LI121 Labs Demo v40

OSA Course LI121 System and Network Administration I

Lab Exercises Suse, Fedora and Ubuntu

Version 4.0, May 2008

ii

Book information

Title: LI121 Linux System & Network Administration I Lab Exercises

Version: 4.0

Course code: LI121

ISBN: 978-90-8688-004-5 4e druk

Open Source Academy Rotterdamserijweg 122 3042 AS Rotterdam the Netherlands

T: +31 654 227144 F: +31 10 2450902 E: [email protected] W: www.OpenSourceAcademy.nl

Book P/N: H0121-90002

Printed in the Netherlands.

Protocomix 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008

Version Date Description 0.1 January 2004 Initial version. 0.2 January 2004 Peer review. 1.0 February

2004 First release.

1.1 January 2005 Update for Fedora 3 4.0 May 2008 Combined Suse and Fedora guides. Upgrade to Suse 10 and RedHat 5 /

Fedora 8. Added Ubuntu distribution

iii

Copyright notice

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No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of Protocomix.

Copyright 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Protocomix B.V. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Microsoft Word, Microsoft Office, Windows, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows XP, XP, Windows Vista, Vista and MS-DOS are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Intel, Pentium, Itanium, and Celeron are registered trademarks of Intel Corporation. AMD, AMD Athlon, AMD Duron, and AMD K6 are trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. The Open Group, UNIX and X Window System are trademarks of The Open Group.. Linux is registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. SuSe, ZENworks are trademarks of Novell inc. RedHat is a trademark of RedHat Inc. XFree86 is a registered trademark of The XFree86 Project, Inc. Ubuntu is a trademark of Canonical Ltd. / Ubuntu Foundation SSH and Secure Shell are trademarks of SSH Communications Security, Inc. CUPS, and the CUPS logo are the trademark property of Easy Software Products. MySQL, is a trademark of MySQL AB. VMware, the VMware "boxes" logo and design, Virtual SMP and VMotion are registered trademarks of VMware, Inc. Other company, product and service names may be trademarks of others. Open Source Academy is a trademark of Protocomix B.V. AuthorIT is a trademark of AuthorIT Software Corporation Ltd. This document was created using AuthorIT, Total Document Creation (see AuthorIT Home - http://www.author-it.com). Protocomix does not warrant that this document is error-free. The information in this manual has not formally been tested and is distributed as-is without any warranty either express or implied. The use of this information or the implementation of any techniques is for end user responsibility only. While Protocomix and its partners have carefully reviewed the contents of these course materials for accuracy in a specific environment, there is no guarantee that the same or similar results will be achieved elsewhere. Customers attempting to adapt these techniques for their own environment do so at their own risk. If you find any problems in this documentation, please report them on the OSA website http://www.OpenSourceAcademy.nl.

Open Source Academy Rotterdamserijweg 122

3042 AS Rotterdam the Netherlands

T: +31 654 227 144 F: +31 10 245 0920

E: [email protected] W: www.OpenSourceAcademy.nl

Printed in the Netherlands.

iv

Contents

The Suse and Fedora / Redhat books are combined. Some chapters are duplicated for each distribution.

Lab unit numbers ending in Distribution R RedHat / Fedora S Suse / Open SuSe U Ubuntu Lab units with no ending letter are suitable for all distributions. Remarks in the exercise point out where a particular distribution may have a small difference.

About this lab guide

Contents v

About this lab guide iv

Unit 01R Installing Fedora, CentOS or RedHat Linux 1 Prerequisites................................................................................................... 1 Install Fedora from DVD .................................................................................. 1

Unit 01S Installing Suse Linux 5 Prerequisites................................................................................................... 5 Installing Suse From DVD ................................................................................ 5

Unit 01U Installing Ubuntu 9 Prerequisites................................................................................................... 9 Install Ubuntu from DVD.................................................................................. 9

Unit 02R Basic system configuration 13 Prerequisites..................................................................................................13 Changing display resolution.............................................................................13 Installing software..........................................................................................15 Creating user accounts ...................................................................................17 Network configuration ....................................................................................19 Adding a printer .............................................................................................21 Stopping Linux...............................................................................................22

Unit 02S Basic system configuration 27 Prerequisites..................................................................................................27 Changing display resolution.............................................................................27 Installing software..........................................................................................29 Creating user accounts ...................................................................................30 Network configuration ....................................................................................32 Adding a Printer .............................................................................................34 Stopping Linux...............................................................................................36

Unit 02U Basic System configuration 39 Prerequisites..................................................................................................39 Changing display resolution.............................................................................39 Installing software..........................................................................................40 Creating user accounts ...................................................................................43 Network Configuration....................................................................................46 Adding a printer .............................................................................................48 Stopping Linux...............................................................................................50

Unit 03 Logging in 53 Prerequisites..................................................................................................53 Text login ......................................................................................................53 Logging in GUI...............................................................................................58 Gnome Desktop .............................................................................................59 Authentication settings ...................................................................................61

vi Contents

Unit 04 Working with the shell 69 Prerequisites for the shell................................................................................69 Basic command line structure ..........................................................................69 Interactive command features .........................................................................70 Some basic commands ...................................................................................72

Unit 05 Working with files and Directories 75 Prerequisites ..................................................................................................75 Accessing files................................................................................................75

Unit 06 History 79

Unit 07 Working with wildcards 81 Prerequisites ..................................................................................................81 Shell wildcards ...............................................................................................81 Shell command line processing ........................................................................82 Finding files ...................................................................................................82 Remote commands.........................................................................................84

Unit 08 Running processes 87 Prerequisites ..................................................................................................87 Processes ......................................................................................................87 Using variables...............................................................................................88 Monitoring processes ......................................................................................92 Process control...............................................................................................95

Unit 09 Redirecting output 99 Prerequisites ..................................................................................................99 Redirecting to files..........................................................................................99

Unit 10 Working with vi 101 Prequisites...................................................................................................101 Learning vi...................................................................................................101

Unit 11 Text filters 103 Prerequisites ................................................................................................103 Standard filters ............................................................................................103 Pipelines of filters .........................................................................................104

Unit 12 File permissions 105 Prerequisites ................................................................................................105 User and file identity.....................................................................................105 Directory protection......................................................................................106 File protection..............................................................................................107 Switching groups..........................................................................................107

Contents vii

Unit 13 A tour trough the graphical interface 109 Prerequisites................................................................................................109 X window system .........................................................................................109

Unit 14 Hiking across the file system 111 Prerequisites................................................................................................111 Visiting some directories ...............................................................................111 Using nautilus ..............................................................................................113

Unit 15 Creating and mounting filesystems 115 Prerequisites................................................................................................115 Mounting.....................................................................................................115 Creating new file systems. ............................................................................117

Unit 16 shell scripts 121 Prerequisites................................................................................................121 Starting a script ...........................................................................................121

Unit 17F Virtualization 123 Prerequisites................................................................................................123 Create a VM.................................................................................................123 Wine emulator .............................................................................................125

Unit 17S Virtualization 127 Prerequisites................................................................................................127 Create a VM.................................................................................................127 Wine emulator .............................................................................................128

Unit17U Virtualization 131 Prerequisites................................................................................................131 Create a VM.................................................................................................131 Wine Emulator .............................................................................................135

Unit 18 File system internals 137 Prerequisites................................................................................................137 File system internals.....................................................................................137

Appendix A Lab setup guide 141 Hardware required .......................................................................................141 Local network ..............................................................................................142 Internet access ............................................................................................142 Other items required ....................................................................................142

1

In this lab we will install Fedora Linux. Make sure the installation is successful as we will use it during the remainder of the course.

The labs in this book have been tested on RedHat Enterprise Server 5. Due to license restrictions OSA is unable to provide you with RHEL CD's. If you provide your own installation media all labs in this book will work. You can use CentOS as a Pure OSS alternative to RHEL.

Also make sure you create the user accounts at the end of this lab as we will these as well!

Prerequisites These are the things you need to know in advance for this lab:

Know how to access the BIOS of your machine. Know any passwords to access the OS of the PC. Know the regional layout of your keyboard. Check with your instructor if the local network supports DHCP. If not the instructor will supply you

with network information.

Machine equipped with a bootable DVD player. A Fedora, RedHat or CentOS DVD.

On-line update Your instructor should tell you if you can perform an on-line update in this classroom. He may want to skip it due to time or bandwidth constraints...

