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Life Processes and Living things AQA GCSE Science Double Award SPECIFICATION B: Co-ordinated

Life Processes

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Page 1: Life Processes

Life Processes and Living things

AQA GCSE Science Double Award SPECIFICATION B: Co-

ordinated

Page 2: Life Processes

About Your Course

• This is the first lesson of your Year 10 GCSE Biology Course. Science is worth two GCSEs from A*A*-DD at Higher level and from CC-GG at Foundation Level. We will discuss your tier of entry after the Y11 Mock exam.

• Biology contributes 26 2/3% towards your final GCSE grade

• 20% of your final grade is an Coursework Investigatiom

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Modules you will study: [Y10]

• 10.1: Cell Activity• 10.2: Transport across Boundaries• 10.3 Cell Division (Year 11)• 10.4 Nutrition• 10.5 Circulation• 10.6 Breathing• 10.7 Respiration• 10.8 Nervous system• 10.9 Homeostasis• 10.11 Disease• 10.13 Drugs• 10.14 Plant Nutrition• 10.15 Transport and Water Relations

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Modules you will study [Y11]

• 10.16 Variation• 10.17 Genetics and DNA• 10.18 Controlling Inheritance• 10.19 Evolution• 10.20 Adoption and Competition• 10.21 Human impact on the environment• 10.22 Energy and Nutrient transfer• 10.23 Nutrient Cycles

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Lesson objectives

• To recap the 7 Life Processes• To be able to start 10.1: Plant and Animal

Cells• To understand the differences between plant

and animals in terms of structure• To recall the functions of the different parts of

plants and animal cells• To be able to show this in a visual form.• HT: To understand the term Mitochondria

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Life Processes

These can be remembered using the Mnemonic ‘’MRS NERG’’ or ‘’MES GREN’’

• Movement- the ability to move from one place to another• Respiration – a chemical process that takes place in

every living cell• Sensitivity – the ability to respond to your environment• Nutrition – turning food into energy• Excretion – getting rid of waste products• Reproduction – producing offspring• Growth- becoming larger in size

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Features of Cells

• There are 3 main parts that are common to both plants and Animal Cells. Organise these into the headings: Plant and Animal Cells and plant cells only.

Has a Nucleus Has a Cell Wall

Has a Cell Membrane Has a Cytoplasm

Plant Cells Plant and Animal Cells

Has a VaculeHas Cholloroplasts

RE-ARRANGE SO THEY ARE IN THE CORRECT COLOMNS

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What are the functions of the Cell?

• Cell Wall is made of cellulose – it strengthens and supports the cell

• Chloroplasts, which contain Chlorophyll, absorb light energy to make food through Photosynthesis.

• A Vacuole is filled with cell sap [a sugar and water solution] and it provides rigid support.

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What are the functions of the cell?

• Cell Membrane controls what goes in and out of the cell

• Cytoplasm is where all the reactions take place

• A Nucleus is like the ‘’brain’’ of the cell and controls the activity of the cell.

THIS APPLIES TO BOTH PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS

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What do they look like?

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Additional Material for HT

HIGHER TIER

Chemical Reactions are controlled by enzymes. The cytoplasm contains special structures called Mitochondria, which is where most of the energy is released

during respiration.

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Homework

This question is taken from a past GCSE paper.

Give the function of these parts of a plant cell.

• Chloroplast • Cell wall • Vacuole

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Cells, Tissues and Organs

• A group of similar cells is called a

• A group of afferent tissues form a

• A group of organs working together form a

• Or a whole organism

Key Words:

Tissues Organ Organ SystemOrganism

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Palisade Cells

• Palisade Cells are designed for Photosynthesis

• Tall shape means a lot of surface area exposed down the side for absorbing C02

• Good chance of light hitting the chloroplast before it reaches the bottom of the cell.

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Specialist Cells

• Specialist Cells have a particular functions that help them to carry out their job efficiently.

• You might be asked how a particular type of cell is adapted to the job it does. You will therefore need to make notes on the following pieces of information.

