brien,Robert Curl, andRichard SmalleyatRice University. Kroto, Curl and Smalley were awarded the 1996Nobel Prize in Chemistryfor their roles in the discovery of buckminsterfullerene and the related class of molecules, the fullerenes. The name is a reference toBuckminster Fuller, as C60resembles his trademark geodesic. Buckminsterfullerene is the most common naturally occurring fullerene molecule, as it can be found in small quantities insoot.Solid and gaseous forms of the molecule have beendetected in deep space. Buckminsterfullerene is one of the largest objects to have been shown to exhibitwaveparticle duality; as stated in the theory every object exhibits this behavior. Its discovery led to the exploration of a new field of chemistry, involving the study offullerenes.2.1.3 FULLERENE

Afullereneis amoleculeofcarbonin the form of a hollowsphere,ellipsoid,tube, and many other shapes. Spherical fullerenes are also calledbuckyballs, and they resemble the balls used infootball(soccer). Cylindrical ones are calledcarbon nanotubesor buckytubes. Fullerenes are similar instructuretographite, which is composed of stackedgraphenesheets of linked hexagonal rings; but they may also contain pentagonal (or sometimes heptagonal) rings. The first fullerene molecule to be discovered, and the family's namesake,buckminsterfullerene(C60), was prepared in 1985 byRichard Smalley,Robert Curl,James Heath,Sean O'Brien, andHarold KrotoatRice University. The name was homage toBuckminster Fuller, whosegeodesic domesit resembles. The structure was also identified some five years earlier bySumio Iijima, from an electron microscope image, where it formed the core of a "bucky onion."Fullerenes have since been found to occur in nature.More recently, fullerenes have been detected in outer space.According to astronomer Letizia Stanghellini, "Its possible that buckyballs from outer space provided seeds for life on Earth." The discovery of fullerenes greatly expanded the number of knowncarbon allotropes, which until recently were limited to graphite, diamond, andamorphouscarbon such assootandcharcoal. Buckyballs and buckytubes have been the subject of intense research, both for their unique chemistry and for their technological applications, especially inmaterials science,electronics, andnanotechnology.

2.1.3.1 TYPES OF FULLERENE Buckyball Clusters: smallest member isC20(unsaturated version ofdodecahedrane) and the most common isC60; Nanotubes: hollow tubes of very small dimensions, having single or multiple walls; potential applications in electronics industry; Megatubes: larger in diameter than nanotubes and prepared with walls of different thickness; potentially used for the transport of a variety of molecules of different sizes; Polymers: chain, two-dimensional and three-dimensional polymers are formed under high-pressure high-temperature conditions; single-strand polymers are formed using the Atom Transfer Radical Addition Polymerization (ATRAP) route; Nano"Onions": spherical particles based on multiple carbon layers surrounding a buckyball core;proposed for lubricants; Linked "Ball-And-Chain" Dimers: two buckyballs linked by a carbon chain; Fullerene rings.

2.1.4 BUCKYBALLS

2.1.4.1 BUCKMINSTER FULLERENE

Buckminsterfullerene is the smallest fullerene molecule containing pentagonal and hexagonal rings in which no two pentagons share an edge (which can be destabilizing, as inpentalene). It is also the most common in terms of natural occurrence, as it can often be found insoot.The structure of C60is atruncated icosahedron, which resembles anassociation football ballof the type made of twenty hexagons and twelve pentagons, with a carbon atom at the vertices of each polygon and a bond along each polygon edge.Thevan der Waals diameterof a C60molecule is about 1.1nanometers(nm).The nucleus to nucleus diameter of a C60molecule is about 0.71nm.The C60molecule has two bond lengths. The 6:6 ring bonds (between two hexagons) can be considered "double bonds" and are shorter than the 6:5 bonds (between a hexagon and a pentagon). Its average bond length is 1.4 angstroms.Silicon buckyballs have been created around metal ions.

