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Life in the Tidal ZoneLife in the Tidal Zone
Survival and DiversitySurvival and Diversity
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Tidal HabitatsTidal HabitatsGreat places to live:
• High levels of primary (food) production: driven by phytoplankton
• Nutrient rich waters created from river drainage into the sea, and
upwelling: the replacement of deep, cold water for surface water driven
away by winds.
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Tidal Zone AdaptationTidal Zone AdaptationTidal habitats change daily with the tides, so organisms adapt, or adjust to changing
environmental conditions with special features to:
Tidal habitats change daily with the tides, so organisms adapt, or adjust to changing
environmental conditions with special features to:
Avoid drying out
Protect themselves from predators
Anchor themselves to resist waves
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Limpets shape their shells to fit a specific rock: effective seal against
water loss
Tube feet of sea star used for
locomotion and suction/anchorage
Hermit crab hiding in it’s
scavenged shell
Pipefish well camouflaged in eelgrass bed
Types of Tidal HabitatsTypes of Tidal Habitats
Sandy Beaches and Mud Flats Rocky Shores
Different tidal habitats require different adaptations
• Substrate offers lots of nutrients, but little structure for attachment
• Animals bury themselves in mud
• Can also attach to plants
• Little protection from strong waves: animals must anchor
• Complex tide pools possible
• Seaweeds offer protection from drying
Tidal ZonesTidal Zones
Splash Zone
High Tide Zone
Middle Tide Zone
Low Tide Zone
Subtidal Zone
Zones affected daily by changing tidesMost adaptation required
Intertidal ZoneHigh, Mid and Low
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Tidal habitats are divided into zones based on relative beach location and how often they are covered by water
High on beach Out of water most of the time Species must tolerate salt,
heat, cold, and extended dry periods Low diversity
Splash ZoneSplash Zone
Splash Zone Life
Splash Zone Life
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Amphipods
Periwinkles
IsopodsBlue-Green
Algae
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Lichen
Increased wave action Species must survive exposure
to drying Tide pools provide some protection Higher diversity: includes some
animals from splash zone and middle zone (in tide pools)
High Tide ZoneHigh Tide Zone
High Tide Zone LifeHigh Tide Zone Life
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BarnaclesLimpets
Shore Crab
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Most active region Covered and uncovered twice a
day Life must tolerate BOTH
submersion and exposure to air Animals move in and out of
adjacent zones to feed
Most active region Covered and uncovered twice a
day Life must tolerate BOTH
submersion and exposure to air Animals move in and out of
adjacent zones to feed
Middle Tide ZoneMiddle Tide Zone
Middle Tide Zone Life
Middle Tide Zone Life
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Wrinkled Whelks Purple and Ochre Sea Stars
Blue MusselsGreen Algae
Aggregate Anemones
Most diverse zone: more plants and animals in low tide zone than in all other zones combined
Most food and shelter Less exposure to air and heat Animals unable to exist in other
zones
Most diverse zone: more plants and animals in low tide zone than in all other zones combined
Most food and shelter Less exposure to air and heat Animals unable to exist in other
zones
Low Tide ZoneLow Tide Zone
Low Tide Zone Life
Low Tide Zone Life
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Eelgrass
Brittle Star
Purple Sea Urchin
Giant Green Anemone
Opalescent Nudibranch
Orange Sea Cucumber
Black Katy Chiton
Calcareous Tube Worm
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Just below Intertidal Zone Almost never exposedMany consumer animals: prey on
animals in low tide zoneLife forms less tolerant to
changes: do not have adaptations to allow them to survive without water
Just below Intertidal Zone Almost never exposedMany consumer animals: prey on
animals in low tide zoneLife forms less tolerant to
changes: do not have adaptations to allow them to survive without water
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Subtidal Zone LifeSubtidal Zone Life
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Pipefish
Octopus
Wolf Eels
Jellyfish
Salmon
Summary Summary
Most Diverse
DiversityExposure to Water
Most time
Each zone requires unique adaptations for survival
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Splash Zone
High Tide Zone
Middle Tide Zone
Low Tide Zone
Subtidal Zone