Install Fedora from DVD In this lab we will perform a DVD installation of Fedora, CentOS or RedHat. We will perform an "Office" installation.

If you work with CentOS we choose the "Desktop-gnome" installation.

In this unit we will investigate the hardware of the PC. Do not spend too much time on this item as the installation will take some 30 minutes.

Hardware inventory 1 Use the OS installed on the PC or BIOS setup to investigate your hardware. Make a note of the

following items:

Unit 01R Installing Fedora, CentOS or RedHat Linux

2 Lab Exercises OSA Course LI121 System and Network Administration I

Processor type and speed.

Memory size.

Hard disk size.

Network card speed.

Do not spend too much time on this item.

DVD Installation We will install the system with these parameters.

Check install media Skip Language of install English Keyboard Choose your keyboard layout. Installation number (RedHat Only) Skip entering installation number. Partitioning Create custom layout with static partitions.

See below for partition scheme. Use LVM No Bootloader GRUB Network configuration DHCP Time zone Your time zone System Clock uses UTC Yes Root password secret Firewall Off SELinux Disabled User account Create a personal account

1 Boot from the first DVD

2 For CentOS and RedHat on the boot: prompt press .

For Fedora: Choose "Install or upgrade an existing system". (Do not choose text mode!)

3 Skip the DVD media check. This takes too long.

4 Click Next on the welcome screen.

5 Choose English as the installation language.

NOTE: All examples in this book assume English(English) as the installation language. If you choose another language you have to translate the book instructions to match your language screen.

6 Choose your keyboard layout.

In the Netherlands (with US keyboards) you can choose US English, or US English International. Other regions should select the layout that matches the keyboard layout for their region. Your instructor can help you if unsure about your keyboard layout.

7 RedHat Only: Installation number.

Skip entering installation number. (The installation number will tie this machine to your support Contract with RedHat. We do not want this for this course.)

8 Choose "Create custom layout" from the drop down box.

The choice available depends on the Fedora release.

Unit 01R Installing Fedora, CentOS or RedHat Linux 3

We want to define out own partition layout. To do this we delete partitions of other Operating Systems on the machine.

Wipe out the large partition(s) of any other operating system on the machine. (Click on the "ntfs" line in Disk Druid, and then click Delete)

In some cases your instructor may advise you to leave a small partition intact on the disk. This maintenance partition is used for restoring the machine after the course is done. Please leave such a partition on the disk!

Then create the following partitions:

Mount point directory

Filesystem type

Partition size

/boot ext3 100 Mb / ext3 512 Mb /usr ext3 3800 Mb /var ext3 2048 Mb /home ext3 500 Mb /tmp ext3 500 Mb none Swap 2x memory size but no more than 1Gb. To create a partition click NEW. In the top box choose the mount point directory, then set the size in the appropriate box. Choose "Format as ext3".

To create the SWAP partition choose SWAP as the file system type.

We do leave some space unused for now!

Leave the rest of the disk space free and unused, so we can use it for later labs!

9 Ask your instructor to verify the partition table you made.

Mistakes in a static partition table can only be repaired by re-installation!

10 Bootloader

Choose Grub as the bootloader. Do not change any of the advanced options and bootloader password options.

11 Network

Choose DHCP for network configuration.

If DHCP is not available at your site, use the addresses your instructor will give you.

12 Time and Time zone

Choose your local time zone by clicking on the map, or choosing the right time zone in the box below.

Check the "Clock uses UTC" checkbox.

13 Root password

Set the root password to "secret".

Do not choose another password. The instructor will use this password to help you via the network if needed.

14 Installation set

Choose for:

Fedora: "Office and Productivity" CentOS: "Desktop-gnome" RedHat ES5: nothing. as the installation type. We will add other software as needed later on; So leave "Customize later" selected. Do not add any extra repositories.

15 Confirmation screen


Click "NEXT" to confirm the selected software and start the installation using the DVD.

16 During the installation check Virtual screens #1 to #7 to see diagnostic messages.

To switch screens press caf to n to see the different VT screens. The graphical installer should be visible on screen #6 (cak)

17 Click "REBOOT" when done.

Finishing the installation 1 Welcome and license

Click "Forward" on the welcome screen.

2 License agreement.

Accept the license agreement.

3 Select "no firewall" or "Disabled" on the firewall screen.

Click "Proceed" on the warning screen! Yes! This is really what we want!

4 SELinux

SELinux is a system that hardens selected system processes. For now we will disable SELinux as it will cause trouble in some of the upcoming labs.

Do DISABLE SELinux!

5 RedHat only: Do not enable the Kdump feature.

6 Date and time

Set the date and time of the clock..

Do not enable the NTP protocol.

7 Fedora Only: "Hardware Profile"

Do not participate in the hardware profile sharing project for this lab.

8 RedHat Only: Setup Software updates

Choose "No, I prefer to register at a later time"

9 User accounts

Create a personal user account. Please enter your full name so we can find it back later. Set a personal password.

Do not change the "Use Network Login" settings.

10 RedHat only: "Configure Sound and Display"

Check if your monitor, video card and sound card were detected correctly.

Correct any misdetections. Select the right vendor and model from the lists.

Select a resolution.

11 Sound card

Try if you sound card is detected. Do not worry if it is not, we will not use it during this training.

12 Additional CD's

Do not install any additional documentation CD.

13 Finish

Click "Next" to finish the installation.

Try to login with your personal account.

5

In this lab we will install Suse Linux. Make sure the installation is successful as we will use it during the remainder of this course.


Prerequisites Know how to access the BIOS. Know any passwords to access the OS of the PC. Check with your instructor if the local network supports DHCP. If not the instructor will supply you

the network information.

Machine equipped with a bootable DVD player. A (Open)SuSE installation DVD.


Installing Suse From DVD In this lab we will perform a DVD installation of Suse. We perform a "standard" installation. This will yield an Office workstation installation of Suse Linux.

In this unit we will investigate the hardware of the PC. Do not spend too much time on this item as the installation will take some 30 minutes.


following items:


Memory size.

Hard disk size.

Unit 01S Installing Suse Linux


Network card speed.


DVD Installation We will install the system with these parameters.

Language of install English Keyboard Choose your keyboard layout. Partitioning Create custom layout using static partitions.

See below for partition scheme. Use LVM No Bootloader GRUB Network configuration DHCP Time zone Your time zone System Clock uses UTC Yes Root password secret Firewall Off User account Create a personal account

1 Boot from the first DVD.

2 On the Boot Options: screen prompt choose .

(Leave the boot options box empty)

3 When the Yast screen appears, choose the installation language.

NOTE: All examples in the book assume English(US) as the installation language

4 Agree with the License agreement.

5 Choose

6 Set Time Zone to your local time zone.

Choose your Region and Country from the two lists.

Choose "Hardware clock set to": UTC

7 Desktop manager

Choose "GNOME" as the desktop manager.

8 Review Installation settings

Choose to perform manual partitioning.

9 Choose "Create Custom partition setup" or "Custom partitioning (for experts)".

Wipe out the large partition of any other operating system on the machine.

Your instructor may advise you to leave a small partition intact on the disk. This partition is used for restoring the machine after the course is done. Please leave such a partition on the disk!



Filesystem type

Partition size

/boot ext3 100 Mb / ext3 1000 Mb /usr ext3 3500 Mb /opt ext3 512 Mb /var ext3 250 Mb /home ext3 500 Mb /tmp ext3 500 Mb

Unit 01S Installing Suse Linux 7

none Swap 2x memory size but no more than 1Gb. To create a partition click .

Clock "Format" and select file system "ext3".

In the "Size" box: Leave the start cylinder untouched and type +100M in the end cylinder box to create a 100Mb partition.

Choose the mount point directory.


We do leave some space unused for now!

Leave the rest of the disk as free space so we can use it for upcoming labs.


Mistakes in a static partition table can only be repaired by a new installation!

Then return to the main YaST menu.

11 Choose to start the installation

Accept the licenses.

Confirm the installation.

You can switch between the and pane of YaST during installation.


To switch screens press caf to u to see the different VT screens. The graphical installer should be visible one of the screens.

13 After the first stage the machine will reboot.

Remove the DVD from the drive and reboot from the HD.

Wait for Yast to re-appear after the reboot.

Finishing the installation 1 Root password

Set the root password to "secret".