2.1.4.2 BORON BUCKYBALL

A type of buckyball which usesboronatoms, instead of the usual carbon, was predicted and described in 2007. The B80structure, with each atom forming 5 or 6 bonds, is predicted to be more stable than the C60buckyball.One reason for this given by the researchers is that the B-80 is actually more like the original geodesic dome structure popularized by Buckminster Fuller, which uses triangles rather than hexagons. However, this work has been subject to much criticism by quantum chemistsas it was concluded that the predicted Ihsymmetric structure was vibrationally unstable and the resulting cage undergoes a spontaneous symmetry break, yielding a puckered cage with rare Thsymmetry (symmetry of avolleyball).The number of six-member rings in this molecule is 20 and number of five-member rings is 12. There is an additional atom in the center of each six-member ring, bonded to each atom surrounding it. By employing a systematic global search algorithm, later it was found that the previously proposed B80 fullerene is not global minimum for 80 atom boron clusters and hence cannot be found in nature.In the same paper by Sandip De et al., it was concluded that born energy land scape is significantly different from other fullerenes already found in nature hence pure boron fullerenes are unlikely to exist in nature.

2.1.4.3 OTHER BUCKYBALLS

Another fairly common fullerene is C70, but fullerenes with 72, 76, 84 and even up to 100 carbon atoms are commonly obtained.In mathematical terms, the structure of a fullerene is a trivalent convexpolyhedronwith pentagonal and hexagonal faces. Ingraph theory, the termfullerenerefers to any 3-regular,planar graphwith all faces of size 5 or 6 (including the external face). It follows fromEuler's polyhedron formula,VE+F=2 (whereV,E,Fare the numbers of vertices, edges, and faces), that there are exactly 12 pentagons in a fullerene andV/210 hexagons.The smallest fullerene is thedodecahedralC20. There are no fullerenes with 22 vertices.The number of fullerenes C2ngrows with increasingn=12,13,14,..., roughly in proportion ton9(sequenceA007894inOEIS). For instance, there are 1812 non-isomorphic fullerenes C60. Note that only one form of C60, the buckminsterfullerene alias truncated, has no pair of adjacent pentagons (the smallest such fullerene). To further illustrate the growth, there are 214,127,713 non-isomorphic fullerenes C200, 15,655,672 of which have no adjacent pentagons. Optimized structures of many fullerene isomers are published and listed on the web. Trimetaspherecarbon nanomaterials were discovered by researchers atVirginia Techand licensed exclusively toLuna Innovations. This class of novel molecules comprises 80 carbon atoms (C80) forming a sphere which encloses a complex of three metal atoms and one nitrogen atom. These fullerenes encapsulate metals which puts them in the subset referred to asmetallofullerenes. Trimetaspheres have the potential for use in diagnostics (as safe imaging agents), therapeuticsand in organic solar cells.

2.1.5 BUCKYPAPERBuckypaper is a macroscopic aggregate of carbon nanotubes (CNT), or "buckytubes". It owes its name to the buck minster fullerene, the 60 carbonfullerene(anallotropeof carbon with similar bonding that is sometimes referred to as a "Buckyball" in honor ofR. Buckminster Fuller). Florida State Universitys High-Performance Materials Institute (HPMI, Tallahassee, Fla., USA) reports that has developed a new high-performance composite material that could be up to 10 times lighter and 250 times stronger than steel, twice as hard as diamond and highly conductive to electricity and heat.The High-Performance Materials Institutes research has focused on development of buckypaper, and has reportedly already shown promise in a variety of real-world applications. In aerospace applications, the buckypaper could replace the current metal mesh used in the structure of the composite aircraft to disperse lightning strikes. Replacing the metal with buckypaper would allow lightnings electrical charge to flow around the plane and dissipate without causing damage. Buckypaper could also make aerostructures stronger and lighter for increasing payloads and improving fuel efficiency.Made of nanotubes, one of the most thermally conductive materials known, buckypaper might lend itself to the development of heat sinks, enabling computers and other electronic equipment to disperse heat more efficiently than what is currently possible. And if exposed to an electric charge, buckypaper films could illuminate computer and television screens. When compared to cathode ray tube and liquid crystal display technology, these screens could be lighter, more energy efficient as well as feature a more uniform level of brightness.Furthermore, buckypaper is flame retardant and could help prevent fires on aircraft, ships and other structures. Other applications include protective gear, such as helmets and body armor for the military and police, as well as prosthetics for wounded soldiers.According to HPMI, to the naked eye buckypaper looks like ordinary carbon paper, but under a microscope, one can see it is made from tube-shaped carbon molecules 50,000 times thinner than human hair. When sheets of buckypaper are stacked together to become part of a composite structure, it can transform into one of the strongest materials known to man.Right now, HPMI is producing buckypaper at only a fraction of its potential strength, in small quantities and at a high price. Nobel Laureate Dr. Richard Smalley first produced buckypaper during the 1990s by filtering a nanotube suspension in order to prepare samples for various tests. The High-Performance Materials Institute has spent the past several years building upon this work, making buckypapers larger and more multifunctional for composite fabrication and achieving several patents for its efforts.According to Frank Allen, operations director at HPMI, when he joined the institute in 2001, the facility was producing buckypaper at the size of a quarter, and now it is making much larger sheets using a batch production process.In an attempt to make buckypaper more commercially feasible, HPMI is looking to scale up its production by working on a prototype that would produce buckypaper strips at a rate of 5 ft/min.

