33
8/2/2019 LI Referencing (2008) v6 http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/li-referencing-2008-v6 1/33 ASSIGNMENT, REFERENCING, & STYLE GUIDELINES ACNT LIBRARY 2008 SERVICES  Australasian College of Natural Therapies 57 Foveaux Street, Surry Hills, NSW 2010, Australia PO Box K1356, Haymarket, NSW 1240, Australia www.acnt.edu.au © Australasian College of Natural Therapies - All Rights Reserved

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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

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ASSIGNMENT

REFERENCING ampSTYLE

GUIDELINES

ACNT LIBRARY

2008

SERVICES

Australasian College of Natural Therapies

57 Foveaux Street Surry Hills NSW 2010 AustraliaPO Box K1356 Haymarket NSW 1240 Australia

wwwacnteduau copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies - All Rights Reserved

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

INTRODUCTION

The documents compiled in this handout are extremely important in order to

pass the various modules and courses that you are undertaking at ACNT

The resources contained within this handout include

Guidelines For Thinking Critically

This is a guide for approaching studying and writing assignments Make sure you

make yourself familiar with this document as your successful application of the

principles will be assessed

Assignment Pre-Submission Checklist

This is a handout that you will need to consult before handing in assignments As

you will notice it is taken from the UNE submission guidelines The aim of this is

to introduce students to the academic rigour required by the university system

Donrsquot forget that most of you are currently enrolled in the Bachelor of Health

Science (or equivalent) thus you are considered to be tertiary students

Use this checklist every time before submitting written assignments

Referencing Guidelines

ACNT uses the same referencing guidelines as most health science departments

in Australian universities As many of our students are concurrently enrolled in

the Bachelor of Health Science Degree course it is important that students use

consistent referencing guidelines

Critiquing Web-based Resources

The Internet has become a widely used reference tool However not all web-

sites are what they appear to be These two articles will help you in your

selection of web-sites as a reference source

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TABLE OF CONTENT

GUIDELINES FOR THINKING CRITICALLY 4 ASSIGNMENT PRE-SUBMISSION CHECKLIST 6

Presentation 6 Essay Style7 Writing Style 7

ACNT REFERENCING GUIDELINES 9 THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM (HARVARD SYSTEM)15

Anonymous work 15 Authors- multiple 15 Authors- with same surname 17 Author single- multiple works in different years 17 Author single- multiple works in the same year 18 Authors - with the same name 18 Chapter in an Edited Book 19 Classic reprinted in a modern version 19 Indirect quotation 20 Journal Article 20 Online (electronic) Material 21 Paper presented at a conference seminar or meeting 22 Paper presented at a conference seminar or meeting and subsequently

published 22 Personal communications 22 Publication date-Approximate 23 Publication date- Dubious 24 Publication date- none 24 Publication date uncertain but in progress 25 Publication date uncertain but not in progress 25 Sponsored work without authors name 26 Thesis 26 Translated revised or compiled work 27 Unpublished work 27 Work other than a first edition 28

THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB RESOURCES29 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES 32

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

GUIDELINES FOR THINKINGCRITICALLY

Critical thinking should not be equated with negative thinking itrsquos not a matter of

learning how to tear down otherrsquos ideas Rather critical thinkers carefully

subject others ideas - and their own - to careful systematic objective

evaluation The guidelines shown here (from Wade amp Tavris 1990) provide a

succinct overview of what it means to think critically

1 Ask Questions ndash Be Willing to Wonder

To think critically you must be willing to think creatively - that Is to be curious

about the puzzles of human behaviour to wonder why and to question received

explanations and examine new ones

2 Define the Problem

Identify the issues Involved in clear and concrete terms rather than vague

generalities such as lsquohappinessrsquo or lsquopotentialrsquo What do terms mean exactly

3 Examine the Evidence

Consider the nature of the evidence that supports all aspects of the problem

under examination

Is it reliable Valid Is it someones personal assertion or speculation Does the

evidence come from one or two narrow studies or from repeated research

4 Analyse Biases amp Assumptions

Including your own and those of others What prejudices deeply held values

arid other personal biases do you bring to your evaluation of a problem Are you

willing to consider evidence that contradicts your beliefs Be sure you can

identify the biases of others in order to evaluate their arguments as well

5 Avoid Emotional Reasoning

(I feel this way it must be true) Remember that everyone holds convictions and

ideas about how the world should operate - and that your opponents are as

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

serious about their convictions as you are about yours Feelings are important

but they should not substitute for careful appraisal of arguments and evidence

6 Dont Oversimplify

Lock beyond the obvious Reject simplistic either-or thinking Look for logical

contradictions in arguments Be wary of lsquoarguments by anecdote

7 Consider Other Interpretations

Before you leap to conclusions think about other explanations Be especially

careful about assertions of cause and effect

8 Tolerate Uncertainty

This may be the hardest step in becoming a critical thinker for it requires the

ability to accept some guiding ideas and beliefs - yet the willingness to give them

up when evidence and experience contradict them

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ASSIGNMENT PRE-SUBMISSION CHECKLIST

Adapted from UNE Assignment Pre-Submission Checklist

PRESENTATION

bull The assignment should be stapled in the top left corner

bull It should have a cover sheet and a title page

bull It should be 15 spaced typing

bull Its pages should be numbered in the top right or bottom right corner

with a figure only (not Roman numeral p or page) Not necessary to

number the title page

bull There should be a three centimetre margin on both sides as well as at the

top and bottom of each page

bull There should not be a header with your name student number or other

details on every page The top of each page is conventionally reserved forpage numbers and the bottom for footnotes

bull It should be in an easy read sufficiently dark print for a marker to read

without needing a spotlight and magnifying glass 12 point or 14 point

Times font or equivalent size is best

bull A justified format is best (straight margins on both sides)

bull Assignment should be placed in a clear cover DO NOT USE FOLDERS

COVERS etc

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ESSAY STYLE

bull There should be an introduction at the beginning of the essay containing

the words This essay focuses onhellip or This essay examines explores

discusses describes compares critically analyseshellip The introduction

should contain no bracketed references and no quotes It is not under a

heading

bull A conclusion contains such content as deductions implications

speculations suggestions and directions for future research should be

included It should not contain any bracketed references or quotes It is

not under a heading except if otherwise indicated

bull Check you have answered the question If you have not you are unlikely

to pass the assessment no matter how good your essay is

bull References within the text to cite the sources of information presented

are essential including the page number

bull A list of references containing only those authors cited in the body of the

essay should be included This must be placed on a separate page from

the essay

bull Reference using the Harvard system (Author-date-page)

bull Appendices should be kept to a minimum When they are necessary they

go after the reference list Whole articles should not be attached

WRITING STYLE

bull Paragraphs should be a minimum of four and maximum of ten sentences

along and should not be indented There should be a space between each

paragraph no gaps in the middles and no one -or two-sentence

paragraphs

bull Punctuation goes after brackets not before it

bull There should be no definitions derived from English dictionaries

encyclopaedias and magazines Time Life books or Readers Digest only

from the literature of your discipline

bull Mainly objective language should be used (avoid personal terms such as I

We us you our one and they)

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

bull No sexist or racist terms should be used

bull Only the approved abbreviations should be used Avoid eg ie etc

wasnt dont etc

bull Short quotes should be in single quotations within paragraphs

bull Long quotes of more than thirty words should be indented single spaces

without quotation marks not in italics the same size font as the rest of

the essay and extremely rare Paraphrasing demonstrates your

understanding much better

bull No numbered dot pointed alphabetized or quoted lists should be used

bull A computer spell check or other should be done

bull Proof read your essay for typing spelling and grammatical errors after

printing it out

bull An essay usually does not contain headings If however you are allowed

to use them then they should contain headings the following format

bull Just one per section not two (one beneath the other is inappropriate)

bull Not one for every paragraph

bull A statement about what is in the paragraphs below (not a question)

bull More than one word

bull The same size font as the rest of the essay

bull Title case or sentence case (minimal capitalization)

bull Not upper case (all capital letters)

bull In bold

bull No in italic

bull No fancy calligraphy

bull Without punctuation on the end (no colons or dashes)

bull Not on the same line as the paragraph begins

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ACNT REFERENCINGGUIDELINES

Adapted from httpwwwuneeduautlcstudentspublicationsreferencingpdf (UNE

style guide)

Introduction

Referencing is simply a meticulous and systematic method of presenting the

sources of ideas or information you may have borrowed from others The basic

purpose of referencing is to set your ideas in the context of those expressed by

others However novel your own thoughts about a particular subject or

phenomenon your ideas will have their historical antecedents even if your

thoughts are the antithesis of those expressed by others Referencing

demonstrates that you have considered the ideas of others in advancing your

own arguments andor in presenting factual data

Referencing

Many students have been confused by the fact that different styles of referencing

have been demanded by different disciplines within the University and sometimes

even by different lecturers in the same discipline Of course each discipline may

have special referencing and formatting requirements for a project report or a

thesis but most schools have been able to agree on these guidelines for standard

essays

While the referencing style presented here is acceptable to a majority of

disciplines within the University of New England students should be aware that

publishing houses and journalsperiodicals have different conventions for

referencing which authors will be required to follow when preparing work forpublication

There is no one correct way of referencing

Whichever style you are required to use it is important that you be consistent

within the one piece of work and follow the conventions as prescribed by your

audience - whether university lecturer or publisher

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Students may find that individual unit coordinators or academic areas prefer

variations of the approaches presented here If in doubt students should consult

their unit coordinators

Why Document

Full documentation is an essential part of any essay or thesis chapter It enables

the reader to follow up the source of ideas interpretations and information in

the essay and it makes clear when you are drawing your conclusions from the

evidence presented Failure to document adequately and fully is to ignore

scholarly rules and may mean that you may not receive full recognition for

originality

Documentation should be used not only to provide the source of a direct

quotation but also to give the source for any information ideas or interpretation

that you have used To state other peoples ideas as your own in the absence of

proper citation is considered to be theft of intellectual property the University

imposes harsh penalties for plagiarism (see Plagiarism for the Universitys rule on

plagiarism)

How to Document

There are various conventions with respect to acknowledging the works of

others and different disciplines have their own traditions Your choice of

referencing style will be determined largely by your discipline and unit

coordinator

Generally there are two main systems of documentation

Author-date system

Footnoting system

But there are many variations within them

The author-date system acknowledges the author and date of publication in thetext with full details of the work provided in the list of references at the end of

the text

The footnoting system places a raised numeral in the text which refers to either

a footnote or endnote that contains the full acknowledgment of the source A

bibliography may or may not be included Whichever system or variation is

chosen it must be used consistently

The author-date systems include the Harvard system which is widely used in law

sciences and cultural studies and the APA (American Psychological Association)

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

system which is used in the social sciences and some sciences The MLA

(Modern Language Association of America) system used by language and

literature scholars is similar to but not identical to APA Footnoting systems are

used in the creative arts and systems such as the CBE (Council of Biology

Editors) system and Vancouver system are used in chemistry mathematics andmedicine (Putnis amp Petelin 1996282)

More information on the above documentation systems may be obtained in the

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological

Association 1983) (APA) the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers

(Gibaldi amp Achtert 1995) (MLA) and The CBE Manual for Authors Editors and

Publishers (Council of Biology Editors 1994)(CBE) There does not appear to be a

publication that officially defines the Harvard system and many guides use the

name Harvard interchangeably with their conventions for an author-date

system

The style adopted in presenting the following examples of author-date and

footnoting systems is based on the Style Manual for Authors Editors and Printers

(AGPS 1994) with some reference to Putnis and Petelin (1996) The online

referencing style has been developed by the editorial committee based on the

established referencing systems outlined above but consistent with the print

referencing styles in this style guide

List of referencesBibliography

A list of references contains only works mentioned or cited in the text while a

bibliography refers to both textual references and other works which may have

informed your thinking but may not have been explicitly cited

The author-date system depends on a full and detailed list of references or

bibliography at the end of the text The footnoting system may or may not be

accompanied by a bibliography There is no need for a list of references when

using the footnoting system for full citation details are provided in the notes

However students are advised to consult their unit coordinators to determine if a bibliography is required

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

How to Set Out Quotations

When quoting directly from any source you may incorporate the quotation into

your text in two ways If the quotation is short - less than about thirty words - itshould be contained within the text Longer quotations should be set as separate

passages

Short quotations should be enclosed within single quotation marks for example

We can ask whether violence is a basic element in a revolutionary

process as Arendt assumes when she writes that revolutions and wars

are not even conceivable outside the domain of violence

You would then acknowledge the source of the quotation by a reference to

author and date in the author-date system of documentation (see Author-Date)or by a footnote in the footnoting system (see Footnoting)

If the quotation exceeds about thirty words it should be set off from the text as

a block quotation Quotation marks are not used It is convention for the block

to be in single space regardless of the spacing of the main text

The hard-boiled detective is heroic because

however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to

his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost

him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett thecode is chiefly professional (Grella 19709)

Note that the full-stop is before the brackets

OR

Grella (19709) suggests that the hard-boiled detective is heroic because

however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to

his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost

him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett the

code is chiefly professional

When paraphrasing another persons words - whether they be the ideas

conveyed in two pages of a book or two sentences from a passage - you must

also acknowledge the source This can be done in a variety of ways one of which

is to precede the paraphrased section with a general phrase for example

Blainey believes hellip

Russell Ward states hellip

Weber questions hellip

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

You would still need to acknowledge the source of your ideas by a reference to

the author and date of publication using either referencing system

Square Brackets

Use square brackets to enclose words or phrases inserted in the text by

someone other than the author of the text

He writes in his biography that Although I grew up in Canberra I

was born in Perth [Scotland]

Square brackets are also used in quotations to indicate incorrect spelling

She wrote in her essay A dichotomy exists between the two

thoretical [sic] interpretations of the phenomenon

Points of Ellipsis

Points of ellipsis ( hellip ) in quotations indicate that material has been omitted

The following extract from the Guardian (12 April 19883) further

illustrates the importance of defence contracting for the major UK

companies

Eiris investigated companies involved in the construction of

nuclear bases those working on Star Wars research as well

as defence contractors for nuclear weapons systems hellip

Twenty six companies are working on nuclear weapons

systems or components the ten most important receiving

more than pound100 million from the Ministry of Defence in

19856

Use three points only even if the points come at the end of a sentence

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Check list

Whichever system of referencing you choose it is important to

maintain consistency throughout the work

be sure that each reference in the text has a corresponding reference in

the bibliography or list of references

ensure that the textual reference agrees in every detail with the

bibliographical reference

provide accurate and full details in the reference to enable the reader to

locate the source of the cited document

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)

Examples of textual and reference entries

ANONYMOUS WORK

Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon

In Text

Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the

reference by title thus

lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip

lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)

List of references

Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp

London

AUTHORS- MULTIPLE

In Text

i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate

their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order

(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)

ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more

authors in parentheses

(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)

(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)

However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in

the text

Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip

iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three

authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this

may cause ambiguity

(Butlin et al 1982)

Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip

List of references

Do not use et al in the list of references

i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-

developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165

Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan

Paul London

Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August

p 13

Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional

societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol

19 pp 504-522

ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra

Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire

Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO

Nijmegen

iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and

Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME

In Text

In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to

distinguish one from the other

FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip

(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)

Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within

parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the

surname)

List of references

Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature

vol 323 pp 327-330

Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central

Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS

In text

Arrange in chronological order by date of publication

(Thomson 1939 1956)

Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip

List of references

Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the

Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221

Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary

Supplement 21 April

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR

In text

Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references

to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of

the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles

Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that

(Bennett 1976a 1976b)

Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued

List of references

Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references

correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the

text

Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture

in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53

Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and

Human Adaptation Pergamon New York

AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME

In text

(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)

hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)

List of references

Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of

Nebraska Press Lincoln

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK

Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and

the edited book in the references

In text

(Chalmers 1986)

Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip

List of references

Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved

case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds

JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31

Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific

Method Reidel Dordreht

CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION

Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date

of the reprint

In text

(Darwin 1968 (1859))

List of references

Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural

Selection Penguin Harmondsworth

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

INDIRECT QUOTATION

To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted

reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references

In text

(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)

List of references

Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne

JOURNAL ARTICLE

In text

(Goodall 19907)

Goodall (19907) believes hellip

List of references

Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of

Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2

no 44 pp 7-8

Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL

For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for

references is as follows

bull authorrsquos surname and initials

bull date of publication

bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation

bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation

bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid

hyphenation which can cause confusion

For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this

Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating

Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm

An example of citing a web based database would be

Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing

acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions

(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database

httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=

IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING

In text

(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip

List of references

The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are

capitalised

Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin

and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on

Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED

In text

(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)

Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)

List of references

Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS

Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc

reference is made thus

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

In text

In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed

out that hellip

In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained

hellip

Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip

(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)

List of references

Do not list personal communications in the list of references

PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE

Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)

In text

Giles (c 1889) showed hellip

(Giles c 1889)

List of references

Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS

In text

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip

(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)

List of references

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of

the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp

Opportunity Perth

PUBLICATION DATE- NONE

In text

Kelly (nd) argued that hellip

(Kelly nd)

List of references

Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS

In text

Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip

(Slobodkin in press)

List of references

Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man

Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS

A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the

process of publication

In text

Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve

archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity

List of references

None

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME

If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the

name of the sponsoring organisation

In text

A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states

hellip

(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)

List of references

National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A

Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government

Publishing Service Canberra

THESIS

In text

(McBryde 196622)

McBryde (196622)

List of references

The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised

McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region

New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK

In text

(Galileo 1960)

(Wesson 1975)

List of references

Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of

Wisconsin Press Madison

Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove

Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic

UNPUBLISHED WORK

Include as much information as possible in the location of the document

In text

Danger (unpub) suggested hellip

(Dangar unpub)

List of references

Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-

1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION

In text

(Namier 19574)

Namier (19574)

List of references

Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd

edn Macmillan London

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES

By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding

Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based

World Wide Web Resources

Content amp Evaluation

Who is the audience

What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain

How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided

What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of

information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)

What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area

What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents

How comprehensive is this site

What are the link selection criteria if any

Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site

Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both

Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks

ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other

sites)

Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler

What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources

Are the links evaluated in any way

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

INTRODUCTION

The documents compiled in this handout are extremely important in order to

pass the various modules and courses that you are undertaking at ACNT

The resources contained within this handout include

Guidelines For Thinking Critically

This is a guide for approaching studying and writing assignments Make sure you

make yourself familiar with this document as your successful application of the

principles will be assessed

Assignment Pre-Submission Checklist

This is a handout that you will need to consult before handing in assignments As

you will notice it is taken from the UNE submission guidelines The aim of this is

to introduce students to the academic rigour required by the university system

Donrsquot forget that most of you are currently enrolled in the Bachelor of Health

Science (or equivalent) thus you are considered to be tertiary students

Use this checklist every time before submitting written assignments

Referencing Guidelines

ACNT uses the same referencing guidelines as most health science departments

in Australian universities As many of our students are concurrently enrolled in

the Bachelor of Health Science Degree course it is important that students use

consistent referencing guidelines

Critiquing Web-based Resources

The Internet has become a widely used reference tool However not all web-

sites are what they appear to be These two articles will help you in your

selection of web-sites as a reference source

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TABLE OF CONTENT

GUIDELINES FOR THINKING CRITICALLY 4 ASSIGNMENT PRE-SUBMISSION CHECKLIST 6

Presentation 6 Essay Style7 Writing Style 7

ACNT REFERENCING GUIDELINES 9 THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM (HARVARD SYSTEM)15

Anonymous work 15 Authors- multiple 15 Authors- with same surname 17 Author single- multiple works in different years 17 Author single- multiple works in the same year 18 Authors - with the same name 18 Chapter in an Edited Book 19 Classic reprinted in a modern version 19 Indirect quotation 20 Journal Article 20 Online (electronic) Material 21 Paper presented at a conference seminar or meeting 22 Paper presented at a conference seminar or meeting and subsequently

published 22 Personal communications 22 Publication date-Approximate 23 Publication date- Dubious 24 Publication date- none 24 Publication date uncertain but in progress 25 Publication date uncertain but not in progress 25 Sponsored work without authors name 26 Thesis 26 Translated revised or compiled work 27 Unpublished work 27 Work other than a first edition 28

THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB RESOURCES29 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES 32

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

GUIDELINES FOR THINKINGCRITICALLY

Critical thinking should not be equated with negative thinking itrsquos not a matter of

learning how to tear down otherrsquos ideas Rather critical thinkers carefully

subject others ideas - and their own - to careful systematic objective

evaluation The guidelines shown here (from Wade amp Tavris 1990) provide a

succinct overview of what it means to think critically

1 Ask Questions ndash Be Willing to Wonder

To think critically you must be willing to think creatively - that Is to be curious

about the puzzles of human behaviour to wonder why and to question received

explanations and examine new ones

2 Define the Problem

Identify the issues Involved in clear and concrete terms rather than vague

generalities such as lsquohappinessrsquo or lsquopotentialrsquo What do terms mean exactly

3 Examine the Evidence

Consider the nature of the evidence that supports all aspects of the problem

under examination

Is it reliable Valid Is it someones personal assertion or speculation Does the

evidence come from one or two narrow studies or from repeated research

4 Analyse Biases amp Assumptions

Including your own and those of others What prejudices deeply held values

arid other personal biases do you bring to your evaluation of a problem Are you

willing to consider evidence that contradicts your beliefs Be sure you can

identify the biases of others in order to evaluate their arguments as well

5 Avoid Emotional Reasoning

(I feel this way it must be true) Remember that everyone holds convictions and

ideas about how the world should operate - and that your opponents are as

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

serious about their convictions as you are about yours Feelings are important

but they should not substitute for careful appraisal of arguments and evidence

6 Dont Oversimplify

Lock beyond the obvious Reject simplistic either-or thinking Look for logical

contradictions in arguments Be wary of lsquoarguments by anecdote

7 Consider Other Interpretations

Before you leap to conclusions think about other explanations Be especially

careful about assertions of cause and effect

8 Tolerate Uncertainty

This may be the hardest step in becoming a critical thinker for it requires the

ability to accept some guiding ideas and beliefs - yet the willingness to give them

up when evidence and experience contradict them

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ASSIGNMENT PRE-SUBMISSION CHECKLIST

Adapted from UNE Assignment Pre-Submission Checklist

PRESENTATION

bull The assignment should be stapled in the top left corner

bull It should have a cover sheet and a title page

bull It should be 15 spaced typing

bull Its pages should be numbered in the top right or bottom right corner

with a figure only (not Roman numeral p or page) Not necessary to

number the title page

bull There should be a three centimetre margin on both sides as well as at the

top and bottom of each page

bull There should not be a header with your name student number or other

details on every page The top of each page is conventionally reserved forpage numbers and the bottom for footnotes

bull It should be in an easy read sufficiently dark print for a marker to read

without needing a spotlight and magnifying glass 12 point or 14 point

Times font or equivalent size is best

bull A justified format is best (straight margins on both sides)

bull Assignment should be placed in a clear cover DO NOT USE FOLDERS

COVERS etc

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ESSAY STYLE

bull There should be an introduction at the beginning of the essay containing

the words This essay focuses onhellip or This essay examines explores

discusses describes compares critically analyseshellip The introduction

should contain no bracketed references and no quotes It is not under a

heading

bull A conclusion contains such content as deductions implications

speculations suggestions and directions for future research should be

included It should not contain any bracketed references or quotes It is

not under a heading except if otherwise indicated

bull Check you have answered the question If you have not you are unlikely

to pass the assessment no matter how good your essay is

bull References within the text to cite the sources of information presented

are essential including the page number

bull A list of references containing only those authors cited in the body of the

essay should be included This must be placed on a separate page from

the essay

bull Reference using the Harvard system (Author-date-page)

bull Appendices should be kept to a minimum When they are necessary they

go after the reference list Whole articles should not be attached

WRITING STYLE

bull Paragraphs should be a minimum of four and maximum of ten sentences

along and should not be indented There should be a space between each

paragraph no gaps in the middles and no one -or two-sentence

paragraphs

bull Punctuation goes after brackets not before it

bull There should be no definitions derived from English dictionaries

encyclopaedias and magazines Time Life books or Readers Digest only

from the literature of your discipline

bull Mainly objective language should be used (avoid personal terms such as I

We us you our one and they)

