LifeNet_Brochure_New

Soft. Strong. Sustainable.No compromise.

Brochure_BCS_LifeNet_UK_5c.indd 1 31/08/2012 11:33

1


2

INTRODUCTION

The simple mosquito net has been used as a

protection against mosquitoes for hundreds of

years but has only relatively recently experienced

an evolution from being a basic physical barrier to

a long-lasting insecticide-treated intervention in the

prevention of malaria.

Up until now long-lasting insecticide-treated nets

(LLIN’s) have been manufactured from either

polyester (75 or 100 denier multifilament yarn) or

polyethylene (100 to 200 denier monofilament

yarn) and have been recognised (through the WHO

Pesticide Evaluation Scheme - WHOPES) as lasting

for about 3 years (with biological efficacy of the

insecticide maintained for a minimum of 20 washes).

LifeNet® is the first LLIN to combine the mechanical

strength of polypropylene with the efficacy of

deltamethrin, using a patented incorporation

process that achieves biological efficacy beyond

35 washes. A strong multifilament construction also

means it is highly tear resistant but nevertheless

still soft to the touch. No other net on the market

has the same combination of qualities.

Introduction


3

Contents

CONTENTS

Background

Why LifeNet, why now? 07

The next evolutionary step

towards the ideal bednet 10

Strong

A new standard in wash resistance

and biological performance 15

Physically stronger and tougher 22

Soft

How net characteristics can affect usage rates 31

Sustainable

Greater Nights-of-Protection per net 36

The bed-net cost effectiveness calculator 38

Support Information

References 42

Customer support 44

In summary 46

Bayer: Science For A Better Life 47



5

BackgroundWhy LifeNet, why now?

The next evolutionary step

towards the ideal bednet

5

The ideal and most valuable LLIN is one that combines highest possible durability without compromising acceptance and practicality



7

WHY LIFENET, WHY NOW?

All LLIN’s have the potential to make a valuable contribution in the fight against malaria.

This value can be defined by a nets effective lifespan and, to a lesser degree, its acceptability or use rate.

• The effective lifespan (also known as durability) of an LLIN is correlated to the wash resistance

of the insecticide treatment (ie. duration of biological efficacy) and the fabric’s physical strength

(ie. resistance to tearing and hole formation).

• The factors which contribute towards the acceptability (or use rate) of an LLIN are less easy to define

(since they are more closely linked to the vagaries of human behaviour) but seem to be related to a

combination of features of a net including; the feel of the fabric, ease of use, the mesh size, the ability

to have an impact on nuisance biting insects and, in some situations, colour, shape and size.

An overview of the features of different types of LLIN’s which have been available up until now is provided

in the table below:

MATERIAL TYPE

INSECTICIDE INSECTICIDE TREATMENT PROCESS

FILAMENT TYPE

STATUS OF WHOPES RECOMMENDATION

Polyethylene 1,000 mg/m2 Permethrin

Incorporation Monofilament Full

Polyethylene 261 mg/m2 Alphacypermethrin

Incorporation Monofilament Interim

Polyethylene 63 mg/m2 Deltamethrin

Incorporation Monofilament Interim

Polyester 55 mg/m2 Deltamethrin

Coating Multifilament Full

Polyester 80 mg/m2 Deltamethrin

Coating Multifilament Interim

Polyester 200 mg/m2 Alphacypermethrin

Coating Multifilament Interim

(Refer: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241502160_eng.pdf)

Why LifeNet, why now?


8

WHY LIFENET, WHY NOW?

The variability in wash frequency, treatment during

use and level of adoption between and within

different communities represents a significant

challenge in the estimation of how long LLIN’s will

remain truly effective and the impact which they

can sustain in terms of the reduction of morbidity

and mortality attributed to malaria.

The ideal (and most valuable) LLIN is therefore one

which combines the highest possible durability

(high wash resistance and physical strength)

without compromising acceptance and practicality.

This allows greater predictability in terms of long-

term disease impact, reducing the total program

costs associated with repeated distribution cycles

and subsequently resulting in a more effective long-

term use of available program funding.

Field studies and operational experience

demonstrate that the attributes of polyester

and polyethylene nets differ;

• Polyester nets are usually smooth and soft to the

touch, with good user acceptance, but generally

lack high mechanical strength, rarely maintaining

their physical integrity beyond 2–3 years.

• Polyethylene nets are generally stronger

than polyester, however they often need

heat treatment or extra time for insecticide

regeneration and are usually rough to the touch,

contributing to lower user acceptance (eg.

Atkinson et al, 2009). The effective lifespan of

these stronger nets is still limited by the retention

of insecticide after washing and independent

assessment of this feature at periods beyond

3 years demonstrates that bio-efficacy drops

below the required threshold without any

extended wash resistance feature.