Accept the messages about this insecure password!

Do not choose another password if you want the instructor to help you in case of trouble....

2 Hostname and domain name

Choose a hostname for your system.

Set the domain to classroom.net.

3 Network configuration

Switch OFF the firewall!

Leave the network configuration on DHCP unless your instructor advises otherwise.

Disabling the firewall is important for the upcoming labs.

Choose to continue the testing the network installation.

Test the network connectivity by downloading the release notes.

4 Online update.

To save time we will skip this step for now. Choose Configure later.

Configuring many systems at the same time can lead to high network loads, slowing down the installation.


Your instructor should advise you if this option is available in this classroom.

5 Addition Installation Sources

De-select all repositories.

Make sure none of the repositories is checked as this will lead to a very lengthy download session!

6 User authentication method

Set the authentication method to "Local (/etc/passwd)"

7 Create a personal user account.

Please enter your full name so we can find it back later. Set a personal password.

8 Let the cleanup do it's work.

9 Click next on the Release Notes.

10 Accept the hardware configuration as proposed.

11 Finish

Try to login with your personal account.

9

In this lab we will install Ubuntu Linux. Make sure the installation is successful as we will use it during the remainder of this course.


Prerequisites Know how to access the BIOS of your machine. Know any passwords to access the OS of the PC. Check with your instructor if the local network supports DHCP. If not the instructor will supply you

with network information.

Machine equipped with a bootable DVD player. An Ubuntu DVD.


Install Ubuntu from DVD In this lab we will perform a DVD installation of Ubuntu.

We will perform an "Office" installation.

In this unit we will investigate the hardware of the PC. Do not spend too much time on this item as the installation will take some 30 minutes


following items:


Memory size.

Hard disk size.

Unit 01U Installing Ubuntu


Network card speed.


DVD installation We will install the system with these parameters.

Language of install English Keyboard Choose your keyboard layout. Partitioning Create custom layout using static partitions.

See below for partition scheme. Use LVM No Bootloader GRUB Network configuration DHCP Time zone Your time zone System Clock uses UTC Yes Root password secret Firewall Off User account Create a personal account

1 Boot from the first DVD.

You have to wait considerable time because Ubuntu starts in "live" mode. In "live" mode you can work with Ubuntu without installing it! For this course we will install Ubuntu onto the hard disk.

If you encounter video problems, try the "Start in Safe Graphics mode" option of the welcome screen.On the boot screen choose: "Start or install Ubuntu".

2 Double Click the "Install" icon on the desktop.

3 Choose English as the installation language.

NOTE: All examples in this book assume English(English) as the installation language. If you choose another language you will have to translate the book exercises to match your language.

4 Choose your time zone and location.

5 Choose your keyboard layout.

You can test your keyboard by typing in the box provided.

In the Netherlands you can choose US English, or US English International. Other regions should select the layout for their region. Your instructor can help you if unsure about your keyboard layout.

6 Prepare disk space: Choose "Manual".

We want to define our own partition layout. To do this we delete partitions of other Operating Systems on the machine.

Wipe out the large partition(s) of any other operating system on the machine. (Click on the "ntfs" line in "Prepare Partitions", and then click Delete Partition)

In some cases your instructor may advise you to leave a small partition intact on the disk. This maintenance partition is used for restoring the machine after the course is done. Please leave such a partition on the disk!


Unit 01U Installing Ubuntu 11


Filesystem type

Partition size

/boot ext3 100 Mb / ext3 512 Mb

/usr ext3 3000 Mb /var ext3 1024 Mb /home ext3 500 Mb /tmp ext3 500 Mb none Swap 2x memory size but no more than 1Gb. To create a partition click on the "free space" line then click "New Partition". Choose if you want it to be a Primary or logical (a Partition inside the extended partition). Set the size in Megabytes. Leave "Location of the partition" to "Beginning"; This stacks the partitions from the beginning of the disk not the end. Choose "Format as ext3". Then choose the mount point.


We do leave some space unused for now! Leave the rest of the disk space free and unused, so we can use it in later labs!


Mistakes in a static partition table can only be repaired by re-installation!

8 Username and hostname.

Create a personal user account. Please enter your full name so we can find it back later. Set a personal password.

Choose a hostname.

9 Click Next to start the installation.


To switch screens press caf to n to see the different VT screens. The graphical installer should be visible one of the screens.

11 After the installation has finished click "Restart now" to reboot.

Remove the CD when it pops out.

13

In this lab we will see the basic survival skills of the system administrator.

Prerequisites The user account we created during installation.

The OpenOffice package needs to be installed.

We will try to access the Internet. This will only work if your site is properly connected to the Internet.

Changing display resolution First we will set the resolution of our display.

Using the Display utility 1 Login with your personal account.

2 Open the "Display" utility

Open the System menu and choose "Administration" -> "Display".

Enter the root password in the box.

3 Check your monitor type and change it if needed.

Choose the vendor and monitor type. You may have to look at the back of your screen to determine the exact type.

4 Choose a resolution!

5 Reboot your system for the new setting to take effect.

Rebooting is not strictly needed! You could go to a Virtual console, login as root and issue [root@system ~]# init 3

[root@system ~]# init 5

This will reset the display manager and start one with the new settings.

The x.org tools 1 Look at the contents of /etc/X11/xorg.conf.

GUI: navigate to /etc/X11 and double click on xorg.conf to open if.

command line: less /etc/X11/xorg.conf

Unit 02R Basic system configuration


The file consists of sections. Look for the "ServerLayout". In this section the other parts are assembled into a server with keyboard, screen and mouse.

2 From a terminal window run xvidtune and play a little with the controls.

On LCD displays this may not have much influence as the display immediately compensates for any changes you make to the timings.

You really need to know the specs for the Display to know what you should enter here.

3 Press the "show" button to see a modeline statement.

This is the line you would add to your screen section of xorg.conf if you wanted to "save" these settings. We do not do this now.

4 Now we will test the xorg configuration tools.

First we will save a copy of our existing xorg.conf file so we can restore it later.

5 Logout from the GUI.

6 Switch to text console #1 and login as root

Press caf login: root passwd: secret

7 Rename the xorg.conf file to xorg.conf.original system244:~ # cd /etc/X11/ system244:/etc/X11 # mv xorg.conf xorg.conf.original

8 Now we have to stop the GUI system244:/etc/X11 # init 3 ... Shutting down service gdm done

9 Run xorgconfig. system244:/etc/X11 # xorgconfig

Answer a few questions. Then quit the program with cC. We will not try to configure X using this program!

10 Now run xorgcfg and watch the screen. system244:/etc/X11 # xorgcfg X Window System Version 7.2.0 Release Date: Sat Sep 22 22:10:58 UTC 2007 X Protocol Version 11, Revision 0, Release 7.2 Build Operating System: Fedora LINUX Current Operating System: Linux system244 2.6.22.5-31-default #1 SMP 2007/09/21 22:29:00 UTC i686

After some time a drawing with your hardware should appear.

Accept this and save it to /etc/X11/xorg.conf; This is done by clicking "quit" to leave then accept the default config file location.

11 Restart your GUI: system219:/etc/X11 # init 5 .... Starting service gdm done

You should be able to login again.

12 Now we will reset our original configuration. system244:/etc/X11 # cd /etc/X11 system244:/etc/X11 # mv xorg.conf.original xorg.conf system244:/etc/X11 # rcxdm restart Shutting down service gdm done Starting service gdm done system244:/etc/X11 #

13 Finally we will have a quick peek at the Monitor configuration database.

14 Login on the GUI and navigate to /usr/share/hwdata/ Open file MonitorsDB.

This file contains sync settings for many popular displays so you do not have to figure them out from the display documentation.

Close the file after examination.

Unit 02R Basic system configuration 15

Installing software Adding software after installation.

Graphical tool 1 First we will install software with the "Add/Remove Software"Tool:

Open "Applications" -> "Add/Remove Software".

Enter the root password (secret) when asked.

2 Inspect the repositories that are activated at present.

RedHat does not have configurable Repositories in the tool. They are managed from the RHN web site and not inside the application.

Open the "Edit" -> "Repositories" menu.

Make sure the "Fedora" and "Updates" Repositories are selected.

3 Inspect the various categories.

4 Add ksudoku from the

"Applications" -> "Games and Entertainment"

Package group. Select it from the "Optional packages".