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Sperm Cell

• 1) The sperm cell - designed to fertilise eggsA sperm cell is very small and has a little tail which provides movement so it can swim and find an egg to fertiliseIts head contains enzymes (in the vacuole) which allow it to digest its way through an egg membrane so the two nuclei can joinIt contains half the number of chromosomes in the nucleus - these carry genetic information from the father, which will be passed on to the offspring

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Cilia Cell

• 4) The cilia cell - designed to stop lung damageCilia cells line all the air passages in your lungsThey have tiny hairs, which filter the air as it blows throughThe hairs sweep mucus (snot) with trapped dust and bacteria up to the back of the throat where it is swallowed

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Egg Cell

• 2) The ovum (egg) cell - designed to be fertilisedAn ovum is large and bulky because no active movement is needed - it just sits and waits for the sperm to find itIt contains yolk (in the cytoplasm) which provides a large food store needed for the developing young organism once it's fertilisedIt contains half the number of chromosomes, which carry genetic information from the mother - this will be passed on to the offspring

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The root hair Cell

• 5) The root hair cell - designed for absorbingThe long hair cell increases the surface area of the root, which helps absorption of water and mineralsIt has a really thin cell wall, which makes it easier for minerals to pass across into the root itself

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Red Blood Cells

• Doughnut shape to allow maximum O2 absorbed by the haemoglobin they contain. The function is similar the the Palisade Cells . They are doughnut shaped rather than tall to allow smooth passage through the capillaries

• They are so packed with Haemoglobin that they have no room for a Nucleus

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White Blood Cells

• Are specialised because they help protect us against disease. They do this in two ways:

• By engulfing the bacteria • By producing Antibodies, which recognise

a particular type of illness the first time you have it, so when it appears again, you will not become ill.

• This does not, however, work with viruses.

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Digestion

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What is digestion?

• Before our bodies can use the food that we eat it must first be digested.

• Definition of Digestion:– See if you can fill in the gaps on your own

first

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Digestion is…

• The breakdown of large molecules (food) into small soluble molecules. This is done by digestive juices and enzymes. Once food is digested it can pass through your gut wall into your blood. Your blood then carries the digested food all around your body where it is used for growth, movement and repairing cells.

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How does digestion work?

• Along the pathway through our body our food is broken down into very small molecules by digestive juices and enzymes

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What happens to your food when you swallow??

• Can you label the main parts of your digestive system?

– In table groups see if you can label the parts of the digestive system

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The Digestive SystemThe Digestive System

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Did you know that when you eat an apple, a

hamburger, or anything else, your digestive

system breaks it down so your body can use

it? This system is fascinating because of the

way it works.

IntroductionIntroduction

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How the Amazing How the Amazing Digestive System Digestive System

WorksWorks

Your digestive system

breaks up the nutrients so

your body has energy for

the day. It takes the

healthy stuff and uses it,

then it gets rid of the left

over stuff.

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When you eat or drink a little flap comes

down so your food doesn’t come out your

nose, and there is also something that

blocks your food from going down your

breathing tube. Then, it goes down your

small intestine and through your large

intestine.

More About How the Digestive More About How the Digestive System WorksSystem Works

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Taking care of your system means eating the

right foods like fruits and vegetables, jogging

every day, riding bikes, and not eat lots of

chocolate. Eat mostly healthy stuff like we listed.

You can use the Food Guide Pyramid to check if

you are eating the right foods. That’s how you

take care of your system.

Caring for Your Digestive Caring for Your Digestive SystemSystem

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Food Guide PyramidFood Guide Pyramid

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The entire digestive system 30 feet long. The entire digestive system 30 feet long.

An adult’s intestines are 25 feet long. The intestines An adult’s intestines are 25 feet long. The intestines

of a horse are 89 feet long.of a horse are 89 feet long.

Food stays in the digestive system for up to 24 Food stays in the digestive system for up to 24

hours.hours.

It takes 3 hours for food to pass through your It takes 3 hours for food to pass through your

digestive system.digestive system.

Amazing FactsAmazing Facts

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More Amazing More Amazing FactsFacts

Your system turns food into useful Your system turns food into useful stuff for your body.stuff for your body.

Chewing food like steak takes about Chewing food like steak takes about 5-30 seconds.5-30 seconds.

Swallowing takes about 10 seconds.Swallowing takes about 10 seconds.

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Respiratory System

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Respiration

Process of air exchange Oxygen is obtained and carbon dioxide is

eliminated Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli

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Four parts of respiration

Ventilation – movement of air between the atmosphere and alveoli

Perfusion – blood flow through the lungs Diffusion – oxygen and carbon dioxide are

transferred between alveoli and blood Regulation – respiratory muscles and nervous

system

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Respiratory Tract

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi Series of tubes that function as airway

passages Filter, warm and humidify incoming air

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Pharynx

Contain the tonsils – normal function is to fight infection

Larynx – voice box

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Epiglottis

Flexible cartilage – supported flap that covers the opening of the trachea or (glottis).