(refer: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2009/9789241598712_eng.pdf)



10

BACKGROUND

Recognising the need to address this challenge

of bednet durability, the team of scientists at

Bayer have developed LifeNet; the first long-

lasting mosquito net to combine the inherent

features of polypropylene with the, already

proven, insecticide deltamethrin.

The properties of polypropylene (light weight, high

tensile strength and ability to resist wear, fatigue and

erosion) make it ideally suited for fibre applications

and it is often used in ropes and carpets. Textile

testing conducted on LifeNet (which is summarised

in later sections of this booklet) confirms the choice

to use this robust material.

Using a patented incorporation process, that

allows controlled release, deltamethrin has

been embedded deep within the LifeNet fibres.

This sustained release of active ingredient from

the reservoir within the fibres results in a wash

resistance that far exceeds current standards.

The fibre surface regenerates with insecticide

beyond 35 washes and biological efficacy is

therefore maintained for many years

of useful life of the net.

LifeNet is also the only LLIN available that combines

insecticide inclusion technology with multifilament

construction, as a result LifeNet retains a smooth,

soft-to-the-touch quality as well as being free flowing.

(Other nets which currently use insecticide inclusion

are made of monofilament polyethylene yarn which

makes the netting stiff and rough to the touch).

LifeNet therefore represents a new generation of

bednet, providing:

• Biological efficacy beyond 35 washes

• Textile durability which matches

extended wash resistance

• An effective lifespan which is expected to

exceed 5 years across a range of conditions

• More nights of protection provided per net

• Short regeneration time

• Soft and smooth to the touch

with improved free-fall.

The next evolutionary step towards the ideal bednet


11

THE NEXT EVOLUTIONARY STEP

DESCRIPTION SPECIFICATION

Net Shape Rectangular or Conical

Colour White

Dimensions: Height x Length x Width

Dimensions as indicated and/or required

Fabric composition 100% polypropylene

Fabrication Warp knitted

Yarn Multifilament

Denier 100 Den

Mesh size min 21 holes/cm2

Weight 40 g/m2

Flammability 16-CFR1610 test results say: Class 1 normal flammability (did not ignite)

Dimensional stability Not more than ± 5% shrinkage/expansion in both directions

Burst Strength (netting and seam) min. 450 kPa

Active ingredient Technical deltamethrin complying with the requirements of WHO Specification 333/TC (April 2005)

Content Deltamethrin 0.85% w/w (Incorporated into fibres)

Retention index Not less than 80% after first wash and then within a range between 94 to 99% (2nd to 35th wash).

Efficacy according to WHO LLIN Testing Guidelines

Exceeds current WHOPES requirements for LLIN. Fulfils requirements for at least 35 WHO standard washes

Useful life >5 years when used as directed

Basic specifications of LifeNet



13

StrongA new standard in wash resistance

and biological performance

Physically stronger and tougher

13

LifeNet substantially exceeds WHOPES minimum requirements for bioefficacy of LLIN’s in every aspect



15

A NEW STANDARD IN WASH RESISTANCE AND BIOLOGICAL EFFICACY

Extensive laboratory efficacy tests1 and field studies carried out according to the WHOPES testing

requirements in-house and with external collaborators demonstrate that LifeNet substantially exceeds

WHOPES minimum requirements for bio-efficacy of LLIN’s in every aspect.

LifeNet performance is by far beyond today’s requirements:

• Full control of susceptible malaria mosquitoes beyond 35 washes (far superior to other LLIN’s)

• Good efficacy against field populations of Anopheles spp.

• No regeneration delay – LifeNet is fully recharged within a day

• Demonstration of excellent insecticide retention beyond 35 washes and good personal

protection against prominent malaria vectors due to strong inhibition of blood feeding, as shown

by WHOPES Phase II experimental hut trials carried out in Tanzania, Benin and India.

(refer: 14th WHO WG report: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241502160_eng.pdf)

In addition LifeNet shows excellent efficacy against Culex mosquitoes.

A new standard in wash resistance and biological efficacy

1 All Testing was carried out according to WHOPES guidelines, WHO/CDS/NTD/WHOPES/GCDPP/2006.3


16

STRONG

LifeNet® offered efficacy lasting beyond 35 washes corresponding to more than 5 years of

useful life assuming that a net is washed 7 times per year on average. (Rossignol M. et al, 2010)

In a laboratory study by LIN Montpellier, France, according to WHOPES Phase I protocols, LifeNet samples

washed up to 35 times proved fully protective efficacy above WHOPES threshold criteria against susceptible

malaria mosquitoes, Anopheles gambiae strain KISUMU.