Observe that many dependencies were selected for the package in the "Details" button.

This lab only works with an Internet connection as the software is downloaded from the on-line repository!

5 Close the tool.

6 Start "ksudoku" from the "Applications" -> "Games" menu.

7 Next we will install a package by browsing to it with the Nautilus file browser:

Browse the installation DVD on your desktop.

Double click the DVD icon on the desktop and go to the "Fedora" directory.

Double click on zsh-4.2.6-6.fc7.i386.rpm to install it.

8 Run zsh.

Open a terminal window and issue: zsh.

Type exit to leave the "z" shell.

Using the rpm command Now we will use the command line and the rpm command to manage packages.

1 Open a terminal window and become root with su. [student1@system ~]$ su - Password: secret

Then make a list of all installed packages: [root@system ~]# rpm -qa chkconfig-1.3.34-1 info-4.8-15 sed-4.1.5-7.fc7 libXau-1.0.3-1.fc7 libcap-1.10-29 diffutils-2.8.1-16.fc7 libgtop2-2.14.8-1.fc7 shared-mime-info-0.20-2.fc7


libXrandr-1.2.0-3.fc7 cracklib-2.8.9-10 .......

2 Show detailed information about the ksudoku package we installed earlier. [root@system ~]# rpm -qi ksudoku Name : ksudoku Relocations: (not relocatable) Version : 0.3 Vendor: Fedora Project Release : 2.fc7 Build Date: Wed 17 Jan 2007 09:30:19 PM CET Install Date: Fri 28 Sep 2007 04:40:11 PM CEST Build Host: hammer2.fedora.redhat.com Group : Amusements/Games Source RPM: ksudoku-0.3-2.fc7.src.rpm Size : 239381 License: GPL Signature : DSA/SHA1, Fri 18 May 2007 11:20:00 PM CEST, Key ID b44269d04f2a6fd2 Packager : Fedora Project URL : http://ksudoku.sourceforge.net/ Summary : Sudoku game Description : Ksudoku is a fully-featured Sudoku puzzle generator and solver for KDE. With it you can generate and play 3D and 2D puzzles of different sizes and levels. The main algorithm is fast and extendable to any general graph coloring problem.

You need a package name here, not a rpm filename!

3 List the description of package of hunspell-af-0.20060117-1.fc9.noarch.rpm on the DVD.

Packages are on the DVD in directory /media/Fedora 9 i386 DVD/Fedora.

You need to use the -p flag of rpm and the file name as this package is not installed! [root@system Fedora]# cd /media/Fedora 9 i386 DVD/Fedora [root@system Fedora]# rpm -qip hunspell-af-0.20060117-1.fc9.noarch.rpm Name : hunspell-af Relocations: (not relocatable) Version : 0.20060117 Vendor: Fedora Project Release : 1.fc7 Build Date: Wed 14 Feb 2007 10:11:48 AM CET Install Date: (not installed) Build Host: ppc3.fedora.redhat.com Group : Applications/Text Source RPM: hunspell-af-0.20060117-1.fc7.src.rpm Size : 1553511 License: LGPL Signature : DSA/SHA1, Fri 18 May 2007 09:13:11 PM CEST, Key ID b44269d04f2a6fd2 Packager : Fedora Project URL : http://ftp.services.openoffice.org/pub/OpenOffice.org/contrib/dictionaries/ Summary : Afrikaans hunspell dictionary Description : Afrikaans hunspell dictionary

4 Install it from DVD. [root@system Fedora]# rpm -ivh hunspell-af-0.20060117-1.fc7.noarch.rpm Preparing... ########################################### [100%] 1:hunspell-af ########################################### [100%]

This installs the dictionary files for Afrikaans.

5 To see a list of files it has installed run rpm -ql on the package:

Now you have to use the package name not the file name! [root@system Fedora]# rpm -ql hunspell-af .....

6 Remove the package. [root@system Fedora]# rpm -e hunspell-af

Again you have to use the package name not the file name!

Do not try to de-install hunspell itself! This is the base package and needed by many other programs. hunspell-af only de-installs the Afrikaans dictionary for hunspell.

Using YUM 1 Search for packages providing exaile which is a media player using yum.

[root@system ~]# yum search exaile

As you can see there are many packages for exaile!

2 Let's install the exaile package. [root@system ~]# yum install exaile

As you can see it automatically selects many dependent packages: Dependencies Resolved


============================================================================= Package Arch Version Repository Size ============================================================================= Installing: exaile i386 0.2.10-2.fc7 updates 764 k Installing for dependencies: gamin-python i386 0.1.8-5.fc7 fedora 57 k gnome-python2-gtkmozembed i386 2.14.3-4.fc7 updates 27 k gstreamer-python i386 0.10.7-2.fc7 fedora 257 k libsexy i386 0.1.11-1.fc7 fedora 42 k python-CDDB i386 1.4-1.fc7 fedora 531 k python-eyed3 noarch 0.6.12-1.fc7 fedora 147 k python-gpod i386 0.4.2-1.fc7 fedora 146 k python-mutagen noarch 1.12-1.fc7 updates 219 k python-sexy i386 0.1.9-3.fc7 fedora 23 k python-sqlite2 i386 1:2.3.3-1.fc7 fedora 90 k Transaction Summary ============================================================================= Install 11 Package(s) Update 0 Package(s) Remove 0 Package(s) Total download size: 2.3 M Is this ok [y/N]:

3 Check the files in /etc/yum.repos.d and see that some pre-defined repositories are not enabled.

You can add a file to this directory if you want to more repositories. For example to add the RPMforge repository create a file: [root@system ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d [root@system ~]# vi rpmforge.yum # Name: RPMforge RPM Repository for $name $version - $builder # URL: http://rpmforge.net/ [rpmforge] name = $name \$releasever - RPMforge.net - dries #baseurl = http://apt.sw.be/fedora/7/en/\$basearch/dries/RPMS mirrorlist = http://apt.sw.be/fedora/7/en/mirrors-rpmforge #mirrorlist = file:///etc/yum.repos.d/mirrors-rpmforge enabled = 1

For now we leave adding repositories as it is...

4 CentOS users:

If you have some extra time. Investigate YumEx that provides a Graphical front-end to yum. You can find it if you add the CentOS extras repository.

Creating user accounts Next we will create some accounts.

Graphical tool 1 Login as root on the graphical desktop.

2 Open the "System" menu "Administration" -> "Users and groups"

3 Add a new user.

Username: student1

Full name: First Student

Password: secret

Leave the other choices at their default value.

Accept the notices about password security!

4 Check the account expiration data for your own personal account.


Double click on the user account.

Goto the "Account Info" and "Password Info" panes.

Account expiration will disallow all login (even with a correct password) after the date

Password expiration just forces regular password changes

5 Check your group memberships.

6 Close user manager.

useradd command 1 Open a terminal window.

Open the "Applications" start menu "System Tools" -> "Terminal".

2 Change to the root user with su. [user@system ~]$ su - Password secret [root@system ~]#

3 Add a user with the useradd command. [root@system ~]# useradd -c "Second Student" student2

The -c flag sets a Full Name for the user. Always a good idea on a busy system.

4 Next set a password for the new user: [root@system ~]# passwd student2 Changing password for user student2. New UNIX password: secret BAD PASSWORD: it is based on a dictionary word Retype new UNIX password: secret passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.

Note how the weak password is accepted because we are root!

Only root may give a username argument to passwd to change the password of someone else.

5 Switch to a virtual terminal. Try to login as the new user.

Press to go to virtual terminal #1.

Login as student2 / secret

6 Try changing the password of this user.

First try a simple word like "unknown", then to something that is accepted!

You need to mix upper, lower case and some punctuation characters.

7 Inspect the hidden files in the new users home directory. [student2@system ~]$ ls -a ./ ../ .bash_history .bash_logout .bash_profile .bashrc .emacs .gtkrc

Compare those to /etc/skel. [student2@system ~]$ ls -a /etc/skel ./ ../ .bash_logout .bash_profile .bashrc .emacs .gtkrc [student2@system ~]$

File .bash_history is not in /etc/skel. It was created during our first login.

password recovery 1 As root set a new password for one of the accounts you just created.

[student2@system ~]$ su - .-.-.- [root@system ~]# passwd student2

Only root can do this!