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

bull No sexist or racist terms should be used

bull Only the approved abbreviations should be used Avoid eg ie etc

wasnt dont etc

bull Short quotes should be in single quotations within paragraphs

bull Long quotes of more than thirty words should be indented single spaces

without quotation marks not in italics the same size font as the rest of

the essay and extremely rare Paraphrasing demonstrates your

understanding much better

bull No numbered dot pointed alphabetized or quoted lists should be used

bull A computer spell check or other should be done

bull Proof read your essay for typing spelling and grammatical errors after

printing it out

bull An essay usually does not contain headings If however you are allowed

to use them then they should contain headings the following format

bull Just one per section not two (one beneath the other is inappropriate)

bull Not one for every paragraph

bull A statement about what is in the paragraphs below (not a question)

bull More than one word

bull The same size font as the rest of the essay

bull Title case or sentence case (minimal capitalization)

bull Not upper case (all capital letters)

bull In bold

bull No in italic

bull No fancy calligraphy

bull Without punctuation on the end (no colons or dashes)

bull Not on the same line as the paragraph begins

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ACNT REFERENCINGGUIDELINES

Adapted from httpwwwuneeduautlcstudentspublicationsreferencingpdf (UNE

style guide)

Introduction

Referencing is simply a meticulous and systematic method of presenting the

sources of ideas or information you may have borrowed from others The basic

purpose of referencing is to set your ideas in the context of those expressed by

others However novel your own thoughts about a particular subject or

phenomenon your ideas will have their historical antecedents even if your

thoughts are the antithesis of those expressed by others Referencing

demonstrates that you have considered the ideas of others in advancing your

own arguments andor in presenting factual data

Referencing

Many students have been confused by the fact that different styles of referencing

have been demanded by different disciplines within the University and sometimes

even by different lecturers in the same discipline Of course each discipline may

have special referencing and formatting requirements for a project report or a

thesis but most schools have been able to agree on these guidelines for standard

essays

While the referencing style presented here is acceptable to a majority of

disciplines within the University of New England students should be aware that

publishing houses and journalsperiodicals have different conventions for

referencing which authors will be required to follow when preparing work forpublication

There is no one correct way of referencing

Whichever style you are required to use it is important that you be consistent

within the one piece of work and follow the conventions as prescribed by your

audience - whether university lecturer or publisher

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Students may find that individual unit coordinators or academic areas prefer

variations of the approaches presented here If in doubt students should consult

their unit coordinators

Why Document

Full documentation is an essential part of any essay or thesis chapter It enables

the reader to follow up the source of ideas interpretations and information in

the essay and it makes clear when you are drawing your conclusions from the

evidence presented Failure to document adequately and fully is to ignore

scholarly rules and may mean that you may not receive full recognition for

originality

Documentation should be used not only to provide the source of a direct

quotation but also to give the source for any information ideas or interpretation

that you have used To state other peoples ideas as your own in the absence of

proper citation is considered to be theft of intellectual property the University

imposes harsh penalties for plagiarism (see Plagiarism for the Universitys rule on

plagiarism)

How to Document

There are various conventions with respect to acknowledging the works of

others and different disciplines have their own traditions Your choice of

referencing style will be determined largely by your discipline and unit

coordinator

Generally there are two main systems of documentation

Author-date system

Footnoting system

But there are many variations within them

The author-date system acknowledges the author and date of publication in thetext with full details of the work provided in the list of references at the end of

the text

The footnoting system places a raised numeral in the text which refers to either

a footnote or endnote that contains the full acknowledgment of the source A

bibliography may or may not be included Whichever system or variation is

chosen it must be used consistently

The author-date systems include the Harvard system which is widely used in law

sciences and cultural studies and the APA (American Psychological Association)

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

system which is used in the social sciences and some sciences The MLA

(Modern Language Association of America) system used by language and

literature scholars is similar to but not identical to APA Footnoting systems are

used in the creative arts and systems such as the CBE (Council of Biology

Editors) system and Vancouver system are used in chemistry mathematics andmedicine (Putnis amp Petelin 1996282)

More information on the above documentation systems may be obtained in the

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological

Association 1983) (APA) the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers

(Gibaldi amp Achtert 1995) (MLA) and The CBE Manual for Authors Editors and

Publishers (Council of Biology Editors 1994)(CBE) There does not appear to be a

publication that officially defines the Harvard system and many guides use the

name Harvard interchangeably with their conventions for an author-date

system

The style adopted in presenting the following examples of author-date and

footnoting systems is based on the Style Manual for Authors Editors and Printers

(AGPS 1994) with some reference to Putnis and Petelin (1996) The online

referencing style has been developed by the editorial committee based on the

established referencing systems outlined above but consistent with the print

referencing styles in this style guide

List of referencesBibliography

A list of references contains only works mentioned or cited in the text while a

bibliography refers to both textual references and other works which may have

informed your thinking but may not have been explicitly cited

The author-date system depends on a full and detailed list of references or

bibliography at the end of the text The footnoting system may or may not be

accompanied by a bibliography There is no need for a list of references when

using the footnoting system for full citation details are provided in the notes

However students are advised to consult their unit coordinators to determine if a bibliography is required

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

How to Set Out Quotations

When quoting directly from any source you may incorporate the quotation into

your text in two ways If the quotation is short - less than about thirty words - itshould be contained within the text Longer quotations should be set as separate

passages

Short quotations should be enclosed within single quotation marks for example

We can ask whether violence is a basic element in a revolutionary

process as Arendt assumes when she writes that revolutions and wars

are not even conceivable outside the domain of violence

You would then acknowledge the source of the quotation by a reference to

author and date in the author-date system of documentation (see Author-Date)or by a footnote in the footnoting system (see Footnoting)

If the quotation exceeds about thirty words it should be set off from the text as

a block quotation Quotation marks are not used It is convention for the block

to be in single space regardless of the spacing of the main text

The hard-boiled detective is heroic because

however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to

his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost

him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett thecode is chiefly professional (Grella 19709)

Note that the full-stop is before the brackets

OR

Grella (19709) suggests that the hard-boiled detective is heroic because

however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to

his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost

him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett the

code is chiefly professional

When paraphrasing another persons words - whether they be the ideas

conveyed in two pages of a book or two sentences from a passage - you must

also acknowledge the source This can be done in a variety of ways one of which

is to precede the paraphrased section with a general phrase for example

Blainey believes hellip

Russell Ward states hellip

Weber questions hellip

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

You would still need to acknowledge the source of your ideas by a reference to

the author and date of publication using either referencing system

Square Brackets

Use square brackets to enclose words or phrases inserted in the text by

someone other than the author of the text

He writes in his biography that Although I grew up in Canberra I

was born in Perth [Scotland]

Square brackets are also used in quotations to indicate incorrect spelling

She wrote in her essay A dichotomy exists between the two

thoretical [sic] interpretations of the phenomenon

Points of Ellipsis

Points of ellipsis ( hellip ) in quotations indicate that material has been omitted

The following extract from the Guardian (12 April 19883) further

illustrates the importance of defence contracting for the major UK

companies

Eiris investigated companies involved in the construction of

nuclear bases those working on Star Wars research as well

as defence contractors for nuclear weapons systems hellip

Twenty six companies are working on nuclear weapons

systems or components the ten most important receiving

more than pound100 million from the Ministry of Defence in

19856

Use three points only even if the points come at the end of a sentence

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Check list

Whichever system of referencing you choose it is important to

maintain consistency throughout the work

be sure that each reference in the text has a corresponding reference in

the bibliography or list of references

ensure that the textual reference agrees in every detail with the

bibliographical reference

provide accurate and full details in the reference to enable the reader to

locate the source of the cited document

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)

Examples of textual and reference entries

ANONYMOUS WORK

Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon

In Text

Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the

reference by title thus

lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip

lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)

List of references

Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp

London

AUTHORS- MULTIPLE

In Text

i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate

their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order

(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)

ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more

authors in parentheses

(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)

(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)

However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in

the text

Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip

iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three

authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this

may cause ambiguity

(Butlin et al 1982)

Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip

List of references

Do not use et al in the list of references

i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-

developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165

Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan

Paul London

Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August

p 13

Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional

societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol

19 pp 504-522

ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra

Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire

Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO

Nijmegen

iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and

Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME

In Text

In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to

distinguish one from the other

FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip

(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)

Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within

parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the

surname)

List of references

Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature

vol 323 pp 327-330

Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central

Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS

In text

Arrange in chronological order by date of publication

(Thomson 1939 1956)

Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip

List of references

Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the

Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221

Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary

Supplement 21 April

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR

In text

Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references

to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of

the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles

Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that

(Bennett 1976a 1976b)

Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued

List of references

Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references

correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the

text

Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture

in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53

Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and

Human Adaptation Pergamon New York

AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME

In text

(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)

hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)

List of references

Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of

Nebraska Press Lincoln

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK

Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and

the edited book in the references

In text

(Chalmers 1986)

Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip

List of references

Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved

case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds

JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31

Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific

Method Reidel Dordreht

CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION

Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date

of the reprint

In text

(Darwin 1968 (1859))

List of references

Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural

Selection Penguin Harmondsworth

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

INDIRECT QUOTATION

To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted

reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references

In text

(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)

List of references

Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne

JOURNAL ARTICLE

In text

(Goodall 19907)

Goodall (19907) believes hellip

List of references

Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of

Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2

no 44 pp 7-8

Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL

For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for

references is as follows

bull authorrsquos surname and initials

bull date of publication

bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation

bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation

bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid

hyphenation which can cause confusion

For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this

Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating

Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm

An example of citing a web based database would be

Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing

acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions

(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database

httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=

IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING

In text

(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip

List of references

The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are

capitalised

Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin

and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on

Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED

In text

(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)

Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)

List of references

Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS

Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc

reference is made thus

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

In text

In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed

out that hellip

In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained

hellip

Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip

(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)

List of references

Do not list personal communications in the list of references

PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE

Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)

In text

Giles (c 1889) showed hellip

(Giles c 1889)

List of references

Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS

In text

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip

(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)

List of references

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of

the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp

Opportunity Perth

PUBLICATION DATE- NONE

In text

Kelly (nd) argued that hellip

(Kelly nd)

List of references

Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS

In text

Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip

(Slobodkin in press)

List of references

Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man

Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS

A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the

process of publication

In text

Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve

archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity

List of references

None

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME

If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the

name of the sponsoring organisation

In text

A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states

hellip

(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)

List of references

National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A

Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government

Publishing Service Canberra

THESIS

In text

(McBryde 196622)

McBryde (196622)

List of references

The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised

McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region

New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK

In text

(Galileo 1960)

(Wesson 1975)

List of references

Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of

Wisconsin Press Madison

Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove

Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic

UNPUBLISHED WORK

Include as much information as possible in the location of the document

In text

Danger (unpub) suggested hellip

(Dangar unpub)

List of references

Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-

1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION

In text

(Namier 19574)

Namier (19574)

List of references

Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd

edn Macmillan London

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES

By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding

Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based

World Wide Web Resources

Content amp Evaluation

Who is the audience

What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain

How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided

What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of

information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)

What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area

What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents

How comprehensive is this site

What are the link selection criteria if any

Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site

Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both

Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks

ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other

sites)

Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler

What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources

Are the links evaluated in any way

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TABLE OF CONTENT

GUIDELINES FOR THINKING CRITICALLY 4 ASSIGNMENT PRE-SUBMISSION CHECKLIST 6

Presentation 6 Essay Style7 Writing Style 7

ACNT REFERENCING GUIDELINES 9 THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM (HARVARD SYSTEM)15

Anonymous work 15 Authors- multiple 15 Authors- with same surname 17 Author single- multiple works in different years 17 Author single- multiple works in the same year 18 Authors - with the same name 18 Chapter in an Edited Book 19 Classic reprinted in a modern version 19 Indirect quotation 20 Journal Article 20 Online (electronic) Material 21 Paper presented at a conference seminar or meeting 22 Paper presented at a conference seminar or meeting and subsequently

published 22 Personal communications 22 Publication date-Approximate 23 Publication date- Dubious 24 Publication date- none 24 Publication date uncertain but in progress 25 Publication date uncertain but not in progress 25 Sponsored work without authors name 26 Thesis 26 Translated revised or compiled work 27 Unpublished work 27 Work other than a first edition 28

THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB RESOURCES29 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES 32

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

GUIDELINES FOR THINKINGCRITICALLY

Critical thinking should not be equated with negative thinking itrsquos not a matter of

learning how to tear down otherrsquos ideas Rather critical thinkers carefully

subject others ideas - and their own - to careful systematic objective

evaluation The guidelines shown here (from Wade amp Tavris 1990) provide a

succinct overview of what it means to think critically

1 Ask Questions ndash Be Willing to Wonder

To think critically you must be willing to think creatively - that Is to be curious

about the puzzles of human behaviour to wonder why and to question received

explanations and examine new ones

2 Define the Problem

Identify the issues Involved in clear and concrete terms rather than vague

generalities such as lsquohappinessrsquo or lsquopotentialrsquo What do terms mean exactly

3 Examine the Evidence

Consider the nature of the evidence that supports all aspects of the problem

under examination

Is it reliable Valid Is it someones personal assertion or speculation Does the

evidence come from one or two narrow studies or from repeated research

4 Analyse Biases amp Assumptions

Including your own and those of others What prejudices deeply held values

arid other personal biases do you bring to your evaluation of a problem Are you

willing to consider evidence that contradicts your beliefs Be sure you can

identify the biases of others in order to evaluate their arguments as well

5 Avoid Emotional Reasoning

(I feel this way it must be true) Remember that everyone holds convictions and

ideas about how the world should operate - and that your opponents are as

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

serious about their convictions as you are about yours Feelings are important

but they should not substitute for careful appraisal of arguments and evidence

6 Dont Oversimplify

Lock beyond the obvious Reject simplistic either-or thinking Look for logical

contradictions in arguments Be wary of lsquoarguments by anecdote

7 Consider Other Interpretations

Before you leap to conclusions think about other explanations Be especially

careful about assertions of cause and effect

8 Tolerate Uncertainty

This may be the hardest step in becoming a critical thinker for it requires the

ability to accept some guiding ideas and beliefs - yet the willingness to give them

up when evidence and experience contradict them

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ASSIGNMENT PRE-SUBMISSION CHECKLIST

Adapted from UNE Assignment Pre-Submission Checklist

PRESENTATION

bull The assignment should be stapled in the top left corner

bull It should have a cover sheet and a title page

bull It should be 15 spaced typing

bull Its pages should be numbered in the top right or bottom right corner

with a figure only (not Roman numeral p or page) Not necessary to

number the title page

bull There should be a three centimetre margin on both sides as well as at the

top and bottom of each page

bull There should not be a header with your name student number or other

details on every page The top of each page is conventionally reserved forpage numbers and the bottom for footnotes

bull It should be in an easy read sufficiently dark print for a marker to read

without needing a spotlight and magnifying glass 12 point or 14 point

Times font or equivalent size is best

bull A justified format is best (straight margins on both sides)

bull Assignment should be placed in a clear cover DO NOT USE FOLDERS

COVERS etc

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ESSAY STYLE

bull There should be an introduction at the beginning of the essay containing

the words This essay focuses onhellip or This essay examines explores

discusses describes compares critically analyseshellip The introduction

should contain no bracketed references and no quotes It is not under a

heading

bull A conclusion contains such content as deductions implications

speculations suggestions and directions for future research should be

included It should not contain any bracketed references or quotes It is

not under a heading except if otherwise indicated

bull Check you have answered the question If you have not you are unlikely

to pass the assessment no matter how good your essay is

bull References within the text to cite the sources of information presented

are essential including the page number

bull A list of references containing only those authors cited in the body of the

essay should be included This must be placed on a separate page from

the essay

bull Reference using the Harvard system (Author-date-page)

bull Appendices should be kept to a minimum When they are necessary they

go after the reference list Whole articles should not be attached

WRITING STYLE

bull Paragraphs should be a minimum of four and maximum of ten sentences

along and should not be indented There should be a space between each

paragraph no gaps in the middles and no one -or two-sentence

paragraphs

bull Punctuation goes after brackets not before it

bull There should be no definitions derived from English dictionaries

encyclopaedias and magazines Time Life books or Readers Digest only

from the literature of your discipline

bull Mainly objective language should be used (avoid personal terms such as I

We us you our one and they)

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

bull No sexist or racist terms should be used

bull Only the approved abbreviations should be used Avoid eg ie etc

wasnt dont etc

bull Short quotes should be in single quotations within paragraphs

bull Long quotes of more than thirty words should be indented single spaces

without quotation marks not in italics the same size font as the rest of

the essay and extremely rare Paraphrasing demonstrates your

understanding much better

bull No numbered dot pointed alphabetized or quoted lists should be used

bull A computer spell check or other should be done

bull Proof read your essay for typing spelling and grammatical errors after

printing it out

bull An essay usually does not contain headings If however you are allowed

to use them then they should contain headings the following format

bull Just one per section not two (one beneath the other is inappropriate)

bull Not one for every paragraph

bull A statement about what is in the paragraphs below (not a question)

bull More than one word

bull The same size font as the rest of the essay

bull Title case or sentence case (minimal capitalization)

bull Not upper case (all capital letters)

bull In bold

bull No in italic

bull No fancy calligraphy

bull Without punctuation on the end (no colons or dashes)

bull Not on the same line as the paragraph begins

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ACNT REFERENCINGGUIDELINES

Adapted from httpwwwuneeduautlcstudentspublicationsreferencingpdf (UNE

style guide)

Introduction

Referencing is simply a meticulous and systematic method of presenting the

sources of ideas or information you may have borrowed from others The basic

purpose of referencing is to set your ideas in the context of those expressed by

others However novel your own thoughts about a particular subject or

phenomenon your ideas will have their historical antecedents even if your

thoughts are the antithesis of those expressed by others Referencing

demonstrates that you have considered the ideas of others in advancing your

own arguments andor in presenting factual data

Referencing

Many students have been confused by the fact that different styles of referencing

have been demanded by different disciplines within the University and sometimes

even by different lecturers in the same discipline Of course each discipline may

have special referencing and formatting requirements for a project report or a

thesis but most schools have been able to agree on these guidelines for standard

essays

While the referencing style presented here is acceptable to a majority of

disciplines within the University of New England students should be aware that

publishing houses and journalsperiodicals have different conventions for

referencing which authors will be required to follow when preparing work forpublication

There is no one correct way of referencing

Whichever style you are required to use it is important that you be consistent

within the one piece of work and follow the conventions as prescribed by your

audience - whether university lecturer or publisher

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Students may find that individual unit coordinators or academic areas prefer

variations of the approaches presented here If in doubt students should consult

their unit coordinators

Why Document

Full documentation is an essential part of any essay or thesis chapter It enables

the reader to follow up the source of ideas interpretations and information in

the essay and it makes clear when you are drawing your conclusions from the

evidence presented Failure to document adequately and fully is to ignore

scholarly rules and may mean that you may not receive full recognition for

originality

Documentation should be used not only to provide the source of a direct

quotation but also to give the source for any information ideas or interpretation

that you have used To state other peoples ideas as your own in the absence of

proper citation is considered to be theft of intellectual property the University

imposes harsh penalties for plagiarism (see Plagiarism for the Universitys rule on

plagiarism)

How to Document

There are various conventions with respect to acknowledging the works of

others and different disciplines have their own traditions Your choice of

referencing style will be determined largely by your discipline and unit

coordinator

Generally there are two main systems of documentation

Author-date system

Footnoting system

But there are many variations within them

The author-date system acknowledges the author and date of publication in thetext with full details of the work provided in the list of references at the end of

the text

The footnoting system places a raised numeral in the text which refers to either

a footnote or endnote that contains the full acknowledgment of the source A

bibliography may or may not be included Whichever system or variation is

chosen it must be used consistently

The author-date systems include the Harvard system which is widely used in law

sciences and cultural studies and the APA (American Psychological Association)

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

system which is used in the social sciences and some sciences The MLA

(Modern Language Association of America) system used by language and

literature scholars is similar to but not identical to APA Footnoting systems are

used in the creative arts and systems such as the CBE (Council of Biology

Editors) system and Vancouver system are used in chemistry mathematics andmedicine (Putnis amp Petelin 1996282)

More information on the above documentation systems may be obtained in the

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological

Association 1983) (APA) the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers

(Gibaldi amp Achtert 1995) (MLA) and The CBE Manual for Authors Editors and

Publishers (Council of Biology Editors 1994)(CBE) There does not appear to be a

publication that officially defines the Harvard system and many guides use the

name Harvard interchangeably with their conventions for an author-date

system

The style adopted in presenting the following examples of author-date and

footnoting systems is based on the Style Manual for Authors Editors and Printers

(AGPS 1994) with some reference to Putnis and Petelin (1996) The online

referencing style has been developed by the editorial committee based on the

established referencing systems outlined above but consistent with the print

referencing styles in this style guide

List of referencesBibliography

A list of references contains only works mentioned or cited in the text while a

bibliography refers to both textual references and other works which may have

informed your thinking but may not have been explicitly cited

The author-date system depends on a full and detailed list of references or

bibliography at the end of the text The footnoting system may or may not be

accompanied by a bibliography There is no need for a list of references when

using the footnoting system for full citation details are provided in the notes

However students are advised to consult their unit coordinators to determine if a bibliography is required

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

How to Set Out Quotations

When quoting directly from any source you may incorporate the quotation into

your text in two ways If the quotation is short - less than about thirty words - itshould be contained within the text Longer quotations should be set as separate

passages

Short quotations should be enclosed within single quotation marks for example

We can ask whether violence is a basic element in a revolutionary

process as Arendt assumes when she writes that revolutions and wars

are not even conceivable outside the domain of violence

You would then acknowledge the source of the quotation by a reference to

author and date in the author-date system of documentation (see Author-Date)or by a footnote in the footnoting system (see Footnoting)

If the quotation exceeds about thirty words it should be set off from the text as

a block quotation Quotation marks are not used It is convention for the block

to be in single space regardless of the spacing of the main text

The hard-boiled detective is heroic because

however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to

his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost

him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett thecode is chiefly professional (Grella 19709)

Note that the full-stop is before the brackets

OR

Grella (19709) suggests that the hard-boiled detective is heroic because

however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to

his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost

him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett the

code is chiefly professional

When paraphrasing another persons words - whether they be the ideas

conveyed in two pages of a book or two sentences from a passage - you must

also acknowledge the source This can be done in a variety of ways one of which

is to precede the paraphrased section with a general phrase for example

Blainey believes hellip

Russell Ward states hellip

Weber questions hellip

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

You would still need to acknowledge the source of your ideas by a reference to

the author and date of publication using either referencing system

Square Brackets

Use square brackets to enclose words or phrases inserted in the text by

someone other than the author of the text

He writes in his biography that Although I grew up in Canberra I

was born in Perth [Scotland]

Square brackets are also used in quotations to indicate incorrect spelling

She wrote in her essay A dichotomy exists between the two

thoretical [sic] interpretations of the phenomenon

Points of Ellipsis

Points of ellipsis ( hellip ) in quotations indicate that material has been omitted