Per

cent

age

WHOPES threshold KD min 95 %

WHOPES threshold mortality min 80 %

Efficacy of Bayer samples (LifeNet® batch 2009-007281) against susceptibleAn. Gambiae (KISUMU strain) after different cycles of wash-dry-wash.

Knockdown effect Mortality

100

80

60

40

20

0unwash 10 washes 20 washes 25 washes 30 washes 35 washes


17


LifeNet maintained protective efficacy even after more than 50 washes, providing a margin

of safety for many more washes past our claim of 35. (Jung. R et al 2010)

LifeNet wash resistance vs Anopheles gambiae KISUMU,% knockdown and % mortality

% Mortality LifeNet% Knockdown effect LifeNet

Number of washesrequired by WHOPESKD>=95%, M>=80%

Additional number of washesachieved by LifeNet

% k

nock

dow

n

% m

orta

lity

100

80

60

40

20

00 10 20 25 30 35 40 45 50


18

STRONG

LifeNet offered control against malaria mosquitoes for more washes than other LLIN’s

(Nentwig G., 2010)

Tested up to 35 washes, LifeNet efficacy remained above the WHO threshold of 95% KD or 80% mortality

whereas a polyester multifilament LLIN coated with deltamethrin, a polyethylene monofilament with 0,18%

deltamethrin and a polyethylene monofilament LLIN with 0,58% alpha-cypermethrin achieved WHOPES

threshold only up to 20 washes.

Number of washes: Efficacy above WHO threshold of LifeNet and other LN vs malaria mosquitoes

LifeNet®

Alpha-cypermethrinin polyethylene

DLT coatedpolyester

DLT inpolyethylene

50 10 15 20 25 30 35 40


19


Field studies in Benin, India and Tanzania demonstrate good efficacy of LifeNet washed

20 and 30 times on malaria vectors (WHOPES, report of 14 WG meeting, 2011)

LifeNet was tested in experimental huts at WHO recognized testing sites against susceptible wild, free-

flying Anopheles fluviatilis in India, and against pyrethroid-resistant populations of Anopheles gambiae and

Anopheles arabiensis in Tanzania and in Benin2. The field studies demonstrated good efficacy of LifeNet

washed 20 and 30 times on mortality and blood-feeding inhibition of these prominent malaria vectors.

Even against a mixed population of pyrethroid-resistant malaria mosquitoes (Anopheles gambiae s.l.) in

Benin, LifeNet provided good personal protection.

2 Kdr Resistance, enhanced oxidase activity, 40% mortality at the discriminating dose of 0,05% deltamethrin

UntreatedNet

LifeNetunwashed

Per

cent

age

%

LifeNet 20x washed

LifeNet 30x washed

CTN washedbefore

exhaustion

CTN washed20 times

% Corrected mortality % Blood feeding % Blood feeding inhibition

100

80

60

40

20

0

Mortality, blood feeding and BFI induced by LifeNetvs SP resistant An g in Benin, Malanville (Whopes 2011)


20

Efficacy against Culex mosquitoes (Nentwig G, 2010)

Culex mosquitoes are important in the context of end-users perception of efficacy. Culex mosquitoes are

generally abundant and aggressive biters; they are bigger, noisier (the typical mosquito whine) and hence

are more likely to be noticed by the people sleeping under the bednet. Culex mosquitoes are less sensitive

to insecticides than Anopheles mosquitoes, and therefore need longer exposure times on a net.

In laboratory tests LifeNet demonstrates better knock-down properties than deltamethrin-coated LLIN’s

and shows more than 80% mortality against Culex even after as many as 20 washes (again better than a

deltamethrin-coated net). Since end-users can rarely distinguish between mosquito species this efficacy

against Culex contributes to potentially better acceptance (and fewer complaints that the net does not work).

Knock down after 60 minutes

% e

ffica

cy

% e

ffica

cy

LifeNet efficacy against Culex sp.

LifeNet Deltamethrin coated polyester LN

100

80

60

40

20

00x 5x 10x 20x15x 0x 5x 10x 20x15x

Mortality after 24 hours

100

80

60

40

20

0

STRONG


21

No extra regeneration time needed (WHOPES, report of 14 WG meeting 2011)

LifeNet does not require extra regeneration time or extra heat treatment to regenerate. The full efficacy

of LifeNet against Anopheles mosquitoes is restored within a day after washing. Nets can be washed in

the morning and used again the same evening. With LifeNet there is no protection gap after washing the net.

WHOPES, REPORT OF 14 WG MEETING 2011


22

STRONG

LifeNet is the first long-lasting net that combines

the known physical strength of polypropylene with

the softness of multifilament fibres. LifeNet thereby

offers higher durability without compromising end

user acceptance and practicality.