It automatically closes the opening to the trachea during swallowing.

If you eat food to fast it can get lodged in the trachea.

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Heimlich Maneuver

Used to pop food out and back into the pharynx.

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Heimlich Maneuver

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Heimlich Maneuver - Infant

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Trachea

• Trachea is lined with ciliated columnar epithelium and mucous cells.

• The chronic cough of smokers is caused by damage to cilia.

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Cilia - Smokers

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Lungs

Right side has 3 lobes Left side 2 lobes Contains the lower respiratory structures

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Bronchi

Definition: The bronchi are small air passages, composed of hyaline cartilage, that extend from the trachea to the bronchioles. There are two bronchi in the human body that branch off from the trachea. The bronchi are lined with mucous membranes that secrete mucus and cilia that sweep the mucus and particles up and out of the airways.

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Alveoli

Have a very thin membrane that allows rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between capillary blood and alveolar air spaces.

Lined with surfactant to prevent alveolar collapse.

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Surfactant

Essential fluid that lines the alveoli and smallest bronchioles.

Reduces surface tension of the lung allowing the oxygen and carbon dioxide across the membrane.

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Oxygen Exchange

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Lack of Surfactant

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Lack of Surfactant

Premature infants can have Respiratory Distress Syndrome due to immaturity of lungs.

Persons with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).

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Nervous System Role

Nervous system regulates the rate and depth of respirations.

Medulla oblongata is the respiratory control system of the brain.

Cough reflex is stimulated by nervous system.

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Disorders of Respiratory System Infections: bronchiolitis or pneumonia Allergic disorders Inflammatory disorders Obstructive airway disorders

Bronchial pulmonary dysplasia – premature infants

Asthma Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)

Injury to lungs

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Drugs for Asthma and Broncho-constrictive Disorders

Chapter 44

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Asthma

Airway disorder characterized by Hyper-reactivity to various stimuli - trigger Broncho-constriction Inflammation

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Clinical Manifestations - Asthma Dyspnea – difficulty breathing Wheezing Chest tightness Cough – chronic cough may be the only

symptom Sputum production

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Precipitating Factors - Triggers Viral infections – especially with infants and

young children Allergies GERD – Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease Cigarette smoke Smoggy air – smoke from fires Windy weather – hot and dry Santa Ana

winds

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Pathophysiology

Acute reaction to some trigger – reversible with treatment

Mast cells release substances that cause inflammation and constriction

Broncho-constriction or bronchospasm Spasm aggravated by inflammation, mucosal

edema and excessive mucus.

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Drug to Treat Asthma

Mild symptoms: short-acting beta2 agonist every 4 to 6 hours.

Moderate to severe exacerbation: short-acting beta2 agonist plus oral corticosteroids.

For seasonal allergy induced asthma Cromolyn Sodium can be added.

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Quick Relief

Short-acting, inhaled, beta 2 agonist, 2-5 puffs as needed.

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Albuterol, levalbuterol, Proventil Classification Pharmacologic: adrenergic Classification Therapeutic: bronchodilator Action: binds to beta2 adrenergic receptors in

airway smooth muscle. Decreased intracellular calcium relaxes smooth muscle airways. Relaxation of airway smooth muscle with subsequent bronchodilation. Relatively selective for beta 2 (pulmonary) receptors.

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Beta 2 Agonist

Side effects: nervousness, restlessness, tremor, chest pain and palpitations.

Nursing implications: Assess lung sounds, pulse and blood pressure. Monitor pulmonary function tests. Observe for bronchospasm – listen for wheezing.