2 Switch to a virtual terminal, and try to login using the new password.


Network configuration Now we will inspect our network configuration.

Graphical tools Do not change any settings, as we need the network later! We just use the tool to show what's possible with it.

1 open the "System" menu then choose

"Preferences" -> "System" -> "Network".

2 How are the network settings for eth0 configured? Static of with DHCP?

3 What other network interfaces are there?

See the list in the main window.

4 How is DNS configured?

Go to the DNS tab.

5 Check your firewall settings.

Open the "System" menu then choose "Administration"-> "Firewall and SELinux".

Make sure it set to "Disabled"

Do not enable or change the firewall at this moment.

Network check commands 1 Open a terminal window for root.

[student1@system ~]$ su - Password: secret [root@gast244 ~]#

2 Use the ifconfig command to show your network configuration. [root@system ~]# ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:11:25:AB:55:28 inet addr:192.168.65.244 Bcast:192.168.65.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::211:25ff:feab:5528/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:44119 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:40099 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 RX bytes:6009052 (5.7 MiB) TX bytes:19254028 (18.3 MiB) Base address:0x2000 Memory:d0120000-d0140000 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:5341 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:5341 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:37420506 (35.6 MiB) TX bytes:37420506 (35.6 MiB)

3 Use the ping command to ping your neighbor. [root@system ~]# ping 192.168.65.245

4 Use ifdown eth0. Then try to ping your neighbor again.

You can't ping without an interface: No route to host!

5 Use ifconfig again.

Is eth0 in the list?

No.


6 Now bring up the interface eth0 again.


What about eth0?

It's back.

8 Use netstat -rn.

Where does your default gateway point to?

Try pinging it. [root@system ~]# ping 192.168.1.65

9 Show your firewall settings: [root@system ~]# iptables -L -v

10 Set the security level to secure with lokkit. [root@system ~]# lokkit

11 Show the firewall settings again. [root@system ~]# iptables -L -v

12 Reset the security level to no firewall.

Check to make sure you have no rules in the firewall!

13 Use the dig command to see th IP address for www.redhat.com.

The address is in the ANSWER section: . . ;; ANSWER SECTION: www.redhat.com. 300 IN A 66.187.232.50 . .

14 Do traceroute www.redhat.com. [root@system ~]# traceroute www.redhat.com

(Only works with full internet connectivity. A firewall may block the command.)

15 Let's look at the network interface itself:

Run the ethtool: [root@system ~]# ethtool eth0 Settings for eth0: Supported ports: [ TP ] Supported link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full 100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full 1000baseT/Full Supports auto-negotiation: Yes Advertised link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full 100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full 1000baseT/Full Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes Speed: 1000Mb/s Duplex: Full Port: Twisted Pair PHYAD: 0 Transceiver: internal Auto-negotiation: on Supports Wake-on: umbg Wake-on: d Current message level: 0x00000007 (7) Link detected: yes

16 What driver is your card using? In which bus slot? [root@system ~]# ethtoo -i eth0 driver: e1000 version: 7.3.20-k2-NAPI firmware-version: N/A bus-info: 0000:0b:07.0


Adding a printer Finally we will add a printer. Your instructor should provide you with the details of the printer. If there is not printer available we will install a printer that is offered by the instructor.

Ask your instructor for the printer information and record it here:

Printer information Value Connection type

.... Via Network direct to printer using .... Using RAW protocol (tcp/9100) .... Using LPD protocol .... Using IPP protocol .... Via Network on other CUPS server .... Via Network using LPD server .... Via Network using SMB (Windows)

IP address

Manufacturer

Printer Type

IP Address

Add a printer 1 Open the "System" menu -> "Administration" -> "Printing"

2 Click on new printer.

Enter a name and Description for the new printer.

Enter your name as "location" so we can recognize printers in the classroom.

3 Choose the appropriate connection and hostname for the printer connection.

Choose "AppSocket/HP JetDirect" for a printer with a network interface. Use the setting your instructor gave you.

4 Choose make and model.

5 Click on the newly installed Local printer and check its options.

Check paper size and print a test page.

6 Click on the "Server Settings" on the left pane.

Enable sharing of printers on the system by checking "Share published printers connected to this system".

7 Leave the printers tool.

8 Open a web browser onto http://localhost:631 to open the CUPS home page.

Inspect your printer on the CUPS server.

Inspect your printer's "Set Printer Options"

9 If you refresh the "Printers" page after some time you should see the printers from other systems start appearing.


This happens because you shared your printers earlier.

10 Have a quick peek at CUPS documentation.

Click on the "Documentation/Help" tab in the browser.

Click on "Getting started" read "Printing and Options" and "Standard Printing options". The -o option of the command line utilities allow you to specify print options. GUI applications provide these options in a Dialog box.

11 Inspect the /etc/printcap file that is maintained by CUPS for legacy applications. [root@system ~]# cat /etc/printcap # This file was automatically generated by cupsd(8) from the # /etc/cups/printers.conf file. All changes to this file # will be lost. printer|Color Laserjet 2650dtn:rm=system244.classroom.net:rp=printer: PDF_Printer|Print to PDF file on Desktop:rm=system244.classroom.net:rp=PDF_Printer:

12 Let's print a manual page using the command line.

Issue man -t ls | lp -d .

The -t option of man formats the manpage into PostScript, and the output is sent to lp which queues the request. You have to specify the name of your printer after -d. Looking at the printcap file of the last exercise that would be "printer" for the "Color Laserjet 2650dtn" of the example system.

If you wanted that double sided you could have given: man -t ls | lp -o sides=two-sided-long-edge

13 Quickly after the lp command type lpq to inspect the print queues. [root@system ~]# man -t ls | lp -d printer request id is printer-2 (1 file(s)) [root@system ~]# lpq printer is ready and printing Rank Owner Job File(s) Total Size active root 2 (stdin) 24576 bytes

Stopping Linux Finally a small lab for identifying Linux and stopping it.

Identify Linux 1 List the contents of /etc/redhat-release.

[student1@system ~]$ cat /etc/redhat-release Fedora release 9 (Moonshine)

Or on a RedHat system: [student1@rhsystem ~]$ cat /etc/redhat-release Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 5 (Tikanga)

2 And look at the contents of /proc/version. [student1@system ~]$ cat /proc/version Linux version 2.6.22.7-85.fc9 ([email protected]) (gcc version 4.1.2 20070502 (Red Hat 4.1.2-12)) #1 SMP Fri Sep 21 19:53:05 EDT 2007

On RedHat [student1@rhsystem ~]$ cat /proc/version Linux version 2.6.18-8.1.6.el5xen ([email protected]) (gcc version 4.1.1 20070105 (Red Hat 4.1.1-52)) #1 SMP Fri Jun 1 19:23:33 EDT 2007

The difference is a small extension to the kernel version string....

3 Finally the uname -a command: [student1@system ~]$ uname -a Linux system 2.6.22.7-85.fc9 #1 SMP Fri Sep 21 19:53:05 EDT 2007 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux

Notice the same small addition to the kernel version string!

4 Run dmidecode to look at serial numbers / installed hardware.


This is useful if you need to supply information to the manufacturer for support calls etc. [root@system ~]# dmidecode # dmidecode 2.7 SMBIOS 2.3 present. 87 structures occupying 2861 bytes. Table at 0x000F9BB0. Handle 0x0000, DMI type 0, 20 bytes. BIOS Information Vendor: Dell Computer Corporation Version: A01 Release Date: 09/02/2004 Address: 0xF0000 Runtime Size: 64 kB ROM Size: 1024 kB Characteristics: ISA is supported PCI is supported Handle 0x0300, DMI type 3, 17 bytes. Chassis Information Manufacturer: Dell Computer Corporation Type: Main Server Chassis Lock: Present Version: Not Specified Serial Number: 5CHMC2J Asset Tag: Not Specified Boot-up State: Safe Power Supply State: Safe Thermal State: Safe Security Status: Unknown OEM Information: 0x00000000