The following extract from the Guardian (12 April 19883) further

illustrates the importance of defence contracting for the major UK

companies

Eiris investigated companies involved in the construction of

nuclear bases those working on Star Wars research as well

as defence contractors for nuclear weapons systems hellip

Twenty six companies are working on nuclear weapons

systems or components the ten most important receiving

more than pound100 million from the Ministry of Defence in

19856

Use three points only even if the points come at the end of a sentence

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Check list

Whichever system of referencing you choose it is important to

maintain consistency throughout the work

be sure that each reference in the text has a corresponding reference in

the bibliography or list of references

ensure that the textual reference agrees in every detail with the

bibliographical reference

provide accurate and full details in the reference to enable the reader to

locate the source of the cited document

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)

Examples of textual and reference entries

ANONYMOUS WORK

Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon

In Text

Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the

reference by title thus

lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip

lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)

List of references

Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp

London

AUTHORS- MULTIPLE

In Text

i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate

their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order

(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)

ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more

authors in parentheses

(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)

(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)

However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in

the text

Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip

iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three

authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this

may cause ambiguity

(Butlin et al 1982)

Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip

List of references

Do not use et al in the list of references

i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-

developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165

Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan

Paul London

Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August

p 13

Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional

societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol

19 pp 504-522

ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra

Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire

Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO

Nijmegen

iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and

Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME

In Text

In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to

distinguish one from the other

FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip

(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)

Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within

parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the

surname)

List of references

Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature

vol 323 pp 327-330

Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central

Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS

In text

Arrange in chronological order by date of publication

(Thomson 1939 1956)

Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip

List of references

Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the

Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221

Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary

Supplement 21 April

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR

In text

Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references

to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of

the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles

Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that

(Bennett 1976a 1976b)

Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued

List of references

Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references

correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the

text

Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture

in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53

Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and

Human Adaptation Pergamon New York

AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME

In text

(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)

hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)

List of references

Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of

Nebraska Press Lincoln

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK

Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and

the edited book in the references

In text

(Chalmers 1986)

Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip

List of references

Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved

case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds

JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31

Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific

Method Reidel Dordreht

CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION

Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date

of the reprint

In text

(Darwin 1968 (1859))

List of references

Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural

Selection Penguin Harmondsworth

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

INDIRECT QUOTATION

To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted

reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references

In text

(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)

List of references

Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne

JOURNAL ARTICLE

In text

(Goodall 19907)

Goodall (19907) believes hellip

List of references

Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of

Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2

no 44 pp 7-8

Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL

For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for

references is as follows

bull authorrsquos surname and initials

bull date of publication

bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation

bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation

bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid

hyphenation which can cause confusion

For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this

Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating

Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm

An example of citing a web based database would be

Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing

acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions

(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database

httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=

IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING

In text

(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip

List of references

The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are

capitalised

Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin

and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on

Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED

In text

(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)

Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)

List of references

Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS

Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc

reference is made thus

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

In text

In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed

out that hellip

In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained

hellip

Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip

(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)

List of references

Do not list personal communications in the list of references

PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE

Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)

In text

Giles (c 1889) showed hellip

(Giles c 1889)

List of references

Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS

In text

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip

(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)

List of references

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of

the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp

Opportunity Perth

PUBLICATION DATE- NONE

In text

Kelly (nd) argued that hellip

(Kelly nd)

List of references

Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS

In text

Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip

(Slobodkin in press)

List of references

Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man

Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS

A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the

process of publication

In text

Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve

archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity

List of references

None

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME

If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the

name of the sponsoring organisation

In text

A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states

hellip

(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)

List of references

National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A

Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government

Publishing Service Canberra

THESIS

In text

(McBryde 196622)

McBryde (196622)

List of references

The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised

McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region

New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK

In text

(Galileo 1960)

(Wesson 1975)

List of references

Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of

Wisconsin Press Madison

Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove

Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic

UNPUBLISHED WORK

Include as much information as possible in the location of the document

In text

Danger (unpub) suggested hellip

(Dangar unpub)

List of references

Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-

1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION

In text

(Namier 19574)

Namier (19574)

List of references

Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd

edn Macmillan London

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES

By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding

Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based

World Wide Web Resources

Content amp Evaluation

Who is the audience

What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain

How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided

What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of

information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)

What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area

What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents

How comprehensive is this site

What are the link selection criteria if any

Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site

Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both

Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks

ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other

sites)

Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler

What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources

Are the links evaluated in any way

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

GUIDELINES FOR THINKINGCRITICALLY

Critical thinking should not be equated with negative thinking itrsquos not a matter of

learning how to tear down otherrsquos ideas Rather critical thinkers carefully

subject others ideas - and their own - to careful systematic objective

evaluation The guidelines shown here (from Wade amp Tavris 1990) provide a

succinct overview of what it means to think critically

1 Ask Questions ndash Be Willing to Wonder

To think critically you must be willing to think creatively - that Is to be curious

about the puzzles of human behaviour to wonder why and to question received

explanations and examine new ones

2 Define the Problem

Identify the issues Involved in clear and concrete terms rather than vague

generalities such as lsquohappinessrsquo or lsquopotentialrsquo What do terms mean exactly

3 Examine the Evidence

Consider the nature of the evidence that supports all aspects of the problem

under examination

Is it reliable Valid Is it someones personal assertion or speculation Does the

evidence come from one or two narrow studies or from repeated research

4 Analyse Biases amp Assumptions

Including your own and those of others What prejudices deeply held values

arid other personal biases do you bring to your evaluation of a problem Are you

willing to consider evidence that contradicts your beliefs Be sure you can

identify the biases of others in order to evaluate their arguments as well

5 Avoid Emotional Reasoning

(I feel this way it must be true) Remember that everyone holds convictions and

ideas about how the world should operate - and that your opponents are as

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

serious about their convictions as you are about yours Feelings are important

but they should not substitute for careful appraisal of arguments and evidence

6 Dont Oversimplify

Lock beyond the obvious Reject simplistic either-or thinking Look for logical

contradictions in arguments Be wary of lsquoarguments by anecdote

7 Consider Other Interpretations

Before you leap to conclusions think about other explanations Be especially

careful about assertions of cause and effect

8 Tolerate Uncertainty

This may be the hardest step in becoming a critical thinker for it requires the

ability to accept some guiding ideas and beliefs - yet the willingness to give them

up when evidence and experience contradict them

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ASSIGNMENT PRE-SUBMISSION CHECKLIST

Adapted from UNE Assignment Pre-Submission Checklist

PRESENTATION

bull The assignment should be stapled in the top left corner

bull It should have a cover sheet and a title page

bull It should be 15 spaced typing

bull Its pages should be numbered in the top right or bottom right corner

with a figure only (not Roman numeral p or page) Not necessary to

number the title page

bull There should be a three centimetre margin on both sides as well as at the

top and bottom of each page

bull There should not be a header with your name student number or other

details on every page The top of each page is conventionally reserved forpage numbers and the bottom for footnotes

bull It should be in an easy read sufficiently dark print for a marker to read

without needing a spotlight and magnifying glass 12 point or 14 point

Times font or equivalent size is best

bull A justified format is best (straight margins on both sides)

bull Assignment should be placed in a clear cover DO NOT USE FOLDERS

COVERS etc

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ESSAY STYLE

bull There should be an introduction at the beginning of the essay containing

the words This essay focuses onhellip or This essay examines explores

discusses describes compares critically analyseshellip The introduction

should contain no bracketed references and no quotes It is not under a

heading

bull A conclusion contains such content as deductions implications

speculations suggestions and directions for future research should be

included It should not contain any bracketed references or quotes It is

not under a heading except if otherwise indicated

bull Check you have answered the question If you have not you are unlikely

to pass the assessment no matter how good your essay is

bull References within the text to cite the sources of information presented

are essential including the page number

bull A list of references containing only those authors cited in the body of the

essay should be included This must be placed on a separate page from

the essay

bull Reference using the Harvard system (Author-date-page)

bull Appendices should be kept to a minimum When they are necessary they

go after the reference list Whole articles should not be attached

WRITING STYLE

bull Paragraphs should be a minimum of four and maximum of ten sentences

along and should not be indented There should be a space between each

paragraph no gaps in the middles and no one -or two-sentence

paragraphs

bull Punctuation goes after brackets not before it

bull There should be no definitions derived from English dictionaries

encyclopaedias and magazines Time Life books or Readers Digest only

from the literature of your discipline

bull Mainly objective language should be used (avoid personal terms such as I

We us you our one and they)

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

bull No sexist or racist terms should be used

bull Only the approved abbreviations should be used Avoid eg ie etc

wasnt dont etc

bull Short quotes should be in single quotations within paragraphs

bull Long quotes of more than thirty words should be indented single spaces

without quotation marks not in italics the same size font as the rest of

the essay and extremely rare Paraphrasing demonstrates your

understanding much better

bull No numbered dot pointed alphabetized or quoted lists should be used

bull A computer spell check or other should be done

bull Proof read your essay for typing spelling and grammatical errors after

printing it out

bull An essay usually does not contain headings If however you are allowed

to use them then they should contain headings the following format

bull Just one per section not two (one beneath the other is inappropriate)

bull Not one for every paragraph

bull A statement about what is in the paragraphs below (not a question)

bull More than one word

bull The same size font as the rest of the essay

bull Title case or sentence case (minimal capitalization)

bull Not upper case (all capital letters)

bull In bold

bull No in italic

bull No fancy calligraphy

bull Without punctuation on the end (no colons or dashes)

bull Not on the same line as the paragraph begins

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ACNT REFERENCINGGUIDELINES

Adapted from httpwwwuneeduautlcstudentspublicationsreferencingpdf (UNE

style guide)

Introduction

Referencing is simply a meticulous and systematic method of presenting the

sources of ideas or information you may have borrowed from others The basic

purpose of referencing is to set your ideas in the context of those expressed by

others However novel your own thoughts about a particular subject or

phenomenon your ideas will have their historical antecedents even if your

thoughts are the antithesis of those expressed by others Referencing

demonstrates that you have considered the ideas of others in advancing your

own arguments andor in presenting factual data

Referencing

Many students have been confused by the fact that different styles of referencing

have been demanded by different disciplines within the University and sometimes

even by different lecturers in the same discipline Of course each discipline may

have special referencing and formatting requirements for a project report or a

thesis but most schools have been able to agree on these guidelines for standard

essays

While the referencing style presented here is acceptable to a majority of

disciplines within the University of New England students should be aware that

publishing houses and journalsperiodicals have different conventions for

referencing which authors will be required to follow when preparing work forpublication

There is no one correct way of referencing

Whichever style you are required to use it is important that you be consistent

within the one piece of work and follow the conventions as prescribed by your

audience - whether university lecturer or publisher

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Students may find that individual unit coordinators or academic areas prefer

variations of the approaches presented here If in doubt students should consult

their unit coordinators

Why Document

Full documentation is an essential part of any essay or thesis chapter It enables

the reader to follow up the source of ideas interpretations and information in

the essay and it makes clear when you are drawing your conclusions from the

evidence presented Failure to document adequately and fully is to ignore

scholarly rules and may mean that you may not receive full recognition for

originality

Documentation should be used not only to provide the source of a direct

quotation but also to give the source for any information ideas or interpretation

that you have used To state other peoples ideas as your own in the absence of

proper citation is considered to be theft of intellectual property the University

imposes harsh penalties for plagiarism (see Plagiarism for the Universitys rule on

plagiarism)

How to Document

There are various conventions with respect to acknowledging the works of

others and different disciplines have their own traditions Your choice of

referencing style will be determined largely by your discipline and unit

coordinator

Generally there are two main systems of documentation

Author-date system

Footnoting system

But there are many variations within them

The author-date system acknowledges the author and date of publication in thetext with full details of the work provided in the list of references at the end of

the text

The footnoting system places a raised numeral in the text which refers to either

a footnote or endnote that contains the full acknowledgment of the source A

bibliography may or may not be included Whichever system or variation is

chosen it must be used consistently

The author-date systems include the Harvard system which is widely used in law

sciences and cultural studies and the APA (American Psychological Association)

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

system which is used in the social sciences and some sciences The MLA

(Modern Language Association of America) system used by language and

literature scholars is similar to but not identical to APA Footnoting systems are

used in the creative arts and systems such as the CBE (Council of Biology

Editors) system and Vancouver system are used in chemistry mathematics andmedicine (Putnis amp Petelin 1996282)

More information on the above documentation systems may be obtained in the

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological

Association 1983) (APA) the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers

(Gibaldi amp Achtert 1995) (MLA) and The CBE Manual for Authors Editors and

Publishers (Council of Biology Editors 1994)(CBE) There does not appear to be a

publication that officially defines the Harvard system and many guides use the

name Harvard interchangeably with their conventions for an author-date

system

The style adopted in presenting the following examples of author-date and

footnoting systems is based on the Style Manual for Authors Editors and Printers

(AGPS 1994) with some reference to Putnis and Petelin (1996) The online

referencing style has been developed by the editorial committee based on the

established referencing systems outlined above but consistent with the print

referencing styles in this style guide

List of referencesBibliography

A list of references contains only works mentioned or cited in the text while a

bibliography refers to both textual references and other works which may have

informed your thinking but may not have been explicitly cited

The author-date system depends on a full and detailed list of references or

bibliography at the end of the text The footnoting system may or may not be

accompanied by a bibliography There is no need for a list of references when

using the footnoting system for full citation details are provided in the notes

However students are advised to consult their unit coordinators to determine if a bibliography is required

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

How to Set Out Quotations

When quoting directly from any source you may incorporate the quotation into

your text in two ways If the quotation is short - less than about thirty words - itshould be contained within the text Longer quotations should be set as separate

passages

Short quotations should be enclosed within single quotation marks for example

We can ask whether violence is a basic element in a revolutionary

process as Arendt assumes when she writes that revolutions and wars

are not even conceivable outside the domain of violence

You would then acknowledge the source of the quotation by a reference to

author and date in the author-date system of documentation (see Author-Date)or by a footnote in the footnoting system (see Footnoting)

If the quotation exceeds about thirty words it should be set off from the text as

a block quotation Quotation marks are not used It is convention for the block

to be in single space regardless of the spacing of the main text

The hard-boiled detective is heroic because

however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to

his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost

him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett thecode is chiefly professional (Grella 19709)

Note that the full-stop is before the brackets

OR

Grella (19709) suggests that the hard-boiled detective is heroic because

however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to

his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost

him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett the

code is chiefly professional

When paraphrasing another persons words - whether they be the ideas

conveyed in two pages of a book or two sentences from a passage - you must

also acknowledge the source This can be done in a variety of ways one of which

is to precede the paraphrased section with a general phrase for example

Blainey believes hellip

Russell Ward states hellip

Weber questions hellip

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

You would still need to acknowledge the source of your ideas by a reference to

the author and date of publication using either referencing system

Square Brackets

Use square brackets to enclose words or phrases inserted in the text by

someone other than the author of the text

He writes in his biography that Although I grew up in Canberra I

was born in Perth [Scotland]

Square brackets are also used in quotations to indicate incorrect spelling

She wrote in her essay A dichotomy exists between the two

thoretical [sic] interpretations of the phenomenon

Points of Ellipsis

Points of ellipsis ( hellip ) in quotations indicate that material has been omitted

The following extract from the Guardian (12 April 19883) further

illustrates the importance of defence contracting for the major UK

companies

Eiris investigated companies involved in the construction of

nuclear bases those working on Star Wars research as well

as defence contractors for nuclear weapons systems hellip

Twenty six companies are working on nuclear weapons

systems or components the ten most important receiving

more than pound100 million from the Ministry of Defence in

19856

Use three points only even if the points come at the end of a sentence

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Check list

Whichever system of referencing you choose it is important to

maintain consistency throughout the work

be sure that each reference in the text has a corresponding reference in

the bibliography or list of references

ensure that the textual reference agrees in every detail with the

bibliographical reference

provide accurate and full details in the reference to enable the reader to

locate the source of the cited document

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)

Examples of textual and reference entries

ANONYMOUS WORK

Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon

In Text

Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the

reference by title thus

lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip

lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)

List of references

Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp

London

AUTHORS- MULTIPLE

In Text

i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate

their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order

(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)

ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more

authors in parentheses

(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)

(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)

However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in

the text

Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip

iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three

authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this

may cause ambiguity

(Butlin et al 1982)

Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip

List of references

Do not use et al in the list of references

i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-

developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165

Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan

Paul London

Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August

p 13

Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional

societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol

19 pp 504-522

ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra

Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire

Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO

Nijmegen

iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and

Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME

In Text

In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to

distinguish one from the other

FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip

(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)

Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within

parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the

surname)

List of references

Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature

vol 323 pp 327-330

Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central

Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS

In text

Arrange in chronological order by date of publication

(Thomson 1939 1956)

Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip

List of references

Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the

Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221

Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary

Supplement 21 April

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR

In text

Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references

to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of

the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles

Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that

(Bennett 1976a 1976b)

Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued

List of references

Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references

correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the

text

Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture

in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53

Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and

Human Adaptation Pergamon New York

AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME

In text

(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)

hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)

List of references

Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of

Nebraska Press Lincoln

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK

Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and

the edited book in the references

In text

(Chalmers 1986)

Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip

List of references

Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved

case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds

JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31

Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific

Method Reidel Dordreht

CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION

Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date

of the reprint

In text

(Darwin 1968 (1859))

List of references

Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural

Selection Penguin Harmondsworth

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

INDIRECT QUOTATION

To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted

reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references

In text

(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)

List of references

Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne

JOURNAL ARTICLE

In text

(Goodall 19907)

Goodall (19907) believes hellip

List of references

Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of

Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2

no 44 pp 7-8

Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL

For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for

references is as follows

bull authorrsquos surname and initials

bull date of publication

bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation

bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation

bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid

hyphenation which can cause confusion

For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this

Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating

Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm

An example of citing a web based database would be

Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing

acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions

(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database

httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=

IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING

In text

(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip

List of references

The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are

capitalised

Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin

and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on

Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED

In text

(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)

Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)

List of references

Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS

Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc

reference is made thus

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

In text

In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed

out that hellip

In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained

hellip

Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip

(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)

List of references

Do not list personal communications in the list of references

PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE

Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)

In text

Giles (c 1889) showed hellip

(Giles c 1889)

List of references

Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS

In text

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip

(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)

List of references

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of

the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp

Opportunity Perth

PUBLICATION DATE- NONE

In text

Kelly (nd) argued that hellip

(Kelly nd)

List of references

Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS

In text

Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip

(Slobodkin in press)

List of references

Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man

Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS

A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the

process of publication

In text

Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve

archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity

List of references

None

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME

If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the

name of the sponsoring organisation

In text

A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states

hellip

(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)

List of references

National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A

Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government

Publishing Service Canberra

THESIS

In text

(McBryde 196622)

McBryde (196622)

List of references

The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised

McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region

New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK

In text

(Galileo 1960)

(Wesson 1975)

List of references

Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of

Wisconsin Press Madison

Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove

Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic

UNPUBLISHED WORK

Include as much information as possible in the location of the document

In text

Danger (unpub) suggested hellip

(Dangar unpub)

List of references

Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-

1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION

In text

(Namier 19574)

Namier (19574)

List of references

Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd

edn Macmillan London

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES

By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding

Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based

World Wide Web Resources

Content amp Evaluation

Who is the audience

What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain

How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided

What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of

information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)

What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area

What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents

How comprehensive is this site

What are the link selection criteria if any

Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site

Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both

Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks

ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other

sites)

Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler

What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources

Are the links evaluated in any way

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

serious about their convictions as you are about yours Feelings are important

but they should not substitute for careful appraisal of arguments and evidence

6 Dont Oversimplify

Lock beyond the obvious Reject simplistic either-or thinking Look for logical

contradictions in arguments Be wary of lsquoarguments by anecdote

7 Consider Other Interpretations

Before you leap to conclusions think about other explanations Be especially

careful about assertions of cause and effect

8 Tolerate Uncertainty

This may be the hardest step in becoming a critical thinker for it requires the

ability to accept some guiding ideas and beliefs - yet the willingness to give them

up when evidence and experience contradict them

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ASSIGNMENT PRE-SUBMISSION CHECKLIST

Adapted from UNE Assignment Pre-Submission Checklist

PRESENTATION

bull The assignment should be stapled in the top left corner

bull It should have a cover sheet and a title page

bull It should be 15 spaced typing

bull Its pages should be numbered in the top right or bottom right corner

with a figure only (not Roman numeral p or page) Not necessary to

number the title page

bull There should be a three centimetre margin on both sides as well as at the

top and bottom of each page

bull There should not be a header with your name student number or other

details on every page The top of each page is conventionally reserved forpage numbers and the bottom for footnotes

bull It should be in an easy read sufficiently dark print for a marker to read

without needing a spotlight and magnifying glass 12 point or 14 point

Times font or equivalent size is best

bull A justified format is best (straight margins on both sides)

bull Assignment should be placed in a clear cover DO NOT USE FOLDERS

COVERS etc

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ESSAY STYLE

bull There should be an introduction at the beginning of the essay containing

the words This essay focuses onhellip or This essay examines explores

discusses describes compares critically analyseshellip The introduction

should contain no bracketed references and no quotes It is not under a

heading

bull A conclusion contains such content as deductions implications

speculations suggestions and directions for future research should be

included It should not contain any bracketed references or quotes It is

not under a heading except if otherwise indicated

bull Check you have answered the question If you have not you are unlikely

to pass the assessment no matter how good your essay is

bull References within the text to cite the sources of information presented

are essential including the page number

bull A list of references containing only those authors cited in the body of the

essay should be included This must be placed on a separate page from

the essay

bull Reference using the Harvard system (Author-date-page)

bull Appendices should be kept to a minimum When they are necessary they

go after the reference list Whole articles should not be attached

WRITING STYLE

bull Paragraphs should be a minimum of four and maximum of ten sentences

along and should not be indented There should be a space between each

paragraph no gaps in the middles and no one -or two-sentence

paragraphs

bull Punctuation goes after brackets not before it

bull There should be no definitions derived from English dictionaries

encyclopaedias and magazines Time Life books or Readers Digest only

from the literature of your discipline

bull Mainly objective language should be used (avoid personal terms such as I

We us you our one and they)

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

bull No sexist or racist terms should be used

bull Only the approved abbreviations should be used Avoid eg ie etc

wasnt dont etc

bull Short quotes should be in single quotations within paragraphs

bull Long quotes of more than thirty words should be indented single spaces

without quotation marks not in italics the same size font as the rest of

the essay and extremely rare Paraphrasing demonstrates your

understanding much better

bull No numbered dot pointed alphabetized or quoted lists should be used

bull A computer spell check or other should be done

bull Proof read your essay for typing spelling and grammatical errors after

printing it out

bull An essay usually does not contain headings If however you are allowed

to use them then they should contain headings the following format

bull Just one per section not two (one beneath the other is inappropriate)

bull Not one for every paragraph

bull A statement about what is in the paragraphs below (not a question)

bull More than one word

bull The same size font as the rest of the essay

bull Title case or sentence case (minimal capitalization)

bull Not upper case (all capital letters)

bull In bold

bull No in italic

bull No fancy calligraphy

bull Without punctuation on the end (no colons or dashes)

bull Not on the same line as the paragraph begins

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ACNT REFERENCINGGUIDELINES

Adapted from httpwwwuneeduautlcstudentspublicationsreferencingpdf (UNE

style guide)

Introduction

Referencing is simply a meticulous and systematic method of presenting the

sources of ideas or information you may have borrowed from others The basic

purpose of referencing is to set your ideas in the context of those expressed by

others However novel your own thoughts about a particular subject or

phenomenon your ideas will have their historical antecedents even if your

thoughts are the antithesis of those expressed by others Referencing

demonstrates that you have considered the ideas of others in advancing your

own arguments andor in presenting factual data

Referencing

Many students have been confused by the fact that different styles of referencing

have been demanded by different disciplines within the University and sometimes

even by different lecturers in the same discipline Of course each discipline may

have special referencing and formatting requirements for a project report or a

thesis but most schools have been able to agree on these guidelines for standard

essays

While the referencing style presented here is acceptable to a majority of

disciplines within the University of New England students should be aware that

publishing houses and journalsperiodicals have different conventions for

referencing which authors will be required to follow when preparing work forpublication