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Beta2 Agonist

Rescue drug – short acting beta2- adrenergic agonist used for prevention and treatment of bronchocontriction. Onset 15 to 30 minutes Peak 60 to 90 minutes Duration 3-6 hours

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How Provided

Provided in extended-release tablet Albuterol syrup Nebulizer or dry powder inhaler Often used in exercise induced asthma

Take 15 minutes before exercise

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Albuterol

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Albuterol INH - Nebulizer

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Directions for use of inhaler

• Shake well• Exhale (breathe out) through your nose while

keeping mouth shut• Close lips around mouth piece• Take slow, deep breath through the

mouthpiece as you press down on container to release the medication

• Hold breath for 5-10 seconds• Exhale slowly

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Teaching

May give up to 3 treatments at 20 minute intervals

If no relief need to call PMD or go to ED

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Long Term Control

Mild-intermittent Symptoms 2 days/week or less Treat acute exacerbations with

Beta 2 agonist Short course of systemic corticosteroid –

prednisone.

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Mild Persistent Asthma

Along with Beta 2 short term add: Low-dose inhaled corticosteroids Leukotriene modifier Theophylline PO (not used as often)

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Moderate Persistent Asthma

Daily symptoms Inhaled corticosteroids Long-acting beta 2 agonist Leukotriene or theophylline

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Corticosteroids

Long term control of asthma Inhaled by Nebulizer or metered dose inhaler For an infant hold the Nebulizer with a firm fitting

mask to the infant or small child’s face Metered dose – have client rinse and spit after

dose to avoid developing thrush

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Action of Corticosteroids

Suppress inflammation in the airways by inhibiting Movement of fluid and protein into tissues Migration and function of neutrophils and

eosinophils – WBC’s Synthesis of histamine in mast cells Production of pro-inflammatory substances

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Uses

Severe asthma – used when multiple doses of inhaled beta2 agonists are not beneficial PO – prednisone IV – methyl prednisone

In chronic asthma – inhaled COPD – not as effective as the acute /

chronic asthma

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When to call MD or go to ED

Tight chest – wheezing – difficulty breathing Symptoms not relieved by home meds. 3 treatments with short-acting beta 2 agonist

such as albuterol with no relief.

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Emergency Treatment

Epinephrine IV or Sub Q For life threatening asthma when inhaled

short acting beta 2 drugs have been tried either prior to coming to the ED or in the ED.

IV corticosteroids – methyl prednisone or Solu-medrol.

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Epinephrine 1 to 10,000 or 0.1 mg/mL

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Epinephrine 1:1000 - 1 mg/mL

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Intermediate Acting Corticosteroid Brand name: Solu-medrol Classification Pharmacologic: corticosteroid

(systemic) Classification Therapeutic: antiasthmatic Action: Suppresses inflammation and the

normal immune response.

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Methylprednisone

Adult dosing: 40 to 250 mg every 4 to 6 hours Pediatric dosing: 2 mg / kg / dose in asthma.

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Diagnostics

History Peak expiratory flow measurements: used to

document severity as well as to serve as a baseline to measure improvement.

Pulse Oximetry WBC: eosinophils will be elevated if allergy Arterial blood gas Chest x-ray

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Peak Flow Meter

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Hyper-inflated Lungs in Asthma

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COPD - Chronic Bronchitis

COPD – more of a chronic disease due to long-term exposure to airway irritants such as smoking.

Broncho-constriction and inflammation are more constant and less reversible.

Changes have occurred over the years. “Blue Bloaters” they are often cyanotic.

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COPD - Emphysema

Loss of elasticity of the lung tissue Destruction of structures supporting the

alveoli and capillaries feeding the alveoli Air trapping at the alveolar level “Pink Puffers” hyperventilate to maintain

adequate oxygen levels – this prevents hypoxia

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COPD

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Emphysema

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COPD - Clinical Manifestations Dyspnea – difficulty breathing Activity intolerance Cough and sputum production Progressive

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Mild COPD

Short acting beta 2 agonist Cessation of smoking Immunization against flu

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Moderate COPD

Add one or more long-acting bronchodilators such as salmeterol

Inhaled Anticholinergic drugs such as Atrovent

PO Theophylline

Page 97: Life Processes

Salmeterol

Brand name: Serevent Classification Pharmacologic: adrenergic Classification Therapeutic: bronchodilator Action: Produces accumulation of cyclic

adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) at the beta 2-adrenergic receptors.

Use with caution: Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, glaucoma

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Salmeterol – Serevent

Indication: long-term control of reversible airway obstruction due to asthma and for maintenance treatment of asthma. Onset in 10 to 25 minutes Peak in 3-4 hours Duration 12 hours

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Ipratropium or Atrovent

Therapeutic classification: allergy, cold and cough remedies, bronchodilators

Pharmacologic classification: anticholinergic Action: inhibits cholinergic receptors in

bronchial smooth muscle, resulting in decreased levels of cGMP.