5 Run lshal to see a listing of recognized hardware: [root@system ~]# lshal Dumping 100 device(s) from the Global Device List: ------------------------------------------------- udi = '/org/freedesktop/Hal/devices/computer' info.callouts.add = {'hal-storage-cleanup-all-mountpoints'} (string list) org.freedesktop.Hal.Device.SystemPowerManagement.method_execpaths = {'hal-system-power-suspend', 'hal-system-power-suspend-clear-error', 'hal-system-power-hibernate', 'hal-system-power-hibernate-clear-error', 'hal-system-power-shutdown', 'hal-system-power-reboot', 'hal-system-power-set-power-save'} (string list) org.freedesktop.Hal.Device.SystemPowerManagement.method_argnames = {'num_seconds_to_sleep', '', '', '', '', '', 'enable_power_save'} (string list) org.freedesktop.Hal.Device.SystemPowerManagement.method_signatures = {'i', '', '', '', '', '', 'b'} (string list) org.freedesktop.Hal.Device.SystemPowerManagement.method_names = {'Suspend', 'SuspendClearError', 'Hibernate', 'HibernateClearError', 'Shutdown', 'Reboot', 'SetPowerSave'} (string list)

6 Run lspci -v and lsusb -v to see a listing of PCI and USB devices in the system. root@system:~# lspci -v 02:0e.0 RAID bus controller: Dell PowerEdge Expandable RAID controller 4 (rev 06) Subsystem: Dell PowerEdge Expandable RAID Controller 4e/Di Flags: bus master, stepping, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency 64, IRQ 20 Memory at fa0f0000 (32-bit, prefetchable) [size=64K] Memory at fe9c0000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=256K] Expansion ROM at fea00000 [disabled] [size=128K] Capabilities: [c0] Power Management version 2 Capabilities: [d0] Message Signalled Interrupts: 64bit+ Queue=0/1 Enable- Capabilities: [e0] PCI-X non-bridge device

7 Take a brief look at the files in /lib/modules/. Open modules.pcimap and modules.usbmap. These contain driver / Identification string information. root@system:~# cd /lib/modules/2.6.22-14-generic/ [root@system 2.6.18-53.1.4.el5xen]# head -10 modules.pcimap # pci module vendor device subvendor subdevice class class_mask data heci 0x00008086 0x00002974 0xffffffff 0xffffffff 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x0 heci 0x00008086 0x00002984 0xffffffff 0xffffffff 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x0 heci 0x00008086 0x00002994 0xffffffff 0xffffffff 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x0 heci 0x00008086 0x000029a4 0xffffffff 0xffffffff 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x0 heci 0x00008086 0x000029b4 0xffffffff 0xffffffff 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x0 heci 0x00008086 0x000029c4 0xffffffff 0xffffffff 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x0 heci 0x00008086 0x000029e4 0xffffffff 0xffffffff 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x0


heci 0x00008086 0x000029f4 0xffffffff 0xffffffff 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x0 nozomi 0x00001931 0x0000000c 0xffffffff 0xffffffff 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x0 [root@system 2.6.18-53.1.4.el5xen]# head -10 modules.usbmap # usb module match_flags idVendor idProduct bcdDevice_lo bcdDevice_hi bDeviceClass bDeviceSubClass bDeviceProtocol bInterfaceClass bInterfaceSubClass bInterfaceProtocol driver_info lmpcm_usb 0x0003 0x046d 0xc50e 0x0000 0x0000 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x0 appleir 0x0003 0x05ac 0x8240 0x0000 0x0000 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x0 isight_usb 0x0003 0x05ac 0x8501 0x0000 0x0000 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x0

8 Print the contents of:

/proc/cpuinfo, /proc/interrupts, /proc/ioports and /proc/iomem. [root@system ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo processor : 0 vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 15 model : 4 model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.80GHz ... processor : 1 vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 15 model : 4 model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.80GHz

This system has a Hyperthreading CPU that shows up as two CPU's. [root@system ~]# cat /proc/interrupts CPU0 CPU1 1: 269 0 Phys-irq i8042 5: 0 0 Phys-irq parport0 6: 7 0 Phys-irq floppy 8: 1 0 Phys-irq rtc

You get a listing of all interrupt assignments... [root@system ~]# cat /proc/ioports 0000-001f : dma1 0020-0021 : pic1 0040-0043 : timer0 0050-0053 : timer1 0060-006f : keyboard 0070-0077 : rtc

And a listing of the IO port assignment... [root@system ~]# cat /proc/iomem 00000000-0009ffff : System RAM 000a0000-000bffff : Video RAM area 000cb000-000cbfff : Adapter ROM 000cc000-000ccfff : Adapter ROM

And a listing of the layout of main memory...

These assignments are not used very often anymore on modern systems as everything is auto configured. But on older systems you had to consult this if you wanted to set jumpers on expansion cards!

Stopping the machine 1 Read the man page for shutdown(8)

system:~ # man 8 shutdown

Notice that you can send a message waring the users of the upcoming shutdown.

Read the part about the time formats: absolute and relative times.

2 Read the manpage for sync(1).

This command will flush the buffer cache to disk. It is automatically called by the shutdown scripts.

3 Read the manpage for poweroff(8).

This page actually describes several commands to stop / reboot the system.

A reboot will bring the system to runlevel 6.

A halt will bring the system to runlevel 0.

4 Let's reboot our system in 2 minutes with the command line tool shutdown:


system:~ # shutdown -r +2 "Shutdown because of lab exercise" Broadcast message from root (pts/0) (Tue Oct 9 14:30:31 2007): Shutdown because of lab exercise The system is going DOWN for reboot in 2 minutes! Broadcast message from root (pts/0) (Tue Oct 9 14:31:31 2007): Shutdown because of lab exercise The system is going DOWN for reboot in 1 minute! Broadcast message from root (pts/0) (Tue Oct 9 14:32:31 2007): Shutdown because of lab exercise The system is going down for reboot NOW!

On the console you will see the shutdown scripts doing their work...

5 In addition to the command line you can also shut the machine from the graphical login screen.

27

Let's configure our system. In this lab we will see the basic survival skills of the system administrator.

Prerequisites The user account we created during installation. We will try to access the Internet. This will only work if your site is properly connected to the Internet.

Changing display resolution First we will set the resolution of our display.

Using YaST and SaX2 1 Login with your personal account.

2 Open YaST and goto "Hardware" -> "Graphics Card and Monitor" to launch SaX2.

3 Check your monitor type and change it if needed.

Choose the vendor and monitor type. You may have to look at the back of your screen to determine the exact type.

4 Choose a resolution and test it!

When testing you will see a "test picture" and a button to accept the new setting.

If something is wrong you can press to quit the test and try another resolution.

5 When satisfied you save and quit SaX2.

6 Reboot your system for the new setting to take effect.

Rebooting is not strictly needed! Linux sysadmins do not like to reboot the whole system for minor configuration changes. You could go to a Virtual console, login as root and issue: rcxdm restart

This will reset the display manager and start one with the new settings.

The x.org tools 1 Look at the contents of /etc/X11/xorg.conf.

GUI: navigate to /etc/X11 and double click on xorg.conf to open if.

command line: less /etc/X11/xorg.conf

Unit 02S Basic system configuration


The file consists of sections. Look for the "ServerLayout". In this section the other parts are assembled into a server with keyboard, screen and mouse.

2 From a terminal window run xvidtune and play a little with the controls.

On LCD displays this may not have much influence as the display immediately compensates for any changes you make to the timings.

You really need to know the specs for the Display to know what you should enter here.

3 Press the "show" button to see a modeline statement.

This is the line you would add to your screen section of xorg.conf if you wanted to "save" these settings. We do not do this now.

4 Now we will test the xorg configuration tools.

First we will save a copy of our existing xorg.conf file so we can restore it later.

5 Logout from the GUI.

6 Switch to text console #1 and login as root

Press caf login: root passwd: secret

7 Rename the xorg.conf file to xorg.conf.original system219:~ # cd /etc/X11/ system219:/etc/X11 # mv xorg.conf xorg.conf.original

8 Now we have to stop the GUI system219:/etc/X11 # rcxdm stop Shutting down service gdm done

9 Run xorgconfig. system219:/etc/X11 # xorgconfig

Answer a few questions. Then quit the program with cC. We will not try to configure X using this program!

10 Now run xorgcfg and watch the screen. system219:/etc/X11 # xorgcfg X Window System Version 7.2.0 Release Date: Sat Sep 22 22:10:58 UTC 2007 X Protocol Version 11, Revision 0, Release 7.2 Build Operating System: openSUSE SUSE LINUX Current Operating System: Linux system219 2.6.22.5-31-default #1 SMP 2007/09/21 22:29:00 UTC i686

After some time a drawing with your hardware should appear.