There is no one correct way of referencing

Whichever style you are required to use it is important that you be consistent

within the one piece of work and follow the conventions as prescribed by your

audience - whether university lecturer or publisher

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Students may find that individual unit coordinators or academic areas prefer

variations of the approaches presented here If in doubt students should consult

their unit coordinators

Why Document

Full documentation is an essential part of any essay or thesis chapter It enables

the reader to follow up the source of ideas interpretations and information in

the essay and it makes clear when you are drawing your conclusions from the

evidence presented Failure to document adequately and fully is to ignore

scholarly rules and may mean that you may not receive full recognition for

originality

Documentation should be used not only to provide the source of a direct

quotation but also to give the source for any information ideas or interpretation

that you have used To state other peoples ideas as your own in the absence of

proper citation is considered to be theft of intellectual property the University

imposes harsh penalties for plagiarism (see Plagiarism for the Universitys rule on

plagiarism)

How to Document

There are various conventions with respect to acknowledging the works of

others and different disciplines have their own traditions Your choice of

referencing style will be determined largely by your discipline and unit

coordinator

Generally there are two main systems of documentation

Author-date system

Footnoting system

But there are many variations within them

The author-date system acknowledges the author and date of publication in thetext with full details of the work provided in the list of references at the end of

the text

The footnoting system places a raised numeral in the text which refers to either

a footnote or endnote that contains the full acknowledgment of the source A

bibliography may or may not be included Whichever system or variation is

chosen it must be used consistently

The author-date systems include the Harvard system which is widely used in law

sciences and cultural studies and the APA (American Psychological Association)

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

system which is used in the social sciences and some sciences The MLA

(Modern Language Association of America) system used by language and

literature scholars is similar to but not identical to APA Footnoting systems are

used in the creative arts and systems such as the CBE (Council of Biology

Editors) system and Vancouver system are used in chemistry mathematics andmedicine (Putnis amp Petelin 1996282)

More information on the above documentation systems may be obtained in the

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological

Association 1983) (APA) the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers

(Gibaldi amp Achtert 1995) (MLA) and The CBE Manual for Authors Editors and

Publishers (Council of Biology Editors 1994)(CBE) There does not appear to be a

publication that officially defines the Harvard system and many guides use the

name Harvard interchangeably with their conventions for an author-date

system

The style adopted in presenting the following examples of author-date and

footnoting systems is based on the Style Manual for Authors Editors and Printers

(AGPS 1994) with some reference to Putnis and Petelin (1996) The online

referencing style has been developed by the editorial committee based on the

established referencing systems outlined above but consistent with the print

referencing styles in this style guide

List of referencesBibliography

A list of references contains only works mentioned or cited in the text while a

bibliography refers to both textual references and other works which may have

informed your thinking but may not have been explicitly cited

The author-date system depends on a full and detailed list of references or

bibliography at the end of the text The footnoting system may or may not be

accompanied by a bibliography There is no need for a list of references when

using the footnoting system for full citation details are provided in the notes

However students are advised to consult their unit coordinators to determine if a bibliography is required

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

How to Set Out Quotations

When quoting directly from any source you may incorporate the quotation into

your text in two ways If the quotation is short - less than about thirty words - itshould be contained within the text Longer quotations should be set as separate

passages

Short quotations should be enclosed within single quotation marks for example

We can ask whether violence is a basic element in a revolutionary

process as Arendt assumes when she writes that revolutions and wars

are not even conceivable outside the domain of violence

You would then acknowledge the source of the quotation by a reference to

author and date in the author-date system of documentation (see Author-Date)or by a footnote in the footnoting system (see Footnoting)

If the quotation exceeds about thirty words it should be set off from the text as

a block quotation Quotation marks are not used It is convention for the block

to be in single space regardless of the spacing of the main text

The hard-boiled detective is heroic because

however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to

his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost

him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett thecode is chiefly professional (Grella 19709)

Note that the full-stop is before the brackets

OR

Grella (19709) suggests that the hard-boiled detective is heroic because

however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to

his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost

him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett the

code is chiefly professional

When paraphrasing another persons words - whether they be the ideas

conveyed in two pages of a book or two sentences from a passage - you must

also acknowledge the source This can be done in a variety of ways one of which

is to precede the paraphrased section with a general phrase for example

Blainey believes hellip

Russell Ward states hellip

Weber questions hellip

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

You would still need to acknowledge the source of your ideas by a reference to

the author and date of publication using either referencing system

Square Brackets

Use square brackets to enclose words or phrases inserted in the text by

someone other than the author of the text

He writes in his biography that Although I grew up in Canberra I

was born in Perth [Scotland]

Square brackets are also used in quotations to indicate incorrect spelling

She wrote in her essay A dichotomy exists between the two

thoretical [sic] interpretations of the phenomenon

Points of Ellipsis

Points of ellipsis ( hellip ) in quotations indicate that material has been omitted

The following extract from the Guardian (12 April 19883) further

illustrates the importance of defence contracting for the major UK

companies

Eiris investigated companies involved in the construction of

nuclear bases those working on Star Wars research as well

as defence contractors for nuclear weapons systems hellip

Twenty six companies are working on nuclear weapons

systems or components the ten most important receiving

more than pound100 million from the Ministry of Defence in

19856

Use three points only even if the points come at the end of a sentence

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Check list

Whichever system of referencing you choose it is important to

maintain consistency throughout the work

be sure that each reference in the text has a corresponding reference in

the bibliography or list of references

ensure that the textual reference agrees in every detail with the

bibliographical reference

provide accurate and full details in the reference to enable the reader to

locate the source of the cited document

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)

Examples of textual and reference entries

ANONYMOUS WORK

Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon

In Text

Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the

reference by title thus

lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip

lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)

List of references

Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp

London

AUTHORS- MULTIPLE

In Text

i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate

their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order

(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)

ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more

authors in parentheses

(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)

(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)

However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in

the text

Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip

iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three

authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this

may cause ambiguity

(Butlin et al 1982)

Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip

List of references

Do not use et al in the list of references

i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-

developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165

Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan

Paul London

Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August

p 13

Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional

societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol

19 pp 504-522

ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra

Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire

Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO

Nijmegen

iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and

Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME

In Text

In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to

distinguish one from the other

FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip

(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)

Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within

parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the

surname)

List of references

Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature

vol 323 pp 327-330

Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central

Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS

In text

Arrange in chronological order by date of publication

(Thomson 1939 1956)

Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip

List of references

Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the

Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221

Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary

Supplement 21 April

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR

In text

Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references

to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of

the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles

Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that

(Bennett 1976a 1976b)

Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued

List of references

Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references

correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the

text

Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture

in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53

Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and

Human Adaptation Pergamon New York

AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME

In text

(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)

hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)

List of references

Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of

Nebraska Press Lincoln

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK

Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and

the edited book in the references

In text

(Chalmers 1986)

Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip

List of references

Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved

case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds

JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31

Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific

Method Reidel Dordreht

CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION

Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date

of the reprint

In text

(Darwin 1968 (1859))

List of references

Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural

Selection Penguin Harmondsworth

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

INDIRECT QUOTATION

To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted

reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references

In text

(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)

List of references

Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne

JOURNAL ARTICLE

In text

(Goodall 19907)

Goodall (19907) believes hellip

List of references

Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of

Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2

no 44 pp 7-8

Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL

For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for

references is as follows

bull authorrsquos surname and initials

bull date of publication

bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation

bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation

bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid

hyphenation which can cause confusion

For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this

Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating

Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm

An example of citing a web based database would be

Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing

acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions

(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database

httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=

IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING

In text

(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip

List of references

The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are

capitalised

Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin

and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on

Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED

In text

(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)

Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)

List of references

Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS

Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc

reference is made thus

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

In text

In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed

out that hellip

In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained

hellip

Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip

(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)

List of references

Do not list personal communications in the list of references

PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE

Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)

In text

Giles (c 1889) showed hellip

(Giles c 1889)

List of references

Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS

In text

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip

(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)

List of references

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of

the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp

Opportunity Perth

PUBLICATION DATE- NONE

In text

Kelly (nd) argued that hellip

(Kelly nd)

List of references

Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS

In text

Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip

(Slobodkin in press)

List of references

Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man

Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS

A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the

process of publication

In text

Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve

archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity

List of references

None

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME

If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the

name of the sponsoring organisation

In text

A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states

hellip

(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)

List of references

National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A

Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government

Publishing Service Canberra

THESIS

In text

(McBryde 196622)

McBryde (196622)

List of references

The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised

McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region

New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK

In text

(Galileo 1960)

(Wesson 1975)

List of references

Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of

Wisconsin Press Madison

Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove

Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic

UNPUBLISHED WORK

Include as much information as possible in the location of the document

In text

Danger (unpub) suggested hellip

(Dangar unpub)

List of references

Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-

1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION

In text

(Namier 19574)

Namier (19574)

List of references

Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd

edn Macmillan London

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES

By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding

Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based

World Wide Web Resources

Content amp Evaluation

Who is the audience

What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain

How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided

What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of

information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)

What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area

What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents

How comprehensive is this site

What are the link selection criteria if any

Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site

Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both

Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks

ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other

sites)

Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler

What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources

Are the links evaluated in any way

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ASSIGNMENT PRE-SUBMISSION CHECKLIST

Adapted from UNE Assignment Pre-Submission Checklist

PRESENTATION

bull The assignment should be stapled in the top left corner

bull It should have a cover sheet and a title page

bull It should be 15 spaced typing

bull Its pages should be numbered in the top right or bottom right corner

with a figure only (not Roman numeral p or page) Not necessary to

number the title page

bull There should be a three centimetre margin on both sides as well as at the

top and bottom of each page

bull There should not be a header with your name student number or other

details on every page The top of each page is conventionally reserved forpage numbers and the bottom for footnotes

bull It should be in an easy read sufficiently dark print for a marker to read

without needing a spotlight and magnifying glass 12 point or 14 point

Times font or equivalent size is best

bull A justified format is best (straight margins on both sides)

bull Assignment should be placed in a clear cover DO NOT USE FOLDERS

COVERS etc

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ESSAY STYLE

bull There should be an introduction at the beginning of the essay containing

the words This essay focuses onhellip or This essay examines explores

discusses describes compares critically analyseshellip The introduction

should contain no bracketed references and no quotes It is not under a

heading

bull A conclusion contains such content as deductions implications

speculations suggestions and directions for future research should be

included It should not contain any bracketed references or quotes It is

not under a heading except if otherwise indicated

bull Check you have answered the question If you have not you are unlikely

to pass the assessment no matter how good your essay is

bull References within the text to cite the sources of information presented

are essential including the page number

bull A list of references containing only those authors cited in the body of the

essay should be included This must be placed on a separate page from

the essay

bull Reference using the Harvard system (Author-date-page)

bull Appendices should be kept to a minimum When they are necessary they

go after the reference list Whole articles should not be attached

WRITING STYLE

bull Paragraphs should be a minimum of four and maximum of ten sentences

along and should not be indented There should be a space between each

paragraph no gaps in the middles and no one -or two-sentence

paragraphs

bull Punctuation goes after brackets not before it

bull There should be no definitions derived from English dictionaries

encyclopaedias and magazines Time Life books or Readers Digest only

from the literature of your discipline

bull Mainly objective language should be used (avoid personal terms such as I

We us you our one and they)

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

bull No sexist or racist terms should be used

bull Only the approved abbreviations should be used Avoid eg ie etc

wasnt dont etc

bull Short quotes should be in single quotations within paragraphs

bull Long quotes of more than thirty words should be indented single spaces

without quotation marks not in italics the same size font as the rest of

the essay and extremely rare Paraphrasing demonstrates your

understanding much better

bull No numbered dot pointed alphabetized or quoted lists should be used

bull A computer spell check or other should be done

bull Proof read your essay for typing spelling and grammatical errors after

printing it out

bull An essay usually does not contain headings If however you are allowed

to use them then they should contain headings the following format

bull Just one per section not two (one beneath the other is inappropriate)

bull Not one for every paragraph

bull A statement about what is in the paragraphs below (not a question)

bull More than one word

bull The same size font as the rest of the essay

bull Title case or sentence case (minimal capitalization)

bull Not upper case (all capital letters)

bull In bold

bull No in italic

bull No fancy calligraphy

bull Without punctuation on the end (no colons or dashes)

bull Not on the same line as the paragraph begins

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ACNT REFERENCINGGUIDELINES

Adapted from httpwwwuneeduautlcstudentspublicationsreferencingpdf (UNE

style guide)

Introduction

Referencing is simply a meticulous and systematic method of presenting the

sources of ideas or information you may have borrowed from others The basic

purpose of referencing is to set your ideas in the context of those expressed by

others However novel your own thoughts about a particular subject or

phenomenon your ideas will have their historical antecedents even if your

thoughts are the antithesis of those expressed by others Referencing

demonstrates that you have considered the ideas of others in advancing your

own arguments andor in presenting factual data

Referencing

Many students have been confused by the fact that different styles of referencing

have been demanded by different disciplines within the University and sometimes

even by different lecturers in the same discipline Of course each discipline may

have special referencing and formatting requirements for a project report or a

thesis but most schools have been able to agree on these guidelines for standard

essays

While the referencing style presented here is acceptable to a majority of

disciplines within the University of New England students should be aware that

publishing houses and journalsperiodicals have different conventions for

referencing which authors will be required to follow when preparing work forpublication

There is no one correct way of referencing

Whichever style you are required to use it is important that you be consistent

within the one piece of work and follow the conventions as prescribed by your

audience - whether university lecturer or publisher

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Students may find that individual unit coordinators or academic areas prefer

variations of the approaches presented here If in doubt students should consult

their unit coordinators

Why Document

Full documentation is an essential part of any essay or thesis chapter It enables

the reader to follow up the source of ideas interpretations and information in

the essay and it makes clear when you are drawing your conclusions from the

evidence presented Failure to document adequately and fully is to ignore

scholarly rules and may mean that you may not receive full recognition for

originality

Documentation should be used not only to provide the source of a direct

quotation but also to give the source for any information ideas or interpretation

that you have used To state other peoples ideas as your own in the absence of

proper citation is considered to be theft of intellectual property the University

imposes harsh penalties for plagiarism (see Plagiarism for the Universitys rule on

plagiarism)

How to Document

There are various conventions with respect to acknowledging the works of

others and different disciplines have their own traditions Your choice of

referencing style will be determined largely by your discipline and unit

coordinator

Generally there are two main systems of documentation

Author-date system

Footnoting system

But there are many variations within them

The author-date system acknowledges the author and date of publication in thetext with full details of the work provided in the list of references at the end of

the text

The footnoting system places a raised numeral in the text which refers to either

a footnote or endnote that contains the full acknowledgment of the source A

bibliography may or may not be included Whichever system or variation is

chosen it must be used consistently

The author-date systems include the Harvard system which is widely used in law

sciences and cultural studies and the APA (American Psychological Association)

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

system which is used in the social sciences and some sciences The MLA

(Modern Language Association of America) system used by language and

literature scholars is similar to but not identical to APA Footnoting systems are

used in the creative arts and systems such as the CBE (Council of Biology

Editors) system and Vancouver system are used in chemistry mathematics andmedicine (Putnis amp Petelin 1996282)

More information on the above documentation systems may be obtained in the

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological

Association 1983) (APA) the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers

(Gibaldi amp Achtert 1995) (MLA) and The CBE Manual for Authors Editors and

Publishers (Council of Biology Editors 1994)(CBE) There does not appear to be a

publication that officially defines the Harvard system and many guides use the

name Harvard interchangeably with their conventions for an author-date

system

The style adopted in presenting the following examples of author-date and

footnoting systems is based on the Style Manual for Authors Editors and Printers

(AGPS 1994) with some reference to Putnis and Petelin (1996) The online

referencing style has been developed by the editorial committee based on the

established referencing systems outlined above but consistent with the print

referencing styles in this style guide

List of referencesBibliography

A list of references contains only works mentioned or cited in the text while a

bibliography refers to both textual references and other works which may have

informed your thinking but may not have been explicitly cited

The author-date system depends on a full and detailed list of references or

bibliography at the end of the text The footnoting system may or may not be

accompanied by a bibliography There is no need for a list of references when

using the footnoting system for full citation details are provided in the notes

However students are advised to consult their unit coordinators to determine if a bibliography is required

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

How to Set Out Quotations

When quoting directly from any source you may incorporate the quotation into

your text in two ways If the quotation is short - less than about thirty words - itshould be contained within the text Longer quotations should be set as separate

passages

Short quotations should be enclosed within single quotation marks for example

We can ask whether violence is a basic element in a revolutionary

process as Arendt assumes when she writes that revolutions and wars

are not even conceivable outside the domain of violence

You would then acknowledge the source of the quotation by a reference to

author and date in the author-date system of documentation (see Author-Date)or by a footnote in the footnoting system (see Footnoting)

If the quotation exceeds about thirty words it should be set off from the text as

a block quotation Quotation marks are not used It is convention for the block

to be in single space regardless of the spacing of the main text

The hard-boiled detective is heroic because

however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to

his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost

him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett thecode is chiefly professional (Grella 19709)

Note that the full-stop is before the brackets

OR

Grella (19709) suggests that the hard-boiled detective is heroic because

however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to

his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost

him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett the

code is chiefly professional

When paraphrasing another persons words - whether they be the ideas

conveyed in two pages of a book or two sentences from a passage - you must

also acknowledge the source This can be done in a variety of ways one of which

is to precede the paraphrased section with a general phrase for example

Blainey believes hellip

Russell Ward states hellip

Weber questions hellip

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

You would still need to acknowledge the source of your ideas by a reference to

the author and date of publication using either referencing system

Square Brackets

Use square brackets to enclose words or phrases inserted in the text by

someone other than the author of the text

He writes in his biography that Although I grew up in Canberra I

was born in Perth [Scotland]

Square brackets are also used in quotations to indicate incorrect spelling

She wrote in her essay A dichotomy exists between the two

thoretical [sic] interpretations of the phenomenon

Points of Ellipsis

Points of ellipsis ( hellip ) in quotations indicate that material has been omitted

The following extract from the Guardian (12 April 19883) further

illustrates the importance of defence contracting for the major UK

companies

Eiris investigated companies involved in the construction of

nuclear bases those working on Star Wars research as well

as defence contractors for nuclear weapons systems hellip

Twenty six companies are working on nuclear weapons

systems or components the ten most important receiving

more than pound100 million from the Ministry of Defence in

19856

Use three points only even if the points come at the end of a sentence

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Check list

Whichever system of referencing you choose it is important to

maintain consistency throughout the work

be sure that each reference in the text has a corresponding reference in

the bibliography or list of references

ensure that the textual reference agrees in every detail with the

bibliographical reference

provide accurate and full details in the reference to enable the reader to

locate the source of the cited document

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)

Examples of textual and reference entries

ANONYMOUS WORK

Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon

In Text

Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the

reference by title thus

lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip

lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)

List of references

Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp

London

AUTHORS- MULTIPLE

In Text

i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate

their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order

(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)

ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more

authors in parentheses

(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)

(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)

However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in

the text

Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip

iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three

authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this

may cause ambiguity

(Butlin et al 1982)

Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip

List of references

Do not use et al in the list of references

i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-

developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165

Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan

Paul London

Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August

p 13

Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional

societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol

19 pp 504-522

ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra

Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire

Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO

Nijmegen

iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and

Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME

In Text

In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to

distinguish one from the other

FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip

(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)

Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within

parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the

surname)

List of references

Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature

vol 323 pp 327-330

Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central

Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS

In text

Arrange in chronological order by date of publication

(Thomson 1939 1956)

Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip

List of references

Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the

Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221

Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary

Supplement 21 April

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR

In text

Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references

to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of

the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles

Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that

(Bennett 1976a 1976b)

Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued

List of references

Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references

correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the

text

Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture

in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53

Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and

Human Adaptation Pergamon New York

AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME

In text

(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)

hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)

List of references

Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of

Nebraska Press Lincoln

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK

Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and

the edited book in the references

In text

(Chalmers 1986)

Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip

List of references

Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved

case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds

JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31

Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific

Method Reidel Dordreht

CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION

Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date

of the reprint

In text

(Darwin 1968 (1859))

List of references

Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural

Selection Penguin Harmondsworth

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

INDIRECT QUOTATION

To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted

reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references

In text

(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)

List of references

Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne

JOURNAL ARTICLE

In text

(Goodall 19907)

Goodall (19907) believes hellip

List of references

Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of

Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2

no 44 pp 7-8

Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL

For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for

references is as follows

bull authorrsquos surname and initials

bull date of publication

bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation

bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation

bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid

hyphenation which can cause confusion

For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this

Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating

Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm

An example of citing a web based database would be

Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing

acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions

(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database

httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=

IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING

In text

(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip

List of references

The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are

capitalised

Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin

and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on

Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED

In text

(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)

Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)

List of references

Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS

Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc

reference is made thus

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

In text

In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed

out that hellip

In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained

hellip

Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip

(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)

List of references

Do not list personal communications in the list of references

PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE

Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)

In text

Giles (c 1889) showed hellip

(Giles c 1889)

List of references

Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS

In text

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip

(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)

List of references

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of

the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp

Opportunity Perth

PUBLICATION DATE- NONE

In text

Kelly (nd) argued that hellip

(Kelly nd)

List of references

Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS

In text

Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip

(Slobodkin in press)

List of references

Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man

Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS

A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the

process of publication

In text

Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve

archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity

List of references

None

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME

If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the

name of the sponsoring organisation

In text

A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states

hellip

(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)

List of references

National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A

Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government

Publishing Service Canberra

THESIS

In text

(McBryde 196622)

McBryde (196622)

List of references

The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised

McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region

New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK

In text

(Galileo 1960)

(Wesson 1975)

List of references

Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of

Wisconsin Press Madison

Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove

Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic

UNPUBLISHED WORK

Include as much information as possible in the location of the document

In text

Danger (unpub) suggested hellip

(Dangar unpub)

List of references

Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-

1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION

In text

(Namier 19574)

Namier (19574)

List of references

Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd

edn Macmillan London

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES

By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding

Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based

World Wide Web Resources

Content amp Evaluation

Who is the audience

What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain

How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided

What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of

information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)

What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area

What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents

How comprehensive is this site

What are the link selection criteria if any

Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site

Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both

Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks

ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other

sites)

Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler

What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources

Are the links evaluated in any way

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ESSAY STYLE

bull There should be an introduction at the beginning of the essay containing

the words This essay focuses onhellip or This essay examines explores

discusses describes compares critically analyseshellip The introduction

should contain no bracketed references and no quotes It is not under a

heading

bull A conclusion contains such content as deductions implications

speculations suggestions and directions for future research should be

included It should not contain any bracketed references or quotes It is

not under a heading except if otherwise indicated

bull Check you have answered the question If you have not you are unlikely

to pass the assessment no matter how good your essay is

bull References within the text to cite the sources of information presented

are essential including the page number

bull A list of references containing only those authors cited in the body of the

essay should be included This must be placed on a separate page from

the essay

bull Reference using the Harvard system (Author-date-page)

bull Appendices should be kept to a minimum When they are necessary they

go after the reference list Whole articles should not be attached

WRITING STYLE

bull Paragraphs should be a minimum of four and maximum of ten sentences

along and should not be indented There should be a space between each

paragraph no gaps in the middles and no one -or two-sentence

paragraphs

bull Punctuation goes after brackets not before it

bull There should be no definitions derived from English dictionaries

encyclopaedias and magazines Time Life books or Readers Digest only

from the literature of your discipline

bull Mainly objective language should be used (avoid personal terms such as I

We us you our one and they)