Therapeutic effects: bronchodilates without system anticholinergic effects.

Side effects: hypotension

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Inhaled corticosteroids

Somewhat controversial Some evidence that inhaled corticosteroids

help symptoms but do not effect rate of decline in pulmonary function.

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Xanthines - theophylline

Brand name: Accurbron, Theo-dur, Apo-Theo Classification Pharmacologic: xanthines Classification Therapeutic: bronchodilators Action: Inhibits phosphodiesterase, producing

increased tissue concentrations of cAMP. Increased levels of cAMP result in bronchodilation, CNS stimulation, diuresis.

Indication: Long-term control of reversible airway obstruction caused by asthma or COPD.

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Xanthines - Theophylline

Theophylline – mechanism of action unknown

Used in COPD and sometimes asthma Inhibits pulmonary edema by decreasing vascular

permeability Increases ability of cilia to clear mucus Strengthens contractions of diaphragm Mild diuretic

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Side Effects - Complications

Stimulates the CNS Need to monitor heart rate Serum blood levels need to be monitored -

therapeutic versus toxic dose Normal serum blood levels 5 to 15 mcg / mL

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Leukotriene Modifiers

Newest class of drugs to treat asthma Block the production of leukotrienes and

subsequently prevent inflammation Drugs in this class

Singulair – chewable tabs taken once a day in the evening.

Accolate – take twice daily one hour before or two hours after meal.

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Montelukast

Brand name: Singulair Classification Pharmacologic: leukotriene antagonist Classification Therapeutic: allergy, cold, and cough,

bronchodilators Action: Antagonizes the effects of leukotrienes,

which mediate the following: airway edema, smooth muscle constriction, altered cellular activity. Results in decreased inflammatory process which is part of asthma and allergic rhinitis.

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Mast Cell Stabilizer

Cromolyn Prevent the release of broncho-constrictive

and inflammatory substances when mast cells are confronted with allergens and other stimuli

Inhaled drug Nasal form available for allergic rhinitis

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Toxicity of Drugs

Bronchodilators Theophylline

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Bronchodilator Overdose

Excessive cardiac and CNS stimulation Angina, tachycardia and palpitations Agitation, anxiety, insomnia, seizures and

tremors

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Theophylline Overdose

Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, agitation, nervousness, insomnia, tachycardia, and convulsions

Need to check serum drug levels Not use as frequently as in the past

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Antihistamines and Allergic Disorders

Chapter 45

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Histamines

First chemical mediator to be released in immune and inflammatory response.

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Action

Contraction of smooth muscle in the bronchi and bronchioles

Stimulation of vagus nerve – cough reflex Increases permeability of veins and

capillaries Increase secretion of mucous glands Dilation of capillaries of skin – causes

flushing

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Types of Allergic Reactions

Type I – IgE or atophy – hay fever, skin inflammation, food allergies, asthma

Type II – mediated by IgG or IgM – internal harder to diagnoses and treat

Type III – antigen-antibody complex Type IV – occurs several hours after

exposure – TB test

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Allergic Rhinitis

Inflammation of nasal mucosa caused by Type I hypersensitivity.

Two types Seasonal Perineal or chronic

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Allergic Dermatitis

Type IV by direct contact with antigens which person has come in contact with

Poison Ivy, cosmetics, hair dyes, metals, drugs etc

Urticaria – vascular reaction of skin characterized by papules or wheals and severe itching

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Urticaria

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Allergic Drug Reactions

Immunologic response Follows ingestion of a drug May occur from 7 to 10 days after drug

therapy May not occur the first time drug

administered Can occur minutes or hours after

administration

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Anaphylaxis – Life-threatening allergy Serious and rapid allergic reaction Can happen from food and nuts Antibiotics – penicillin Dyes injected into the body in special tests NSAIDs Latex – gloves, balloons, catheters Bees or wasps

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Anaphylaxis Symptoms

Urticaria, hives Low blood pressure – fainting Swelling in throat – angioedema Asthma symptoms – bronchocontriction Tingling in lips and mouth Death occurs with obstruction to breathing

and low blood pressure

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Emergency Treatment

Adrenaline – epinephrine Dose for adult 0.3 mg Dose for child 0.15 mg After dose given must get client to the

hospital for more definitive treatment.

