Life Requires FREE ENERGY!

Ok, so…

� Growth, reproduction and homeostasis of living systems requires free energy

� To be alive/stay living, you need to use energy.

Duh

� But really, why is energy so important?

Some Interesting Questions

� What is free energy and how does that relate to me?

� How do living things capture energy?

� Can energy be stored – how?

� If energy can be stored, how is it released and used?

� What evolutionary adaptations are available for capturing energy?

� What happens to ecosystems if there is not enough energy and matter?

What is free energy?

� Energy that is free, of course!

� Free as in …

� Energy that is available to do work

All living systems require constant input of free energy

� Why? Because all living things have to maintain an ordered system to survive

� Order is maintained by the constant input of free energy into a living system

� Energy maintains order

Metabolic pathways maintain order

� Metabolism: All of the chemical processes that occur in a living organism

� Metabolic Pathway: Begins with a specific molecule which is altered by chemical reactions in defined steps to become a product

� Steps catalyzed by enzymes

Metabolic pathways maintain order

� Metabolic pathways maintain order

� How?

Energy-related pathways

� Organisms have a number of pathways that use and transform energy

� Any examples?

� Glycolysis

� Krebs Cycle (cellular respiration)

� Fermentation

� Calvin Cycle (photosynthesis)

Energy-related pathways

� Similarities and differences?

� Each pathway has an ordered sequence

� Molecules can enter the pathway at multiple points

� Why is this important information to know?

Two types of metabolic pathways

� Catabolic

� Anabolic

Two types of metabolic pathways

� Catabolic: release energy by breaking complex molecules into simpler ones

� Complex Molecule � Simple Molecules

� Anabolic: require energy to build larger molecules from smaller ones

� Biosynthetic pathways

� Simple Molecule � Complex Molecules

How important is order?

� If order is maintained by the constant input of free energy into a living system, then what happens to a system that loses order or loses free energy?

Death. (Yikes!)

Lets talk more E

� Because living things always need energy, we need to learn about how energy works

� Energy: the capacity to cause change/ the capacity to do work

� Work: to move matter against opposing forces

Energy exists in many forms

� Kinetic energy: the energy of motion� Heat (thermal) energy

� Light energy

� Potential energy: energy possessed by matter because of its location or structure� Chemical

� Life depends on the ability of cells to transform energy from one form to another

Thermodynamics

� The laws of thermodynamics govern the transformation of energy from one form to another

� 3 laws

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Energy can be transferred or transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed

�The energy of the universe is constant

�The conservation of energy

1st Law of Thermodynamics

� But if energy can’t be destroyed, why don’t organisms just recycle their energy?

� Because even though the amount of E in the universe is constant, its quality is not.

� The quality of E is changed after it is used or transformed and that leads us to Law #2

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.

Ready for some concepts that might make your brain melt?

� Entropy: the measure of disorder or randomness in a system� Greater disorder = higher entropy

� Entropy naturally occurs as a result of energy transfer, meaning every time you transfer energy from one form to another, you get more disorder

� Typically it results in heat: the random motion of molecules

� Less work is now able to be done

Examples of energy transfer

So how does all this work?

� If every energy transfer results in increased disorder, how come the universe hasn’t totally fallen apart already?

Because, living things balance entropy with other reactions

� Entropy naturally occurs as a result of energy transfer, but it is offset by biological processes that restore order or increase order

Well, that’s good. At least we aren’t breaking the law!

� But how does it work?

� First, let’s summarize what we have just discussed

� Living things need energy so they perform reactions to release energy for work.

� This increases entropy. Disorder=bad

� Living things perform other reactions which maintain or increase order.

� This decreases entropy which balances the entropy of the universe. Yay!

How is all this helpful to biologists?

� Biologists are interested in identifying which reactions supply energy for the cell to do work

� Reactions that create entropy produce free energy

� Cells can “capture” that free energy to do work

Now for some fun!

� How can we determine which reactions are helpful in releasing free energy for the cell?

� Cue the equations!