2.2SYNTHESIS

The generally accepted methods of making CNT films involves the use of non-ionicsurfactants, such asTriton X-100andsodium lauryl sulfate,which improves their dispersibility in aqueous solution. These suspensions can then be membrane filtered under positive or negative pressure to yield uniform films.TheVander Waals force's interaction between the nanotube surface and the surfactant can often be mechanically strong and quite stable and therefore there are no assurances that all the surfactant is removed from the CNT film after formation. Washing with methanol, an effective solvent in the removal of Triton X, was found to cause cracking and deformation of the film. It has also been found that Triton X can lead to cell lysis and in turn tissue inflammatory responses even at low concentrations. In order to avoid adverse side-effects from the possible presence of surfactants, an alternative casting process can be used involving afrit compressionmethod that did not require the use of surfactants or surface modification.The dimensions can be controlled through the size of the syringe housing and through the mass of carbon nanotubes added. Their thicknesses are typically much larger than surfactant-cast buckypaper and have been synthesized from 120 m up to 650 m; whilst no nomenclature system exists to govern thicknesses for samples to be classified as paper, samples with thicknesses greater than 500 m are referred to as buckydiscs. The frit compression method allows rapid casting of buckypaper and buckydiscs with recovery of the casting solvent and control over the 2D and 3D geometry.

Aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) growth has been used in CNT film synthesis through thedomino effect.In this process, "forests" of MWCNTs are pushed flat in a single direction, compressing their vertical orientation into the horizontal plane, which results in the formation of high-purity buckypaper with no further purification or treatment required. By comparison, when a buckypaper sample was formed from the 1 ton compression of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) generated MWCNT powder, any application of a solvent led to the immediate swelling of the film till it reverted into particulate matter. It appears that for the CNT powder used, compression alone was insufficient to generate robust buckypaper and highlights that the aligned growth methodology generatesin-situtube-tube interactions not found in CVD CNT powder and are preserved through to the domino pushing formation of buckypaper.