The effectiveness of an LLIN can be compromised

by simple wear and tear during use (eg. the creation

of holes which allow mosquito entry. It is accepted

that the presence of holes in LLIN’s reduces the

efficacy of protection against mosquitoes [Malima

et al, 2008]. Physically stronger nets clearly will

have a greater chance of being able to stand up

to wear and tear, reducing the probability of the

net’s integrity being compromised over time and

maintaining protection against malaria for longer.

Extensive textile testing carried out with LifeNet at

two internationally acknowledged textile institutes

in France (Institut Francais Textile et Habillement,

Lyon) and Germany (Institut für Textil – und

Verfahrenstechnik, Denkendorf) following required

methods of FAO/WHO JMPS specifications3 and

other testing standards and in comparison to two

polyester (75 denier multifilament) and polyethylene

(150 denier monofilament) LLIN’s, clearly identifies

that LifeNet exceeds the existing categories of

netting material in terms of mechanical strength.

• LifeNet showed excellent bursting strength

• LifeNet showed excellent dimensional

stability after repeated washings

• LifeNet was highly resistant to tearing and ripping.

Physically tougher and stronger

3 Manual on development and use of FAO and WHO specifications for pesticides, 2010. 2nd revision of the first edition.


23

PHYSICALLY TOUGHER AND STRONGER

Bursting strength Test (EN ISO 19338-1:1999)

Bursting strength represents the ability of a net

to resist blunt force. The test involves pushing

an inflating rubber diaphragm through a sample

of fabric until the fabric bursts (refer diagram

below). The bursting strength corresponds to

the maximum pressure (in kPa) supported by the

specimen before explosion. A minimum bursting

strength of 250 kPa on a 7.3 cm2 sample of net is

part of the WHO/JMPS requirements. This test is

one of the recognized methods for assessing the

mechanical strength of knitted fabrics (since it

tests the fabric in all directions).

(It is considered that the additional range of tests

referred to in this document gives a broader

representation of the attributes of fabrics than

the bursting strength alone).

Under the conditions of this test, LifeNet was

superior to the polyethylene net and much

stronger than the polyester net. LifeNet also had

a more consistent quality; which was reflected in

a lower variability of results.

Coated PolyesterNet

Forc

e ne

eded

to b

urst

ing

(kP

a)

Panel Seam

600

500

400

300

200

100

0Polyethylene

NetLifeNet

Resistance to bursting (bursting strength)

291,2

514,2540 555


24

STRONG

Dimensional stability after washing

It is important that a bed net maintains its size and

shape even after many washes: if a net shrinks it may

no longer provide full protection as it may no longer be

able to be tucked under a mattress, bed roll or over

the edges of a bed. If the netting material expands it

may lose physical strength.

In this test, 50cm x 50cm pieces of each of the nets

are machine-washed five times at 40 degrees C and

dimensions are measured both before and after the

washing process. This test assesses the change in

dimensions or shrinkage in measured dimensions

from the washing process. (WHO recommends no

more than 5% change in each direction, column or

row and the specification for certain polyethylene nets

indicates no more than 10% change in dimensions).

LifeNet showed the least degree of dimensional

change after washing compared to other LLIN and

had consistency between the degree of change in

column and row. Other LLIN’s showed significant

dimensional change after this washing process.

Length

Polyester coated net

-% s

hrin

kage

+%

elo

ngat

ion 5%

0%

-5%

-10%

-15%

-20%Width

Variation in net size % (after five washes at 40˚C)

LifeNetPolyethylene net


25


Resistance to tearing - Dynamic Nail Test (NF G 07-147)

This test mimics a sharp object catching in the net and the net being pulled against it with some speed

(eg. such as a strong pull on a net snagged against a nail or splinter of wood).

The results of this trial indicated that greater force was needed to cause tearing of LifeNet compared to a

polyester coated net and a polyethylene net. Under the conditions of this test LifeNet was therefore considered

to be about 2 times stronger than the polyethylene net and the polyester coated net. LifeNet was also more

balanced with “equivalent” values in both directions of tear (column vs row). The polyethylene net used in this trial

performed poorly in the row direction due to the weakness of the knit pattern (single loop construction).

Polyester

Coated Net

Forc

e ne

eded

to

rip t

he n

et (N

ewto

n)

60

50

40

3024

21

20

10

0Polyethylene

NetLifeNet

37

5251

19

Tearing of the row threads Tearing of the column threads

Tearing resistance (Dynamic nail test)


26

STRONG

Resistance to slow ripping - Slow Nail Test (NF G 07-145)

The slow nail test evaluates the ability of a fabric to withstand a slow rip, such as a heavy weight pulling the

net against a nail in the bed-frame. One end of a sample of fabric is fixed in a clamp and the other end fixed

over a nail. The nail is pulled slowly and steadily against the fabric. The force required to cause tearing is

measured. Since there is variable resistance in a net (corresponding to the holes of the mesh), the average

of the three maximum peaks of resistance are measured.