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

bull No sexist or racist terms should be used

bull Only the approved abbreviations should be used Avoid eg ie etc

wasnt dont etc

bull Short quotes should be in single quotations within paragraphs

bull Long quotes of more than thirty words should be indented single spaces

without quotation marks not in italics the same size font as the rest of

the essay and extremely rare Paraphrasing demonstrates your

understanding much better

bull No numbered dot pointed alphabetized or quoted lists should be used

bull A computer spell check or other should be done

bull Proof read your essay for typing spelling and grammatical errors after

printing it out

bull An essay usually does not contain headings If however you are allowed

to use them then they should contain headings the following format

bull Just one per section not two (one beneath the other is inappropriate)

bull Not one for every paragraph

bull A statement about what is in the paragraphs below (not a question)

bull More than one word

bull The same size font as the rest of the essay

bull Title case or sentence case (minimal capitalization)

bull Not upper case (all capital letters)

bull In bold

bull No in italic

bull No fancy calligraphy

bull Without punctuation on the end (no colons or dashes)

bull Not on the same line as the paragraph begins

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ACNT REFERENCINGGUIDELINES

Adapted from httpwwwuneeduautlcstudentspublicationsreferencingpdf (UNE

style guide)

Introduction

Referencing is simply a meticulous and systematic method of presenting the

sources of ideas or information you may have borrowed from others The basic

purpose of referencing is to set your ideas in the context of those expressed by

others However novel your own thoughts about a particular subject or

phenomenon your ideas will have their historical antecedents even if your

thoughts are the antithesis of those expressed by others Referencing

demonstrates that you have considered the ideas of others in advancing your

own arguments andor in presenting factual data

Referencing

Many students have been confused by the fact that different styles of referencing

have been demanded by different disciplines within the University and sometimes

even by different lecturers in the same discipline Of course each discipline may

have special referencing and formatting requirements for a project report or a

thesis but most schools have been able to agree on these guidelines for standard

essays

While the referencing style presented here is acceptable to a majority of

disciplines within the University of New England students should be aware that

publishing houses and journalsperiodicals have different conventions for

referencing which authors will be required to follow when preparing work forpublication

There is no one correct way of referencing

Whichever style you are required to use it is important that you be consistent

within the one piece of work and follow the conventions as prescribed by your

audience - whether university lecturer or publisher

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Students may find that individual unit coordinators or academic areas prefer

variations of the approaches presented here If in doubt students should consult

their unit coordinators

Why Document

Full documentation is an essential part of any essay or thesis chapter It enables

the reader to follow up the source of ideas interpretations and information in

the essay and it makes clear when you are drawing your conclusions from the

evidence presented Failure to document adequately and fully is to ignore

scholarly rules and may mean that you may not receive full recognition for

originality

Documentation should be used not only to provide the source of a direct

quotation but also to give the source for any information ideas or interpretation

that you have used To state other peoples ideas as your own in the absence of

proper citation is considered to be theft of intellectual property the University

imposes harsh penalties for plagiarism (see Plagiarism for the Universitys rule on

plagiarism)

How to Document

There are various conventions with respect to acknowledging the works of

others and different disciplines have their own traditions Your choice of

referencing style will be determined largely by your discipline and unit

coordinator

Generally there are two main systems of documentation

Author-date system

Footnoting system

But there are many variations within them

The author-date system acknowledges the author and date of publication in thetext with full details of the work provided in the list of references at the end of

the text

The footnoting system places a raised numeral in the text which refers to either

a footnote or endnote that contains the full acknowledgment of the source A

bibliography may or may not be included Whichever system or variation is

chosen it must be used consistently

The author-date systems include the Harvard system which is widely used in law

sciences and cultural studies and the APA (American Psychological Association)

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

system which is used in the social sciences and some sciences The MLA

(Modern Language Association of America) system used by language and

literature scholars is similar to but not identical to APA Footnoting systems are

used in the creative arts and systems such as the CBE (Council of Biology

Editors) system and Vancouver system are used in chemistry mathematics andmedicine (Putnis amp Petelin 1996282)

More information on the above documentation systems may be obtained in the

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological

Association 1983) (APA) the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers

(Gibaldi amp Achtert 1995) (MLA) and The CBE Manual for Authors Editors and

Publishers (Council of Biology Editors 1994)(CBE) There does not appear to be a

publication that officially defines the Harvard system and many guides use the

name Harvard interchangeably with their conventions for an author-date

system

The style adopted in presenting the following examples of author-date and

footnoting systems is based on the Style Manual for Authors Editors and Printers

(AGPS 1994) with some reference to Putnis and Petelin (1996) The online

referencing style has been developed by the editorial committee based on the

established referencing systems outlined above but consistent with the print

referencing styles in this style guide

List of referencesBibliography

A list of references contains only works mentioned or cited in the text while a

bibliography refers to both textual references and other works which may have

informed your thinking but may not have been explicitly cited

The author-date system depends on a full and detailed list of references or

bibliography at the end of the text The footnoting system may or may not be

accompanied by a bibliography There is no need for a list of references when

using the footnoting system for full citation details are provided in the notes

However students are advised to consult their unit coordinators to determine if a bibliography is required

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

How to Set Out Quotations

When quoting directly from any source you may incorporate the quotation into

your text in two ways If the quotation is short - less than about thirty words - itshould be contained within the text Longer quotations should be set as separate

passages

Short quotations should be enclosed within single quotation marks for example

We can ask whether violence is a basic element in a revolutionary

process as Arendt assumes when she writes that revolutions and wars

are not even conceivable outside the domain of violence

You would then acknowledge the source of the quotation by a reference to

author and date in the author-date system of documentation (see Author-Date)or by a footnote in the footnoting system (see Footnoting)

If the quotation exceeds about thirty words it should be set off from the text as

a block quotation Quotation marks are not used It is convention for the block

to be in single space regardless of the spacing of the main text

The hard-boiled detective is heroic because

however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to

his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost

him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett thecode is chiefly professional (Grella 19709)

Note that the full-stop is before the brackets

OR

Grella (19709) suggests that the hard-boiled detective is heroic because

however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to

his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost

him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett the

code is chiefly professional

When paraphrasing another persons words - whether they be the ideas

conveyed in two pages of a book or two sentences from a passage - you must

also acknowledge the source This can be done in a variety of ways one of which

is to precede the paraphrased section with a general phrase for example

Blainey believes hellip

Russell Ward states hellip

Weber questions hellip

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

You would still need to acknowledge the source of your ideas by a reference to

the author and date of publication using either referencing system

Square Brackets

Use square brackets to enclose words or phrases inserted in the text by

someone other than the author of the text

He writes in his biography that Although I grew up in Canberra I

was born in Perth [Scotland]

Square brackets are also used in quotations to indicate incorrect spelling

She wrote in her essay A dichotomy exists between the two

thoretical [sic] interpretations of the phenomenon

Points of Ellipsis

Points of ellipsis ( hellip ) in quotations indicate that material has been omitted

The following extract from the Guardian (12 April 19883) further

illustrates the importance of defence contracting for the major UK

companies

Eiris investigated companies involved in the construction of

nuclear bases those working on Star Wars research as well

as defence contractors for nuclear weapons systems hellip

Twenty six companies are working on nuclear weapons

systems or components the ten most important receiving

more than pound100 million from the Ministry of Defence in

19856

Use three points only even if the points come at the end of a sentence

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Check list

Whichever system of referencing you choose it is important to

maintain consistency throughout the work

be sure that each reference in the text has a corresponding reference in

the bibliography or list of references

ensure that the textual reference agrees in every detail with the

bibliographical reference

provide accurate and full details in the reference to enable the reader to

locate the source of the cited document

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)

Examples of textual and reference entries

ANONYMOUS WORK

Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon

In Text

Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the

reference by title thus

lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip

lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)

List of references

Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp

London

AUTHORS- MULTIPLE

In Text

i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate

their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order

(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)

ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more

authors in parentheses

(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)

(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)

However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in

the text

Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip

iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three

authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this

may cause ambiguity

(Butlin et al 1982)

Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip

List of references

Do not use et al in the list of references

i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-

developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165

Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan

Paul London

Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August

p 13

Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional

societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol

19 pp 504-522

ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra

Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire

Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO

Nijmegen

iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and

Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME

In Text

In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to

distinguish one from the other

FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip

(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)

Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within

parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the

surname)

List of references

Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature

vol 323 pp 327-330

Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central

Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS

In text

Arrange in chronological order by date of publication

(Thomson 1939 1956)

Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip

List of references

Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the

Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221

Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary

Supplement 21 April

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR

In text

Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references

to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of

the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles

Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that

(Bennett 1976a 1976b)

Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued

List of references

Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references

correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the

text

Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture

in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53

Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and

Human Adaptation Pergamon New York

AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME

In text

(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)

hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)

List of references

Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of

Nebraska Press Lincoln

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK

Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and

the edited book in the references

In text

(Chalmers 1986)

Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip

List of references

Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved

case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds

JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31

Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific

Method Reidel Dordreht

CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION

Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date

of the reprint

In text

(Darwin 1968 (1859))

List of references

Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural

Selection Penguin Harmondsworth

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

INDIRECT QUOTATION

To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted

reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references

In text

(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)

List of references

Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne

JOURNAL ARTICLE

In text

(Goodall 19907)

Goodall (19907) believes hellip

List of references

Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of

Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2

no 44 pp 7-8

Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL

For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for

references is as follows

bull authorrsquos surname and initials

bull date of publication

bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation

bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation

bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid

hyphenation which can cause confusion

For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this

Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating

Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm

An example of citing a web based database would be

Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing

acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions

(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database

httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=

IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING

In text

(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip

List of references

The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are

capitalised

Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin

and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on

Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED

In text

(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)

Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)

List of references

Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS

Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc

reference is made thus

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

In text

In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed

out that hellip

In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained

hellip

Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip

(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)

List of references

Do not list personal communications in the list of references

PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE

Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)

In text

Giles (c 1889) showed hellip

(Giles c 1889)

List of references

Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS

In text

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip

(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)

List of references

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of

the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp

Opportunity Perth

PUBLICATION DATE- NONE

In text

Kelly (nd) argued that hellip

(Kelly nd)

List of references

Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS

In text

Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip

(Slobodkin in press)

List of references

Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man

Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS

A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the

process of publication

In text

Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve

archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity

List of references

None

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME

If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the

name of the sponsoring organisation

In text

A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states

hellip

(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)

List of references

National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A

Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government

Publishing Service Canberra

THESIS

In text

(McBryde 196622)

McBryde (196622)

List of references

The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised

McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region

New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK

In text

(Galileo 1960)

(Wesson 1975)

List of references

Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of

Wisconsin Press Madison

Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove

Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic

UNPUBLISHED WORK

Include as much information as possible in the location of the document

In text

Danger (unpub) suggested hellip

(Dangar unpub)

List of references

Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-

1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION

In text

(Namier 19574)

Namier (19574)

List of references

Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd

edn Macmillan London

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES

By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding

Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based

World Wide Web Resources

Content amp Evaluation

Who is the audience

What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain

How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided

What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of

information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)

What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area

What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents

How comprehensive is this site

What are the link selection criteria if any

Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site

Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both

Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks

ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other

sites)

Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler

What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources

Are the links evaluated in any way

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

bull No sexist or racist terms should be used

bull Only the approved abbreviations should be used Avoid eg ie etc

wasnt dont etc

bull Short quotes should be in single quotations within paragraphs

bull Long quotes of more than thirty words should be indented single spaces

without quotation marks not in italics the same size font as the rest of

the essay and extremely rare Paraphrasing demonstrates your

understanding much better

bull No numbered dot pointed alphabetized or quoted lists should be used

bull A computer spell check or other should be done

bull Proof read your essay for typing spelling and grammatical errors after

printing it out

bull An essay usually does not contain headings If however you are allowed

to use them then they should contain headings the following format

bull Just one per section not two (one beneath the other is inappropriate)

bull Not one for every paragraph

bull A statement about what is in the paragraphs below (not a question)

bull More than one word

bull The same size font as the rest of the essay

bull Title case or sentence case (minimal capitalization)

bull Not upper case (all capital letters)

bull In bold

bull No in italic

bull No fancy calligraphy

bull Without punctuation on the end (no colons or dashes)

bull Not on the same line as the paragraph begins

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ACNT REFERENCINGGUIDELINES

Adapted from httpwwwuneeduautlcstudentspublicationsreferencingpdf (UNE

style guide)

Introduction

Referencing is simply a meticulous and systematic method of presenting the

sources of ideas or information you may have borrowed from others The basic

purpose of referencing is to set your ideas in the context of those expressed by

others However novel your own thoughts about a particular subject or

phenomenon your ideas will have their historical antecedents even if your

thoughts are the antithesis of those expressed by others Referencing

demonstrates that you have considered the ideas of others in advancing your

own arguments andor in presenting factual data

Referencing

Many students have been confused by the fact that different styles of referencing

have been demanded by different disciplines within the University and sometimes

even by different lecturers in the same discipline Of course each discipline may

have special referencing and formatting requirements for a project report or a

thesis but most schools have been able to agree on these guidelines for standard

essays

While the referencing style presented here is acceptable to a majority of

disciplines within the University of New England students should be aware that

publishing houses and journalsperiodicals have different conventions for

referencing which authors will be required to follow when preparing work forpublication

There is no one correct way of referencing

Whichever style you are required to use it is important that you be consistent

within the one piece of work and follow the conventions as prescribed by your

audience - whether university lecturer or publisher

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Students may find that individual unit coordinators or academic areas prefer

variations of the approaches presented here If in doubt students should consult

their unit coordinators

Why Document

Full documentation is an essential part of any essay or thesis chapter It enables

the reader to follow up the source of ideas interpretations and information in

the essay and it makes clear when you are drawing your conclusions from the

evidence presented Failure to document adequately and fully is to ignore

scholarly rules and may mean that you may not receive full recognition for

originality

Documentation should be used not only to provide the source of a direct

quotation but also to give the source for any information ideas or interpretation

that you have used To state other peoples ideas as your own in the absence of

proper citation is considered to be theft of intellectual property the University

imposes harsh penalties for plagiarism (see Plagiarism for the Universitys rule on

plagiarism)

How to Document

There are various conventions with respect to acknowledging the works of

others and different disciplines have their own traditions Your choice of

referencing style will be determined largely by your discipline and unit

coordinator

Generally there are two main systems of documentation

Author-date system

Footnoting system

But there are many variations within them

The author-date system acknowledges the author and date of publication in thetext with full details of the work provided in the list of references at the end of

the text

The footnoting system places a raised numeral in the text which refers to either

a footnote or endnote that contains the full acknowledgment of the source A

bibliography may or may not be included Whichever system or variation is

chosen it must be used consistently

The author-date systems include the Harvard system which is widely used in law

sciences and cultural studies and the APA (American Psychological Association)

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

system which is used in the social sciences and some sciences The MLA

(Modern Language Association of America) system used by language and

literature scholars is similar to but not identical to APA Footnoting systems are

used in the creative arts and systems such as the CBE (Council of Biology

Editors) system and Vancouver system are used in chemistry mathematics andmedicine (Putnis amp Petelin 1996282)

More information on the above documentation systems may be obtained in the

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological

Association 1983) (APA) the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers

(Gibaldi amp Achtert 1995) (MLA) and The CBE Manual for Authors Editors and

Publishers (Council of Biology Editors 1994)(CBE) There does not appear to be a

publication that officially defines the Harvard system and many guides use the

name Harvard interchangeably with their conventions for an author-date

system

The style adopted in presenting the following examples of author-date and

footnoting systems is based on the Style Manual for Authors Editors and Printers

(AGPS 1994) with some reference to Putnis and Petelin (1996) The online

referencing style has been developed by the editorial committee based on the

established referencing systems outlined above but consistent with the print

referencing styles in this style guide

List of referencesBibliography

A list of references contains only works mentioned or cited in the text while a

bibliography refers to both textual references and other works which may have

informed your thinking but may not have been explicitly cited

The author-date system depends on a full and detailed list of references or

bibliography at the end of the text The footnoting system may or may not be

accompanied by a bibliography There is no need for a list of references when

using the footnoting system for full citation details are provided in the notes

However students are advised to consult their unit coordinators to determine if a bibliography is required

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

How to Set Out Quotations

When quoting directly from any source you may incorporate the quotation into

your text in two ways If the quotation is short - less than about thirty words - itshould be contained within the text Longer quotations should be set as separate

passages

Short quotations should be enclosed within single quotation marks for example

We can ask whether violence is a basic element in a revolutionary

process as Arendt assumes when she writes that revolutions and wars

are not even conceivable outside the domain of violence

You would then acknowledge the source of the quotation by a reference to

author and date in the author-date system of documentation (see Author-Date)or by a footnote in the footnoting system (see Footnoting)

If the quotation exceeds about thirty words it should be set off from the text as

a block quotation Quotation marks are not used It is convention for the block

to be in single space regardless of the spacing of the main text

The hard-boiled detective is heroic because

however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to

his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost

him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett thecode is chiefly professional (Grella 19709)

Note that the full-stop is before the brackets

OR

Grella (19709) suggests that the hard-boiled detective is heroic because

however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to

his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost

him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett the

code is chiefly professional

When paraphrasing another persons words - whether they be the ideas

conveyed in two pages of a book or two sentences from a passage - you must

also acknowledge the source This can be done in a variety of ways one of which

is to precede the paraphrased section with a general phrase for example

Blainey believes hellip

Russell Ward states hellip

Weber questions hellip

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

You would still need to acknowledge the source of your ideas by a reference to

the author and date of publication using either referencing system

Square Brackets

Use square brackets to enclose words or phrases inserted in the text by

someone other than the author of the text

He writes in his biography that Although I grew up in Canberra I

was born in Perth [Scotland]

Square brackets are also used in quotations to indicate incorrect spelling

She wrote in her essay A dichotomy exists between the two

thoretical [sic] interpretations of the phenomenon

Points of Ellipsis

Points of ellipsis ( hellip ) in quotations indicate that material has been omitted

The following extract from the Guardian (12 April 19883) further

illustrates the importance of defence contracting for the major UK

companies

Eiris investigated companies involved in the construction of

nuclear bases those working on Star Wars research as well

as defence contractors for nuclear weapons systems hellip

Twenty six companies are working on nuclear weapons

systems or components the ten most important receiving

more than pound100 million from the Ministry of Defence in

19856

Use three points only even if the points come at the end of a sentence

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Check list

Whichever system of referencing you choose it is important to

maintain consistency throughout the work

be sure that each reference in the text has a corresponding reference in

the bibliography or list of references

ensure that the textual reference agrees in every detail with the

bibliographical reference

provide accurate and full details in the reference to enable the reader to

locate the source of the cited document

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)

Examples of textual and reference entries

ANONYMOUS WORK

Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon

In Text

Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the

reference by title thus

lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip

lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)

List of references

Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp

London

AUTHORS- MULTIPLE

In Text

i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate

their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order

(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)

ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more

authors in parentheses

(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)

(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)

However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in

the text

Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip

iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three

authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this

may cause ambiguity

(Butlin et al 1982)

Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip

List of references

Do not use et al in the list of references

i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-

developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165

Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan

Paul London

Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August

p 13

Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional

societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol

19 pp 504-522

ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra

Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire

Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO

Nijmegen

iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and

Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME

In Text

In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to

distinguish one from the other

FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip

(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)

Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within

parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the

surname)

List of references

Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature

vol 323 pp 327-330

Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central

Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS

In text

Arrange in chronological order by date of publication

(Thomson 1939 1956)

Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip

List of references

Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the

Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221

Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary

Supplement 21 April

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR

In text

Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references

to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of

the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles

Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that

(Bennett 1976a 1976b)

Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued

List of references

Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references

correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the

text

Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture

in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53

Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and

Human Adaptation Pergamon New York

AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME

In text

(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)

hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)

List of references

Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of

Nebraska Press Lincoln

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK

Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and

the edited book in the references

In text

(Chalmers 1986)

Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip

List of references

Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved

case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds

JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31

Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific

Method Reidel Dordreht

CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION

Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date

of the reprint

In text

(Darwin 1968 (1859))

List of references

Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural

Selection Penguin Harmondsworth

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

INDIRECT QUOTATION

To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted

reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references

In text

(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)

List of references

Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne

JOURNAL ARTICLE

In text

(Goodall 19907)

Goodall (19907) believes hellip

List of references

Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of

Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2

no 44 pp 7-8

Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL

For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for

references is as follows

bull authorrsquos surname and initials

bull date of publication

bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation

bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation

bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid

hyphenation which can cause confusion

For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this

Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating

Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm

An example of citing a web based database would be

Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing

acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions

(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database

httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=

IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING

In text

(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip

List of references

The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are

capitalised

Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin

and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on

Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED

In text

(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)

Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)

List of references

Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS

Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc

reference is made thus

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

In text

In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed

out that hellip

In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained

hellip

Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip

(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)

List of references

Do not list personal communications in the list of references

PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE

Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)

In text

Giles (c 1889) showed hellip

(Giles c 1889)

List of references

Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS

In text

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip

(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)

List of references

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of

the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp

Opportunity Perth

PUBLICATION DATE- NONE

In text

Kelly (nd) argued that hellip

(Kelly nd)

List of references

Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS

In text

Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip

(Slobodkin in press)

List of references

Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man

Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS

A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the

process of publication

In text

Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve

archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity

List of references

None

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME

If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the

name of the sponsoring organisation

In text

A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states

hellip

(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)

List of references

National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A

Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government

Publishing Service Canberra

THESIS

In text

(McBryde 196622)

McBryde (196622)

List of references

The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised

McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region

New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK

In text

(Galileo 1960)

(Wesson 1975)

List of references

Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of

Wisconsin Press Madison

Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove

Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic

UNPUBLISHED WORK

Include as much information as possible in the location of the document

In text

Danger (unpub) suggested hellip

(Dangar unpub)

List of references

Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-

1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION

In text

(Namier 19574)

Namier (19574)

List of references

Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd

edn Macmillan London

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES

By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding

Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based

World Wide Web Resources

Content amp Evaluation

Who is the audience

What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain

How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided

What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of

information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)

What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area

What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents

How comprehensive is this site

What are the link selection criteria if any

Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site

Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both

Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks

ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other

sites)

Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler

What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources

Are the links evaluated in any way

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ACNT REFERENCINGGUIDELINES

Adapted from httpwwwuneeduautlcstudentspublicationsreferencingpdf (UNE

style guide)

Introduction

Referencing is simply a meticulous and systematic method of presenting the

sources of ideas or information you may have borrowed from others The basic

purpose of referencing is to set your ideas in the context of those expressed by

others However novel your own thoughts about a particular subject or

phenomenon your ideas will have their historical antecedents even if your

thoughts are the antithesis of those expressed by others Referencing

demonstrates that you have considered the ideas of others in advancing your

own arguments andor in presenting factual data

Referencing

Many students have been confused by the fact that different styles of referencing

have been demanded by different disciplines within the University and sometimes

even by different lecturers in the same discipline Of course each discipline may

have special referencing and formatting requirements for a project report or a

thesis but most schools have been able to agree on these guidelines for standard

essays

While the referencing style presented here is acceptable to a majority of

disciplines within the University of New England students should be aware that

publishing houses and journalsperiodicals have different conventions for

referencing which authors will be required to follow when preparing work forpublication

There is no one correct way of referencing

Whichever style you are required to use it is important that you be consistent

within the one piece of work and follow the conventions as prescribed by your

audience - whether university lecturer or publisher

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Students may find that individual unit coordinators or academic areas prefer

variations of the approaches presented here If in doubt students should consult

their unit coordinators

Why Document

Full documentation is an essential part of any essay or thesis chapter It enables

the reader to follow up the source of ideas interpretations and information in

the essay and it makes clear when you are drawing your conclusions from the

evidence presented Failure to document adequately and fully is to ignore

scholarly rules and may mean that you may not receive full recognition for

originality

Documentation should be used not only to provide the source of a direct

quotation but also to give the source for any information ideas or interpretation

that you have used To state other peoples ideas as your own in the absence of

proper citation is considered to be theft of intellectual property the University

imposes harsh penalties for plagiarism (see Plagiarism for the Universitys rule on

plagiarism)