Accept this and save it to /etc/X11/xorg.conf; This is done by clicking "quit" to leave then accept the default config file location.

11 Restart your GUI: system219:/etc/X11 # rcxdm start Starting service gdm done

You should be able to login again.

12 Now we will reset our original configuration. system219:/etc/X11 # cd /etc/X11 system219:/etc/X11 # mv xorg.conf.original xorg.conf system219:/etc/X11 # rcxdm restart Shutting down service gdm done Starting service gdm done system219:/etc/X11 #

13 Login on the GUI and navigate to /usr/share/sax/api/data/cdb/ Open file Monitors.

This file contains sync settings for many popular displays so you do not have to figure them out from the display documentation.

Close the file after examination.

Unit 02S Basic system configuration 29

Installing software Adding software after installation

Graphical tools 1 In YaST choose "Software" -> "Installation Source"

In this window you can set possible source for software.

By default the CD should be listed.

You could add a network source here such as:

http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/10.3/repo/oss/ (For non Open Source Software or "oss" for open software). The URL should match your distribution (SLES, or OpenSuSE) and version (10, 10.2 or 10.3). By browsing http://software.opensuse.org/ you can find the repository for your distribution and version. A list of mirrors near you is at http://en.opensuse.org/Mirrors_ Released_Version

It is difficult to find the root of a distribution tree, but usually it is a "repo" directory. You need to experiment a little as the directory structure changes often between OpenSuSE releases at the moment...

Do not change the sources for now.... Too many people downloading in the classroom may slow the network! If you want to experiment a little more do so when fewer people are using the network.

2 Observe the state of the Software Catalogs: On or Off!

3 Leave the Installation Source screen by clicking "Abort".

4 Open "Software management"

5 In the filter box choose "Package groups"

Goto "Amusements" -> "Games" -> "Logic"

6 Choose "Ltris" a Tetris clone with Multiplayer and CPU opponents.

7 Choose Accept

Make sure you have the installation CD in the drive

8 The program is installed. Try it in the "Games" section of "More Applications"

9 Choose not to install more applications and leave Software Management.

10 OpenSuse 10.2 also supports ZENworks to install applications you can access it via the "Install Software" option on the main menu.

Rumor has it that the OpenSuSE team wants to move away from ZENworks....

Open "Install software". Be patient as the application may be quite slow....

If you want you can install something with it but proceed to the next exercise immediately as you have to wait quite some time...

It's advised to skip this step for now. The next step will use the program anyway.

11 Browse the installation DVD on your desktop.

Double click the DVD icon on the desktop and go to the "suse/i586" directory.

12 Double click on xpenguins-2-2-663.i586.rpm and install it.

Be patient with "Install software"!

13 Run xpenguins.


"More Applications" -> "New Applications"

To stop the "application" you have to issue killall xpenguins on a command line.

Text tools 1 From a root terminal window make a list of all installed packages.

# rpm -qa

2 Show detailed information about the ltris package we installed earlier. # rpm -qi ltris

You need a package name here, not a rpm filename!

3 List the description of package of xsnow from the DVD.

This package is NOT installed at present, so you need to use the -p flag and the filename as opposed to the package name.

Packages are on the DVD in directory /media/SUSE1020.001/suse/i586. system:~ # cd /media/SU1020.001/suse/i586/ system:/media/SU1020.001/suse/i586 # rpm -qip xsnow-1.42-293.i586.rpm Name : xsnow Relocations: (not relocatable) Version : 1.42 Vendor: SUSE LINUX Products GmbH, Nuernberg, Germany Release : 293 Build Date: Tue Nov 28 02:35:09 2006 Install Date: (not installed) Build Host: kalman.suse.de Group : Amusements/Toys/Background Source RPM: xsnow-1.42-293.src.rpm Size : 102228 License: Public Domain, Freeware, Other License(s), see package Signature : DSA/SHA1, Tue Nov 28 02:48:27 2006, Key ID a84edae89c800aca Packager : http://bugs.opensuse.org URL : http://www.euronet.nl/~rja/Xsnow/ Summary : A Christmas Animation Description : A nice animation. Santa Claus drives across the screen, pulled by his reindeer. It snows and the snow accumulates on top of the windows. Authors: Rick Jansen Distribution: openSUSE 10.2 (i586)

4 Install xsnow and run it. system:~# rpm -ivh /media/SUSE1020.001/suse/i586/xsnow-1.42-293.i386.rpm system:~# xsnow ^c system:~#

5 Remove the package. system:# rpm -e xsnow

Creating user accounts Next we will create some accounts.

Graphical tool 1 Login as root on the graphical desktop.

2 Open "System" -> "Yast"

3 Choose "Security and Users" -> "Users management"

4 Add a new user.

Full name: First Student

Username: student1

Password: secret


Accept the notices about password security!

5 Check the account expiration data for your own personal account.

Choose your account from the list, then go to the "Password settings" tab.

6 Check your group memberships.

This can be seen on the "Details" page.

7 Close user manager.

The useradd command 1 Open a terminal window.

Open the start menu More Application -> System -> Gnome Terminal.

2 Change to the root user with su. user@system:~> su - Password secret system:~#

3 Add a user with the useradd command. system:~# useradd -m -c "Second Student" student2

You need the -m flag to create a home directory for the user.

The -c flag sets a Full Name for the user. Always a good idea on a busy system.

4 Next you have to set a password for the new user. system:~# passwd student2 Changing password for student2 New Password: secret Bad Password: Too simple Reenter New Password: secret Password changed.

Note how the weak password is accepted because we are root!

Only root may give a username argument to passwd to change the password of someone else.

5 Switch to a virtual terminal. Try to login as the new user.

Press to go to virtual terminal #1.

Login as student2 / secret

6 Try changing the password of this user.

First try a simple word like "unknown", then to something that is accepted!

You need to mix upper, lower case and some punctuation characters.

7 Inspect the hidden files in the new users home directory. student2@system:~> ls -a

Compare those to /etc/skel. student2@system:~> ls -a /etc/skel

password recovery 1 As root set a new password for one of the accounts you just created.

[student2@system ~]$ su - .-.-.- [root@system ~]# passwd student2

Only root can do this!

2 Switch to a virtual terminal, and try to login using the new password.


Network configuration Now we will inspect our network configuration.

Graphical tools Do not change any settings, as we need the network later! We just use the tool to show what's possible with it.

1 Open the main menu "More Applications"-> "System" -> "YaST".

2 Choose "Network devices" -> "Network Card"

3 How are the network settings for eth0 configured? Static of with DHCP?

4 What other network interfaces are there?

See the list in the main window.

5 How is DNS configured?

Go to the DNS tab.

The DNS settings are probably supplied by your DHCP server, you can however view the current settings.

6 Check your firewall settings for this interface on the General tab.

Make sure it set to "Firewall Disabled"!

7 Check the firewall settings in YaST -> "Users and Security" -> Firewall

Do not change anything!

Inspect the interface zone definitions, masquerading and exceptions.

Network check commands 1 Open the main menu and choose "More Applications" -> "System" -> network tools.

This will open the graphical network check toolbox.

Experiment a little with the tools in the various panes.

Try to ping your neighbour.

2 Use the root terminal window.

3 Use the ifconfig command in a terminal window to show your network configuration. user@system:~> su - Password: secret system:~ # ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:06:93:20:15:EC inet addr:192.168.65.219 Bcast:192.168.65.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::206:93ff:fe20:15ec/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST NOTRAILERS RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:174125 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:155875 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:33204918 (31.6 Mb) TX bytes:118142859 (112.6 Mb) Interrupt:201 Base address:0xe000 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:20 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:20 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0


RX bytes:1200 (1.1 Kb) TX bytes:1200 (1.1 Kb)

4 Use the ping command to ping your neighbor. system:~ # ping 192.168.65.218

5 Use ifdown eth0. Then try to ping your neighbor again.

You can't ping without an interface: No route to host!


Is eth0 in the list?

No.

7 Now bring up the interface eth0 again.


What about eth0?

It's back.

9 Use netstat -rn.

Where does your default gateway point to?

The entry with destination 0.0.0.0 is the default route of your system.

Try pinging it. system:~ # ping 192.168.1.65

10 Show your firewall settings: system:~ # iptables -L -v

There should be no rules as we turned off the firewall at installation.