Under the conditions of this test LifeNet was very balanced in both directions and almost twice as strong

as the polyester coated net. LifeNet and the polyethylene net were very similar in the column direction but

LifeNet was twice as strong in the row.

Polyester Coated Net

Max

imum

forc

e ne

eded

to

tear

the

net

(N)

50

40

30

20

10

0Polyethylene

NetLifeNet

Tearing of the row threads Tearing of the column threads

Resistance to slow ripping(Slow nail test)

18 18 18

3435

34


27


The results for the textile tests carried out on new nets are summarized in the table below:

TEST METHOD LIFENET POLYETHYLENE POLYESTER OBSERVATION

Bursting strength – unwashed nets (kPa).

540 514 291 LifeNet and the polyethylene net were significantly stronger than polyester

Dynamic Nail Test (measures strength of force, in Newton’s, required to create tear in net against a fixed nail. The test is carried out in both directions of column and row).

51 (column)52 (row)

21 (column)37 (Row)

24 (column)19 (row)

LifeNet resisted tearing significantly better than the other two nets and had better balance of strength between column and row.

Slow Nail Test (a similar test to the dynamic nail test but simulating a slower tearing force).

34 (column)35 (row)

34 (column)18 (row)

18 (column)18 (row)

LifeNet shows good balance in strength between the two directions. Polyethylene net is strong. Both polyethylene and LifeNet are superior to polyester

Dimensional stability (assesses the % deformation or shrinkage of the net after washing)

2.2% (column)1.8% (row)

17.6% (column)5.4% (row)

3.6% (column)2.3% (row)

LifeNet showed minimal shrinkage after washing and met the WHO recommendation for no more than 5% deformation in both directions.

Other tests carried out (not described in detail here)

Tensile strip test (a piece of fabric is held between two clamps and the amount of force, in Newton’s, required to stretch it to breaking point is measured)

152 (column)96.2 (row)



LifeNet shows superior balance in strength between column and row and significantly exceeds the row strength of both other nets.

Bagging test (mm of deformation after repetitive impact in one area)

1.5 8 4 LifeNet shows the least amount of deformation after a repetitive force is applied in the same area.



29

SoftHow net characteristics can affect usage rates

29

...acceptance and usage can be influenced by a combination of net features...



31

SOFT

The effective lifespan of an LLIN is directly linked

to its ability to protect against malaria. Clearly a

more durable net has the potential to maintain

a protective effect against malaria-transmitting

mosquitoes for longer. However behavioural

attitudes towards net usage obviously affect the

ability of any net to protect the user (ie. if someone

doesn’t like using a net and doesn’t fully understand

the protective benefits then the net may go unused

– for example, during periods when mosquito

numbers are low).

A number of studies suggest that acceptance

and usage can be influenced by a combination of

features of a net including; the feel of the fabric,

ease of use, the mesh size, the ability to have an

impact on nuisance biting insects and, in some

situations, colour, shape and size.

• Banek et al (2010) recorded comments in relation

to one polyethylene net from a study in Liberia

such as ‘I do not prefer this net because it is very

hard and rough..’ and ‘…it has big holes that

mosquitoes pass through…’

• Shirayama et al (2007) noted from a study

in Laos that colour and size were important

features for the end users and similar

observations were recorded in relation to mesh

size (where the community associated the large

mesh size with fishing nets rather than bednets).

• Das et al (2007) observed in a study in

India and Nepal that the relative softness of

polyester was preferred over the roughness

of polyethylene and comments were also

noted in relation to the large mesh size of the

polyethylene net used in this study.

• Atkinson et al (2009) observed in a Solomons

Island study that polyester nets generally had

greater user acceptance than polyethylene and

that factors relating to the perception of ability

to prevent mosquito bites, softness of the fabric

and ability to allow a pleasant nights sleep

contributed to these differences in acceptability.

An important observation in this study was

also that the wrinkling/shrinkage of one of the

polyethylene brands due to washing resulted in

decreased acceptability over time.

How net characteristics can affect usage rates


32

SOFT

There are other studies which also suggest that if

nets are perceived as too damaged to be effective

then they will be discarded by some users. This is

an important link back to the physical strength and

durability of the net.

These studies should of course, be taken in

context; any bednet which is provided free of

charge as part of a mass distribution program,

which protects against mosquito biting and is

understood by the user to protect against malaria

will be generally accepted and used. However,

where choice is available the optimization of

end-user acceptance is more likely to improve

the impact on disease.

The features of LifeNet are consistent with

addressing many of the issues identified in field

studies, across different geographical regions,

which relate to end-user acceptability.