3. BUCKYPAPER SYNONYMS

3.1 GRAPHENE OXIDE PAPER

Graphene oxide paperorgraphite oxide paperis acomposite materialfabricated fromgraphite oxide. Micrometer thick films of graphene oxide paper are also named as graphite oxide membranes (in 60-es) or (more recently) graphene oxide membranes. The membranes are typically obtained by slow evaporation of graphene oxide solution or by filtration method.The material has exceptionalstiffnessandstrength, due to the intrinsic strength of the two-dimensionalgraphenebackboneand to its interwoven layer structure which distributes loads.The starting material is water-dispersed graphene oxide flakes, which typically contain a single graphene layer. These flakes may bechemically bonded, leading to the development of additional new materials. Like the starting material, graphene oxide paper is anelectrical insulator; however, it may be possible to tune this property, making the paper aconductororsemiconductor, without sacrificing its mechanical properties. Detailed studies ofgraphite oxidemembranes were performed by P.-H. Boehm (German scientist who invented term "graphene") back in 1960. The paper titled "Graphite Oxide and its membrane properties" reported synthesis of "paper-like foils" with 0.05mm thickness. The membranes were reported to be not permeable by gases (nitrogen and oxygen) but easily permeable by water vapors and, suggestively, by any other solvents which are able to intercalate graphite oxide. It was also reported that the membranes are not permeable by "substances of lower molecular weight". permeation of water through the membrane was attributed to swelling of graphite oxide structure which enables water penetration path between individual graphene oxide layers. The interlayer distance of dried Hummers graphite oxide was reported as 6.35 but in liquid water it increased to 11.6. Remarkably, the paper also cited the inter-layer distance in diluted NaOH as infinity thus reporting dispersion of graphite oxide on single-layered graphene oxide sheets in solution. The study also reported permeation rate of membranes for water 0.1mg per minute per square cm. The diffusion rate of water was evaluated as 1cm/hour. H.-P.Boehm's paper also shows that graphite oxide can be used as cation exchange membrane and reports measurements of osmotic pressures, membrane potentials in KCl, HCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, BaCl2 solutions. The membranes were also reported to be permeable by large alkaloid ions as they are able to penetrate between graphene oxide layers. In 2012 some of the properties of graphite oxide membranes discovered by H.P.Boehm were re-discovered for graphene oxide membranes (essentially the same material with new name): the membranes were reported to be not permeable by helium but permeable by water vapors.This study was later expanded to demonstrate that several salts (for example KCl, MgCl2) diffuse through the graphene oxide membrane if it is immersed in water solution. Graphene oxide membranes were also actively studied in 60-s for application in water desalination but it never come to practical applications.Retention rates over 90% were reported in this study for NaCl solutions using stabilized graphene oxide membranes in reverse osmosis setup.

3.2 SWCNT BUNDLESMost single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) have a diameter of close to 1nanometer, with a tube length that can be many millions of times longer. The structure of a SWNT can be conceptualized by wrapping a one-atom-thick layer of graphite called graphene into a seamless cylinder. The way the graphene sheet is wrapped is represented by a pair of indices (n,m). The integersnandmdenote the number of unitvectorsalong two directions in the honeycombcrystal latticeof graphene. Ifm= 0, the nanotubes are called zigzag nanotubes, and ifn=m, the nanotubes are called armchair nanotubes. Otherwise, they are called chiral. An ideal SWCNT can be viewed as a graphene sheet rolled up into a seamless, cylindrical tube with its ends capped with half of a fullerene molecule. Both the pulsed vaporization method and the electrical arc technique to synthesize SWNT in high yield produce SWNT bundles (or ropes) consisting of several hundred SWNT arranged in a two-dimensional triangular lattice. The SWNT are predicted to be semiconducting or metallic depending on the chirality of the tubes. Extensive experimental and theoretical efforts are being pursued to understand their electronic, vibrational, and mechanical properties. The phonon spectrum probed by Raman spectroscopy has been found useful both as a characterizational tool and a testing ground for the theoretical predictions about the electronic and vibrational properties of SWNT. Recently, we reported tube diameter-dependent, resonant Raman scattering from zone-center phonons of SWNT bundles. The number of peaks, their relative intensity, and the band shape observed in the Raman spectra of SWNT bundles have been shown to depend sensitively on the energy of excitation in the range 0.943.05 eV. Large resonant scattering cross sections were observed and identified with allowed optical transitions between the valence and conduction band spikes in the one-dimensional electronic density of states. The relatively intense bands observed at low (150220 cm-1) and high (15001600 cm-1) frequencies were identifiedwith the symmetric radial breathing (R) mode and tangential (T) C-C stretching modes, respectively.

