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LCA patterns of use
• More for larger firms than smaller.• More a tool for a pull strategy than for a push
strategy.• Acceptance substantially vary among
countries (more accepted by developed countries than developing countries).
• LCA started to become a part of the regulatory system in Europe but not in the US.
Growing and harvestingcotton
Seed removalPacking in bales
FertiliserPesticides
25 MJ
Pr oduct ion of
polyest er
48 MJ
Pr e-t r eat ment , bleaching, (dyeing), post -t r eat ment
Bleaching agent s, sodium hydrox ide, opt ical
br ight ener, ant i shr inking agent s
30-80 lit er wat er
25- 90 MJ
Reuse0 ,1 * 1 kg
S ewing of unif or m
1 kg
Wash (100x)
2500 lit er wat er1,5 kg washing agent
600 MJ
S pinningSpinning oil
6 MJ
Ext r uding,
cut t ing and packing
7 MJ
Use (100x)I nciner at ion
0 ,8 * 1 kg
Deposit0 ,1 * 1 kg
Dr ying, ir oning,
pr essing (100x)
200 MJ
WeavingSize
20 MJ
S pinningSpinning oil
6 MJ
Ext r act ion of
oil and nat ur al gas
0 ,5 kg 0,5 kg
Credit ingheat & power
19 MJ
Credit ingunif orm
0,1 * 1 kg
Credit ingindoor heat ing
in t ot al 200 MJ
Disposal
Use
Resources and materials
Manufacture
Example of process-flow diagram(aggregated): Source: Hauschild, 2003
Product system of a uniform (cloth)
Example of “required data” table (Inputs and outputs table - part) (source: International Aluminum Institute, 2003)
Paper vs. Plastic Grocery Sacks: Comparison of Three Studies
Allen & Bakshani
Graedel & Allenby
Ciambrone
PE
60,790 sacks
Energy
[M BTU]
40 40 34
Air pollution [lb] 73 76 59
Paper
30,395 sacks
Energy
[M BTU]
50 49 39
Air pollution [lb] 195 198 49
In-Class Assignment• Suppose you need to choose a new copier for
an office. In a small group:– Define appropriate goals and scope for a life cycle
cost and environmental life cycle assessment.– Define appropriate environmental indicators (e.g.
electricity or energy use).– Define major benefit or cost categories to consider– Develop a set of processes to be considered (i.e.
inputs and outputs identified and estimated).• We will have reports from groups by end of
period.
Example: Copier LCA• In GaBi demo, explore under Processes,
Production, Materials, Metal• Look at steel (3 options)• Can also see plastic, etc options• Double click to see inputs/outputs
– Generally shows normalized impacts for 1kg of output item (eg 1 kg of ABS plastic)
– The data records refer to a process that requires many inputs, and produces 1 kg of ABS plastic (as well as many other outputs)
Complexity
• We’ve been looking at fairly small, streamlined LCI problems
• How does the method scale?
Structure of a Process-based LCA Model
process
processprocess
process
process
process
process
process process
process
processprocess
process
process
sub-system1
process
process process process
processprocess process
sub-system2
The Boundary Issue• Where to set the boundary of the LCA?• “Conventional” LCA: include all processes, but at least
the most important processes if there are time and financial constraints
• In EIO-LCA, the boundary is by definition the entire economy, recognizing interrelationships among industrial sectors
• In EIO LCA, the products described by a sector are representing an average product not a specific one
Circularity Effects• Circularity effects in the economy must be accounted for: cars are made
from steel, steel is made with iron ore, coal, steel machinery, etc. Iron ore and coal are mined using steel machinery, energy, etc...
emissions
product
system boundary
RESOURCES
waste
Economic Input-Output Analysis• Developed by Wassily Leontief (Nobel
Prize in 1973)• “General interdependency” model:
quantifies the interrelationships among sectors of an economic system
• Identifies direct & indirect economic inputs• Can be extended to environmental and
energy analysis
EIO-LCA Implementation
• Use the 498 x 498 input-output matrix of the U.S. economy from 1992 – 491 for 1997
• Augment with sector-level environmental impact coefficient matrices (R) [effect/$ output from sector]
• Environmental impact calculation:
E = R[I - D]-1F
Data Sources in EIO-LCA (1997)
Data Latest
Year
Available
Source
Economic input-output matrix 1997 U.S. Dept. of Commerce
Electricity consumption 1997 U.S. Dept. of Commerce
Fuel use 1997 U.S. Dept. of Commerce
Toxic chemical emissions (TRI) 2000 U.S. EPA ’s TRI database
Conventional air pollutant emissions 1999 U.S. EPA ’s A IRS database
Life Cycle Stages
• At each stage, there are some inputs used and some outputs created that need to be identified
• Example: automobile production– Direct: smoke from factory– Indirect: smoke from suppliers’ factories
I-O and Supply Chains
$20,000 Car:
Engine
$2500 $2000 $1200 $800 $10. . .
Conferences
Other Parts
Steel
Plastics
$2500Engine:
$300 $200 $150 $10. . .
Electricity
Steel Aluminum
Effects Specified
• Direct– Inputs needed for final production of
product (energy, water, etc.)• Indirect
– ALL inputs needed in supply chain – e.g. Metal, belts, wiring for engine– e.g. Copper, plastic to produce wires– Calculation yields every $ input needed