• LifeNet is soft or smooth to the touch

• LifeNet is efficacious against Culex mosquitoes

• LifeNet demonstrates excellent

dimensional stability

• LifeNet has excellent physical

strength and durability.


33

HOW NET CHARACTERISTICS CAN AFFECT USAGE RATES

Flammability

The common use of kerosene-lamps and/or

candles in housing where LLIN’s are frequently used

represents another threat to the integrity of nets.

Contact of netting material with naked flames can

result in anything from the formation of significantly

sized holes to ignition of the net leading to dripping

of burning plastic onto the skin or mattress,

potentially leading to skin burns or house fires.

LifeNet and other WHOPES recommended

LLIN’s pass flammability test 16CFR Part 1610.

However, simple visual demonstrations show that

polypropylene, polyethylene and polyester have

different flammability properties. When exposed

for short periods (a few seconds) to a naked flame

(eg. match or candle) LifeNet shrivels but does not

maintain a flame, this is in contrast to polyester or

polyethylene nets which show maintained flame

and melting and dripping of burning plastic after

such exposures.

The different behaviour of netting material exposed

to naked flame is best illustrated by viewing a video

which can be seen on the Bayer vector control

website (www.vectorcontrol.bayer.com).

Safety Assessment of LifeNet

A human exposure risk assessment carried out

according to the guidelines of the generic risk

assessment model proposed by WHOPES (2004)

show that when using LifeNet according to the

label instructions there is no unacceptable risk

to persons using or washing the net. The interim

WHOPES recommendation supports the positive

safety assessment of LifeNet.



35

SustainableGreater Nights-of-Protection per net

The bed-net cost effectiveness calculator

An environmentally responsible option

35

...the objective of any LLIN is to provide protection against malaria transmitting mosquitoes for as long as possible...


36

SUSTAINABLE

Greater Nights-of-Protection per net

The lifespan of an LLIN has traditionally been considered in terms of the number of years it will last (with

the 20 wash standard expected to translate to a period of about 3 years), since a year is equivalent to 365

nights, a net which lasts for three years could be expected to provide 1095 Nights of Protection.

Since the objective of any LLIN is to provide protection against malaria transmitting mosquitoes for as

long as possible and the frequency of washing and treatment during use will vary between different users,

within communities and within cultures, the adoption of a net with high physical strength and greater wash

resistance increases the potential nights of protection which a net can provide – ultimately having a longer

term impact on disease and improving the cost effectiveness of the program. Even taking into account an

initial higher price for the net, a genuinely longer lasting net can still prove to be more cost effective than a

cheaper less durable alternative.


37

GREATER NIGHTS-OF-PROTECTION PER NET

The cost-effectiveness of longer lasting nets is well illustrated in the simple calculation below:

Compare three LLIN’s of the same size, (each with different expected lifespan) at the same price

(in this example a figure of US$4.50 per net has been assumed).

Expected lifespan (years)Number of nights of protection provided

Number of nights of protection which can be

purchased with $1

Bednet 1 2 730 162.2

Bednet 2 3 1095 243.33

Bednet 3 5 1825 405.56

This basic calculation shows that, at equivalent pricing, a net which can be expected to last five years is

1.7 times more cost effective than a net which only lasts for 3 years. When the additional administration

and logistical costs associated with each net distribution are taken into account it can be seen that during

the high risk period of a child’s first five years of life, far greater cost effectiveness for health impact can be

achieved with longer lasting nets than those which are less durable.

Of course, the actual number of Nights of Protection an LLIN will provide is also influenced by the user

acceptance of a net in any given situation. A higher preference rate suggests a higher frequency of use,

a greater number of nights of protection and thus a greater impact on disease. Whilst user acceptance is

not something that can be predicted for any given situation, certain attributes of a net can influence the

probability of good acceptance.

The features of LifeNet (superior durability combined with attributes consistent with high end-user acceptance)

support a greater number of Nights of Protection per net than any other product currently available.


38

SUSTAINABLE

A more detailed calculation tool to compare

the cost effectiveness of different nets can be

found at the Bayer Vector Control website

(www.vectorcontrol.bayer.com). This tool, which

has been developed in conjunction with University

College London, allows a detailed comparison of

the cost-effectiveness of health impact from nets

which last between 1 and 3 years and LifeNet,

which is expected to last significantly longer.

Taking into account a 5 year time horizon

(corresponding not only to the usual period of

strategic program plans but also considered on

the basis of representing the first five years of a

child’s life; the period during which a child is most

at risk from infection with malaria) the model allows

input of a range of different variables to assess the

benefits of a longer lasting net over less durable

alternatives. Outputs include a comparison of

overall program costs, total procurement costs

as well as annual costs per net.

The bednet cost effectiveness calculator


39

THE ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE OPTION

Climate change is a reality which has the potential to impact us all.

Bayer has made a commitment across all business groups to reduce the contribution to climate change

(more details can be viewed www.climate.bayer.com/en/homepage.aspx).

The development of the malaria intervention tool, LifeNet, has been completed with this commitment to

Sustainable Development in mind. In order to measure and compare the potential impact of LifeNet against

older technologies Bayer has commissioned a full ISO-Standard Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) for LifeNet

to compare the environmental impact of this new category of polypropylene net against two traditional

products (a polyester and a polyethylene net). This assessment takes into account the ‘cradle to grave’

concept and has measured the impact on human health, ecosystem quality, resource consumption, climate

change and water quality from all stages of the life cycle of these products, assessing the raw material

inputs, the emissions associated with freight and the lifespan of the nets. The full report is available upon

request. The outcomes of the report suggest that LifeNet not only plays a role in saving lives but, in doing so,

also contributes less to climate change and environmental damage.

The environmentally responsible option



41

Support InformationReferences

Customer support

In summary

Bayer: Science For A Better Life

41

Science For A Better Life: This is the promise we all give to our stakeholders.


42

REFERENCES

1. Atkinson J.A. et al. A cluster randomised controlled cross-over bednet acceptability and preference trial in

Solomon Islands: community participation in shaping policy for malaria elimination. Malaria Journal 2009,

8:298 http://www.malariajournal.com/content/8/1/298

2. Banek et al. Evaluation of Interceptor long-lasting insecticidal nets in eight communities in Liberia. Malaria

Journal 2010, 9:84. http://www.malariajournal.com/content/9/1/84

3. Das M.L., Singh S.P., Vanlerberghe V., Rijal S., Rai M., et al. (2007) Population Preference of Net Texture

prior to Bed Net Trial in Kala-Azar–Endemic Areas. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 1(3): e100. doi:10.1371/journal.

pntd.0000100

4. Shirayama Y. et al. Maintenance behaviour and long lasting insecticide treated nets (LLITNs) previously

introduced into Bourapar district, Khammouane provide Lao PDR. Public Health (2007) 121, 122 – 129.

5. Malima R.C., Magesa S.M., Tungu P.K., Mwingira V., Magogo F.S., Sudi W., Mosha F.W., Curtis C.F.,

Maxwell C., Rowland M.: An experimental hut evaluation of Olyset nets against anopheline mosquitoes

after seven years use in Tanzanian villages. Malar J 2008, 7:38.

6. WHO recommended long-lasting insecticidal mosquito nets

http://www.who.int/whopes/Long_lasting_insecticidal_nets_Jul_2011.pdf

7. Report of the 14th WHOPES Working Group Meeting, Geneva, 11th-15th April 2011,

http://www.who.int/whopes/en/

8. http://www.who.int/whopes/recommendations/en/

References


43

9. Rossignol M. et al., Regeneration, wash resistance and efficacy of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Mosquito

Net LifeNet batch 2009-007281 from Bayer CropScience against susceptible and resistant Anopheles

gambiae. 2010. Report of the 14th WHOPES Working Group Meeting, Geneva, April 2011,

http://www.who.int/whopes/en/

10. Smith S.J. et al, Evaluation of Bednets after 38 Months of Household Use in Northwest Ghana.

Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 77(Suppl 6), 2007, pp. 243–248

11. Manual on development and use of FAO and WHO specifications for pesticides, 2010 2nd revision

of the first edition.

12. Nentwig G. Wash resistance of LifeNet: Wash resistance study of LifeNet against Anopheles gambiae,

susceptible strain KISUMU, according to WHO protocols. Bioassay and chemical analysis of

Deltamethrin content. Results after 0-60 washes. 2010

13. Jung R. et al, Efficacy of Bayer CropScience Polypropylene LN (batch code: 2009-007281) : Biological

Test Report BioGenius, Germany. Regeneration time study. Wash resistance study 0-60 washes. 2010

14. Garbers H., Efficacy of LifeNet against Anophleles arabiensis and Culex quinquefasciatus. Wash

resistance study after 0-35 washes. SABS South Africa. 2011


44

CUSTOMER SUPPORT

EUROPE

Global Headquarters

Bayer S.A.S

Bayer CropScience

Environmental Science

16 rue Jean-Marie Leclair,

69266 Lyon

France

NORTH AMERICA

Bayer Cropscience LP

2 T.W. Alexander Drive

P. O. Box 12014

Research Triangle Park

RTP, North Carolina 27709

USA

Washington Liaison Office

Bayer CropScience

701 Pennsylvania Avenue

NW Suite 720

Washington, DC 20004

AFRICA

Sub-Saharan Africa Headquarters

Bayer (Pty.) Ltd.

Environmental Science

P.O. Box 143, Isando, 1600

27 Wrench Road, Isando

South Africa

Bayer East Africa Limited

BCS - Environmental Science

Head Office, Ruaraka,

P O Box 30321-00100,

Nairobi

KENYA

EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN AND NORTH AFRICA HEADQUARTERS

Bayer Turk Kimya San. Ltd. Sti

Fatih Sultan Mehmet Mah. Balkan Cad. No:53

34770 Umraniye,

ISTANBUL - TURKEY

Customer support General email enquiries: [email protected]


45

EAST ASIA PACIFIC

Singapore

Bayer (South East Asia) Pte Ltd

63 Chulia Street

OCBC Centre East, 14th Floor

Singapore 049514

CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

Bayer Cropscience Brazil Ltda

Rua Verbo Divino,

1207 Bioco B-2 andar

Chacara Santo Antonio

Sao Paolo SP

Mexico

Bayer de México S.A. de C.V.

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra N° 259

Col. Ampliación Granada

C.P. 11520, Mexico D.F.

Mexico

SOUTH ASIA

India

Bayer CropScience Limited

Bayer House

Central Avenue

Hiranandani Gardens

Powai

Mumbai - 400076


46

IN SUMMARY

LN PRODUCT MATERIAL TYPE

INSECTICIDE INCLUSION PROCESS

FILAMENT TYPE

STATUS OF WHOPES RECOMMENDATION

LifeNet Polypropylene 340 mg/m2 Deltamethrin

Incorporation Multifilament Interim

• A paradigm shift in insecticide wash-resistance expectations

• Superior physical strength and robustness matching superior wash resistance

• Short regeneration time, a net which is washed in the morning can be

reused the same evening with full efficacy to be expected

• A smooth, soft, free flowing net which retains comfort for the end-user:

LifeNet offers an opportunity to improve the cost-effectiveness, impact and sustainability of malaria

control programmes, through a breakthrough, first-in-class, net technology which achieves as yet

unmet durability standards with a soft, ‘comfortable’ net; eliminating the need to compromise net

lifespan with end-user acceptance.

• LifeNet enhances the long term impact of malaria control programmes

• LifeNet supports improved cost effectiveness of malaria control programs

• LifeNet is an environmentally responsible option

• LifeNet is brought to you by Bayer – backed by German technology.

In summary


47

SCIENCE FOR A BETTER LIFE

Bayer is an inventor company with a long tradition of research.

By applying science to the major global challenges, we deliver

innovations that address unmet customer and market needs.

Our focus on innovation is the key to maintaining or gaining a

leading position in every market in which we operate. It is also the

foundation for improving the lives of many millions of people:

• We help patients around the world by preventing, alleviating

and curing diseases as well as improving diagnosis

• We ensure a sufficient supply of high-quality food, feed and fiber

• We make significant contributions in the fields of energy and resource

efficiency, mobility and home living - to name just a few.

By working sustainably and accepting our role as a socially and ethically responsible

corporate citizen - and by committing to our Bayer values - we create benefits for the

communities in which we live.

Science For A Better Life: This is the promise we all give to our stakeholders.

Our mission “Bayer: Science For A Better Life”


Environmental Science is an Associate Member of the FSC

Publisher Bayer SAS - Bayer CropScience Environmental Science Division 16 rue Jean-Marie Leclair F - 69266 Lyon (Cedex 09) France

Design & Production Sugar Rush Advertising

Concept & Design Mike Sumpter & Andy Kemp

Photo Credits Michelle Cornu on behalf of Bayer

Throughout this brochure the use of the company name Bayer refers to Bayer CropScience and it’s division Environmental Science.

This brochure is issued by Environmental Science division of Bayer CropScience. Forward-Looking Statements

This brochure may contain forward-looking statements based on current assumptions and

forecasts made by Bayer Group or subgroup management. Various known and unknown risks,

uncertainties and other factors could lead to material differences between the actual future

results, financial situation, development or performance of the company and the estimates given

here. These factors include those discussed in Bayer’s public reports which are available on the

Bayer website at www.bayer.com. The company assumes no liability whatsoever to update these

forward-looking statements or to conform them to future events or developments.

Cert no. SA-COC-001654 CC


Contact information:

www.vectorcontrol.bayer.com

Copyright Bayer 2012LifeNet® is a Registered Trademark of Bayer

Bayer SAS - Bayer CropScience Environmental Science Division 16 rue Jean-Marie Leclair F - 69266 Lyon (Cedex 09) France

Bayer is an inventor company with a long tradition of research.By applying science to the major global challenges, we deliverinnovations that address unmet customer and market needs.

Our mission: “Bayer: Science For A Better Life”


Documents

LifeNet_Brochure_New