11 Open the firewall management in YaST

Choose "Security and users" -> " Firewall"

12 Inspect and note that your interface is in the "External zone".

Add the ssh and " HTTP server" service to "allowed services".

Click next to install the new rules.

13 Return to the firewall setup screen of YaST and turn on the Firewall.

14 Show your firewall settings again: system:~ # iptables -L -v

There should be numerous rules including rules for http and ssh: 0 0 LOG tcp -- any any anywhere anywhere limit: avg 3/min burst 5 tcp dpt:http flags:FIN,SYN,RST,ACK/SYN LOG level warning tcp-options 0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- any any anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:http 1 60 LOG tcp -- any any anywhere anywhere limit: avg 3/min burst 5 tcp dpt:ssh flags:FIN,SYN,RST,ACK/SYN LOG level warning tcp-options 1 60 ACCEPT tcp -- any any anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:ssh

15 Return to the firewall setup screen of YaST and turn OFF the Firewall!

Check that the firewall ruleset is empty!

16 Use the dig command to see th IP address for www.suse.com.

The address is in the ANSWER section: system:~ # dig www.suse.com ; DiG 9.3.2 www.suse.com ;; global options: printcmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER


suse.com. 300 IN NS ns1.suse.de. suse.com. 300 IN NS ns2.suse.de. ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: ns1.suse.de. 14400 IN A 195.135.220.2 ns2.suse.de. 14400 IN A 195.135.220.15 ;; Query time: 410 msec ;; SERVER: 192.168.65.1#53(192.168.65.1) ;; WHEN: Fri Sep 28 11:38:42 2007 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 121 Do traceroute www.redhat.com. # traceroute www.redhat.com

(Only works with full internet connectivity. A firewall may block this command.)

17 Let's look at the network interface itself:

Run the ethtool: system:~ # ethtool eth0 Settings for eth0: Supported ports: [ TP ] Supported link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full 100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full 1000baseT/Full Supports auto-negotiation: Yes Advertised link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full 100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full 1000baseT/Full Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes Speed: 1000Mb/s Duplex: Full Port: Twisted Pair PHYAD: 0 Transceiver: internal Auto-negotiation: on Supports Wake-on: umbg Wake-on: d Current message level: 0x00000007 (7) Link detected: yes

18 What driver is your card using? In which bus slot? system:~ # ethtool -i eth0 driver: tg3 version: 3.77 firmware-version: 5751m-v3.29a bus-info: 0000:10:00.0

Adding a Printer Finally we will add a printer. Your instructor should provide you with the details of the printer. If there is not printer available we will install a printer that is offered by the instructor.

Ask your instructor for the printer information and record it here:

Printer information Value Connection type

.... Via Network direct to printer using .... Using RAW protocol (tcp/9100) .... Using LPD protocol .... Using IPP protocol .... Via Network on other CUPS server .... Via Network using LPD server .... Via Network using SMB (Windows)

IP address

Manufacturer


Printer Type

IP Address

Add a printer 1 Open YaST -> "Hardware" -> "Printer"

2 Click "Add"

3 Choose connection type "Network".

4 Choose network connection type as noted above.

5 Enter hostname and test the connection

6 Enter a description and enter your name as "location" so we can see who is owning a printer in the classroom.

Make sure "Share printer" is on.

7 Choose Manufacturer and Model from the lists.

It is possible the system wants to install updated printer drivers. Allow this to happen.

8 Check the configuration options.

In particular Default paper Size: set it to what is common in your location.

Test the printer.

Testing is only useful if a printer is available.

9 Open a web browser onto http://localhost:631 to open the CUPS home page.

Inspect your printer on the CUPS server.

Inspect your printer's "Set Printer Options"

10 If you refresh the "Printers" page after some time you should see the printers from other systems start appearing.

This happens because you shared your printers earlier.

11 Have a quick peek at CUPS documentation.

Click on the "Documentation/Help" tab in the browser.

Click on "Getting started" read "Printing and Options" and "Standard Printing options". The -o option of the command line utilities allow you to specify print options. GUI applications provide these options in a Dialog box.

12 Inspect the /etc/printcap file that is maintained by CUPS for legacy applications. [root@system ~]# cat /etc/printcap # This file was automatically generated by cupsd(8) from the # /etc/cups/printers.conf file. All changes to this file # will be lost. printer|Color Laserjet 2650dtn:rm=system244.classroom.net:rp=printer: PDF_Printer|Print to PDF file on Desktop:rm=system244.classroom.net:rp=PDF_Printer:

13 Let's print a manual page using the command line.

Issue man -t ls | lp -d .

The -t option of man formats the manpage into PostScript, and the output is sent to lp which queues the request. You have to specify the name of your printer after -d. Looking at the printcap file of the last exercise that would be "printer" for the "Color Laserjet 2650dtn" of the example system.

If you wanted that double sided you could have given: man -t ls | lp -o sides=two-sided-long-edge


14 Quickly after the lp command type lpq to inspect the print queues. [root@system ~]# man -t ls | lp -d printer request id is printer-2 (1 file(s)) [root@system ~]# lpq printer is ready and printing Rank Owner Job File(s) Total Size active root 2 (stdin) 24576 bytes

Stopping Linux Finally a small lab for identifying Linux and stopping it.

Identify Linux 1 List the contents of /etc/SuSE-release.

student1@system:~> cat /etc/SuSE-release openSUSE 10.2 (i586) VERSION = 10.2

2 And look at the contents of /proc/version. student1@system:~> cat /proc/version Linux version 2.6.18.2-34-default (geeko@buildhost) (gcc version 4.1.2 20061115 (prerelease) (SUSE Linux)) #1 SMP Mon Nov 27 11:46:27 UTC 2006

3 Finally the uname -a command: student1@system:~> uname -a Linux system 2.6.18.2-34-default #1 SMP Mon Nov 27 11:46:27 UTC 2006 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux

Notice that it is hard to see the distribution from this output!

4 Run dmidecode to look for serial numbers / hardware etc: student1@system:~# dmidecode # dmidecode 2.9 SMBIOS 2.3 present. 23 structures occupying 972 bytes. Table at 0x000F2D5C. Handle 0x0000, DMI type 0, 20 bytes BIOS Information Vendor: Hewlett-Packard Version: 68DTV Ver. F.0E Release Date: 07/22/2005 Address: 0xE0000 Runtime Size: 128 kB ROM Size: 1024 kB Characteristics: PCI is supported PC Card (PCMCIA) is supported Handle 0x0003, DMI type 3, 13 bytes Chassis Information Manufacturer: Hewlett-Packard Type: Notebook Lock: Not Present Version: Not Specified Serial Number: CNU54049YS Asset Tag: CNU54049YS Boot-up State: Safe Power Supply State: Safe Thermal State: Safe Security Status: External Interface Enabled

5 Run lshal to see a listing of recognized hardware: student@system:~> lshal Dumping 117 device(s) from the Global Device List: ------------------------------------------------- udi = '/org/freedesktop/Hal/devices/computer' info.addons = {'hald-addon-cpufreq', 'hald-addon-acpi'} (string list) info.bus = 'unknown' (string) info.callouts.add = {'hal-storage-cleanup-all-mountpoints'} (string list)


info.capabilities = {'cpufreq_control'} (string list) info.interfaces = {'org.freedesktop.Hal.Device.SystemPowerManagement', 'org.freedesktop.Hal.Device.resmgr', 'org.freedesktop.Hal.Device.CPUFreq'} (string list) info.product = 'Computer' (string) info.subsystem = 'unknown' (string)

6 Run lspci -v and lsusb -v to see a listing of PCI and USB devices in the system. student@system:~> sudo lspci -v 10:00.0 Ethernet controller: Broadcom Corporation NetXtreme BCM5751M Gigabit Ethernet PCI Express (rev 11) Subsystem: Hewlett-Packard Company Unknown device 0934 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 16 Memory at c8000000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=64K] Capabilities: [48] Power Management version 2 Capabilities: [50] Vital Product Data Capabilities: [58] Message Signalled Interrupts: Mask- 64bit+ Queue=0/3 Enable- Capabilities: [d0] Express Endpoint IRQ 0 Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting Capabilities: [13c] Virtual Channel

7 Take a brief look at the files in /lib/modules/. Open modules.pcimap and modules.usbmap. These contain driver / Identification st

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LI121 Labs Demo v40