How to Document

There are various conventions with respect to acknowledging the works of

others and different disciplines have their own traditions Your choice of

referencing style will be determined largely by your discipline and unit

coordinator

Generally there are two main systems of documentation

Author-date system

Footnoting system

But there are many variations within them

The author-date system acknowledges the author and date of publication in thetext with full details of the work provided in the list of references at the end of

the text

The footnoting system places a raised numeral in the text which refers to either

a footnote or endnote that contains the full acknowledgment of the source A

bibliography may or may not be included Whichever system or variation is

chosen it must be used consistently

The author-date systems include the Harvard system which is widely used in law

sciences and cultural studies and the APA (American Psychological Association)

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

system which is used in the social sciences and some sciences The MLA

(Modern Language Association of America) system used by language and

literature scholars is similar to but not identical to APA Footnoting systems are

used in the creative arts and systems such as the CBE (Council of Biology

Editors) system and Vancouver system are used in chemistry mathematics andmedicine (Putnis amp Petelin 1996282)

More information on the above documentation systems may be obtained in the

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological

Association 1983) (APA) the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers

(Gibaldi amp Achtert 1995) (MLA) and The CBE Manual for Authors Editors and

Publishers (Council of Biology Editors 1994)(CBE) There does not appear to be a

publication that officially defines the Harvard system and many guides use the

name Harvard interchangeably with their conventions for an author-date

system

The style adopted in presenting the following examples of author-date and

footnoting systems is based on the Style Manual for Authors Editors and Printers

(AGPS 1994) with some reference to Putnis and Petelin (1996) The online

referencing style has been developed by the editorial committee based on the

established referencing systems outlined above but consistent with the print

referencing styles in this style guide

List of referencesBibliography

A list of references contains only works mentioned or cited in the text while a

bibliography refers to both textual references and other works which may have

informed your thinking but may not have been explicitly cited

The author-date system depends on a full and detailed list of references or

bibliography at the end of the text The footnoting system may or may not be

accompanied by a bibliography There is no need for a list of references when

using the footnoting system for full citation details are provided in the notes

However students are advised to consult their unit coordinators to determine if a bibliography is required

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

How to Set Out Quotations

When quoting directly from any source you may incorporate the quotation into

your text in two ways If the quotation is short - less than about thirty words - itshould be contained within the text Longer quotations should be set as separate

passages

Short quotations should be enclosed within single quotation marks for example

We can ask whether violence is a basic element in a revolutionary

process as Arendt assumes when she writes that revolutions and wars

are not even conceivable outside the domain of violence

You would then acknowledge the source of the quotation by a reference to

author and date in the author-date system of documentation (see Author-Date)or by a footnote in the footnoting system (see Footnoting)

If the quotation exceeds about thirty words it should be set off from the text as

a block quotation Quotation marks are not used It is convention for the block

to be in single space regardless of the spacing of the main text

The hard-boiled detective is heroic because

however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to

his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost

him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett thecode is chiefly professional (Grella 19709)

Note that the full-stop is before the brackets

OR

Grella (19709) suggests that the hard-boiled detective is heroic because

however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to

his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost

him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett the

code is chiefly professional

When paraphrasing another persons words - whether they be the ideas

conveyed in two pages of a book or two sentences from a passage - you must

also acknowledge the source This can be done in a variety of ways one of which

is to precede the paraphrased section with a general phrase for example

Blainey believes hellip

Russell Ward states hellip

Weber questions hellip

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

You would still need to acknowledge the source of your ideas by a reference to

the author and date of publication using either referencing system

Square Brackets

Use square brackets to enclose words or phrases inserted in the text by

someone other than the author of the text

He writes in his biography that Although I grew up in Canberra I

was born in Perth [Scotland]

Square brackets are also used in quotations to indicate incorrect spelling

She wrote in her essay A dichotomy exists between the two

thoretical [sic] interpretations of the phenomenon

Points of Ellipsis

Points of ellipsis ( hellip ) in quotations indicate that material has been omitted

The following extract from the Guardian (12 April 19883) further

illustrates the importance of defence contracting for the major UK

companies

Eiris investigated companies involved in the construction of

nuclear bases those working on Star Wars research as well

as defence contractors for nuclear weapons systems hellip

Twenty six companies are working on nuclear weapons

systems or components the ten most important receiving

more than pound100 million from the Ministry of Defence in

19856

Use three points only even if the points come at the end of a sentence

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Check list

Whichever system of referencing you choose it is important to

maintain consistency throughout the work

be sure that each reference in the text has a corresponding reference in

the bibliography or list of references

ensure that the textual reference agrees in every detail with the

bibliographical reference

provide accurate and full details in the reference to enable the reader to

locate the source of the cited document

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)

Examples of textual and reference entries

ANONYMOUS WORK

Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon

In Text

Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the

reference by title thus

lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip

lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)

List of references

Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp

London

AUTHORS- MULTIPLE

In Text

i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate

their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order

(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)

ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more

authors in parentheses

(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)

(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)

However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in

the text

Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip

iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three

authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this

may cause ambiguity

(Butlin et al 1982)

Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip

List of references

Do not use et al in the list of references

i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-

developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165

Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan

Paul London

Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August

p 13

Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional

societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol

19 pp 504-522

ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra

Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire

Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO

Nijmegen

iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and

Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME

In Text

In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to

distinguish one from the other

FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip

(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)

Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within

parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the

surname)

List of references

Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature

vol 323 pp 327-330

Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central

Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS

In text

Arrange in chronological order by date of publication

(Thomson 1939 1956)

Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip

List of references

Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the

Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221

Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary

Supplement 21 April

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR

In text

Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references

to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of

the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles

Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that

(Bennett 1976a 1976b)

Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued

List of references

Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references

correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the

text

Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture

in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53

Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and

Human Adaptation Pergamon New York

AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME

In text

(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)

hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)

List of references

Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of

Nebraska Press Lincoln

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK

Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and

the edited book in the references

In text

(Chalmers 1986)

Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip

List of references

Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved

case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds

JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31

Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific

Method Reidel Dordreht

CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION

Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date

of the reprint

In text

(Darwin 1968 (1859))

List of references

Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural

Selection Penguin Harmondsworth

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

INDIRECT QUOTATION

To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted

reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references

In text

(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)

List of references

Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne

JOURNAL ARTICLE

In text

(Goodall 19907)

Goodall (19907) believes hellip

List of references

Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of

Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2

no 44 pp 7-8

Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL

For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for

references is as follows

bull authorrsquos surname and initials

bull date of publication

bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation

bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation

bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid

hyphenation which can cause confusion

For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this

Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating

Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm

An example of citing a web based database would be

Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing

acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions

(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database

httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=

IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING

In text

(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip

List of references

The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are

capitalised

Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin

and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on

Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED

In text

(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)

Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)

List of references

Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS

Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc

reference is made thus

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

In text

In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed

out that hellip

In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained

hellip

Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip

(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)

List of references

Do not list personal communications in the list of references

PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE

Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)

In text

Giles (c 1889) showed hellip

(Giles c 1889)

List of references

Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS

In text

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip

(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)

List of references

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of

the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp

Opportunity Perth

PUBLICATION DATE- NONE

In text

Kelly (nd) argued that hellip

(Kelly nd)

List of references

Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS

In text

Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip

(Slobodkin in press)

List of references

Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man

Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS

A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the

process of publication

In text

Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve

archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity

List of references

None

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME

If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the

name of the sponsoring organisation

In text

A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states

hellip

(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)

List of references

National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A

Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government

Publishing Service Canberra

THESIS

In text

(McBryde 196622)

McBryde (196622)

List of references

The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised

McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region

New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK

In text

(Galileo 1960)

(Wesson 1975)

List of references

Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of

Wisconsin Press Madison

Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove

Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic

UNPUBLISHED WORK

Include as much information as possible in the location of the document

In text

Danger (unpub) suggested hellip

(Dangar unpub)

List of references

Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-

1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION

In text

(Namier 19574)

Namier (19574)

List of references

Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd

edn Macmillan London

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES

By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding

Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based

World Wide Web Resources

Content amp Evaluation

Who is the audience

What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain

How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided

What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of

information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)

What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area

What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents

How comprehensive is this site

What are the link selection criteria if any

Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site

Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both

Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks

ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other

sites)

Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler

What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources

Are the links evaluated in any way

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Students may find that individual unit coordinators or academic areas prefer

variations of the approaches presented here If in doubt students should consult

their unit coordinators

Why Document

Full documentation is an essential part of any essay or thesis chapter It enables

the reader to follow up the source of ideas interpretations and information in

the essay and it makes clear when you are drawing your conclusions from the

evidence presented Failure to document adequately and fully is to ignore

scholarly rules and may mean that you may not receive full recognition for

originality

Documentation should be used not only to provide the source of a direct

quotation but also to give the source for any information ideas or interpretation

that you have used To state other peoples ideas as your own in the absence of

proper citation is considered to be theft of intellectual property the University

imposes harsh penalties for plagiarism (see Plagiarism for the Universitys rule on

plagiarism)

How to Document

There are various conventions with respect to acknowledging the works of

others and different disciplines have their own traditions Your choice of

referencing style will be determined largely by your discipline and unit

coordinator

Generally there are two main systems of documentation

Author-date system

Footnoting system

But there are many variations within them

The author-date system acknowledges the author and date of publication in thetext with full details of the work provided in the list of references at the end of

the text

The footnoting system places a raised numeral in the text which refers to either

a footnote or endnote that contains the full acknowledgment of the source A

bibliography may or may not be included Whichever system or variation is

chosen it must be used consistently

The author-date systems include the Harvard system which is widely used in law

sciences and cultural studies and the APA (American Psychological Association)

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

system which is used in the social sciences and some sciences The MLA

(Modern Language Association of America) system used by language and

literature scholars is similar to but not identical to APA Footnoting systems are

used in the creative arts and systems such as the CBE (Council of Biology

Editors) system and Vancouver system are used in chemistry mathematics andmedicine (Putnis amp Petelin 1996282)

More information on the above documentation systems may be obtained in the

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological

Association 1983) (APA) the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers

(Gibaldi amp Achtert 1995) (MLA) and The CBE Manual for Authors Editors and

Publishers (Council of Biology Editors 1994)(CBE) There does not appear to be a

publication that officially defines the Harvard system and many guides use the

name Harvard interchangeably with their conventions for an author-date

system

The style adopted in presenting the following examples of author-date and

footnoting systems is based on the Style Manual for Authors Editors and Printers

(AGPS 1994) with some reference to Putnis and Petelin (1996) The online

referencing style has been developed by the editorial committee based on the

established referencing systems outlined above but consistent with the print

referencing styles in this style guide

List of referencesBibliography

A list of references contains only works mentioned or cited in the text while a

bibliography refers to both textual references and other works which may have

informed your thinking but may not have been explicitly cited

The author-date system depends on a full and detailed list of references or

bibliography at the end of the text The footnoting system may or may not be

accompanied by a bibliography There is no need for a list of references when

using the footnoting system for full citation details are provided in the notes

However students are advised to consult their unit coordinators to determine if a bibliography is required

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

How to Set Out Quotations

When quoting directly from any source you may incorporate the quotation into

your text in two ways If the quotation is short - less than about thirty words - itshould be contained within the text Longer quotations should be set as separate

passages

Short quotations should be enclosed within single quotation marks for example

We can ask whether violence is a basic element in a revolutionary

process as Arendt assumes when she writes that revolutions and wars

are not even conceivable outside the domain of violence

You would then acknowledge the source of the quotation by a reference to

author and date in the author-date system of documentation (see Author-Date)or by a footnote in the footnoting system (see Footnoting)

If the quotation exceeds about thirty words it should be set off from the text as

a block quotation Quotation marks are not used It is convention for the block

to be in single space regardless of the spacing of the main text

The hard-boiled detective is heroic because

however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to

his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost

him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett thecode is chiefly professional (Grella 19709)

Note that the full-stop is before the brackets

OR

Grella (19709) suggests that the hard-boiled detective is heroic because

however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to

his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost

him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett the

code is chiefly professional

When paraphrasing another persons words - whether they be the ideas

conveyed in two pages of a book or two sentences from a passage - you must

also acknowledge the source This can be done in a variety of ways one of which

is to precede the paraphrased section with a general phrase for example

Blainey believes hellip

Russell Ward states hellip

Weber questions hellip

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

You would still need to acknowledge the source of your ideas by a reference to

the author and date of publication using either referencing system

Square Brackets

Use square brackets to enclose words or phrases inserted in the text by

someone other than the author of the text

He writes in his biography that Although I grew up in Canberra I

was born in Perth [Scotland]

Square brackets are also used in quotations to indicate incorrect spelling

She wrote in her essay A dichotomy exists between the two

thoretical [sic] interpretations of the phenomenon

Points of Ellipsis

Points of ellipsis ( hellip ) in quotations indicate that material has been omitted

The following extract from the Guardian (12 April 19883) further

illustrates the importance of defence contracting for the major UK

companies

Eiris investigated companies involved in the construction of

nuclear bases those working on Star Wars research as well

as defence contractors for nuclear weapons systems hellip

Twenty six companies are working on nuclear weapons

systems or components the ten most important receiving

more than pound100 million from the Ministry of Defence in

19856

Use three points only even if the points come at the end of a sentence

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Check list

Whichever system of referencing you choose it is important to

maintain consistency throughout the work

be sure that each reference in the text has a corresponding reference in

the bibliography or list of references

ensure that the textual reference agrees in every detail with the

bibliographical reference

provide accurate and full details in the reference to enable the reader to

locate the source of the cited document

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)

Examples of textual and reference entries

ANONYMOUS WORK

Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon

In Text

Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the

reference by title thus

lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip

lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)

List of references

Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp

London

AUTHORS- MULTIPLE

In Text

i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate

their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order

(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)

ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more

authors in parentheses

(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)

(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)

However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in

the text

Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip

iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three

authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this

may cause ambiguity

(Butlin et al 1982)

Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip

List of references

Do not use et al in the list of references

i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-

developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165

Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan

Paul London

Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August

p 13

Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional

societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol

19 pp 504-522

ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra

Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire

Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO

Nijmegen

iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and

Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME

In Text

In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to

distinguish one from the other

FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip

(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)

Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within

parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the

surname)

List of references

Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature

vol 323 pp 327-330

Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central

Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS

In text

Arrange in chronological order by date of publication

(Thomson 1939 1956)

Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip

List of references

Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the

Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221

Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary

Supplement 21 April

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR

In text

Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references

to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of

the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles

Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that

(Bennett 1976a 1976b)

Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued

List of references

Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references

correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the

text

Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture

in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53

Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and

Human Adaptation Pergamon New York

AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME

In text

(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)

hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)

List of references

Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of

Nebraska Press Lincoln

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK

Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and

the edited book in the references

In text

(Chalmers 1986)

Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip

List of references

Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved

case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds

JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31

Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific

Method Reidel Dordreht

CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION

Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date

of the reprint

In text

(Darwin 1968 (1859))

List of references

Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural

Selection Penguin Harmondsworth

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

INDIRECT QUOTATION

To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted

reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references

In text

(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)

List of references

Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne

JOURNAL ARTICLE

In text

(Goodall 19907)

Goodall (19907) believes hellip

List of references

Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of

Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2

no 44 pp 7-8

Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL

For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for

references is as follows

bull authorrsquos surname and initials

bull date of publication

bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation

bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation

bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid

hyphenation which can cause confusion

For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this

Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating

Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm

An example of citing a web based database would be

Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing

acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions

(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database

httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=

IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING

In text

(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip

List of references

The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are

capitalised

Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin

and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on

Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED

In text

(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)

Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)

List of references

Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS

Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc

reference is made thus

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

In text

In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed

out that hellip

In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained

hellip

Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip

(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)

List of references

Do not list personal communications in the list of references

PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE

Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)

In text

Giles (c 1889) showed hellip

(Giles c 1889)

List of references

Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS

In text

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip

(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)

List of references

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of

the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp

Opportunity Perth

PUBLICATION DATE- NONE

In text

Kelly (nd) argued that hellip

(Kelly nd)

List of references

Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS

In text

Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip

(Slobodkin in press)

List of references

Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man

Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS

A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the

process of publication

In text

Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve

archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity

List of references

None

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME

If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the

name of the sponsoring organisation

In text

A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states

hellip

(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)

List of references

National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A

Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government

Publishing Service Canberra

THESIS

In text

(McBryde 196622)

McBryde (196622)

List of references

The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised

McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region

New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK

In text

(Galileo 1960)

(Wesson 1975)

List of references

Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of

Wisconsin Press Madison

Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove

Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic

UNPUBLISHED WORK

Include as much information as possible in the location of the document

In text

Danger (unpub) suggested hellip

(Dangar unpub)

List of references

Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-

1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION

In text

(Namier 19574)

Namier (19574)

List of references

Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd

edn Macmillan London

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES

By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding

Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based

World Wide Web Resources

Content amp Evaluation

Who is the audience

What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain

How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided

What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of

information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)

What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area

What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents

How comprehensive is this site

What are the link selection criteria if any

Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site

Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both

Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks

ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other

sites)

Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler

What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources

Are the links evaluated in any way

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

Page 11: LI Referencing (2008) v6

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

system which is used in the social sciences and some sciences The MLA

(Modern Language Association of America) system used by language and

literature scholars is similar to but not identical to APA Footnoting systems are

used in the creative arts and systems such as the CBE (Council of Biology

Editors) system and Vancouver system are used in chemistry mathematics andmedicine (Putnis amp Petelin 1996282)

More information on the above documentation systems may be obtained in the

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological

Association 1983) (APA) the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers

(Gibaldi amp Achtert 1995) (MLA) and The CBE Manual for Authors Editors and

Publishers (Council of Biology Editors 1994)(CBE) There does not appear to be a

publication that officially defines the Harvard system and many guides use the

name Harvard interchangeably with their conventions for an author-date

system

The style adopted in presenting the following examples of author-date and

footnoting systems is based on the Style Manual for Authors Editors and Printers

(AGPS 1994) with some reference to Putnis and Petelin (1996) The online

referencing style has been developed by the editorial committee based on the

established referencing systems outlined above but consistent with the print

referencing styles in this style guide

List of referencesBibliography

A list of references contains only works mentioned or cited in the text while a

bibliography refers to both textual references and other works which may have

informed your thinking but may not have been explicitly cited

The author-date system depends on a full and detailed list of references or

bibliography at the end of the text The footnoting system may or may not be

accompanied by a bibliography There is no need for a list of references when

using the footnoting system for full citation details are provided in the notes

However students are advised to consult their unit coordinators to determine if a bibliography is required

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

How to Set Out Quotations

When quoting directly from any source you may incorporate the quotation into

your text in two ways If the quotation is short - less than about thirty words - itshould be contained within the text Longer quotations should be set as separate

passages

Short quotations should be enclosed within single quotation marks for example

We can ask whether violence is a basic element in a revolutionary

process as Arendt assumes when she writes that revolutions and wars

are not even conceivable outside the domain of violence

You would then acknowledge the source of the quotation by a reference to

author and date in the author-date system of documentation (see Author-Date)or by a footnote in the footnoting system (see Footnoting)

If the quotation exceeds about thirty words it should be set off from the text as

a block quotation Quotation marks are not used It is convention for the block

to be in single space regardless of the spacing of the main text

The hard-boiled detective is heroic because

however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to

his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost

him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett thecode is chiefly professional (Grella 19709)

Note that the full-stop is before the brackets

OR

Grella (19709) suggests that the hard-boiled detective is heroic because

however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to

his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost

him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett the

code is chiefly professional

When paraphrasing another persons words - whether they be the ideas

conveyed in two pages of a book or two sentences from a passage - you must

also acknowledge the source This can be done in a variety of ways one of which

is to precede the paraphrased section with a general phrase for example

Blainey believes hellip

Russell Ward states hellip

Weber questions hellip

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

You would still need to acknowledge the source of your ideas by a reference to

the author and date of publication using either referencing system

Square Brackets

Use square brackets to enclose words or phrases inserted in the text by

someone other than the author of the text

He writes in his biography that Although I grew up in Canberra I

was born in Perth [Scotland]

Square brackets are also used in quotations to indicate incorrect spelling

She wrote in her essay A dichotomy exists between the two

thoretical [sic] interpretations of the phenomenon

Points of Ellipsis

Points of ellipsis ( hellip ) in quotations indicate that material has been omitted

The following extract from the Guardian (12 April 19883) further

illustrates the importance of defence contracting for the major UK

companies

Eiris investigated companies involved in the construction of

nuclear bases those working on Star Wars research as well

as defence contractors for nuclear weapons systems hellip

Twenty six companies are working on nuclear weapons

systems or components the ten most important receiving

more than pound100 million from the Ministry of Defence in

19856

Use three points only even if the points come at the end of a sentence

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Check list

Whichever system of referencing you choose it is important to

maintain consistency throughout the work

be sure that each reference in the text has a corresponding reference in

the bibliography or list of references

ensure that the textual reference agrees in every detail with the

bibliographical reference

provide accurate and full details in the reference to enable the reader to

locate the source of the cited document

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)

Examples of textual and reference entries

ANONYMOUS WORK

Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon

In Text

Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the

reference by title thus

lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip

lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)

List of references

Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp

London

AUTHORS- MULTIPLE

In Text

i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate

their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order

(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)

ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more

authors in parentheses

(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)

(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)

However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in

the text

Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip

iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three

authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this

may cause ambiguity

(Butlin et al 1982)

Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip

List of references

Do not use et al in the list of references

i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-

developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165

Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan

Paul London

Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August

p 13

Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional

societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol

19 pp 504-522

ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra

Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire

Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO

Nijmegen

iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and

Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME

In Text

In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to

distinguish one from the other

FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip

(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)

Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within

parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the

surname)

List of references

Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature

vol 323 pp 327-330

Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central

Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS

In text

Arrange in chronological order by date of publication

(Thomson 1939 1956)

Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip

List of references

Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the

Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221

Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary

Supplement 21 April

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR

In text

Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references

to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of

the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles

Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that

(Bennett 1976a 1976b)

Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued

List of references

Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references

correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the

text

Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture

in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53

Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and

Human Adaptation Pergamon New York

AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME

In text

(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)

hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)

List of references

Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of

Nebraska Press Lincoln

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK

Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and

the edited book in the references

In text

(Chalmers 1986)

Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip

List of references

Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved

case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds

JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31

Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific

Method Reidel Dordreht

CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION

Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date

of the reprint

In text

(Darwin 1968 (1859))

List of references

Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural

Selection Penguin Harmondsworth

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

INDIRECT QUOTATION

To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted

reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references

In text

(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)

List of references

Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne

JOURNAL ARTICLE

In text

(Goodall 19907)

Goodall (19907) believes hellip

List of references

Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of

Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2

no 44 pp 7-8

Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL

For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for

references is as follows

bull authorrsquos surname and initials

bull date of publication

bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation

bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation

bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid

hyphenation which can cause confusion

For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this

Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating

Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm

An example of citing a web based database would be

Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing

acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions

(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database

httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=

IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING

In text

(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip

List of references

The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are

capitalised

Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin

and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on

Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED

In text

(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)

Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)

List of references

Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS

Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc

reference is made thus

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

In text

In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed

out that hellip

In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained

hellip

Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip

(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)

List of references

Do not list personal communications in the list of references

PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE

Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)

In text

Giles (c 1889) showed hellip

(Giles c 1889)

List of references

Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS

In text

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip

(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)

List of references

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of

the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp

Opportunity Perth

PUBLICATION DATE- NONE

In text

Kelly (nd) argued that hellip

(Kelly nd)