4. BUCKY-PAPER PROCESSING

Bucky-papers are typically formed by first purifying the CNTs and then dispersing them in a suitable solvent. Once a well dispersed solution is achieved, it is filtered through a porous support which captures the CNTs to form an optically opaque Bucky-paper. If the Bucky-paper is thick enough it can be peeled off the support filter intact. As shown by the origami plane in Figure 2c, Bucky-papers can be mechanically robust and flexible. Typically longer, narrower and more pure nanotubes lead to stronger Bucky-papers with higher tensile strengths. As grown CNTs are highly entangled and typically contaminated with metallic catalyst particles and carbonaceous material such as amorphous carbon, fullerenes, and graphitic nano-particles. Consequently their purification and dispersion is a critical step in Bucky-paper processing and can affect both the Bucky-paper structure and properties. Figure 3, for example, compares SEM images of Bucky-papers processed from a poorly dispersed and well dispersed CNT solution.For purification an oxidative treatment such as nitric acid (HNO3) or annealing is commonly used to remove amorphous carbon which is oxidised more quickly than the CNTs. This is often followed by an acid treatment such as Hydrochloric acid (HCl) to dissolve any metal particles. However these treatments can also damage and shorten the CNTs as well as functionalise them with carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. This can be advantageous for dispersion into polar solvents such as water. However it can also alter the natural CNT properties. The chemical purification steps can also be combined with physical processes such as filtration and centrifugation.

Fig. 1 Manufacturing process of Bucky paper

(a) Process for manufacturing Bucky-papers, (b) SEM image showing the Bucky-paper surface and (c) Bucky-paper origami aeroplane demonstrating their flexibility mechanical robustness.

For CNT dispersion a combination of the following strategies are typically used:a) Covalent functionalization of the CNT surface to improve their chemical compatibility with the dispersing medium.b) The use of a third component such as a surfactant, polymer or biomolecules (such as DNA).c) Mechanical treatments such as ultrasonication and shear mixing.Carbon an element which has the affinity to bond with itself is forming a rich variety of structures and morphologies. Until recently only two types of - carbon crystalline structures were known diamond and graphite. The first carbon fibers were prepared by Thomas A. Edison to provide a filament for an early model of an electric light bulb. Specially selected bamboo filaments were proposed to produce a coiled carbon resistor, which could be heated comically. Further research on filamentous carbon proceeded more slowly, since the carbon spiral coil was soon replaced by tungsten filaments. The second stimulus to carbon fiber research came in the 1950s from the space and aircraft industry, which was searching for strong stiff light-weight fibers with superior mechanical properties. This stimulation led to the synthesis of single crystal carbon whiskers, which have become a benchmark for the discussion of mechanical and elastic properties of carbon fibers. Intense efforts were invested in reducing fiber defects and crack propagation as well as in development of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, which preceded the synthesis of carbon fibers by a catalytic chemical vapour deposition (CVD) process.

5. PROPERTIES

Buckypaper is one tenth the weight yet potentially 500 times stronger than steel when its sheets are stacked to form a composite. Composed of tube-shaped carbon molecules 50,000 times thinner than a human hair. Buckypaper possesses unique properties enabling it to conduct electricity like copper or silicon. and disperse heat. Sheets of Buckypaper stacked and pressed together form a composite. It has a very high thermal conductivity Electromagnetic shielding (EMI) (Cables, Computers, Radios, Planes, general interference). Super capacitors(Buckypaper has great electrical conductivity although it depends heavily on the temperature of the environment). semi-conductors (Due to buckypapers electrical characteristics, it may one day replace or augment silicon)semi conductors are essential to todays modern computer. The simplest semi-conductor is a simple diode that can either act as an insulator or a conductor. BuckyPaper can be folded, cut with scissors, like notebook paper. We have investigated its mechanical properties after infiltrating the paper with epoxy base matrix phases.