Gibb’s Free Energy equation

∆G = ∆H – T∆S�Change in free energy (∆G) is

dependent upon:�∆H : the change in the system’s total

energy (enthalpy)

�T: absolute temperature (K)

�∆S: the change in system entropy

Gibb’s Free Energy equation

∆G = ∆H – T∆S�This equation measures the change in

free energy

�∆G can be + or -� If it’s positive, free energy is captured

� If it’s negative, free energy is released

Some important stuff to consider

� Chemical reactions change the amount of free energy� Don’t forget: Free Energy = The portion of a system’s energy (E)

that is available to perform work

� Some chemical reactions are spontaneous

� Spontaneous reactions: occur without additional input of energy

Cellular accounting

� Biological processes that increase entropy have negative changes in free energy. -∆G

� We call these reactions spontaneous and exergonic

� Exergonic: releasing free energy

� Spontaneous: they happen on their own

� Biological processes that decrease entropy have positive changes in free energy. +∆G

� We call these reactions non-spontaneous and endergonic

� Endergonic: absorbs free energy

� Non-spontaneous: needs additional energy to occur

So what’s the point?

� Remember, we want to identify which reactions supply energy for the cell to do work

� Think of it this way…

�∆G = ∆G final state – ∆G initial state

� The only way it can be negative is when there is a loss of free energy

The Big Picture

� So, if a reaction has a - ∆G, then that reaction is giving off free energy (losing free energy) and now that energy is available to do some type of work� Spontaneous reactions release free energy

� Non-spontaneous reactions absorb free energy

� Reactions that have a -∆G can be used to maintain order in a living system by being coupled to reactions that have a +∆G

� Energy is released but then that energy is recaptured and used to do work

� The greater the decrease in free energy, (- ∆G or loss of free energy) the more work that can now be performed

The take home message

� Essentially, energy released from catabolic reactions is used to drive anabolic reactions

� This makes the universe a happy place

3rd Law of Thermodynamics

Who cares! It doesn’t matter to us in biology

Ok, let’s summarize

� With your partner, summarize the two important Laws of Thermodynamics

� Describe what free energy is and why its important to what we are learning

� What is the difference between – and + ∆G?

�Are you ready to apply everything that we just learned to explain chemical reactions in living things?!!!

Cellular Work

� Cells do 3 types of work� Mechanical

� Transport

� Chemical

� Energy coupling makes it happen: exergonicreactions drive endergonic reactions

� ATP is the energy carrier that mediates the coupling of exergonic and endergonic reactions

What is ATP?

� A molecule used as a intermediary molecule for energy transfer

� Temporary storage of energy

� ATP “captures” free energy and later releases that energy to be used by the cell

ATP: Adenosine triphosphate

� Adenine + Ribose + 3 Phosphate groups(You should sketch this picture in your notes)

So how does ATP do work?

� ATP is hydrolyzed and a phosphate is removed

� What is hydrolysis again?

� Exergonic or endergonic reaction?

� Notice the products

� What’s the ∆G?

So how does ATP do work?

� The released energy can now be harnessed to do work in the cell

� How does this happen? � Phosphorylation – the attaching of

a phosphate group to something else

� A phosphate group is attached to another molecule

� This makes that molecule more reactive- higher state of energy

So how does ATP do work?

� This phosphorolatedmolecule can now be used in an endergonic reaction

� It makes non-spontaneous reactions occur spontaneously

Examples of cellular work

� Chemical work: ATP phosphorylates key reactants

Examples of cellular work

� Mechanical work: ATP phosphorylates motor proteins

Examples of cellular work

� Transport work: ATP phosphorylates transport proteins of the membrane

What happens when the work is done?

What happens when the work is done?

� The phosphate detaches

� Potential energy has been spent

� But that’s not the end of ATP!

ATP is regenerated!

� Energy is used to re-attach the phosphate � ADP + P = ATP

� ATP regeneration makes it so ATP can be used continuously� Random fact- Muscle cells can use/recycle 10 million ATP per second!

� 10 million molecules of ATP can be used and regenerated every second!!!!

Exergonic: energy yielding Endergonic: energy consuming