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Antihistamines

Antihistamines block the effects of histamine at the H1 receptor. They do not block histamine release, antibody production or antigen-antibody reactions. Most antihistamines have anticholinergic properties and may cause constipation, dry eyes, dry mouth and blurred vision. I addition, many antihistamines cause sedation.

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Use with Caution

Elderly Pyloric obstructions Hyperthyoidism Cardiovascular disease Liver disease Use with caution in pregnancy

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Uses

Allergic rhinitis Anaphylaxis Allergic conjunctivitis Drug allergies Blood transfusion reactions Dermatologic conditions

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H1 receptor antagonists

First generation Non-selective or sedating CNS depression

Benadryl

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diphenhydramine

Brand name: Benadryl Classification Pharmacologic: H1 antagonist Classification Therapeutic: allergy, cold and

cough remedies, antihistamines, antitussive. Action: Antagonizes the effects of histamine

at H1 receptor sites; does not bind to or inactivate histamine. Significant CNS depressant and anticholinergic properties.

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Benadryl

High incidence of drowsiness Well absorbed after oral administration Acts within 15 minutes and lasts for 8 to 12

hours Available in combination drugs

Decongestants Analgesics Allergy Cold remedies

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Hydroxyzine

Brand name: Atarax, Vistaril Classification Pharmacologic: CNS

depressant Classification Therapeutic: Anti-

anxiety,antihistamine, sedative, hypnotic Action: Acts as a CNS depressant at the

subcortical level of the CNS. Has anticholinergic, antihistamine, and antiemetic properties.

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Nasal Decongestant, Antitussive and Cold Remedies

Chapter 46

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Common Cold

Viral infection of upper respiratory tract Adults have two to four colds per year Children can have up to ten a year

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Management of common cold

Symptoms: cough, runny nose, blocked nose, sore throat, fever, malaise, headache, loss of appetite.

No antibiotics unless super-imposed bacterial infection – otitis media (ear infection)

No drug therapy to cure or shorten duration of URI.

No benefit of using anti-histamines

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Cold Remedies

Antihistamines : Allegra, Benadryl, Claritin, Clarinex, Zyrtec

Decongestants: cause constriction of swollen blood vessels in nose, sinuses and chest Sudafed – most often used in combination

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Cetirizine

Brand name: Zyrtec Classification Pharmacologic: piperzine Classification Therapeutic: Allergy, cold and

cough remedies, antihistamine Action: Antagonizes the effects of histamine

at H1 receptor sites; does not bind to or inactivate histamine. Anticholinergic effects are minimal and sedation is dose related.

Does not make client sleepy.

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Cough

Coughing is a protective reflex especially when secretions are copious.

Most coughs due to viral illness – common cold.

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Cough Remedies

Centrally acting cough suppressants - antitussives

Antihistamines Soothing remedies (syrup or lozenges) Expectorants Mucolytic Oral hydration Mist therapy

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Antitussive Drugs

Cough Suppressants Suppress cough by depressing the cough

center of the medulla oblongata or cough receptors in the throat

Indication: dry, hacking, nonproductive cough that interferes with rest or sleep

Example: cough syrups with codeine

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Expectorants

Agents generally given orally to liquefy respiratory secretions and allow for their easier removal.

Generic name: gualifenesin Brand name: Robitussin Classification Therapeutic: allergy, cold and cough

remedies, expectorants Action: reduces viscosity of tenacious secretions by

increasing respiratory tract fluid.

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Anti-histamines

H1-receptor inhibitors Anti-allergy Added to cough and cold remedies as both

antitussives and to treat the nasal congestion.

Do not have any direct antitussive effect but may act indirectly by reducing postnasal drip.

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Demulcents

Liquid that coats the throat and soothes irritated mucous membranes.

May reduce coughing associated with a dry throat.

Some cough syrups contain 40% alcohol – may have a sedating effect.

Inexpensive Do not over use

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Mucolytic Drugs

Designed to alter the viscosity of bronchial secretions, thereby making them easier to clear by cough or ciliary transport.

Often used when client reports they feel like they have mucous by “can’t cough it up.”

Mucomyst only agent used inhalant. Clinical pearl: mucomyst used in

acetaminophen or Tylenol overdose

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Nasal Sprays

Nose sprays: decongestant for direct application to nares Has bounce back effect – do not use for more

than three days