6. APPLICATIONS

Electromagnetic interference shielding Radiation shielding Lightning strike protection Heat sinks Thermal management Electrodes for fuel cells, supercapacitors and batteries Ultra-high strength structures Personal protection: body armor, helmets, armored vehicles Bucky-papers have also been considered for a number of other applications related to filtration and water purification Fire protection: covering material with a thin layer of buckypaper significantly improves its fire resistance due to the efficient reflection of heat by the dense, compact layer of carbon nanotubes or carbon fibers. If exposed to anelectric charge, buckypaper could be used to illuminate computer and television screens. It could be more energy-efficient, lighter, and could allow for a more uniform level of brightness than currentcathode ray tube(CRT) andliquid crystal display(LCD) technology. Films also could protect electronic circuits and devices within airplanes fromelectromagneticinterference, which can damage equipment and alter settings. Similarly, such films could allow military aircraft to shield their electromagnetic "signatures", which can be detected via radar.7. ADVANTAGES Buckypaper make aero structures stronger and lighter for increasing payloads and improving fuel efficiency. 50,000 times thinner than a human hair, and harder than diamond. Buckypaper possesses unique properties enabling it to conduct electricity and disperse heat more efficiently than what is currently possible. Sheets of Buckypaper stacked and pressed together form a composite, and it 10 times lighter but 500 times stronger than steel. It has a very high thermal conductivity. It acts as Super capacitors (great electrical conductivity). Acts as Semi-conductors BuckyPaper can be folded, cut with scissors, like notebook paper.

8. DISADVANTAGES In may not be good for the environment. The increased glow may increase global warming. Expensive Making it is very time consuming it take a few days to make a single role of a few meters buckypaper.

9. FUTURE SCOPES

Using bucky paper as a therapeutic aid in medical applications Replacing copper with buckypaper would save weight. As electrodes for fuel cells, super capacitors and batteries Buckypaper could be a more efficient and lighter replacement for graphite sheets used in laptop computers to dissipate heat, which is harmful to electronics Electromagnetic shielding (EMI) (Cables, Computers, Radios, Planes, general interference). Super capacitors (Buckypaper has great electrical conductivity although it depends heavily on the temperature of the environment). Build planes, automobiles and other things with buckypaper composites. Use in armor plating and stealth technology. 'Bucky-paper' the new composite material for energy efficient transport.

10. CONCLUSION

In this seminar a brief study of the light weight material carbon fiber- buckypaper has been given, with particular emphasis on the aircraft structures. Buckypaper is the aerospace material of tomorrow. Carbon nanotubebucky paper is a ultra strong. It is flame retardant and could help prevent fires on aircraft, ships and other structures. Instead of the metal mesh currently used in the structure of the composite aircraft to disperse lightning strikes, provide fuel efficiency and strength. Therefore, we can hope the future aircrafts and spacecrafts are made by carbon nanotubebucky paper. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) possess great potential for developing high-performance and multifunctional nanocomposites for a wide variety of applications. As the cost of producing CNT buckypaper, a thin film of CNT networks, continues to decrease while the quality increases, more users and companies are becoming interested in buckypaper for potential applications. Many of these applications, such as electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and fire retardant surface skins for fiber-reinforced composites or plastics, may not require buckypaper-based composites to be much stronger compared to fiber-reinforced composites. This means that there is a market for buckypaper even without its theoretical super strength, but desired functionality.

11. REFERENCE

1. Cornett JB and Shockman GD. "Cellular lysis of Streptococcus faecalis induced with Triton X-100"J Bacteriol 135 (1978). 2. James B. Lewis, "Nanotechnology to soon provide paper stronger than steel for commercial uses", the Foresight Institute 2008-10-24. Retrieved 2012-12-7.3. Sun J and Gao L. "Development of a dispersion process for carbon nanotubes in ceramic matrix by heterocoagulation". Carbon41 (2003).4. Vohrer U, Kolaric I, Haque MH, Roth S and Detlaff-Weglikowska U. "Carbon nanotube sheets for the use as artificial muscles"Carbon 42 (2004). 5. Wang D, Song PC, Liu CH, Wu W, Fan SS, "Highly oriented carbon nanotube papers made of aligned carbon nanotubes"Nanotechnology 19 (2008). 6. Whitby RLD, Fukuda T, Maekawa T, James SL, Mikhalovsky SV, "Geometric control and tuneable pore size distribution of buckypaper and buckydiscs"Carbon 46 (2008). 7. Z. Zhao and J. Gou "Improved fire retardancy of thermoset composites modified with carbon nanofibers" Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 10 (2009). 1

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