List of references

Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS

In text

Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip

(Slobodkin in press)

List of references

Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man

Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS

A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the

process of publication

In text

Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve

archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity

List of references

None

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME

If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the

name of the sponsoring organisation

In text

A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states

hellip

(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)

List of references

National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A

Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government

Publishing Service Canberra

THESIS

In text

(McBryde 196622)

McBryde (196622)

List of references

The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised

McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region

New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK

In text

(Galileo 1960)

(Wesson 1975)

List of references

Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of

Wisconsin Press Madison

Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove

Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic

UNPUBLISHED WORK

Include as much information as possible in the location of the document

In text

Danger (unpub) suggested hellip

(Dangar unpub)

List of references

Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-

1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION

In text

(Namier 19574)

Namier (19574)

List of references

Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd

edn Macmillan London

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES

By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding

Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based

World Wide Web Resources

Content amp Evaluation

Who is the audience

What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain

How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided

What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of

information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)

What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area

What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents

How comprehensive is this site

What are the link selection criteria if any

Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site

Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both

Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks

ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other

sites)

Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler

What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources

Are the links evaluated in any way

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

How to Set Out Quotations

When quoting directly from any source you may incorporate the quotation into

your text in two ways If the quotation is short - less than about thirty words - itshould be contained within the text Longer quotations should be set as separate

passages

Short quotations should be enclosed within single quotation marks for example

We can ask whether violence is a basic element in a revolutionary

process as Arendt assumes when she writes that revolutions and wars

are not even conceivable outside the domain of violence

You would then acknowledge the source of the quotation by a reference to

author and date in the author-date system of documentation (see Author-Date)or by a footnote in the footnoting system (see Footnoting)

If the quotation exceeds about thirty words it should be set off from the text as

a block quotation Quotation marks are not used It is convention for the block

to be in single space regardless of the spacing of the main text

The hard-boiled detective is heroic because

however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to

his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost

him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett thecode is chiefly professional (Grella 19709)

Note that the full-stop is before the brackets

OR

Grella (19709) suggests that the hard-boiled detective is heroic because

however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to

his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost

him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett the

code is chiefly professional

When paraphrasing another persons words - whether they be the ideas

conveyed in two pages of a book or two sentences from a passage - you must

also acknowledge the source This can be done in a variety of ways one of which

is to precede the paraphrased section with a general phrase for example

Blainey believes hellip

Russell Ward states hellip

Weber questions hellip

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

You would still need to acknowledge the source of your ideas by a reference to

the author and date of publication using either referencing system

Square Brackets

Use square brackets to enclose words or phrases inserted in the text by

someone other than the author of the text

He writes in his biography that Although I grew up in Canberra I

was born in Perth [Scotland]

Square brackets are also used in quotations to indicate incorrect spelling

She wrote in her essay A dichotomy exists between the two

thoretical [sic] interpretations of the phenomenon

Points of Ellipsis

Points of ellipsis ( hellip ) in quotations indicate that material has been omitted

The following extract from the Guardian (12 April 19883) further

illustrates the importance of defence contracting for the major UK

companies

Eiris investigated companies involved in the construction of

nuclear bases those working on Star Wars research as well

as defence contractors for nuclear weapons systems hellip

Twenty six companies are working on nuclear weapons

systems or components the ten most important receiving

more than pound100 million from the Ministry of Defence in

19856

Use three points only even if the points come at the end of a sentence

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Check list

Whichever system of referencing you choose it is important to

maintain consistency throughout the work

be sure that each reference in the text has a corresponding reference in

the bibliography or list of references

ensure that the textual reference agrees in every detail with the

bibliographical reference

provide accurate and full details in the reference to enable the reader to

locate the source of the cited document

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)

Examples of textual and reference entries

ANONYMOUS WORK

Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon

In Text

Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the

reference by title thus

lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip

lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)

List of references

Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp

London

AUTHORS- MULTIPLE

In Text

i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate

their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order

(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)

ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more

authors in parentheses

(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)

(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)

However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in

the text

Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip

iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three

authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this

may cause ambiguity

(Butlin et al 1982)

Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip

List of references

Do not use et al in the list of references

i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-

developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165

Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan

Paul London

Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August

p 13

Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional

societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol

19 pp 504-522

ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra

Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire

Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO

Nijmegen

iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and

Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME

In Text

In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to

distinguish one from the other

FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip

(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)

Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within

parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the

surname)

List of references

Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature

vol 323 pp 327-330

Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central

Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS

In text

Arrange in chronological order by date of publication

(Thomson 1939 1956)

Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip

List of references

Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the

Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221

Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary

Supplement 21 April

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR

In text

Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references

to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of

the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles

Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that

(Bennett 1976a 1976b)

Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued

List of references

Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references

correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the

text

Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture

in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53

Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and

Human Adaptation Pergamon New York

AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME

In text

(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)

hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)

List of references

Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of

Nebraska Press Lincoln

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK

Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and

the edited book in the references

In text

(Chalmers 1986)

Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip

List of references

Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved

case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds

JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31

Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific

Method Reidel Dordreht

CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION

Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date

of the reprint

In text

(Darwin 1968 (1859))

List of references

Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural

Selection Penguin Harmondsworth

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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

INDIRECT QUOTATION

To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted

reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references

In text

(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)

List of references

Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne

JOURNAL ARTICLE

In text

(Goodall 19907)

Goodall (19907) believes hellip

List of references

Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of

Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2

no 44 pp 7-8

Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL

For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for

references is as follows

bull authorrsquos surname and initials

bull date of publication

bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation

bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation

bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid

hyphenation which can cause confusion

For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this

Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating

Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm

An example of citing a web based database would be

Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing

acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions

(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database

httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=

IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING

In text

(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip

List of references

The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are

capitalised

Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin

and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on

Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED

In text

(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)

Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)

List of references

Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS

Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc

reference is made thus

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

In text

In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed

out that hellip

In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained

hellip

Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip

(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)

List of references

Do not list personal communications in the list of references

PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE

Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)

In text

Giles (c 1889) showed hellip

(Giles c 1889)

List of references

Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS

In text

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip

(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)

List of references

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of

the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp

Opportunity Perth

PUBLICATION DATE- NONE

In text

Kelly (nd) argued that hellip

(Kelly nd)

List of references

Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS

In text

Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip

(Slobodkin in press)

List of references

Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man

Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS

A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the

process of publication

In text

Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve

archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity

List of references

None

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME

If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the

name of the sponsoring organisation

In text

A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states

hellip

(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)

List of references

National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A

Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government

Publishing Service Canberra

THESIS

In text

(McBryde 196622)

McBryde (196622)

List of references

The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised

McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region

New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK

In text

(Galileo 1960)

(Wesson 1975)

List of references

Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of

Wisconsin Press Madison

Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove

Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic

UNPUBLISHED WORK

Include as much information as possible in the location of the document

In text

Danger (unpub) suggested hellip

(Dangar unpub)

List of references

Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-

1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION

In text

(Namier 19574)

Namier (19574)

List of references

Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd

edn Macmillan London

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES

By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding

Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based

World Wide Web Resources

Content amp Evaluation

Who is the audience

What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain

How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided

What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of

information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)

What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area

What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents

How comprehensive is this site

What are the link selection criteria if any

Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site

Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both

Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks

ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other

sites)

Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler

What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources

Are the links evaluated in any way

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

You would still need to acknowledge the source of your ideas by a reference to

the author and date of publication using either referencing system

Square Brackets

Use square brackets to enclose words or phrases inserted in the text by

someone other than the author of the text

He writes in his biography that Although I grew up in Canberra I

was born in Perth [Scotland]

Square brackets are also used in quotations to indicate incorrect spelling

She wrote in her essay A dichotomy exists between the two

thoretical [sic] interpretations of the phenomenon

Points of Ellipsis

Points of ellipsis ( hellip ) in quotations indicate that material has been omitted

The following extract from the Guardian (12 April 19883) further

illustrates the importance of defence contracting for the major UK

companies

Eiris investigated companies involved in the construction of

nuclear bases those working on Star Wars research as well

as defence contractors for nuclear weapons systems hellip

Twenty six companies are working on nuclear weapons

systems or components the ten most important receiving

more than pound100 million from the Ministry of Defence in

19856

Use three points only even if the points come at the end of a sentence

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Check list

Whichever system of referencing you choose it is important to

maintain consistency throughout the work

be sure that each reference in the text has a corresponding reference in

the bibliography or list of references

ensure that the textual reference agrees in every detail with the

bibliographical reference

provide accurate and full details in the reference to enable the reader to

locate the source of the cited document

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)

Examples of textual and reference entries

ANONYMOUS WORK

Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon

In Text

Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the

reference by title thus

lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip

lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)

List of references

Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp

London

AUTHORS- MULTIPLE

In Text

i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate

their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order

(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)

ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more

authors in parentheses

(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)

(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)

However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in

the text

Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip

iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three

authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this

may cause ambiguity

(Butlin et al 1982)

Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip

List of references

Do not use et al in the list of references

i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-

developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165

Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan

Paul London

Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August

p 13

Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional

societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol

19 pp 504-522

ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra

Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire

Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO

Nijmegen

iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and

Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME

In Text

In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to

distinguish one from the other

FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip

(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)

Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within

parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the

surname)

List of references

Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature

vol 323 pp 327-330

Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central

Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS

In text

Arrange in chronological order by date of publication

(Thomson 1939 1956)

Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip

List of references

Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the

Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221

Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary

Supplement 21 April

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR

In text

Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references

to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of

the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles

Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that

(Bennett 1976a 1976b)

Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued

List of references

Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references

correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the

text

Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture

in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53

Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and

Human Adaptation Pergamon New York

AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME

In text

(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)

hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)

List of references

Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of

Nebraska Press Lincoln

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK

Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and

the edited book in the references

In text

(Chalmers 1986)

Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip

List of references

Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved

case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds

JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31

Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific

Method Reidel Dordreht

CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION

Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date

of the reprint

In text

(Darwin 1968 (1859))

List of references

Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural

Selection Penguin Harmondsworth

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

INDIRECT QUOTATION

To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted

reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references

In text

(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)

List of references

Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne

JOURNAL ARTICLE

In text

(Goodall 19907)

Goodall (19907) believes hellip

List of references

Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of

Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2

no 44 pp 7-8

Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL

For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for

references is as follows

bull authorrsquos surname and initials

bull date of publication

bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation

bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation

bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid

hyphenation which can cause confusion

For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this

Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating

Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm

An example of citing a web based database would be

Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing

acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions

(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database

httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=

IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING

In text

(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip

List of references

The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are

capitalised

Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin

and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on

Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED

In text

(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)

Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)

List of references

Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS

Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc

reference is made thus

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

In text

In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed

out that hellip

In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained

hellip

Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip

(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)

List of references

Do not list personal communications in the list of references

PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE

Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)

In text

Giles (c 1889) showed hellip

(Giles c 1889)

List of references

Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS

In text

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip

(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)

List of references

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of

the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp

Opportunity Perth

PUBLICATION DATE- NONE

In text

Kelly (nd) argued that hellip

(Kelly nd)

List of references

Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS

In text

Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip

(Slobodkin in press)

List of references

Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man

Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS

A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the

process of publication

In text

Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve

archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity

List of references

None

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME

If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the

name of the sponsoring organisation

In text

A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states

hellip

(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)

List of references

National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A

Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government

Publishing Service Canberra

THESIS

In text

(McBryde 196622)

McBryde (196622)

List of references

The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised

McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region

New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England

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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK

In text

(Galileo 1960)

(Wesson 1975)

List of references

Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of

Wisconsin Press Madison

Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove

Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic

UNPUBLISHED WORK

Include as much information as possible in the location of the document

In text

Danger (unpub) suggested hellip

(Dangar unpub)

List of references

Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-

1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION

In text

(Namier 19574)

Namier (19574)

List of references

Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd

edn Macmillan London

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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES

By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding

Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based

World Wide Web Resources

Content amp Evaluation

Who is the audience

What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain

How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided

What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of

information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)

What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area

What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents

How comprehensive is this site

What are the link selection criteria if any

Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site

Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both

Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks

ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other

sites)

Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler

What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources

Are the links evaluated in any way

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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

Page 14: LI Referencing (2008) v6

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Check list

Whichever system of referencing you choose it is important to

maintain consistency throughout the work

be sure that each reference in the text has a corresponding reference in

the bibliography or list of references

ensure that the textual reference agrees in every detail with the

bibliographical reference

provide accurate and full details in the reference to enable the reader to

locate the source of the cited document

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)

Examples of textual and reference entries

ANONYMOUS WORK

Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon

In Text

Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the

reference by title thus

lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip

lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)

List of references

Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp

London

AUTHORS- MULTIPLE

In Text

i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate

their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order

(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)

ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more

authors in parentheses

(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)

(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)

However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in

the text

Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip

iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three

authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this

may cause ambiguity

(Butlin et al 1982)

Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip

List of references

Do not use et al in the list of references

i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-

developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165

Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan

Paul London

Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August

p 13

Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional

societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol

19 pp 504-522

ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra

Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire

Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO

Nijmegen

iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and

Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME

In Text

In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to

distinguish one from the other

FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip

(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)

Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within

parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the

surname)

List of references

Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature

vol 323 pp 327-330

Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central

Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS

In text

Arrange in chronological order by date of publication

(Thomson 1939 1956)

Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip

List of references

Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the

Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221

Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary

Supplement 21 April

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR

In text

Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references

to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of

the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles

Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that

(Bennett 1976a 1976b)

Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued

List of references

Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references

correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the

text

Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture

in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53

Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and

Human Adaptation Pergamon New York

AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME

In text

(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)

hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)

List of references

Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of

Nebraska Press Lincoln

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK

Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and

the edited book in the references

In text

(Chalmers 1986)

Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip

List of references

Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved

case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds

JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31

Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific

Method Reidel Dordreht

CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION

Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date

of the reprint

In text

(Darwin 1968 (1859))

List of references

Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural

Selection Penguin Harmondsworth

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

INDIRECT QUOTATION

To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted

reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references

In text

(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)

List of references

Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne

JOURNAL ARTICLE

In text

(Goodall 19907)

Goodall (19907) believes hellip

List of references

Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of

Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2

no 44 pp 7-8

Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL

For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for

references is as follows

bull authorrsquos surname and initials

bull date of publication

bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation

bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation

bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid

hyphenation which can cause confusion

For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this

Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating

Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm

An example of citing a web based database would be

Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing

acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions

(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database

httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=

IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING

In text

(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip

List of references

The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are

capitalised

Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin

and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on

Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED

In text

(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)

Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)

List of references

Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS

Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc

reference is made thus

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

In text

In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed

out that hellip

In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained

hellip

Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip

(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)

List of references

Do not list personal communications in the list of references

PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE

Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)

In text

Giles (c 1889) showed hellip

(Giles c 1889)

List of references

Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS

In text

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip

(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)

List of references

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of

the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp

Opportunity Perth

PUBLICATION DATE- NONE

In text

Kelly (nd) argued that hellip

(Kelly nd)

List of references

Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS

In text

Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip

(Slobodkin in press)

List of references

Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man

Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS

A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the

process of publication

In text

Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve

archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity

List of references

None

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME

If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the

name of the sponsoring organisation

In text

A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states

hellip

(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)

List of references

National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A

Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government

Publishing Service Canberra

THESIS

In text

(McBryde 196622)

McBryde (196622)

List of references

The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised

McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region

New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England

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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK

In text

(Galileo 1960)

(Wesson 1975)

List of references

Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of

Wisconsin Press Madison

Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove

Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic

UNPUBLISHED WORK

Include as much information as possible in the location of the document

In text

Danger (unpub) suggested hellip

(Dangar unpub)

List of references

Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-

1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION

In text

(Namier 19574)

Namier (19574)

List of references

Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd

edn Macmillan London

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES

By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding

Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based

World Wide Web Resources

Content amp Evaluation

Who is the audience

What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain

How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided

What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of

information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)

What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area

What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents

How comprehensive is this site

What are the link selection criteria if any

Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site

Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both

Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks

ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other

sites)

Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler

What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources

Are the links evaluated in any way

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 29 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3033

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

Page 15: LI Referencing (2008) v6

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 1533

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)

Examples of textual and reference entries

ANONYMOUS WORK

Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon

In Text

Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the

reference by title thus

lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip

lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)

List of references

Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp

London

AUTHORS- MULTIPLE

In Text

i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate

their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order

(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)

ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more

authors in parentheses

(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)

(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)

However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in

the text

Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 15 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip

iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three

authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this

may cause ambiguity

(Butlin et al 1982)

Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip

List of references

Do not use et al in the list of references

i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-

developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165

Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan

Paul London

Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August

p 13

Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional

societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol

19 pp 504-522

ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra

Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire

Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO

Nijmegen

iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and

Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 16 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME

In Text

In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to

distinguish one from the other

FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip

(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)

Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within

parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the

surname)

List of references

Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature

vol 323 pp 327-330

Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central

Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS

In text

Arrange in chronological order by date of publication

(Thomson 1939 1956)

Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip

List of references

Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the

Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221

Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary

Supplement 21 April

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 17 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR

In text

Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references

to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of

the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles

Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that

(Bennett 1976a 1976b)

Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued

List of references

Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references

correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the

text

Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture

in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53

Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and

Human Adaptation Pergamon New York

AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME

In text

(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)

hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)

List of references

Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of

Nebraska Press Lincoln

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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK

Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and

the edited book in the references

In text

(Chalmers 1986)

Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip

List of references

Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved

case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds

JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31

Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific

Method Reidel Dordreht

CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION

Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date

of the reprint

In text

(Darwin 1968 (1859))

List of references

Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural

Selection Penguin Harmondsworth

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ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

INDIRECT QUOTATION

To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted

reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references

In text

(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)

List of references

Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne

JOURNAL ARTICLE

In text

(Goodall 19907)

Goodall (19907) believes hellip

List of references

Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of

Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2

no 44 pp 7-8

Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 20 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2133

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL

For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for

references is as follows

bull authorrsquos surname and initials

bull date of publication

bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation

bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation

bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid

hyphenation which can cause confusion

For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this

Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating

Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm

An example of citing a web based database would be

Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing

acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions

(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database

httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=

IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 21 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2233

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING

In text

(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip

List of references

The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are

capitalised

Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin

and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on

Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED

In text

(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)

Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)

List of references

Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS

Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc

reference is made thus

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

In text

In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed

out that hellip

In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained

hellip

Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip

(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)

List of references

Do not list personal communications in the list of references

PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE

Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)

In text

Giles (c 1889) showed hellip

(Giles c 1889)

List of references

Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney

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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2433

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS

In text

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip

(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)

List of references

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of

the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp

Opportunity Perth

PUBLICATION DATE- NONE

In text

Kelly (nd) argued that hellip

(Kelly nd)

List of references

Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 24 of 33

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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS

In text

Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip

(Slobodkin in press)

List of references

Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man

Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS

A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the

process of publication

In text

Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve

archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity

List of references

None

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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME

If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the

name of the sponsoring organisation

In text

A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states

hellip

(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)

List of references

National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A

Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government

Publishing Service Canberra

THESIS

In text

(McBryde 196622)

McBryde (196622)

List of references

The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised

McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region

New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England

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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2733

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK

In text

(Galileo 1960)

(Wesson 1975)

List of references

Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of

Wisconsin Press Madison

Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove

Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic

UNPUBLISHED WORK

Include as much information as possible in the location of the document

In text

Danger (unpub) suggested hellip

(Dangar unpub)

List of references

Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-

1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 27 of 33

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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION

In text

(Namier 19574)

Namier (19574)

List of references

Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd

edn Macmillan London

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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES

By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding

Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based

World Wide Web Resources

Content amp Evaluation

Who is the audience

What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain

How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided

What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of

information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)

What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area

What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents

How comprehensive is this site

What are the link selection criteria if any

Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site

Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both

Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks

ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other

sites)

Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler

What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources

Are the links evaluated in any way

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

Page 16: LI Referencing (2008) v6

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip

iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three

authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this

may cause ambiguity

(Butlin et al 1982)

Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip

List of references

Do not use et al in the list of references

i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-

developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165

Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan

Paul London

Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August

p 13

Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional

societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol

19 pp 504-522

ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra

Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire

Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO

Nijmegen

iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and

Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 16 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 1733

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME

In Text

In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to

distinguish one from the other

FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip

(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)

Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within

parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the

surname)

List of references

Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature

vol 323 pp 327-330

Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central

Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS

In text

Arrange in chronological order by date of publication

(Thomson 1939 1956)

Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip

List of references

Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the

Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221

Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary

Supplement 21 April

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 17 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 1833

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR

In text

Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references

to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of

the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles

Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that

(Bennett 1976a 1976b)

Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued

List of references

Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references

correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the

text

Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture

in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53

Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and

Human Adaptation Pergamon New York

AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME

In text

(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)

hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)

List of references

Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of

Nebraska Press Lincoln

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 18 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 1933

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK

Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and

the edited book in the references

In text

(Chalmers 1986)

Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip

List of references

Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved

case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds

JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31

Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific

Method Reidel Dordreht

CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION

Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date

of the reprint

In text

(Darwin 1968 (1859))

List of references

Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural

Selection Penguin Harmondsworth

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 19 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2033

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

INDIRECT QUOTATION

To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted

reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references

In text

(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)

List of references

Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne

JOURNAL ARTICLE

In text

(Goodall 19907)

Goodall (19907) believes hellip

List of references

Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of

Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2

no 44 pp 7-8

Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 20 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2133

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL

For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for

references is as follows

bull authorrsquos surname and initials

bull date of publication

bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation

bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation

bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid

hyphenation which can cause confusion

For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this

Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating

Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm

An example of citing a web based database would be

Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing

acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions

(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database

httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=

IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 21 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2233

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING

In text

(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip

List of references

The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are

capitalised

Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin

and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on

Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED

In text

(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)

Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)

List of references

Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS

Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc

reference is made thus

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 22 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2333

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

In text

In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed

out that hellip

In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained

hellip

Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip

(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)

List of references

Do not list personal communications in the list of references

PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE

Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)

In text

Giles (c 1889) showed hellip

(Giles c 1889)

List of references

Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 23 of 33

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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2433

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS

In text

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip

(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)

List of references

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of

the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp

Opportunity Perth

PUBLICATION DATE- NONE

In text

Kelly (nd) argued that hellip

(Kelly nd)

List of references

Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 24 of 33

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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2533

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS

In text

Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip

(Slobodkin in press)

List of references

Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man

Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS

A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the

process of publication

In text

Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve

archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity

List of references

None

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 25 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2633

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME

If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the

name of the sponsoring organisation

In text

A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states

hellip

(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)

List of references

National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A

Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government

Publishing Service Canberra

THESIS

In text

(McBryde 196622)

McBryde (196622)

List of references

The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised

McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region

New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England

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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2733

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK

In text

(Galileo 1960)

(Wesson 1975)

List of references

Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of

Wisconsin Press Madison

Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove

Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic

UNPUBLISHED WORK

Include as much information as possible in the location of the document

In text

Danger (unpub) suggested hellip

(Dangar unpub)

List of references

Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-

1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296

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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2833

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION

In text

(Namier 19574)

Namier (19574)

List of references

Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd

edn Macmillan London

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 28 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2933

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES

By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding

Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based

World Wide Web Resources

Content amp Evaluation

Who is the audience

What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain

How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided

What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of

information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)

What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area

What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents

How comprehensive is this site

What are the link selection criteria if any

Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site

Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both

Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks

ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other

sites)

Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler

What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources

Are the links evaluated in any way

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 29 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3033

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

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ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

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ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

Page 17: LI Referencing (2008) v6

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME

In Text

In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to

distinguish one from the other

FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip

(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)

Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within

parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the

surname)

List of references

Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature

vol 323 pp 327-330

Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central

Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS

In text

Arrange in chronological order by date of publication

(Thomson 1939 1956)

Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip

List of references

Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the

Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221

Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary

Supplement 21 April

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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR

In text

Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references

to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of

the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles

Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that

(Bennett 1976a 1976b)

Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued

List of references

Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references

correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the

text

Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture

in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53

Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and

Human Adaptation Pergamon New York

AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME

In text

(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)

hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)

List of references

Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of

Nebraska Press Lincoln

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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 1933

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK

Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and

the edited book in the references

In text

(Chalmers 1986)

Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip

List of references

Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved

case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds

JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31

Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific

Method Reidel Dordreht

CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION

Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date

of the reprint

In text

(Darwin 1968 (1859))

List of references

Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural

Selection Penguin Harmondsworth

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 19 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2033

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

INDIRECT QUOTATION

To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted

reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references

In text

(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)

List of references

Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne

JOURNAL ARTICLE

In text

(Goodall 19907)

Goodall (19907) believes hellip

List of references

Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of

Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2

no 44 pp 7-8

Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 20 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2133

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL

For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for

references is as follows

bull authorrsquos surname and initials

bull date of publication

bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation

bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation

bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid

hyphenation which can cause confusion

For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this

Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating

Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm

An example of citing a web based database would be

Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing

acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions

(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database

httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=

IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602

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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2233

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING

In text

(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip

List of references

The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are

capitalised

Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin

and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on

Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED

In text

(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)

Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)

List of references

Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS

Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc

reference is made thus

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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2333

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

In text

In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed

out that hellip

In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained

hellip

Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip

(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)

List of references

Do not list personal communications in the list of references

PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE

Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)

In text

Giles (c 1889) showed hellip

(Giles c 1889)

List of references

Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney

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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS

In text

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip

(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)

List of references

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of

the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp

Opportunity Perth

PUBLICATION DATE- NONE

In text

Kelly (nd) argued that hellip

(Kelly nd)

List of references

Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 24 of 33

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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS

In text

Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip

(Slobodkin in press)

List of references

Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man

Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS

A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the

process of publication

In text

Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve

archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity

List of references

None

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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME

If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the

name of the sponsoring organisation

In text

A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states

hellip

(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)

List of references

National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A

Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government

Publishing Service Canberra

THESIS

In text

(McBryde 196622)

McBryde (196622)

List of references

The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised

McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region

New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 26 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2733

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK

In text

(Galileo 1960)

(Wesson 1975)

List of references

Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of

Wisconsin Press Madison

Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove

Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic

UNPUBLISHED WORK

Include as much information as possible in the location of the document

In text

Danger (unpub) suggested hellip

(Dangar unpub)

List of references

Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-

1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 27 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2833

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION

In text

(Namier 19574)

Namier (19574)

List of references

Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd

edn Macmillan London

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 28 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2933

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES

By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding

Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based

World Wide Web Resources

Content amp Evaluation

Who is the audience

What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain

How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided

What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of

information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)

What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area

What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents

How comprehensive is this site

What are the link selection criteria if any

Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site

Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both

Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks

ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other

sites)

Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler

What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources

Are the links evaluated in any way

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 29 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3033

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

Page 18: LI Referencing (2008) v6

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 1833

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR

In text

Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references

to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of

the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles

Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that

(Bennett 1976a 1976b)

Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued

List of references

Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references

correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the

text

Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture

in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53

Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and

Human Adaptation Pergamon New York

AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME

In text

(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)

hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)

List of references

Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of

Nebraska Press Lincoln

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 18 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 1933

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK

Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and

the edited book in the references

In text

(Chalmers 1986)

Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip

List of references

Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved

case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds

JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31

Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific

Method Reidel Dordreht

CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION

Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date

of the reprint

In text

(Darwin 1968 (1859))

List of references

Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural

Selection Penguin Harmondsworth

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 19 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2033

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

INDIRECT QUOTATION

To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted

reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references

In text

(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)

List of references

Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne

JOURNAL ARTICLE

In text

(Goodall 19907)

Goodall (19907) believes hellip

List of references

Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of

Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2

no 44 pp 7-8

Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 20 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2133

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL

For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for

references is as follows

bull authorrsquos surname and initials

bull date of publication

bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation

bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation

bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid

hyphenation which can cause confusion

For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this

Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating

Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm

An example of citing a web based database would be

Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing

acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions

(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database

httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=

IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 21 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2233

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING

In text

(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip

List of references

The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are

capitalised

Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin

and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on

Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED

In text

(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)

Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)

List of references

Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS

Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc

reference is made thus

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 22 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2333

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

In text

In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed

out that hellip

In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained

hellip

Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip

(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)

List of references

Do not list personal communications in the list of references

PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE

Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)

In text

Giles (c 1889) showed hellip

(Giles c 1889)

List of references

Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 23 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2433

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS

In text

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip

(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)

List of references

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of

the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp

Opportunity Perth

PUBLICATION DATE- NONE

In text

Kelly (nd) argued that hellip

(Kelly nd)

List of references

Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 24 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2533

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS

In text

Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip

(Slobodkin in press)

List of references

Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man

Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS

A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the

process of publication

In text

Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve

archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity

List of references

None

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 25 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2633

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME

If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the

name of the sponsoring organisation

In text

A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states

hellip

(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)

List of references

National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A

Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government

Publishing Service Canberra

THESIS

In text

(McBryde 196622)

McBryde (196622)

List of references

The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised

McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region

New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 26 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2733

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK

In text

(Galileo 1960)

(Wesson 1975)

List of references

Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of

Wisconsin Press Madison

Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove

Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic

UNPUBLISHED WORK

Include as much information as possible in the location of the document

In text

Danger (unpub) suggested hellip

(Dangar unpub)

List of references

Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-

1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 27 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2833

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION

In text

(Namier 19574)

Namier (19574)

List of references

Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd

edn Macmillan London

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 28 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2933

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES

By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding

Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based

World Wide Web Resources

Content amp Evaluation

Who is the audience

What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain

How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided

What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of

information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)

What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area

What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents

How comprehensive is this site

What are the link selection criteria if any

Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site

Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both

Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks

ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other

sites)

Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler

What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources

Are the links evaluated in any way

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 29 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3033

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

Page 19: LI Referencing (2008) v6

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 1933

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK

Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and

the edited book in the references

In text

(Chalmers 1986)

Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip

List of references

Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved

case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds

JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31

Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific

Method Reidel Dordreht

CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION

Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date

of the reprint

In text

(Darwin 1968 (1859))

List of references

Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural

Selection Penguin Harmondsworth

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 19 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2033

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

INDIRECT QUOTATION

To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted

reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references

In text

(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)

List of references

Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne

JOURNAL ARTICLE

In text

(Goodall 19907)

Goodall (19907) believes hellip

List of references

Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of

Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2

no 44 pp 7-8

Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 20 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2133

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL

For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for

references is as follows

bull authorrsquos surname and initials

bull date of publication

bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation

bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation

bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid

hyphenation which can cause confusion

For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this

Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating

Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm

An example of citing a web based database would be

Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing

acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions

(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database

httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=

IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 21 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2233

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING

In text

(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip

List of references

The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are

capitalised

Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin

and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on

Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED

In text

(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)

Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)

List of references

Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS

Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc

reference is made thus

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 22 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2333

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

In text

In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed

out that hellip

In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained

hellip

Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip

(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)

List of references

Do not list personal communications in the list of references

PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE

Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)

In text

Giles (c 1889) showed hellip

(Giles c 1889)

List of references

Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 23 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2433

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS

In text

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip

(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)

List of references

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of

the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp

Opportunity Perth

PUBLICATION DATE- NONE

In text

Kelly (nd) argued that hellip

(Kelly nd)

List of references

Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 24 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2533

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS

In text

Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip

(Slobodkin in press)

List of references

Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man

Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS

A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the

process of publication

In text

Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve

archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity

List of references

None

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 25 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2633

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME

If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the

name of the sponsoring organisation

In text

A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states

hellip

(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)

List of references

National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A

Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government

Publishing Service Canberra

THESIS

In text

(McBryde 196622)

McBryde (196622)

List of references

The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised

McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region

New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 26 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2733

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK

In text

(Galileo 1960)

(Wesson 1975)

List of references

Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of

Wisconsin Press Madison

Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove

Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic

UNPUBLISHED WORK

Include as much information as possible in the location of the document

In text

Danger (unpub) suggested hellip

(Dangar unpub)

List of references

Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-

1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 27 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2833

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION

In text

(Namier 19574)

Namier (19574)

List of references

Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd

edn Macmillan London

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 28 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2933

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES

By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding

Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based

World Wide Web Resources

Content amp Evaluation

Who is the audience

What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain

How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided

What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of

information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)

What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area

What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents

How comprehensive is this site

What are the link selection criteria if any

Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site

Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both

Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks

ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other

sites)

Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler

What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources

Are the links evaluated in any way

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 29 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3033

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

Page 20: LI Referencing (2008) v6

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2033

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

INDIRECT QUOTATION

To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted

reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references

In text

(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)

List of references

Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne

JOURNAL ARTICLE

In text

(Goodall 19907)

Goodall (19907) believes hellip

List of references

Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of

Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2

no 44 pp 7-8

Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 20 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2133

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL

For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for

references is as follows

bull authorrsquos surname and initials

bull date of publication

bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation

bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation

bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid

hyphenation which can cause confusion

For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this

Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating

Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm

An example of citing a web based database would be

Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing

acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions

(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database

httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=

IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 21 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2233

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING

In text

(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip

List of references

The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are

capitalised

Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin

and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on

Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED

In text

(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)

Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)

List of references

Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS

Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc

reference is made thus

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 22 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2333

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

In text

In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed

out that hellip

In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained

hellip

Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip

(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)

List of references

Do not list personal communications in the list of references

PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE

Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)

In text

Giles (c 1889) showed hellip

(Giles c 1889)

List of references

Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 23 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2433

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS

In text

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip

(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)

List of references

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of

the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp

Opportunity Perth

PUBLICATION DATE- NONE

In text

Kelly (nd) argued that hellip

(Kelly nd)

List of references

Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 24 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2533

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS

In text

Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip

(Slobodkin in press)

List of references

Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man

Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS

A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the

process of publication

In text

Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve

archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity

List of references

None

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 25 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2633

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME

If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the

name of the sponsoring organisation

In text

A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states

hellip

(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)

List of references

National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A

Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government

Publishing Service Canberra

THESIS

In text

(McBryde 196622)

McBryde (196622)

List of references

The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised

McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region

New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 26 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2733

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK

In text

(Galileo 1960)

(Wesson 1975)

List of references

Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of

Wisconsin Press Madison

Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove

Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic

UNPUBLISHED WORK

Include as much information as possible in the location of the document

In text

Danger (unpub) suggested hellip

(Dangar unpub)

List of references

Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-

1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 27 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2833

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION

In text

(Namier 19574)

Namier (19574)

List of references

Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd

edn Macmillan London

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 28 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2933

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES

By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding

Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based

World Wide Web Resources

Content amp Evaluation

Who is the audience

What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain

How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided

What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of

information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)

What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area

What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents

How comprehensive is this site

What are the link selection criteria if any

Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site

Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both

Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks

ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other

sites)

Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler

What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources

Are the links evaluated in any way

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 29 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3033

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

Page 21: LI Referencing (2008) v6

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2133

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL

For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for

references is as follows

bull authorrsquos surname and initials

bull date of publication

bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format

bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation

bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation

bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid

hyphenation which can cause confusion

For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this

Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating

Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm

An example of citing a web based database would be

Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing

acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions

(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database

httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=

IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 21 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2233

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING

In text

(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip

List of references

The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are

capitalised

Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin

and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on

Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED

In text

(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)

Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)

List of references

Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS

Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc

reference is made thus

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 22 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2333

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

In text

In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed

out that hellip

In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained

hellip

Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip

(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)

List of references

Do not list personal communications in the list of references

PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE

Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)

In text

Giles (c 1889) showed hellip

(Giles c 1889)

List of references

Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 23 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2433

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS

In text

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip

(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)

List of references

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of

the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp

Opportunity Perth

PUBLICATION DATE- NONE

In text

Kelly (nd) argued that hellip

(Kelly nd)

List of references

Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 24 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2533

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS

In text

Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip

(Slobodkin in press)

List of references

Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man

Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS

A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the

process of publication

In text

Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve

archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity

List of references

None

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 25 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2633

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME

If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the

name of the sponsoring organisation

In text

A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states

hellip

(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)

List of references

National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A

Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government

Publishing Service Canberra

THESIS

In text

(McBryde 196622)

McBryde (196622)

List of references

The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised

McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region

New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 26 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2733

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK

In text

(Galileo 1960)

(Wesson 1975)

List of references

Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of

Wisconsin Press Madison

Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove

Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic

UNPUBLISHED WORK

Include as much information as possible in the location of the document

In text

Danger (unpub) suggested hellip

(Dangar unpub)

List of references

Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-

1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 27 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2833

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION

In text

(Namier 19574)

Namier (19574)

List of references

Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd

edn Macmillan London

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 28 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2933

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES

By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding

Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based

World Wide Web Resources

Content amp Evaluation

Who is the audience

What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain

How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided

What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of

information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)

What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area

What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents

How comprehensive is this site

What are the link selection criteria if any

Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site

Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both

Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks

ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other

sites)

Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler

What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources

Are the links evaluated in any way

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 29 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3033

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

Page 22: LI Referencing (2008) v6

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2233

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING

In text

(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip

List of references

The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are

capitalised

Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin

and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on

Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June

PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED

In text

(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)

Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)

List of references

Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS

Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc

reference is made thus

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 22 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2333

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

In text

In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed

out that hellip

In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained

hellip

Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip

(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)

List of references

Do not list personal communications in the list of references

PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE

Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)

In text

Giles (c 1889) showed hellip

(Giles c 1889)

List of references

Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 23 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2433

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS

In text

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip

(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)

List of references

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of

the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp

Opportunity Perth

PUBLICATION DATE- NONE

In text

Kelly (nd) argued that hellip

(Kelly nd)

List of references

Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 24 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2533

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS

In text

Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip

(Slobodkin in press)

List of references

Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man

Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS

A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the

process of publication

In text

Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve

archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity

List of references

None

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 25 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2633

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME

If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the

name of the sponsoring organisation

In text

A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states

hellip

(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)

List of references

National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A

Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government

Publishing Service Canberra

THESIS

In text

(McBryde 196622)

McBryde (196622)

List of references

The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised

McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region

New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 26 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2733

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK

In text

(Galileo 1960)

(Wesson 1975)

List of references

Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of

Wisconsin Press Madison

Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove

Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic

UNPUBLISHED WORK

Include as much information as possible in the location of the document

In text

Danger (unpub) suggested hellip

(Dangar unpub)

List of references

Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-

1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 27 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2833

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION

In text

(Namier 19574)

Namier (19574)

List of references

Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd

edn Macmillan London

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 28 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2933

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES

By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding

Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based

World Wide Web Resources

Content amp Evaluation

Who is the audience

What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain

How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided

What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of

information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)

What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area

What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents

How comprehensive is this site

What are the link selection criteria if any

Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site

Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both

Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks

ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other

sites)

Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler

What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources

Are the links evaluated in any way

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 29 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3033

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

Page 23: LI Referencing (2008) v6

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2333

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

In text

In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed

out that hellip

In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained

hellip

Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip

(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)

List of references

Do not list personal communications in the list of references

PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE

Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)

In text

Giles (c 1889) showed hellip

(Giles c 1889)

List of references

Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 23 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2433

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS

In text

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip

(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)

List of references

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of

the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp

Opportunity Perth

PUBLICATION DATE- NONE

In text

Kelly (nd) argued that hellip

(Kelly nd)

List of references

Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 24 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2533

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS

In text

Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip

(Slobodkin in press)

List of references

Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man

Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS

A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the

process of publication

In text

Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve

archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity

List of references

None

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 25 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2633

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME

If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the

name of the sponsoring organisation

In text

A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states

hellip

(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)

List of references

National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A

Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government

Publishing Service Canberra

THESIS

In text

(McBryde 196622)

McBryde (196622)

List of references

The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised

McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region

New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 26 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2733

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK

In text

(Galileo 1960)

(Wesson 1975)

List of references

Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of

Wisconsin Press Madison

Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove

Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic

UNPUBLISHED WORK

Include as much information as possible in the location of the document

In text

Danger (unpub) suggested hellip

(Dangar unpub)

List of references

Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-

1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 27 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2833

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION

In text

(Namier 19574)

Namier (19574)

List of references

Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd

edn Macmillan London

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 28 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2933

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES

By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding

Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based

World Wide Web Resources

Content amp Evaluation

Who is the audience

What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain

How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided

What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of

information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)

What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area

What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents

How comprehensive is this site

What are the link selection criteria if any

Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site

Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both

Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks

ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other

sites)

Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler

What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources

Are the links evaluated in any way

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 29 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3033

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

Page 24: LI Referencing (2008) v6

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2433

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS

In text

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip

(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)

List of references

WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of

the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp

Opportunity Perth

PUBLICATION DATE- NONE

In text

Kelly (nd) argued that hellip

(Kelly nd)

List of references

Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 24 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2533

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS

In text

Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip

(Slobodkin in press)

List of references

Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man

Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS

A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the

process of publication

In text

Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve

archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity

List of references

None

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 25 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2633

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME

If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the

name of the sponsoring organisation

In text

A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states

hellip

(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)

List of references

National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A

Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government

Publishing Service Canberra

THESIS

In text

(McBryde 196622)

McBryde (196622)

List of references

The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised

McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region

New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 26 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2733

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK

In text

(Galileo 1960)

(Wesson 1975)

List of references

Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of

Wisconsin Press Madison

Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove

Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic

UNPUBLISHED WORK

Include as much information as possible in the location of the document

In text

Danger (unpub) suggested hellip

(Dangar unpub)

List of references

Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-

1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 27 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2833

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION

In text

(Namier 19574)

Namier (19574)

List of references

Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd

edn Macmillan London

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 28 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2933

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES

By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding

Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based

World Wide Web Resources

Content amp Evaluation

Who is the audience

What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain

How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided

What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of

information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)

What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area

What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents

How comprehensive is this site

What are the link selection criteria if any

Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site

Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both

Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks

ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other

sites)

Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler

What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources

Are the links evaluated in any way

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 29 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3033

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

Page 25: LI Referencing (2008) v6

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2533

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS

In text

Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip

(Slobodkin in press)

List of references

Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man

Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science

PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS

A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the

process of publication

In text

Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve

archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity

List of references

None

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 25 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2633

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME

If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the

name of the sponsoring organisation

In text

A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states

hellip

(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)

List of references

National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A

Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government

Publishing Service Canberra

THESIS

In text

(McBryde 196622)

McBryde (196622)

List of references

The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised

McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region

New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 26 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2733

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK

In text

(Galileo 1960)

(Wesson 1975)

List of references

Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of

Wisconsin Press Madison

Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove

Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic

UNPUBLISHED WORK

Include as much information as possible in the location of the document

In text

Danger (unpub) suggested hellip

(Dangar unpub)

List of references

Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-

1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 27 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2833

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION

In text

(Namier 19574)

Namier (19574)

List of references

Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd

edn Macmillan London

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 28 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2933

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES

By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding

Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based

World Wide Web Resources

Content amp Evaluation

Who is the audience

What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain

How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided

What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of

information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)

What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area

What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents

How comprehensive is this site

What are the link selection criteria if any

Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site

Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both

Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks

ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other

sites)

Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler

What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources

Are the links evaluated in any way

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 29 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3033

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

Page 26: LI Referencing (2008) v6

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2633

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME

If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the

name of the sponsoring organisation

In text

A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states

hellip

(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)

List of references

National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A

Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government

Publishing Service Canberra

THESIS

In text

(McBryde 196622)

McBryde (196622)

List of references

The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is

unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised

McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region

New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 26 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2733

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK

In text

(Galileo 1960)

(Wesson 1975)

List of references

Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of

Wisconsin Press Madison

Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove

Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic

UNPUBLISHED WORK

Include as much information as possible in the location of the document

In text

Danger (unpub) suggested hellip

(Dangar unpub)

List of references

Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-

1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 27 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2833

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION

In text

(Namier 19574)

Namier (19574)

List of references

Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd

edn Macmillan London

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 28 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2933

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES

By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding

Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based

World Wide Web Resources

Content amp Evaluation

Who is the audience

What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain

How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided

What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of

information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)

What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area

What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents

How comprehensive is this site

What are the link selection criteria if any

Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site

Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both

Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks

ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other

sites)

Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler

What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources

Are the links evaluated in any way

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 29 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3033

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

Page 27: LI Referencing (2008) v6

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2733

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK

In text

(Galileo 1960)

(Wesson 1975)

List of references

Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of

Wisconsin Press Madison

Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove

Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic

UNPUBLISHED WORK

Include as much information as possible in the location of the document

In text

Danger (unpub) suggested hellip

(Dangar unpub)

List of references

Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-

1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 27 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2833

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION

In text

(Namier 19574)

Namier (19574)

List of references

Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd

edn Macmillan London

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 28 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2933

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES

By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding

Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based

World Wide Web Resources

Content amp Evaluation

Who is the audience

What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain

How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided

What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of

information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)

What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area

What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents

How comprehensive is this site

What are the link selection criteria if any

Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site

Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both

Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks

ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other

sites)

Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler

What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources

Are the links evaluated in any way

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 29 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3033

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

Page 28: LI Referencing (2008) v6

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2833

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION

In text

(Namier 19574)

Namier (19574)

List of references

Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd

edn Macmillan London

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 28 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2933

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES

By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding

Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based

World Wide Web Resources

Content amp Evaluation

Who is the audience

What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain

How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided

What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of

information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)

What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area

What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents

How comprehensive is this site

What are the link selection criteria if any

Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site

Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both

Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks

ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other

sites)

Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler

What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources

Are the links evaluated in any way

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB

RESOURCES

By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding

Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based

World Wide Web Resources

Content amp Evaluation

Who is the audience

What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain

How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided

What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of

information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)

What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area

What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents

How comprehensive is this site

What are the link selection criteria if any

Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site

Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both

Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks

ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other

sites)

Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler

What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources

Are the links evaluated in any way

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 29 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3033

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

Page 30: LI Referencing (2008) v6

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3033

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to

gophers

Is multimedia appropriately incorporated

How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic

value)

Source amp Date

Who is the author or producer

What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created

this site

How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of

the site

Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has

created other Web sites

Is any sort of bias evident

When was the Web item produced

When was the Web item mounted

When was the Web item last revised

How up to date are the links

How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites

which have moved

Is contact information for the author or producer included in the

document

Structure

Does the document follow good graphic design principles

Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative

Do the icons clearly represent what is intended

Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary

composition

Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the

document itself

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

Page 31: LI Referencing (2008) v6

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers

as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode

browsers

Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and

graphics options audio alternative text for graphics

Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of

subject-arranged Web sources

How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within

a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)

Other

Is appropriate interactivity available

When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the

Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How

secure is it

Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to

(embedded in) the Web site

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

Page 32: LI Referencing (2008) v6

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED

WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES

by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library

The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable

or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic

points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites

for subject disciplines

Content amp Evaluation

Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a

corporation or a governmental body

Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or

field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check

with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)

Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just

Internet resources

If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of

resources was chosen

Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria

Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or

scholarly effort

Are sufficient references provided to other works to document

hypotheses claims or assertions

Are references cited fully

Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use

of library-related research tools

Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship

evident

copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33

ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide

Page 33: LI Referencing (2008) v6

822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333

ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines

Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the

content

Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with

commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing

Source amp Date

Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and

who selected the items listed

Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular

groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies

Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions

corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications

How up to date is the study or the site

Structure

Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that

discipline

Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline

Other

Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this

site or is all information at this site freely available

Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this

Web site

Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired

Created by Esther Grassian 101097

Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide