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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 133
ASSIGNMENT
REFERENCING ampSTYLE
GUIDELINES
ACNT LIBRARY
2008
SERVICES
Australasian College of Natural Therapies
57 Foveaux Street Surry Hills NSW 2010 AustraliaPO Box K1356 Haymarket NSW 1240 Australia
wwwacnteduau copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies - All Rights Reserved
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
INTRODUCTION
The documents compiled in this handout are extremely important in order to
pass the various modules and courses that you are undertaking at ACNT
The resources contained within this handout include
Guidelines For Thinking Critically
This is a guide for approaching studying and writing assignments Make sure you
make yourself familiar with this document as your successful application of the
principles will be assessed
Assignment Pre-Submission Checklist
This is a handout that you will need to consult before handing in assignments As
you will notice it is taken from the UNE submission guidelines The aim of this is
to introduce students to the academic rigour required by the university system
Donrsquot forget that most of you are currently enrolled in the Bachelor of Health
Science (or equivalent) thus you are considered to be tertiary students
Use this checklist every time before submitting written assignments
Referencing Guidelines
ACNT uses the same referencing guidelines as most health science departments
in Australian universities As many of our students are concurrently enrolled in
the Bachelor of Health Science Degree course it is important that students use
consistent referencing guidelines
Critiquing Web-based Resources
The Internet has become a widely used reference tool However not all web-
sites are what they appear to be These two articles will help you in your
selection of web-sites as a reference source
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TABLE OF CONTENT
GUIDELINES FOR THINKING CRITICALLY 4 ASSIGNMENT PRE-SUBMISSION CHECKLIST 6
Presentation 6 Essay Style7 Writing Style 7
ACNT REFERENCING GUIDELINES 9 THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM (HARVARD SYSTEM)15
Anonymous work 15 Authors- multiple 15 Authors- with same surname 17 Author single- multiple works in different years 17 Author single- multiple works in the same year 18 Authors - with the same name 18 Chapter in an Edited Book 19 Classic reprinted in a modern version 19 Indirect quotation 20 Journal Article 20 Online (electronic) Material 21 Paper presented at a conference seminar or meeting 22 Paper presented at a conference seminar or meeting and subsequently
published 22 Personal communications 22 Publication date-Approximate 23 Publication date- Dubious 24 Publication date- none 24 Publication date uncertain but in progress 25 Publication date uncertain but not in progress 25 Sponsored work without authors name 26 Thesis 26 Translated revised or compiled work 27 Unpublished work 27 Work other than a first edition 28
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB RESOURCES29 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES 32
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
GUIDELINES FOR THINKINGCRITICALLY
Critical thinking should not be equated with negative thinking itrsquos not a matter of
learning how to tear down otherrsquos ideas Rather critical thinkers carefully
subject others ideas - and their own - to careful systematic objective
evaluation The guidelines shown here (from Wade amp Tavris 1990) provide a
succinct overview of what it means to think critically
1 Ask Questions ndash Be Willing to Wonder
To think critically you must be willing to think creatively - that Is to be curious
about the puzzles of human behaviour to wonder why and to question received
explanations and examine new ones
2 Define the Problem
Identify the issues Involved in clear and concrete terms rather than vague
generalities such as lsquohappinessrsquo or lsquopotentialrsquo What do terms mean exactly
3 Examine the Evidence
Consider the nature of the evidence that supports all aspects of the problem
under examination
Is it reliable Valid Is it someones personal assertion or speculation Does the
evidence come from one or two narrow studies or from repeated research
4 Analyse Biases amp Assumptions
Including your own and those of others What prejudices deeply held values
arid other personal biases do you bring to your evaluation of a problem Are you
willing to consider evidence that contradicts your beliefs Be sure you can
identify the biases of others in order to evaluate their arguments as well
5 Avoid Emotional Reasoning
(I feel this way it must be true) Remember that everyone holds convictions and
ideas about how the world should operate - and that your opponents are as
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
serious about their convictions as you are about yours Feelings are important
but they should not substitute for careful appraisal of arguments and evidence
6 Dont Oversimplify
Lock beyond the obvious Reject simplistic either-or thinking Look for logical
contradictions in arguments Be wary of lsquoarguments by anecdote
7 Consider Other Interpretations
Before you leap to conclusions think about other explanations Be especially
careful about assertions of cause and effect
8 Tolerate Uncertainty
This may be the hardest step in becoming a critical thinker for it requires the
ability to accept some guiding ideas and beliefs - yet the willingness to give them
up when evidence and experience contradict them
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ASSIGNMENT PRE-SUBMISSION CHECKLIST
Adapted from UNE Assignment Pre-Submission Checklist
PRESENTATION
bull The assignment should be stapled in the top left corner
bull It should have a cover sheet and a title page
bull It should be 15 spaced typing
bull Its pages should be numbered in the top right or bottom right corner
with a figure only (not Roman numeral p or page) Not necessary to
number the title page
bull There should be a three centimetre margin on both sides as well as at the
top and bottom of each page
bull There should not be a header with your name student number or other
details on every page The top of each page is conventionally reserved forpage numbers and the bottom for footnotes
bull It should be in an easy read sufficiently dark print for a marker to read
without needing a spotlight and magnifying glass 12 point or 14 point
Times font or equivalent size is best
bull A justified format is best (straight margins on both sides)
bull Assignment should be placed in a clear cover DO NOT USE FOLDERS
COVERS etc
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ESSAY STYLE
bull There should be an introduction at the beginning of the essay containing
the words This essay focuses onhellip or This essay examines explores
discusses describes compares critically analyseshellip The introduction
should contain no bracketed references and no quotes It is not under a
heading
bull A conclusion contains such content as deductions implications
speculations suggestions and directions for future research should be
included It should not contain any bracketed references or quotes It is
not under a heading except if otherwise indicated
bull Check you have answered the question If you have not you are unlikely
to pass the assessment no matter how good your essay is
bull References within the text to cite the sources of information presented
are essential including the page number
bull A list of references containing only those authors cited in the body of the
essay should be included This must be placed on a separate page from
the essay
bull Reference using the Harvard system (Author-date-page)
bull Appendices should be kept to a minimum When they are necessary they
go after the reference list Whole articles should not be attached
WRITING STYLE
bull Paragraphs should be a minimum of four and maximum of ten sentences
along and should not be indented There should be a space between each
paragraph no gaps in the middles and no one -or two-sentence
paragraphs
bull Punctuation goes after brackets not before it
bull There should be no definitions derived from English dictionaries
encyclopaedias and magazines Time Life books or Readers Digest only
from the literature of your discipline
bull Mainly objective language should be used (avoid personal terms such as I
We us you our one and they)
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
bull No sexist or racist terms should be used
bull Only the approved abbreviations should be used Avoid eg ie etc
wasnt dont etc
bull Short quotes should be in single quotations within paragraphs
bull Long quotes of more than thirty words should be indented single spaces
without quotation marks not in italics the same size font as the rest of
the essay and extremely rare Paraphrasing demonstrates your
understanding much better
bull No numbered dot pointed alphabetized or quoted lists should be used
bull A computer spell check or other should be done
bull Proof read your essay for typing spelling and grammatical errors after
printing it out
bull An essay usually does not contain headings If however you are allowed
to use them then they should contain headings the following format
bull Just one per section not two (one beneath the other is inappropriate)
bull Not one for every paragraph
bull A statement about what is in the paragraphs below (not a question)
bull More than one word
bull The same size font as the rest of the essay
bull Title case or sentence case (minimal capitalization)
bull Not upper case (all capital letters)
bull In bold
bull No in italic
bull No fancy calligraphy
bull Without punctuation on the end (no colons or dashes)
bull Not on the same line as the paragraph begins
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ACNT REFERENCINGGUIDELINES
Adapted from httpwwwuneeduautlcstudentspublicationsreferencingpdf (UNE
style guide)
Introduction
Referencing is simply a meticulous and systematic method of presenting the
sources of ideas or information you may have borrowed from others The basic
purpose of referencing is to set your ideas in the context of those expressed by
others However novel your own thoughts about a particular subject or
phenomenon your ideas will have their historical antecedents even if your
thoughts are the antithesis of those expressed by others Referencing
demonstrates that you have considered the ideas of others in advancing your
own arguments andor in presenting factual data
Referencing
Many students have been confused by the fact that different styles of referencing
have been demanded by different disciplines within the University and sometimes
even by different lecturers in the same discipline Of course each discipline may
have special referencing and formatting requirements for a project report or a
thesis but most schools have been able to agree on these guidelines for standard
essays
While the referencing style presented here is acceptable to a majority of
disciplines within the University of New England students should be aware that
publishing houses and journalsperiodicals have different conventions for
referencing which authors will be required to follow when preparing work forpublication
There is no one correct way of referencing
Whichever style you are required to use it is important that you be consistent
within the one piece of work and follow the conventions as prescribed by your
audience - whether university lecturer or publisher
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Students may find that individual unit coordinators or academic areas prefer
variations of the approaches presented here If in doubt students should consult
their unit coordinators
Why Document
Full documentation is an essential part of any essay or thesis chapter It enables
the reader to follow up the source of ideas interpretations and information in
the essay and it makes clear when you are drawing your conclusions from the
evidence presented Failure to document adequately and fully is to ignore
scholarly rules and may mean that you may not receive full recognition for
originality
Documentation should be used not only to provide the source of a direct
quotation but also to give the source for any information ideas or interpretation
that you have used To state other peoples ideas as your own in the absence of
proper citation is considered to be theft of intellectual property the University
imposes harsh penalties for plagiarism (see Plagiarism for the Universitys rule on
plagiarism)
How to Document
There are various conventions with respect to acknowledging the works of
others and different disciplines have their own traditions Your choice of
referencing style will be determined largely by your discipline and unit
coordinator
Generally there are two main systems of documentation
Author-date system
Footnoting system
But there are many variations within them
The author-date system acknowledges the author and date of publication in thetext with full details of the work provided in the list of references at the end of
the text
The footnoting system places a raised numeral in the text which refers to either
a footnote or endnote that contains the full acknowledgment of the source A
bibliography may or may not be included Whichever system or variation is
chosen it must be used consistently
The author-date systems include the Harvard system which is widely used in law
sciences and cultural studies and the APA (American Psychological Association)
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
system which is used in the social sciences and some sciences The MLA
(Modern Language Association of America) system used by language and
literature scholars is similar to but not identical to APA Footnoting systems are
used in the creative arts and systems such as the CBE (Council of Biology
Editors) system and Vancouver system are used in chemistry mathematics andmedicine (Putnis amp Petelin 1996282)
More information on the above documentation systems may be obtained in the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological
Association 1983) (APA) the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers
(Gibaldi amp Achtert 1995) (MLA) and The CBE Manual for Authors Editors and
Publishers (Council of Biology Editors 1994)(CBE) There does not appear to be a
publication that officially defines the Harvard system and many guides use the
name Harvard interchangeably with their conventions for an author-date
system
The style adopted in presenting the following examples of author-date and
footnoting systems is based on the Style Manual for Authors Editors and Printers
(AGPS 1994) with some reference to Putnis and Petelin (1996) The online
referencing style has been developed by the editorial committee based on the
established referencing systems outlined above but consistent with the print
referencing styles in this style guide
List of referencesBibliography
A list of references contains only works mentioned or cited in the text while a
bibliography refers to both textual references and other works which may have
informed your thinking but may not have been explicitly cited
The author-date system depends on a full and detailed list of references or
bibliography at the end of the text The footnoting system may or may not be
accompanied by a bibliography There is no need for a list of references when
using the footnoting system for full citation details are provided in the notes
However students are advised to consult their unit coordinators to determine if a bibliography is required
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
How to Set Out Quotations
When quoting directly from any source you may incorporate the quotation into
your text in two ways If the quotation is short - less than about thirty words - itshould be contained within the text Longer quotations should be set as separate
passages
Short quotations should be enclosed within single quotation marks for example
We can ask whether violence is a basic element in a revolutionary
process as Arendt assumes when she writes that revolutions and wars
are not even conceivable outside the domain of violence
You would then acknowledge the source of the quotation by a reference to
author and date in the author-date system of documentation (see Author-Date)or by a footnote in the footnoting system (see Footnoting)
If the quotation exceeds about thirty words it should be set off from the text as
a block quotation Quotation marks are not used It is convention for the block
to be in single space regardless of the spacing of the main text
The hard-boiled detective is heroic because
however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to
his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost
him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett thecode is chiefly professional (Grella 19709)
Note that the full-stop is before the brackets
OR
Grella (19709) suggests that the hard-boiled detective is heroic because
however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to
his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost
him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett the
code is chiefly professional
When paraphrasing another persons words - whether they be the ideas
conveyed in two pages of a book or two sentences from a passage - you must
also acknowledge the source This can be done in a variety of ways one of which
is to precede the paraphrased section with a general phrase for example
Blainey believes hellip
Russell Ward states hellip
Weber questions hellip
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
You would still need to acknowledge the source of your ideas by a reference to
the author and date of publication using either referencing system
Square Brackets
Use square brackets to enclose words or phrases inserted in the text by
someone other than the author of the text
He writes in his biography that Although I grew up in Canberra I
was born in Perth [Scotland]
Square brackets are also used in quotations to indicate incorrect spelling
She wrote in her essay A dichotomy exists between the two
thoretical [sic] interpretations of the phenomenon
Points of Ellipsis
Points of ellipsis ( hellip ) in quotations indicate that material has been omitted
The following extract from the Guardian (12 April 19883) further
illustrates the importance of defence contracting for the major UK
companies
Eiris investigated companies involved in the construction of
nuclear bases those working on Star Wars research as well
as defence contractors for nuclear weapons systems hellip
Twenty six companies are working on nuclear weapons
systems or components the ten most important receiving
more than pound100 million from the Ministry of Defence in
19856
Use three points only even if the points come at the end of a sentence
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Check list
Whichever system of referencing you choose it is important to
maintain consistency throughout the work
be sure that each reference in the text has a corresponding reference in
the bibliography or list of references
ensure that the textual reference agrees in every detail with the
bibliographical reference
provide accurate and full details in the reference to enable the reader to
locate the source of the cited document
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)
Examples of textual and reference entries
ANONYMOUS WORK
Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon
In Text
Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the
reference by title thus
lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip
lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)
List of references
Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp
London
AUTHORS- MULTIPLE
In Text
i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate
their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order
(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)
ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more
authors in parentheses
(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)
(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)
However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in
the text
Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip
iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three
authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this
may cause ambiguity
(Butlin et al 1982)
Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip
List of references
Do not use et al in the list of references
i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-
developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165
Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan
Paul London
Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August
p 13
Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional
societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol
19 pp 504-522
ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra
Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire
Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO
Nijmegen
iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and
Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME
In Text
In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to
distinguish one from the other
FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip
(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)
Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within
parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the
surname)
List of references
Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature
vol 323 pp 327-330
Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central
Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS
In text
Arrange in chronological order by date of publication
(Thomson 1939 1956)
Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip
List of references
Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the
Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221
Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary
Supplement 21 April
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR
In text
Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references
to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of
the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles
Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that
(Bennett 1976a 1976b)
Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued
List of references
Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references
correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the
text
Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture
in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53
Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and
Human Adaptation Pergamon New York
AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME
In text
(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)
hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)
List of references
Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of
Nebraska Press Lincoln
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK
Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and
the edited book in the references
In text
(Chalmers 1986)
Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip
List of references
Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved
case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds
JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31
Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific
Method Reidel Dordreht
CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION
Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date
of the reprint
In text
(Darwin 1968 (1859))
List of references
Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection Penguin Harmondsworth
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
INDIRECT QUOTATION
To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted
reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references
In text
(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)
List of references
Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne
JOURNAL ARTICLE
In text
(Goodall 19907)
Goodall (19907) believes hellip
List of references
Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of
Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2
no 44 pp 7-8
Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL
For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for
references is as follows
bull authorrsquos surname and initials
bull date of publication
bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation
bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation
bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid
hyphenation which can cause confusion
For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this
Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating
Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm
An example of citing a web based database would be
Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing
acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions
(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database
httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=
IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING
In text
(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip
List of references
The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are
capitalised
Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin
and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on
Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED
In text
(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)
Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)
List of references
Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS
Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc
reference is made thus
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
In text
In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed
out that hellip
In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained
hellip
Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip
(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)
List of references
Do not list personal communications in the list of references
PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE
Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)
In text
Giles (c 1889) showed hellip
(Giles c 1889)
List of references
Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS
In text
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip
(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)
List of references
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of
the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp
Opportunity Perth
PUBLICATION DATE- NONE
In text
Kelly (nd) argued that hellip
(Kelly nd)
List of references
Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS
In text
Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip
(Slobodkin in press)
List of references
Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man
Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS
A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the
process of publication
In text
Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve
archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity
List of references
None
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME
If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the
name of the sponsoring organisation
In text
A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states
hellip
(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)
List of references
National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A
Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government
Publishing Service Canberra
THESIS
In text
(McBryde 196622)
McBryde (196622)
List of references
The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised
McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region
New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK
In text
(Galileo 1960)
(Wesson 1975)
List of references
Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of
Wisconsin Press Madison
Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove
Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic
UNPUBLISHED WORK
Include as much information as possible in the location of the document
In text
Danger (unpub) suggested hellip
(Dangar unpub)
List of references
Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-
1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION
In text
(Namier 19574)
Namier (19574)
List of references
Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd
edn Macmillan London
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES
By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding
Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based
World Wide Web Resources
Content amp Evaluation
Who is the audience
What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain
How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided
What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of
information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)
What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area
What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents
How comprehensive is this site
What are the link selection criteria if any
Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site
Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both
Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks
ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other
sites)
Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler
What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources
Are the links evaluated in any way
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
INTRODUCTION
The documents compiled in this handout are extremely important in order to
pass the various modules and courses that you are undertaking at ACNT
The resources contained within this handout include
Guidelines For Thinking Critically
This is a guide for approaching studying and writing assignments Make sure you
make yourself familiar with this document as your successful application of the
principles will be assessed
Assignment Pre-Submission Checklist
This is a handout that you will need to consult before handing in assignments As
you will notice it is taken from the UNE submission guidelines The aim of this is
to introduce students to the academic rigour required by the university system
Donrsquot forget that most of you are currently enrolled in the Bachelor of Health
Science (or equivalent) thus you are considered to be tertiary students
Use this checklist every time before submitting written assignments
Referencing Guidelines
ACNT uses the same referencing guidelines as most health science departments
in Australian universities As many of our students are concurrently enrolled in
the Bachelor of Health Science Degree course it is important that students use
consistent referencing guidelines
Critiquing Web-based Resources
The Internet has become a widely used reference tool However not all web-
sites are what they appear to be These two articles will help you in your
selection of web-sites as a reference source
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TABLE OF CONTENT
GUIDELINES FOR THINKING CRITICALLY 4 ASSIGNMENT PRE-SUBMISSION CHECKLIST 6
Presentation 6 Essay Style7 Writing Style 7
ACNT REFERENCING GUIDELINES 9 THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM (HARVARD SYSTEM)15
Anonymous work 15 Authors- multiple 15 Authors- with same surname 17 Author single- multiple works in different years 17 Author single- multiple works in the same year 18 Authors - with the same name 18 Chapter in an Edited Book 19 Classic reprinted in a modern version 19 Indirect quotation 20 Journal Article 20 Online (electronic) Material 21 Paper presented at a conference seminar or meeting 22 Paper presented at a conference seminar or meeting and subsequently
published 22 Personal communications 22 Publication date-Approximate 23 Publication date- Dubious 24 Publication date- none 24 Publication date uncertain but in progress 25 Publication date uncertain but not in progress 25 Sponsored work without authors name 26 Thesis 26 Translated revised or compiled work 27 Unpublished work 27 Work other than a first edition 28
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB RESOURCES29 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES 32
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
GUIDELINES FOR THINKINGCRITICALLY
Critical thinking should not be equated with negative thinking itrsquos not a matter of
learning how to tear down otherrsquos ideas Rather critical thinkers carefully
subject others ideas - and their own - to careful systematic objective
evaluation The guidelines shown here (from Wade amp Tavris 1990) provide a
succinct overview of what it means to think critically
1 Ask Questions ndash Be Willing to Wonder
To think critically you must be willing to think creatively - that Is to be curious
about the puzzles of human behaviour to wonder why and to question received
explanations and examine new ones
2 Define the Problem
Identify the issues Involved in clear and concrete terms rather than vague
generalities such as lsquohappinessrsquo or lsquopotentialrsquo What do terms mean exactly
3 Examine the Evidence
Consider the nature of the evidence that supports all aspects of the problem
under examination
Is it reliable Valid Is it someones personal assertion or speculation Does the
evidence come from one or two narrow studies or from repeated research
4 Analyse Biases amp Assumptions
Including your own and those of others What prejudices deeply held values
arid other personal biases do you bring to your evaluation of a problem Are you
willing to consider evidence that contradicts your beliefs Be sure you can
identify the biases of others in order to evaluate their arguments as well
5 Avoid Emotional Reasoning
(I feel this way it must be true) Remember that everyone holds convictions and
ideas about how the world should operate - and that your opponents are as
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
serious about their convictions as you are about yours Feelings are important
but they should not substitute for careful appraisal of arguments and evidence
6 Dont Oversimplify
Lock beyond the obvious Reject simplistic either-or thinking Look for logical
contradictions in arguments Be wary of lsquoarguments by anecdote
7 Consider Other Interpretations
Before you leap to conclusions think about other explanations Be especially
careful about assertions of cause and effect
8 Tolerate Uncertainty
This may be the hardest step in becoming a critical thinker for it requires the
ability to accept some guiding ideas and beliefs - yet the willingness to give them
up when evidence and experience contradict them
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ASSIGNMENT PRE-SUBMISSION CHECKLIST
Adapted from UNE Assignment Pre-Submission Checklist
PRESENTATION
bull The assignment should be stapled in the top left corner
bull It should have a cover sheet and a title page
bull It should be 15 spaced typing
bull Its pages should be numbered in the top right or bottom right corner
with a figure only (not Roman numeral p or page) Not necessary to
number the title page
bull There should be a three centimetre margin on both sides as well as at the
top and bottom of each page
bull There should not be a header with your name student number or other
details on every page The top of each page is conventionally reserved forpage numbers and the bottom for footnotes
bull It should be in an easy read sufficiently dark print for a marker to read
without needing a spotlight and magnifying glass 12 point or 14 point
Times font or equivalent size is best
bull A justified format is best (straight margins on both sides)
bull Assignment should be placed in a clear cover DO NOT USE FOLDERS
COVERS etc
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ESSAY STYLE
bull There should be an introduction at the beginning of the essay containing
the words This essay focuses onhellip or This essay examines explores
discusses describes compares critically analyseshellip The introduction
should contain no bracketed references and no quotes It is not under a
heading
bull A conclusion contains such content as deductions implications
speculations suggestions and directions for future research should be
included It should not contain any bracketed references or quotes It is
not under a heading except if otherwise indicated
bull Check you have answered the question If you have not you are unlikely
to pass the assessment no matter how good your essay is
bull References within the text to cite the sources of information presented
are essential including the page number
bull A list of references containing only those authors cited in the body of the
essay should be included This must be placed on a separate page from
the essay
bull Reference using the Harvard system (Author-date-page)
bull Appendices should be kept to a minimum When they are necessary they
go after the reference list Whole articles should not be attached
WRITING STYLE
bull Paragraphs should be a minimum of four and maximum of ten sentences
along and should not be indented There should be a space between each
paragraph no gaps in the middles and no one -or two-sentence
paragraphs
bull Punctuation goes after brackets not before it
bull There should be no definitions derived from English dictionaries
encyclopaedias and magazines Time Life books or Readers Digest only
from the literature of your discipline
bull Mainly objective language should be used (avoid personal terms such as I
We us you our one and they)
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
bull No sexist or racist terms should be used
bull Only the approved abbreviations should be used Avoid eg ie etc
wasnt dont etc
bull Short quotes should be in single quotations within paragraphs
bull Long quotes of more than thirty words should be indented single spaces
without quotation marks not in italics the same size font as the rest of
the essay and extremely rare Paraphrasing demonstrates your
understanding much better
bull No numbered dot pointed alphabetized or quoted lists should be used
bull A computer spell check or other should be done
bull Proof read your essay for typing spelling and grammatical errors after
printing it out
bull An essay usually does not contain headings If however you are allowed
to use them then they should contain headings the following format
bull Just one per section not two (one beneath the other is inappropriate)
bull Not one for every paragraph
bull A statement about what is in the paragraphs below (not a question)
bull More than one word
bull The same size font as the rest of the essay
bull Title case or sentence case (minimal capitalization)
bull Not upper case (all capital letters)
bull In bold
bull No in italic
bull No fancy calligraphy
bull Without punctuation on the end (no colons or dashes)
bull Not on the same line as the paragraph begins
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ACNT REFERENCINGGUIDELINES
Adapted from httpwwwuneeduautlcstudentspublicationsreferencingpdf (UNE
style guide)
Introduction
Referencing is simply a meticulous and systematic method of presenting the
sources of ideas or information you may have borrowed from others The basic
purpose of referencing is to set your ideas in the context of those expressed by
others However novel your own thoughts about a particular subject or
phenomenon your ideas will have their historical antecedents even if your
thoughts are the antithesis of those expressed by others Referencing
demonstrates that you have considered the ideas of others in advancing your
own arguments andor in presenting factual data
Referencing
Many students have been confused by the fact that different styles of referencing
have been demanded by different disciplines within the University and sometimes
even by different lecturers in the same discipline Of course each discipline may
have special referencing and formatting requirements for a project report or a
thesis but most schools have been able to agree on these guidelines for standard
essays
While the referencing style presented here is acceptable to a majority of
disciplines within the University of New England students should be aware that
publishing houses and journalsperiodicals have different conventions for
referencing which authors will be required to follow when preparing work forpublication
There is no one correct way of referencing
Whichever style you are required to use it is important that you be consistent
within the one piece of work and follow the conventions as prescribed by your
audience - whether university lecturer or publisher
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Students may find that individual unit coordinators or academic areas prefer
variations of the approaches presented here If in doubt students should consult
their unit coordinators
Why Document
Full documentation is an essential part of any essay or thesis chapter It enables
the reader to follow up the source of ideas interpretations and information in
the essay and it makes clear when you are drawing your conclusions from the
evidence presented Failure to document adequately and fully is to ignore
scholarly rules and may mean that you may not receive full recognition for
originality
Documentation should be used not only to provide the source of a direct
quotation but also to give the source for any information ideas or interpretation
that you have used To state other peoples ideas as your own in the absence of
proper citation is considered to be theft of intellectual property the University
imposes harsh penalties for plagiarism (see Plagiarism for the Universitys rule on
plagiarism)
How to Document
There are various conventions with respect to acknowledging the works of
others and different disciplines have their own traditions Your choice of
referencing style will be determined largely by your discipline and unit
coordinator
Generally there are two main systems of documentation
Author-date system
Footnoting system
But there are many variations within them
The author-date system acknowledges the author and date of publication in thetext with full details of the work provided in the list of references at the end of
the text
The footnoting system places a raised numeral in the text which refers to either
a footnote or endnote that contains the full acknowledgment of the source A
bibliography may or may not be included Whichever system or variation is
chosen it must be used consistently
The author-date systems include the Harvard system which is widely used in law
sciences and cultural studies and the APA (American Psychological Association)
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
system which is used in the social sciences and some sciences The MLA
(Modern Language Association of America) system used by language and
literature scholars is similar to but not identical to APA Footnoting systems are
used in the creative arts and systems such as the CBE (Council of Biology
Editors) system and Vancouver system are used in chemistry mathematics andmedicine (Putnis amp Petelin 1996282)
More information on the above documentation systems may be obtained in the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological
Association 1983) (APA) the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers
(Gibaldi amp Achtert 1995) (MLA) and The CBE Manual for Authors Editors and
Publishers (Council of Biology Editors 1994)(CBE) There does not appear to be a
publication that officially defines the Harvard system and many guides use the
name Harvard interchangeably with their conventions for an author-date
system
The style adopted in presenting the following examples of author-date and
footnoting systems is based on the Style Manual for Authors Editors and Printers
(AGPS 1994) with some reference to Putnis and Petelin (1996) The online
referencing style has been developed by the editorial committee based on the
established referencing systems outlined above but consistent with the print
referencing styles in this style guide
List of referencesBibliography
A list of references contains only works mentioned or cited in the text while a
bibliography refers to both textual references and other works which may have
informed your thinking but may not have been explicitly cited
The author-date system depends on a full and detailed list of references or
bibliography at the end of the text The footnoting system may or may not be
accompanied by a bibliography There is no need for a list of references when
using the footnoting system for full citation details are provided in the notes
However students are advised to consult their unit coordinators to determine if a bibliography is required
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
How to Set Out Quotations
When quoting directly from any source you may incorporate the quotation into
your text in two ways If the quotation is short - less than about thirty words - itshould be contained within the text Longer quotations should be set as separate
passages
Short quotations should be enclosed within single quotation marks for example
We can ask whether violence is a basic element in a revolutionary
process as Arendt assumes when she writes that revolutions and wars
are not even conceivable outside the domain of violence
You would then acknowledge the source of the quotation by a reference to
author and date in the author-date system of documentation (see Author-Date)or by a footnote in the footnoting system (see Footnoting)
If the quotation exceeds about thirty words it should be set off from the text as
a block quotation Quotation marks are not used It is convention for the block
to be in single space regardless of the spacing of the main text
The hard-boiled detective is heroic because
however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to
his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost
him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett thecode is chiefly professional (Grella 19709)
Note that the full-stop is before the brackets
OR
Grella (19709) suggests that the hard-boiled detective is heroic because
however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to
his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost
him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett the
code is chiefly professional
When paraphrasing another persons words - whether they be the ideas
conveyed in two pages of a book or two sentences from a passage - you must
also acknowledge the source This can be done in a variety of ways one of which
is to precede the paraphrased section with a general phrase for example
Blainey believes hellip
Russell Ward states hellip
Weber questions hellip
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
You would still need to acknowledge the source of your ideas by a reference to
the author and date of publication using either referencing system
Square Brackets
Use square brackets to enclose words or phrases inserted in the text by
someone other than the author of the text
He writes in his biography that Although I grew up in Canberra I
was born in Perth [Scotland]
Square brackets are also used in quotations to indicate incorrect spelling
She wrote in her essay A dichotomy exists between the two
thoretical [sic] interpretations of the phenomenon
Points of Ellipsis
Points of ellipsis ( hellip ) in quotations indicate that material has been omitted
The following extract from the Guardian (12 April 19883) further
illustrates the importance of defence contracting for the major UK
companies
Eiris investigated companies involved in the construction of
nuclear bases those working on Star Wars research as well
as defence contractors for nuclear weapons systems hellip
Twenty six companies are working on nuclear weapons
systems or components the ten most important receiving
more than pound100 million from the Ministry of Defence in
19856
Use three points only even if the points come at the end of a sentence
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Check list
Whichever system of referencing you choose it is important to
maintain consistency throughout the work
be sure that each reference in the text has a corresponding reference in
the bibliography or list of references
ensure that the textual reference agrees in every detail with the
bibliographical reference
provide accurate and full details in the reference to enable the reader to
locate the source of the cited document
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)
Examples of textual and reference entries
ANONYMOUS WORK
Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon
In Text
Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the
reference by title thus
lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip
lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)
List of references
Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp
London
AUTHORS- MULTIPLE
In Text
i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate
their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order
(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)
ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more
authors in parentheses
(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)
(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)
However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in
the text
Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip
iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three
authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this
may cause ambiguity
(Butlin et al 1982)
Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip
List of references
Do not use et al in the list of references
i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-
developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165
Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan
Paul London
Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August
p 13
Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional
societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol
19 pp 504-522
ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra
Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire
Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO
Nijmegen
iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and
Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME
In Text
In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to
distinguish one from the other
FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip
(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)
Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within
parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the
surname)
List of references
Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature
vol 323 pp 327-330
Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central
Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS
In text
Arrange in chronological order by date of publication
(Thomson 1939 1956)
Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip
List of references
Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the
Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221
Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary
Supplement 21 April
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR
In text
Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references
to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of
the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles
Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that
(Bennett 1976a 1976b)
Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued
List of references
Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references
correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the
text
Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture
in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53
Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and
Human Adaptation Pergamon New York
AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME
In text
(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)
hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)
List of references
Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of
Nebraska Press Lincoln
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK
Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and
the edited book in the references
In text
(Chalmers 1986)
Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip
List of references
Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved
case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds
JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31
Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific
Method Reidel Dordreht
CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION
Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date
of the reprint
In text
(Darwin 1968 (1859))
List of references
Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection Penguin Harmondsworth
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
INDIRECT QUOTATION
To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted
reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references
In text
(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)
List of references
Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne
JOURNAL ARTICLE
In text
(Goodall 19907)
Goodall (19907) believes hellip
List of references
Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of
Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2
no 44 pp 7-8
Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL
For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for
references is as follows
bull authorrsquos surname and initials
bull date of publication
bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation
bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation
bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid
hyphenation which can cause confusion
For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this
Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating
Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm
An example of citing a web based database would be
Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing
acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions
(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database
httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=
IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING
In text
(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip
List of references
The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are
capitalised
Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin
and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on
Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED
In text
(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)
Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)
List of references
Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS
Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc
reference is made thus
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
In text
In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed
out that hellip
In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained
hellip
Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip
(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)
List of references
Do not list personal communications in the list of references
PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE
Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)
In text
Giles (c 1889) showed hellip
(Giles c 1889)
List of references
Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS
In text
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip
(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)
List of references
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of
the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp
Opportunity Perth
PUBLICATION DATE- NONE
In text
Kelly (nd) argued that hellip
(Kelly nd)
List of references
Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS
In text
Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip
(Slobodkin in press)
List of references
Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man
Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS
A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the
process of publication
In text
Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve
archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity
List of references
None
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME
If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the
name of the sponsoring organisation
In text
A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states
hellip
(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)
List of references
National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A
Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government
Publishing Service Canberra
THESIS
In text
(McBryde 196622)
McBryde (196622)
List of references
The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised
McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region
New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK
In text
(Galileo 1960)
(Wesson 1975)
List of references
Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of
Wisconsin Press Madison
Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove
Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic
UNPUBLISHED WORK
Include as much information as possible in the location of the document
In text
Danger (unpub) suggested hellip
(Dangar unpub)
List of references
Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-
1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION
In text
(Namier 19574)
Namier (19574)
List of references
Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd
edn Macmillan London
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES
By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding
Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based
World Wide Web Resources
Content amp Evaluation
Who is the audience
What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain
How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided
What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of
information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)
What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area
What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents
How comprehensive is this site
What are the link selection criteria if any
Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site
Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both
Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks
ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other
sites)
Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler
What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources
Are the links evaluated in any way
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TABLE OF CONTENT
GUIDELINES FOR THINKING CRITICALLY 4 ASSIGNMENT PRE-SUBMISSION CHECKLIST 6
Presentation 6 Essay Style7 Writing Style 7
ACNT REFERENCING GUIDELINES 9 THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM (HARVARD SYSTEM)15
Anonymous work 15 Authors- multiple 15 Authors- with same surname 17 Author single- multiple works in different years 17 Author single- multiple works in the same year 18 Authors - with the same name 18 Chapter in an Edited Book 19 Classic reprinted in a modern version 19 Indirect quotation 20 Journal Article 20 Online (electronic) Material 21 Paper presented at a conference seminar or meeting 22 Paper presented at a conference seminar or meeting and subsequently
published 22 Personal communications 22 Publication date-Approximate 23 Publication date- Dubious 24 Publication date- none 24 Publication date uncertain but in progress 25 Publication date uncertain but not in progress 25 Sponsored work without authors name 26 Thesis 26 Translated revised or compiled work 27 Unpublished work 27 Work other than a first edition 28
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB RESOURCES29 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES 32
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
GUIDELINES FOR THINKINGCRITICALLY
Critical thinking should not be equated with negative thinking itrsquos not a matter of
learning how to tear down otherrsquos ideas Rather critical thinkers carefully
subject others ideas - and their own - to careful systematic objective
evaluation The guidelines shown here (from Wade amp Tavris 1990) provide a
succinct overview of what it means to think critically
1 Ask Questions ndash Be Willing to Wonder
To think critically you must be willing to think creatively - that Is to be curious
about the puzzles of human behaviour to wonder why and to question received
explanations and examine new ones
2 Define the Problem
Identify the issues Involved in clear and concrete terms rather than vague
generalities such as lsquohappinessrsquo or lsquopotentialrsquo What do terms mean exactly
3 Examine the Evidence
Consider the nature of the evidence that supports all aspects of the problem
under examination
Is it reliable Valid Is it someones personal assertion or speculation Does the
evidence come from one or two narrow studies or from repeated research
4 Analyse Biases amp Assumptions
Including your own and those of others What prejudices deeply held values
arid other personal biases do you bring to your evaluation of a problem Are you
willing to consider evidence that contradicts your beliefs Be sure you can
identify the biases of others in order to evaluate their arguments as well
5 Avoid Emotional Reasoning
(I feel this way it must be true) Remember that everyone holds convictions and
ideas about how the world should operate - and that your opponents are as
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
serious about their convictions as you are about yours Feelings are important
but they should not substitute for careful appraisal of arguments and evidence
6 Dont Oversimplify
Lock beyond the obvious Reject simplistic either-or thinking Look for logical
contradictions in arguments Be wary of lsquoarguments by anecdote
7 Consider Other Interpretations
Before you leap to conclusions think about other explanations Be especially
careful about assertions of cause and effect
8 Tolerate Uncertainty
This may be the hardest step in becoming a critical thinker for it requires the
ability to accept some guiding ideas and beliefs - yet the willingness to give them
up when evidence and experience contradict them
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ASSIGNMENT PRE-SUBMISSION CHECKLIST
Adapted from UNE Assignment Pre-Submission Checklist
PRESENTATION
bull The assignment should be stapled in the top left corner
bull It should have a cover sheet and a title page
bull It should be 15 spaced typing
bull Its pages should be numbered in the top right or bottom right corner
with a figure only (not Roman numeral p or page) Not necessary to
number the title page
bull There should be a three centimetre margin on both sides as well as at the
top and bottom of each page
bull There should not be a header with your name student number or other
details on every page The top of each page is conventionally reserved forpage numbers and the bottom for footnotes
bull It should be in an easy read sufficiently dark print for a marker to read
without needing a spotlight and magnifying glass 12 point or 14 point
Times font or equivalent size is best
bull A justified format is best (straight margins on both sides)
bull Assignment should be placed in a clear cover DO NOT USE FOLDERS
COVERS etc
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ESSAY STYLE
bull There should be an introduction at the beginning of the essay containing
the words This essay focuses onhellip or This essay examines explores
discusses describes compares critically analyseshellip The introduction
should contain no bracketed references and no quotes It is not under a
heading
bull A conclusion contains such content as deductions implications
speculations suggestions and directions for future research should be
included It should not contain any bracketed references or quotes It is
not under a heading except if otherwise indicated
bull Check you have answered the question If you have not you are unlikely
to pass the assessment no matter how good your essay is
bull References within the text to cite the sources of information presented
are essential including the page number
bull A list of references containing only those authors cited in the body of the
essay should be included This must be placed on a separate page from
the essay
bull Reference using the Harvard system (Author-date-page)
bull Appendices should be kept to a minimum When they are necessary they
go after the reference list Whole articles should not be attached
WRITING STYLE
bull Paragraphs should be a minimum of four and maximum of ten sentences
along and should not be indented There should be a space between each
paragraph no gaps in the middles and no one -or two-sentence
paragraphs
bull Punctuation goes after brackets not before it
bull There should be no definitions derived from English dictionaries
encyclopaedias and magazines Time Life books or Readers Digest only
from the literature of your discipline
bull Mainly objective language should be used (avoid personal terms such as I
We us you our one and they)
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
bull No sexist or racist terms should be used
bull Only the approved abbreviations should be used Avoid eg ie etc
wasnt dont etc
bull Short quotes should be in single quotations within paragraphs
bull Long quotes of more than thirty words should be indented single spaces
without quotation marks not in italics the same size font as the rest of
the essay and extremely rare Paraphrasing demonstrates your
understanding much better
bull No numbered dot pointed alphabetized or quoted lists should be used
bull A computer spell check or other should be done
bull Proof read your essay for typing spelling and grammatical errors after
printing it out
bull An essay usually does not contain headings If however you are allowed
to use them then they should contain headings the following format
bull Just one per section not two (one beneath the other is inappropriate)
bull Not one for every paragraph
bull A statement about what is in the paragraphs below (not a question)
bull More than one word
bull The same size font as the rest of the essay
bull Title case or sentence case (minimal capitalization)
bull Not upper case (all capital letters)
bull In bold
bull No in italic
bull No fancy calligraphy
bull Without punctuation on the end (no colons or dashes)
bull Not on the same line as the paragraph begins
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ACNT REFERENCINGGUIDELINES
Adapted from httpwwwuneeduautlcstudentspublicationsreferencingpdf (UNE
style guide)
Introduction
Referencing is simply a meticulous and systematic method of presenting the
sources of ideas or information you may have borrowed from others The basic
purpose of referencing is to set your ideas in the context of those expressed by
others However novel your own thoughts about a particular subject or
phenomenon your ideas will have their historical antecedents even if your
thoughts are the antithesis of those expressed by others Referencing
demonstrates that you have considered the ideas of others in advancing your
own arguments andor in presenting factual data
Referencing
Many students have been confused by the fact that different styles of referencing
have been demanded by different disciplines within the University and sometimes
even by different lecturers in the same discipline Of course each discipline may
have special referencing and formatting requirements for a project report or a
thesis but most schools have been able to agree on these guidelines for standard
essays
While the referencing style presented here is acceptable to a majority of
disciplines within the University of New England students should be aware that
publishing houses and journalsperiodicals have different conventions for
referencing which authors will be required to follow when preparing work forpublication
There is no one correct way of referencing
Whichever style you are required to use it is important that you be consistent
within the one piece of work and follow the conventions as prescribed by your
audience - whether university lecturer or publisher
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Students may find that individual unit coordinators or academic areas prefer
variations of the approaches presented here If in doubt students should consult
their unit coordinators
Why Document
Full documentation is an essential part of any essay or thesis chapter It enables
the reader to follow up the source of ideas interpretations and information in
the essay and it makes clear when you are drawing your conclusions from the
evidence presented Failure to document adequately and fully is to ignore
scholarly rules and may mean that you may not receive full recognition for
originality
Documentation should be used not only to provide the source of a direct
quotation but also to give the source for any information ideas or interpretation
that you have used To state other peoples ideas as your own in the absence of
proper citation is considered to be theft of intellectual property the University
imposes harsh penalties for plagiarism (see Plagiarism for the Universitys rule on
plagiarism)
How to Document
There are various conventions with respect to acknowledging the works of
others and different disciplines have their own traditions Your choice of
referencing style will be determined largely by your discipline and unit
coordinator
Generally there are two main systems of documentation
Author-date system
Footnoting system
But there are many variations within them
The author-date system acknowledges the author and date of publication in thetext with full details of the work provided in the list of references at the end of
the text
The footnoting system places a raised numeral in the text which refers to either
a footnote or endnote that contains the full acknowledgment of the source A
bibliography may or may not be included Whichever system or variation is
chosen it must be used consistently
The author-date systems include the Harvard system which is widely used in law
sciences and cultural studies and the APA (American Psychological Association)
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
system which is used in the social sciences and some sciences The MLA
(Modern Language Association of America) system used by language and
literature scholars is similar to but not identical to APA Footnoting systems are
used in the creative arts and systems such as the CBE (Council of Biology
Editors) system and Vancouver system are used in chemistry mathematics andmedicine (Putnis amp Petelin 1996282)
More information on the above documentation systems may be obtained in the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological
Association 1983) (APA) the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers
(Gibaldi amp Achtert 1995) (MLA) and The CBE Manual for Authors Editors and
Publishers (Council of Biology Editors 1994)(CBE) There does not appear to be a
publication that officially defines the Harvard system and many guides use the
name Harvard interchangeably with their conventions for an author-date
system
The style adopted in presenting the following examples of author-date and
footnoting systems is based on the Style Manual for Authors Editors and Printers
(AGPS 1994) with some reference to Putnis and Petelin (1996) The online
referencing style has been developed by the editorial committee based on the
established referencing systems outlined above but consistent with the print
referencing styles in this style guide
List of referencesBibliography
A list of references contains only works mentioned or cited in the text while a
bibliography refers to both textual references and other works which may have
informed your thinking but may not have been explicitly cited
The author-date system depends on a full and detailed list of references or
bibliography at the end of the text The footnoting system may or may not be
accompanied by a bibliography There is no need for a list of references when
using the footnoting system for full citation details are provided in the notes
However students are advised to consult their unit coordinators to determine if a bibliography is required
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
How to Set Out Quotations
When quoting directly from any source you may incorporate the quotation into
your text in two ways If the quotation is short - less than about thirty words - itshould be contained within the text Longer quotations should be set as separate
passages
Short quotations should be enclosed within single quotation marks for example
We can ask whether violence is a basic element in a revolutionary
process as Arendt assumes when she writes that revolutions and wars
are not even conceivable outside the domain of violence
You would then acknowledge the source of the quotation by a reference to
author and date in the author-date system of documentation (see Author-Date)or by a footnote in the footnoting system (see Footnoting)
If the quotation exceeds about thirty words it should be set off from the text as
a block quotation Quotation marks are not used It is convention for the block
to be in single space regardless of the spacing of the main text
The hard-boiled detective is heroic because
however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to
his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost
him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett thecode is chiefly professional (Grella 19709)
Note that the full-stop is before the brackets
OR
Grella (19709) suggests that the hard-boiled detective is heroic because
however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to
his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost
him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett the
code is chiefly professional
When paraphrasing another persons words - whether they be the ideas
conveyed in two pages of a book or two sentences from a passage - you must
also acknowledge the source This can be done in a variety of ways one of which
is to precede the paraphrased section with a general phrase for example
Blainey believes hellip
Russell Ward states hellip
Weber questions hellip
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
You would still need to acknowledge the source of your ideas by a reference to
the author and date of publication using either referencing system
Square Brackets
Use square brackets to enclose words or phrases inserted in the text by
someone other than the author of the text
He writes in his biography that Although I grew up in Canberra I
was born in Perth [Scotland]
Square brackets are also used in quotations to indicate incorrect spelling
She wrote in her essay A dichotomy exists between the two
thoretical [sic] interpretations of the phenomenon
Points of Ellipsis
Points of ellipsis ( hellip ) in quotations indicate that material has been omitted
The following extract from the Guardian (12 April 19883) further
illustrates the importance of defence contracting for the major UK
companies
Eiris investigated companies involved in the construction of
nuclear bases those working on Star Wars research as well
as defence contractors for nuclear weapons systems hellip
Twenty six companies are working on nuclear weapons
systems or components the ten most important receiving
more than pound100 million from the Ministry of Defence in
19856
Use three points only even if the points come at the end of a sentence
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Check list
Whichever system of referencing you choose it is important to
maintain consistency throughout the work
be sure that each reference in the text has a corresponding reference in
the bibliography or list of references
ensure that the textual reference agrees in every detail with the
bibliographical reference
provide accurate and full details in the reference to enable the reader to
locate the source of the cited document
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)
Examples of textual and reference entries
ANONYMOUS WORK
Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon
In Text
Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the
reference by title thus
lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip
lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)
List of references
Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp
London
AUTHORS- MULTIPLE
In Text
i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate
their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order
(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)
ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more
authors in parentheses
(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)
(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)
However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in
the text
Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip
iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three
authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this
may cause ambiguity
(Butlin et al 1982)
Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip
List of references
Do not use et al in the list of references
i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-
developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165
Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan
Paul London
Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August
p 13
Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional
societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol
19 pp 504-522
ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra
Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire
Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO
Nijmegen
iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and
Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME
In Text
In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to
distinguish one from the other
FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip
(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)
Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within
parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the
surname)
List of references
Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature
vol 323 pp 327-330
Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central
Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS
In text
Arrange in chronological order by date of publication
(Thomson 1939 1956)
Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip
List of references
Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the
Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221
Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary
Supplement 21 April
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR
In text
Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references
to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of
the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles
Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that
(Bennett 1976a 1976b)
Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued
List of references
Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references
correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the
text
Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture
in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53
Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and
Human Adaptation Pergamon New York
AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME
In text
(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)
hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)
List of references
Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of
Nebraska Press Lincoln
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK
Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and
the edited book in the references
In text
(Chalmers 1986)
Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip
List of references
Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved
case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds
JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31
Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific
Method Reidel Dordreht
CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION
Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date
of the reprint
In text
(Darwin 1968 (1859))
List of references
Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection Penguin Harmondsworth
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
INDIRECT QUOTATION
To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted
reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references
In text
(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)
List of references
Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne
JOURNAL ARTICLE
In text
(Goodall 19907)
Goodall (19907) believes hellip
List of references
Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of
Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2
no 44 pp 7-8
Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL
For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for
references is as follows
bull authorrsquos surname and initials
bull date of publication
bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation
bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation
bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid
hyphenation which can cause confusion
For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this
Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating
Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm
An example of citing a web based database would be
Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing
acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions
(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database
httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=
IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING
In text
(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip
List of references
The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are
capitalised
Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin
and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on
Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED
In text
(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)
Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)
List of references
Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS
Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc
reference is made thus
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
In text
In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed
out that hellip
In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained
hellip
Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip
(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)
List of references
Do not list personal communications in the list of references
PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE
Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)
In text
Giles (c 1889) showed hellip
(Giles c 1889)
List of references
Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS
In text
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip
(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)
List of references
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of
the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp
Opportunity Perth
PUBLICATION DATE- NONE
In text
Kelly (nd) argued that hellip
(Kelly nd)
List of references
Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS
In text
Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip
(Slobodkin in press)
List of references
Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man
Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS
A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the
process of publication
In text
Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve
archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity
List of references
None
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME
If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the
name of the sponsoring organisation
In text
A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states
hellip
(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)
List of references
National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A
Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government
Publishing Service Canberra
THESIS
In text
(McBryde 196622)
McBryde (196622)
List of references
The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised
McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region
New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK
In text
(Galileo 1960)
(Wesson 1975)
List of references
Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of
Wisconsin Press Madison
Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove
Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic
UNPUBLISHED WORK
Include as much information as possible in the location of the document
In text
Danger (unpub) suggested hellip
(Dangar unpub)
List of references
Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-
1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION
In text
(Namier 19574)
Namier (19574)
List of references
Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd
edn Macmillan London
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES
By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding
Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based
World Wide Web Resources
Content amp Evaluation
Who is the audience
What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain
How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided
What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of
information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)
What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area
What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents
How comprehensive is this site
What are the link selection criteria if any
Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site
Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both
Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks
ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other
sites)
Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler
What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources
Are the links evaluated in any way
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
GUIDELINES FOR THINKINGCRITICALLY
Critical thinking should not be equated with negative thinking itrsquos not a matter of
learning how to tear down otherrsquos ideas Rather critical thinkers carefully
subject others ideas - and their own - to careful systematic objective
evaluation The guidelines shown here (from Wade amp Tavris 1990) provide a
succinct overview of what it means to think critically
1 Ask Questions ndash Be Willing to Wonder
To think critically you must be willing to think creatively - that Is to be curious
about the puzzles of human behaviour to wonder why and to question received
explanations and examine new ones
2 Define the Problem
Identify the issues Involved in clear and concrete terms rather than vague
generalities such as lsquohappinessrsquo or lsquopotentialrsquo What do terms mean exactly
3 Examine the Evidence
Consider the nature of the evidence that supports all aspects of the problem
under examination
Is it reliable Valid Is it someones personal assertion or speculation Does the
evidence come from one or two narrow studies or from repeated research
4 Analyse Biases amp Assumptions
Including your own and those of others What prejudices deeply held values
arid other personal biases do you bring to your evaluation of a problem Are you
willing to consider evidence that contradicts your beliefs Be sure you can
identify the biases of others in order to evaluate their arguments as well
5 Avoid Emotional Reasoning
(I feel this way it must be true) Remember that everyone holds convictions and
ideas about how the world should operate - and that your opponents are as
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
serious about their convictions as you are about yours Feelings are important
but they should not substitute for careful appraisal of arguments and evidence
6 Dont Oversimplify
Lock beyond the obvious Reject simplistic either-or thinking Look for logical
contradictions in arguments Be wary of lsquoarguments by anecdote
7 Consider Other Interpretations
Before you leap to conclusions think about other explanations Be especially
careful about assertions of cause and effect
8 Tolerate Uncertainty
This may be the hardest step in becoming a critical thinker for it requires the
ability to accept some guiding ideas and beliefs - yet the willingness to give them
up when evidence and experience contradict them
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ASSIGNMENT PRE-SUBMISSION CHECKLIST
Adapted from UNE Assignment Pre-Submission Checklist
PRESENTATION
bull The assignment should be stapled in the top left corner
bull It should have a cover sheet and a title page
bull It should be 15 spaced typing
bull Its pages should be numbered in the top right or bottom right corner
with a figure only (not Roman numeral p or page) Not necessary to
number the title page
bull There should be a three centimetre margin on both sides as well as at the
top and bottom of each page
bull There should not be a header with your name student number or other
details on every page The top of each page is conventionally reserved forpage numbers and the bottom for footnotes
bull It should be in an easy read sufficiently dark print for a marker to read
without needing a spotlight and magnifying glass 12 point or 14 point
Times font or equivalent size is best
bull A justified format is best (straight margins on both sides)
bull Assignment should be placed in a clear cover DO NOT USE FOLDERS
COVERS etc
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ESSAY STYLE
bull There should be an introduction at the beginning of the essay containing
the words This essay focuses onhellip or This essay examines explores
discusses describes compares critically analyseshellip The introduction
should contain no bracketed references and no quotes It is not under a
heading
bull A conclusion contains such content as deductions implications
speculations suggestions and directions for future research should be
included It should not contain any bracketed references or quotes It is
not under a heading except if otherwise indicated
bull Check you have answered the question If you have not you are unlikely
to pass the assessment no matter how good your essay is
bull References within the text to cite the sources of information presented
are essential including the page number
bull A list of references containing only those authors cited in the body of the
essay should be included This must be placed on a separate page from
the essay
bull Reference using the Harvard system (Author-date-page)
bull Appendices should be kept to a minimum When they are necessary they
go after the reference list Whole articles should not be attached
WRITING STYLE
bull Paragraphs should be a minimum of four and maximum of ten sentences
along and should not be indented There should be a space between each
paragraph no gaps in the middles and no one -or two-sentence
paragraphs
bull Punctuation goes after brackets not before it
bull There should be no definitions derived from English dictionaries
encyclopaedias and magazines Time Life books or Readers Digest only
from the literature of your discipline
bull Mainly objective language should be used (avoid personal terms such as I
We us you our one and they)
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
bull No sexist or racist terms should be used
bull Only the approved abbreviations should be used Avoid eg ie etc
wasnt dont etc
bull Short quotes should be in single quotations within paragraphs
bull Long quotes of more than thirty words should be indented single spaces
without quotation marks not in italics the same size font as the rest of
the essay and extremely rare Paraphrasing demonstrates your
understanding much better
bull No numbered dot pointed alphabetized or quoted lists should be used
bull A computer spell check or other should be done
bull Proof read your essay for typing spelling and grammatical errors after
printing it out
bull An essay usually does not contain headings If however you are allowed
to use them then they should contain headings the following format
bull Just one per section not two (one beneath the other is inappropriate)
bull Not one for every paragraph
bull A statement about what is in the paragraphs below (not a question)
bull More than one word
bull The same size font as the rest of the essay
bull Title case or sentence case (minimal capitalization)
bull Not upper case (all capital letters)
bull In bold
bull No in italic
bull No fancy calligraphy
bull Without punctuation on the end (no colons or dashes)
bull Not on the same line as the paragraph begins
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ACNT REFERENCINGGUIDELINES
Adapted from httpwwwuneeduautlcstudentspublicationsreferencingpdf (UNE
style guide)
Introduction
Referencing is simply a meticulous and systematic method of presenting the
sources of ideas or information you may have borrowed from others The basic
purpose of referencing is to set your ideas in the context of those expressed by
others However novel your own thoughts about a particular subject or
phenomenon your ideas will have their historical antecedents even if your
thoughts are the antithesis of those expressed by others Referencing
demonstrates that you have considered the ideas of others in advancing your
own arguments andor in presenting factual data
Referencing
Many students have been confused by the fact that different styles of referencing
have been demanded by different disciplines within the University and sometimes
even by different lecturers in the same discipline Of course each discipline may
have special referencing and formatting requirements for a project report or a
thesis but most schools have been able to agree on these guidelines for standard
essays
While the referencing style presented here is acceptable to a majority of
disciplines within the University of New England students should be aware that
publishing houses and journalsperiodicals have different conventions for
referencing which authors will be required to follow when preparing work forpublication
There is no one correct way of referencing
Whichever style you are required to use it is important that you be consistent
within the one piece of work and follow the conventions as prescribed by your
audience - whether university lecturer or publisher
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Students may find that individual unit coordinators or academic areas prefer
variations of the approaches presented here If in doubt students should consult
their unit coordinators
Why Document
Full documentation is an essential part of any essay or thesis chapter It enables
the reader to follow up the source of ideas interpretations and information in
the essay and it makes clear when you are drawing your conclusions from the
evidence presented Failure to document adequately and fully is to ignore
scholarly rules and may mean that you may not receive full recognition for
originality
Documentation should be used not only to provide the source of a direct
quotation but also to give the source for any information ideas or interpretation
that you have used To state other peoples ideas as your own in the absence of
proper citation is considered to be theft of intellectual property the University
imposes harsh penalties for plagiarism (see Plagiarism for the Universitys rule on
plagiarism)
How to Document
There are various conventions with respect to acknowledging the works of
others and different disciplines have their own traditions Your choice of
referencing style will be determined largely by your discipline and unit
coordinator
Generally there are two main systems of documentation
Author-date system
Footnoting system
But there are many variations within them
The author-date system acknowledges the author and date of publication in thetext with full details of the work provided in the list of references at the end of
the text
The footnoting system places a raised numeral in the text which refers to either
a footnote or endnote that contains the full acknowledgment of the source A
bibliography may or may not be included Whichever system or variation is
chosen it must be used consistently
The author-date systems include the Harvard system which is widely used in law
sciences and cultural studies and the APA (American Psychological Association)
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
system which is used in the social sciences and some sciences The MLA
(Modern Language Association of America) system used by language and
literature scholars is similar to but not identical to APA Footnoting systems are
used in the creative arts and systems such as the CBE (Council of Biology
Editors) system and Vancouver system are used in chemistry mathematics andmedicine (Putnis amp Petelin 1996282)
More information on the above documentation systems may be obtained in the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological
Association 1983) (APA) the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers
(Gibaldi amp Achtert 1995) (MLA) and The CBE Manual for Authors Editors and
Publishers (Council of Biology Editors 1994)(CBE) There does not appear to be a
publication that officially defines the Harvard system and many guides use the
name Harvard interchangeably with their conventions for an author-date
system
The style adopted in presenting the following examples of author-date and
footnoting systems is based on the Style Manual for Authors Editors and Printers
(AGPS 1994) with some reference to Putnis and Petelin (1996) The online
referencing style has been developed by the editorial committee based on the
established referencing systems outlined above but consistent with the print
referencing styles in this style guide
List of referencesBibliography
A list of references contains only works mentioned or cited in the text while a
bibliography refers to both textual references and other works which may have
informed your thinking but may not have been explicitly cited
The author-date system depends on a full and detailed list of references or
bibliography at the end of the text The footnoting system may or may not be
accompanied by a bibliography There is no need for a list of references when
using the footnoting system for full citation details are provided in the notes
However students are advised to consult their unit coordinators to determine if a bibliography is required
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
How to Set Out Quotations
When quoting directly from any source you may incorporate the quotation into
your text in two ways If the quotation is short - less than about thirty words - itshould be contained within the text Longer quotations should be set as separate
passages
Short quotations should be enclosed within single quotation marks for example
We can ask whether violence is a basic element in a revolutionary
process as Arendt assumes when she writes that revolutions and wars
are not even conceivable outside the domain of violence
You would then acknowledge the source of the quotation by a reference to
author and date in the author-date system of documentation (see Author-Date)or by a footnote in the footnoting system (see Footnoting)
If the quotation exceeds about thirty words it should be set off from the text as
a block quotation Quotation marks are not used It is convention for the block
to be in single space regardless of the spacing of the main text
The hard-boiled detective is heroic because
however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to
his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost
him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett thecode is chiefly professional (Grella 19709)
Note that the full-stop is before the brackets
OR
Grella (19709) suggests that the hard-boiled detective is heroic because
however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to
his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost
him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett the
code is chiefly professional
When paraphrasing another persons words - whether they be the ideas
conveyed in two pages of a book or two sentences from a passage - you must
also acknowledge the source This can be done in a variety of ways one of which
is to precede the paraphrased section with a general phrase for example
Blainey believes hellip
Russell Ward states hellip
Weber questions hellip
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
You would still need to acknowledge the source of your ideas by a reference to
the author and date of publication using either referencing system
Square Brackets
Use square brackets to enclose words or phrases inserted in the text by
someone other than the author of the text
He writes in his biography that Although I grew up in Canberra I
was born in Perth [Scotland]
Square brackets are also used in quotations to indicate incorrect spelling
She wrote in her essay A dichotomy exists between the two
thoretical [sic] interpretations of the phenomenon
Points of Ellipsis
Points of ellipsis ( hellip ) in quotations indicate that material has been omitted
The following extract from the Guardian (12 April 19883) further
illustrates the importance of defence contracting for the major UK
companies
Eiris investigated companies involved in the construction of
nuclear bases those working on Star Wars research as well
as defence contractors for nuclear weapons systems hellip
Twenty six companies are working on nuclear weapons
systems or components the ten most important receiving
more than pound100 million from the Ministry of Defence in
19856
Use three points only even if the points come at the end of a sentence
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Check list
Whichever system of referencing you choose it is important to
maintain consistency throughout the work
be sure that each reference in the text has a corresponding reference in
the bibliography or list of references
ensure that the textual reference agrees in every detail with the
bibliographical reference
provide accurate and full details in the reference to enable the reader to
locate the source of the cited document
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)
Examples of textual and reference entries
ANONYMOUS WORK
Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon
In Text
Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the
reference by title thus
lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip
lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)
List of references
Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp
London
AUTHORS- MULTIPLE
In Text
i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate
their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order
(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)
ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more
authors in parentheses
(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)
(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)
However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in
the text
Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip
iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three
authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this
may cause ambiguity
(Butlin et al 1982)
Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip
List of references
Do not use et al in the list of references
i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-
developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165
Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan
Paul London
Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August
p 13
Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional
societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol
19 pp 504-522
ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra
Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire
Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO
Nijmegen
iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and
Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME
In Text
In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to
distinguish one from the other
FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip
(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)
Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within
parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the
surname)
List of references
Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature
vol 323 pp 327-330
Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central
Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS
In text
Arrange in chronological order by date of publication
(Thomson 1939 1956)
Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip
List of references
Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the
Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221
Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary
Supplement 21 April
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR
In text
Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references
to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of
the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles
Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that
(Bennett 1976a 1976b)
Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued
List of references
Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references
correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the
text
Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture
in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53
Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and
Human Adaptation Pergamon New York
AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME
In text
(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)
hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)
List of references
Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of
Nebraska Press Lincoln
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK
Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and
the edited book in the references
In text
(Chalmers 1986)
Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip
List of references
Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved
case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds
JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31
Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific
Method Reidel Dordreht
CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION
Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date
of the reprint
In text
(Darwin 1968 (1859))
List of references
Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection Penguin Harmondsworth
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
INDIRECT QUOTATION
To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted
reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references
In text
(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)
List of references
Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne
JOURNAL ARTICLE
In text
(Goodall 19907)
Goodall (19907) believes hellip
List of references
Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of
Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2
no 44 pp 7-8
Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL
For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for
references is as follows
bull authorrsquos surname and initials
bull date of publication
bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation
bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation
bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid
hyphenation which can cause confusion
For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this
Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating
Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm
An example of citing a web based database would be
Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing
acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions
(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database
httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=
IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING
In text
(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip
List of references
The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are
capitalised
Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin
and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on
Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED
In text
(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)
Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)
List of references
Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS
Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc
reference is made thus
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
In text
In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed
out that hellip
In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained
hellip
Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip
(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)
List of references
Do not list personal communications in the list of references
PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE
Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)
In text
Giles (c 1889) showed hellip
(Giles c 1889)
List of references
Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS
In text
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip
(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)
List of references
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of
the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp
Opportunity Perth
PUBLICATION DATE- NONE
In text
Kelly (nd) argued that hellip
(Kelly nd)
List of references
Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS
In text
Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip
(Slobodkin in press)
List of references
Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man
Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS
A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the
process of publication
In text
Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve
archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity
List of references
None
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME
If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the
name of the sponsoring organisation
In text
A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states
hellip
(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)
List of references
National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A
Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government
Publishing Service Canberra
THESIS
In text
(McBryde 196622)
McBryde (196622)
List of references
The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised
McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region
New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK
In text
(Galileo 1960)
(Wesson 1975)
List of references
Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of
Wisconsin Press Madison
Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove
Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic
UNPUBLISHED WORK
Include as much information as possible in the location of the document
In text
Danger (unpub) suggested hellip
(Dangar unpub)
List of references
Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-
1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION
In text
(Namier 19574)
Namier (19574)
List of references
Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd
edn Macmillan London
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES
By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding
Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based
World Wide Web Resources
Content amp Evaluation
Who is the audience
What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain
How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided
What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of
information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)
What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area
What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents
How comprehensive is this site
What are the link selection criteria if any
Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site
Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both
Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks
ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other
sites)
Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler
What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources
Are the links evaluated in any way
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
serious about their convictions as you are about yours Feelings are important
but they should not substitute for careful appraisal of arguments and evidence
6 Dont Oversimplify
Lock beyond the obvious Reject simplistic either-or thinking Look for logical
contradictions in arguments Be wary of lsquoarguments by anecdote
7 Consider Other Interpretations
Before you leap to conclusions think about other explanations Be especially
careful about assertions of cause and effect
8 Tolerate Uncertainty
This may be the hardest step in becoming a critical thinker for it requires the
ability to accept some guiding ideas and beliefs - yet the willingness to give them
up when evidence and experience contradict them
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ASSIGNMENT PRE-SUBMISSION CHECKLIST
Adapted from UNE Assignment Pre-Submission Checklist
PRESENTATION
bull The assignment should be stapled in the top left corner
bull It should have a cover sheet and a title page
bull It should be 15 spaced typing
bull Its pages should be numbered in the top right or bottom right corner
with a figure only (not Roman numeral p or page) Not necessary to
number the title page
bull There should be a three centimetre margin on both sides as well as at the
top and bottom of each page
bull There should not be a header with your name student number or other
details on every page The top of each page is conventionally reserved forpage numbers and the bottom for footnotes
bull It should be in an easy read sufficiently dark print for a marker to read
without needing a spotlight and magnifying glass 12 point or 14 point
Times font or equivalent size is best
bull A justified format is best (straight margins on both sides)
bull Assignment should be placed in a clear cover DO NOT USE FOLDERS
COVERS etc
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ESSAY STYLE
bull There should be an introduction at the beginning of the essay containing
the words This essay focuses onhellip or This essay examines explores
discusses describes compares critically analyseshellip The introduction
should contain no bracketed references and no quotes It is not under a
heading
bull A conclusion contains such content as deductions implications
speculations suggestions and directions for future research should be
included It should not contain any bracketed references or quotes It is
not under a heading except if otherwise indicated
bull Check you have answered the question If you have not you are unlikely
to pass the assessment no matter how good your essay is
bull References within the text to cite the sources of information presented
are essential including the page number
bull A list of references containing only those authors cited in the body of the
essay should be included This must be placed on a separate page from
the essay
bull Reference using the Harvard system (Author-date-page)
bull Appendices should be kept to a minimum When they are necessary they
go after the reference list Whole articles should not be attached
WRITING STYLE
bull Paragraphs should be a minimum of four and maximum of ten sentences
along and should not be indented There should be a space between each
paragraph no gaps in the middles and no one -or two-sentence
paragraphs
bull Punctuation goes after brackets not before it
bull There should be no definitions derived from English dictionaries
encyclopaedias and magazines Time Life books or Readers Digest only
from the literature of your discipline
bull Mainly objective language should be used (avoid personal terms such as I
We us you our one and they)
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
bull No sexist or racist terms should be used
bull Only the approved abbreviations should be used Avoid eg ie etc
wasnt dont etc
bull Short quotes should be in single quotations within paragraphs
bull Long quotes of more than thirty words should be indented single spaces
without quotation marks not in italics the same size font as the rest of
the essay and extremely rare Paraphrasing demonstrates your
understanding much better
bull No numbered dot pointed alphabetized or quoted lists should be used
bull A computer spell check or other should be done
bull Proof read your essay for typing spelling and grammatical errors after
printing it out
bull An essay usually does not contain headings If however you are allowed
to use them then they should contain headings the following format
bull Just one per section not two (one beneath the other is inappropriate)
bull Not one for every paragraph
bull A statement about what is in the paragraphs below (not a question)
bull More than one word
bull The same size font as the rest of the essay
bull Title case or sentence case (minimal capitalization)
bull Not upper case (all capital letters)
bull In bold
bull No in italic
bull No fancy calligraphy
bull Without punctuation on the end (no colons or dashes)
bull Not on the same line as the paragraph begins
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ACNT REFERENCINGGUIDELINES
Adapted from httpwwwuneeduautlcstudentspublicationsreferencingpdf (UNE
style guide)
Introduction
Referencing is simply a meticulous and systematic method of presenting the
sources of ideas or information you may have borrowed from others The basic
purpose of referencing is to set your ideas in the context of those expressed by
others However novel your own thoughts about a particular subject or
phenomenon your ideas will have their historical antecedents even if your
thoughts are the antithesis of those expressed by others Referencing
demonstrates that you have considered the ideas of others in advancing your
own arguments andor in presenting factual data
Referencing
Many students have been confused by the fact that different styles of referencing
have been demanded by different disciplines within the University and sometimes
even by different lecturers in the same discipline Of course each discipline may
have special referencing and formatting requirements for a project report or a
thesis but most schools have been able to agree on these guidelines for standard
essays
While the referencing style presented here is acceptable to a majority of
disciplines within the University of New England students should be aware that
publishing houses and journalsperiodicals have different conventions for
referencing which authors will be required to follow when preparing work forpublication
There is no one correct way of referencing
Whichever style you are required to use it is important that you be consistent
within the one piece of work and follow the conventions as prescribed by your
audience - whether university lecturer or publisher
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Students may find that individual unit coordinators or academic areas prefer
variations of the approaches presented here If in doubt students should consult
their unit coordinators
Why Document
Full documentation is an essential part of any essay or thesis chapter It enables
the reader to follow up the source of ideas interpretations and information in
the essay and it makes clear when you are drawing your conclusions from the
evidence presented Failure to document adequately and fully is to ignore
scholarly rules and may mean that you may not receive full recognition for
originality
Documentation should be used not only to provide the source of a direct
quotation but also to give the source for any information ideas or interpretation
that you have used To state other peoples ideas as your own in the absence of
proper citation is considered to be theft of intellectual property the University
imposes harsh penalties for plagiarism (see Plagiarism for the Universitys rule on
plagiarism)
How to Document
There are various conventions with respect to acknowledging the works of
others and different disciplines have their own traditions Your choice of
referencing style will be determined largely by your discipline and unit
coordinator
Generally there are two main systems of documentation
Author-date system
Footnoting system
But there are many variations within them
The author-date system acknowledges the author and date of publication in thetext with full details of the work provided in the list of references at the end of
the text
The footnoting system places a raised numeral in the text which refers to either
a footnote or endnote that contains the full acknowledgment of the source A
bibliography may or may not be included Whichever system or variation is
chosen it must be used consistently
The author-date systems include the Harvard system which is widely used in law
sciences and cultural studies and the APA (American Psychological Association)
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
system which is used in the social sciences and some sciences The MLA
(Modern Language Association of America) system used by language and
literature scholars is similar to but not identical to APA Footnoting systems are
used in the creative arts and systems such as the CBE (Council of Biology
Editors) system and Vancouver system are used in chemistry mathematics andmedicine (Putnis amp Petelin 1996282)
More information on the above documentation systems may be obtained in the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological
Association 1983) (APA) the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers
(Gibaldi amp Achtert 1995) (MLA) and The CBE Manual for Authors Editors and
Publishers (Council of Biology Editors 1994)(CBE) There does not appear to be a
publication that officially defines the Harvard system and many guides use the
name Harvard interchangeably with their conventions for an author-date
system
The style adopted in presenting the following examples of author-date and
footnoting systems is based on the Style Manual for Authors Editors and Printers
(AGPS 1994) with some reference to Putnis and Petelin (1996) The online
referencing style has been developed by the editorial committee based on the
established referencing systems outlined above but consistent with the print
referencing styles in this style guide
List of referencesBibliography
A list of references contains only works mentioned or cited in the text while a
bibliography refers to both textual references and other works which may have
informed your thinking but may not have been explicitly cited
The author-date system depends on a full and detailed list of references or
bibliography at the end of the text The footnoting system may or may not be
accompanied by a bibliography There is no need for a list of references when
using the footnoting system for full citation details are provided in the notes
However students are advised to consult their unit coordinators to determine if a bibliography is required
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
How to Set Out Quotations
When quoting directly from any source you may incorporate the quotation into
your text in two ways If the quotation is short - less than about thirty words - itshould be contained within the text Longer quotations should be set as separate
passages
Short quotations should be enclosed within single quotation marks for example
We can ask whether violence is a basic element in a revolutionary
process as Arendt assumes when she writes that revolutions and wars
are not even conceivable outside the domain of violence
You would then acknowledge the source of the quotation by a reference to
author and date in the author-date system of documentation (see Author-Date)or by a footnote in the footnoting system (see Footnoting)
If the quotation exceeds about thirty words it should be set off from the text as
a block quotation Quotation marks are not used It is convention for the block
to be in single space regardless of the spacing of the main text
The hard-boiled detective is heroic because
however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to
his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost
him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett thecode is chiefly professional (Grella 19709)
Note that the full-stop is before the brackets
OR
Grella (19709) suggests that the hard-boiled detective is heroic because
however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to
his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost
him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett the
code is chiefly professional
When paraphrasing another persons words - whether they be the ideas
conveyed in two pages of a book or two sentences from a passage - you must
also acknowledge the source This can be done in a variety of ways one of which
is to precede the paraphrased section with a general phrase for example
Blainey believes hellip
Russell Ward states hellip
Weber questions hellip
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
You would still need to acknowledge the source of your ideas by a reference to
the author and date of publication using either referencing system
Square Brackets
Use square brackets to enclose words or phrases inserted in the text by
someone other than the author of the text
He writes in his biography that Although I grew up in Canberra I
was born in Perth [Scotland]
Square brackets are also used in quotations to indicate incorrect spelling
She wrote in her essay A dichotomy exists between the two
thoretical [sic] interpretations of the phenomenon
Points of Ellipsis
Points of ellipsis ( hellip ) in quotations indicate that material has been omitted
The following extract from the Guardian (12 April 19883) further
illustrates the importance of defence contracting for the major UK
companies
Eiris investigated companies involved in the construction of
nuclear bases those working on Star Wars research as well
as defence contractors for nuclear weapons systems hellip
Twenty six companies are working on nuclear weapons
systems or components the ten most important receiving
more than pound100 million from the Ministry of Defence in
19856
Use three points only even if the points come at the end of a sentence
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Check list
Whichever system of referencing you choose it is important to
maintain consistency throughout the work
be sure that each reference in the text has a corresponding reference in
the bibliography or list of references
ensure that the textual reference agrees in every detail with the
bibliographical reference
provide accurate and full details in the reference to enable the reader to
locate the source of the cited document
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)
Examples of textual and reference entries
ANONYMOUS WORK
Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon
In Text
Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the
reference by title thus
lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip
lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)
List of references
Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp
London
AUTHORS- MULTIPLE
In Text
i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate
their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order
(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)
ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more
authors in parentheses
(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)
(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)
However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in
the text
Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip
iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three
authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this
may cause ambiguity
(Butlin et al 1982)
Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip
List of references
Do not use et al in the list of references
i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-
developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165
Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan
Paul London
Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August
p 13
Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional
societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol
19 pp 504-522
ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra
Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire
Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO
Nijmegen
iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and
Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME
In Text
In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to
distinguish one from the other
FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip
(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)
Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within
parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the
surname)
List of references
Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature
vol 323 pp 327-330
Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central
Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS
In text
Arrange in chronological order by date of publication
(Thomson 1939 1956)
Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip
List of references
Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the
Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221
Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary
Supplement 21 April
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR
In text
Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references
to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of
the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles
Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that
(Bennett 1976a 1976b)
Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued
List of references
Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references
correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the
text
Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture
in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53
Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and
Human Adaptation Pergamon New York
AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME
In text
(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)
hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)
List of references
Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of
Nebraska Press Lincoln
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK
Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and
the edited book in the references
In text
(Chalmers 1986)
Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip
List of references
Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved
case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds
JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31
Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific
Method Reidel Dordreht
CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION
Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date
of the reprint
In text
(Darwin 1968 (1859))
List of references
Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection Penguin Harmondsworth
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
INDIRECT QUOTATION
To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted
reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references
In text
(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)
List of references
Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne
JOURNAL ARTICLE
In text
(Goodall 19907)
Goodall (19907) believes hellip
List of references
Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of
Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2
no 44 pp 7-8
Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL
For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for
references is as follows
bull authorrsquos surname and initials
bull date of publication
bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation
bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation
bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid
hyphenation which can cause confusion
For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this
Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating
Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm
An example of citing a web based database would be
Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing
acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions
(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database
httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=
IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING
In text
(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip
List of references
The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are
capitalised
Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin
and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on
Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED
In text
(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)
Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)
List of references
Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS
Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc
reference is made thus
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
In text
In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed
out that hellip
In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained
hellip
Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip
(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)
List of references
Do not list personal communications in the list of references
PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE
Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)
In text
Giles (c 1889) showed hellip
(Giles c 1889)
List of references
Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS
In text
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip
(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)
List of references
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of
the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp
Opportunity Perth
PUBLICATION DATE- NONE
In text
Kelly (nd) argued that hellip
(Kelly nd)
List of references
Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS
In text
Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip
(Slobodkin in press)
List of references
Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man
Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS
A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the
process of publication
In text
Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve
archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity
List of references
None
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME
If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the
name of the sponsoring organisation
In text
A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states
hellip
(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)
List of references
National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A
Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government
Publishing Service Canberra
THESIS
In text
(McBryde 196622)
McBryde (196622)
List of references
The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised
McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region
New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK
In text
(Galileo 1960)
(Wesson 1975)
List of references
Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of
Wisconsin Press Madison
Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove
Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic
UNPUBLISHED WORK
Include as much information as possible in the location of the document
In text
Danger (unpub) suggested hellip
(Dangar unpub)
List of references
Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-
1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION
In text
(Namier 19574)
Namier (19574)
List of references
Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd
edn Macmillan London
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES
By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding
Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based
World Wide Web Resources
Content amp Evaluation
Who is the audience
What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain
How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided
What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of
information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)
What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area
What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents
How comprehensive is this site
What are the link selection criteria if any
Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site
Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both
Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks
ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other
sites)
Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler
What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources
Are the links evaluated in any way
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ASSIGNMENT PRE-SUBMISSION CHECKLIST
Adapted from UNE Assignment Pre-Submission Checklist
PRESENTATION
bull The assignment should be stapled in the top left corner
bull It should have a cover sheet and a title page
bull It should be 15 spaced typing
bull Its pages should be numbered in the top right or bottom right corner
with a figure only (not Roman numeral p or page) Not necessary to
number the title page
bull There should be a three centimetre margin on both sides as well as at the
top and bottom of each page
bull There should not be a header with your name student number or other
details on every page The top of each page is conventionally reserved forpage numbers and the bottom for footnotes
bull It should be in an easy read sufficiently dark print for a marker to read
without needing a spotlight and magnifying glass 12 point or 14 point
Times font or equivalent size is best
bull A justified format is best (straight margins on both sides)
bull Assignment should be placed in a clear cover DO NOT USE FOLDERS
COVERS etc
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ESSAY STYLE
bull There should be an introduction at the beginning of the essay containing
the words This essay focuses onhellip or This essay examines explores
discusses describes compares critically analyseshellip The introduction
should contain no bracketed references and no quotes It is not under a
heading
bull A conclusion contains such content as deductions implications
speculations suggestions and directions for future research should be
included It should not contain any bracketed references or quotes It is
not under a heading except if otherwise indicated
bull Check you have answered the question If you have not you are unlikely
to pass the assessment no matter how good your essay is
bull References within the text to cite the sources of information presented
are essential including the page number
bull A list of references containing only those authors cited in the body of the
essay should be included This must be placed on a separate page from
the essay
bull Reference using the Harvard system (Author-date-page)
bull Appendices should be kept to a minimum When they are necessary they
go after the reference list Whole articles should not be attached
WRITING STYLE
bull Paragraphs should be a minimum of four and maximum of ten sentences
along and should not be indented There should be a space between each
paragraph no gaps in the middles and no one -or two-sentence
paragraphs
bull Punctuation goes after brackets not before it
bull There should be no definitions derived from English dictionaries
encyclopaedias and magazines Time Life books or Readers Digest only
from the literature of your discipline
bull Mainly objective language should be used (avoid personal terms such as I
We us you our one and they)
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
bull No sexist or racist terms should be used
bull Only the approved abbreviations should be used Avoid eg ie etc
wasnt dont etc
bull Short quotes should be in single quotations within paragraphs
bull Long quotes of more than thirty words should be indented single spaces
without quotation marks not in italics the same size font as the rest of
the essay and extremely rare Paraphrasing demonstrates your
understanding much better
bull No numbered dot pointed alphabetized or quoted lists should be used
bull A computer spell check or other should be done
bull Proof read your essay for typing spelling and grammatical errors after
printing it out
bull An essay usually does not contain headings If however you are allowed
to use them then they should contain headings the following format
bull Just one per section not two (one beneath the other is inappropriate)
bull Not one for every paragraph
bull A statement about what is in the paragraphs below (not a question)
bull More than one word
bull The same size font as the rest of the essay
bull Title case or sentence case (minimal capitalization)
bull Not upper case (all capital letters)
bull In bold
bull No in italic
bull No fancy calligraphy
bull Without punctuation on the end (no colons or dashes)
bull Not on the same line as the paragraph begins
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ACNT REFERENCINGGUIDELINES
Adapted from httpwwwuneeduautlcstudentspublicationsreferencingpdf (UNE
style guide)
Introduction
Referencing is simply a meticulous and systematic method of presenting the
sources of ideas or information you may have borrowed from others The basic
purpose of referencing is to set your ideas in the context of those expressed by
others However novel your own thoughts about a particular subject or
phenomenon your ideas will have their historical antecedents even if your
thoughts are the antithesis of those expressed by others Referencing
demonstrates that you have considered the ideas of others in advancing your
own arguments andor in presenting factual data
Referencing
Many students have been confused by the fact that different styles of referencing
have been demanded by different disciplines within the University and sometimes
even by different lecturers in the same discipline Of course each discipline may
have special referencing and formatting requirements for a project report or a
thesis but most schools have been able to agree on these guidelines for standard
essays
While the referencing style presented here is acceptable to a majority of
disciplines within the University of New England students should be aware that
publishing houses and journalsperiodicals have different conventions for
referencing which authors will be required to follow when preparing work forpublication
There is no one correct way of referencing
Whichever style you are required to use it is important that you be consistent
within the one piece of work and follow the conventions as prescribed by your
audience - whether university lecturer or publisher
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Students may find that individual unit coordinators or academic areas prefer
variations of the approaches presented here If in doubt students should consult
their unit coordinators
Why Document
Full documentation is an essential part of any essay or thesis chapter It enables
the reader to follow up the source of ideas interpretations and information in
the essay and it makes clear when you are drawing your conclusions from the
evidence presented Failure to document adequately and fully is to ignore
scholarly rules and may mean that you may not receive full recognition for
originality
Documentation should be used not only to provide the source of a direct
quotation but also to give the source for any information ideas or interpretation
that you have used To state other peoples ideas as your own in the absence of
proper citation is considered to be theft of intellectual property the University
imposes harsh penalties for plagiarism (see Plagiarism for the Universitys rule on
plagiarism)
How to Document
There are various conventions with respect to acknowledging the works of
others and different disciplines have their own traditions Your choice of
referencing style will be determined largely by your discipline and unit
coordinator
Generally there are two main systems of documentation
Author-date system
Footnoting system
But there are many variations within them
The author-date system acknowledges the author and date of publication in thetext with full details of the work provided in the list of references at the end of
the text
The footnoting system places a raised numeral in the text which refers to either
a footnote or endnote that contains the full acknowledgment of the source A
bibliography may or may not be included Whichever system or variation is
chosen it must be used consistently
The author-date systems include the Harvard system which is widely used in law
sciences and cultural studies and the APA (American Psychological Association)
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
system which is used in the social sciences and some sciences The MLA
(Modern Language Association of America) system used by language and
literature scholars is similar to but not identical to APA Footnoting systems are
used in the creative arts and systems such as the CBE (Council of Biology
Editors) system and Vancouver system are used in chemistry mathematics andmedicine (Putnis amp Petelin 1996282)
More information on the above documentation systems may be obtained in the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological
Association 1983) (APA) the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers
(Gibaldi amp Achtert 1995) (MLA) and The CBE Manual for Authors Editors and
Publishers (Council of Biology Editors 1994)(CBE) There does not appear to be a
publication that officially defines the Harvard system and many guides use the
name Harvard interchangeably with their conventions for an author-date
system
The style adopted in presenting the following examples of author-date and
footnoting systems is based on the Style Manual for Authors Editors and Printers
(AGPS 1994) with some reference to Putnis and Petelin (1996) The online
referencing style has been developed by the editorial committee based on the
established referencing systems outlined above but consistent with the print
referencing styles in this style guide
List of referencesBibliography
A list of references contains only works mentioned or cited in the text while a
bibliography refers to both textual references and other works which may have
informed your thinking but may not have been explicitly cited
The author-date system depends on a full and detailed list of references or
bibliography at the end of the text The footnoting system may or may not be
accompanied by a bibliography There is no need for a list of references when
using the footnoting system for full citation details are provided in the notes
However students are advised to consult their unit coordinators to determine if a bibliography is required
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
How to Set Out Quotations
When quoting directly from any source you may incorporate the quotation into
your text in two ways If the quotation is short - less than about thirty words - itshould be contained within the text Longer quotations should be set as separate
passages
Short quotations should be enclosed within single quotation marks for example
We can ask whether violence is a basic element in a revolutionary
process as Arendt assumes when she writes that revolutions and wars
are not even conceivable outside the domain of violence
You would then acknowledge the source of the quotation by a reference to
author and date in the author-date system of documentation (see Author-Date)or by a footnote in the footnoting system (see Footnoting)
If the quotation exceeds about thirty words it should be set off from the text as
a block quotation Quotation marks are not used It is convention for the block
to be in single space regardless of the spacing of the main text
The hard-boiled detective is heroic because
however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to
his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost
him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett thecode is chiefly professional (Grella 19709)
Note that the full-stop is before the brackets
OR
Grella (19709) suggests that the hard-boiled detective is heroic because
however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to
his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost
him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett the
code is chiefly professional
When paraphrasing another persons words - whether they be the ideas
conveyed in two pages of a book or two sentences from a passage - you must
also acknowledge the source This can be done in a variety of ways one of which
is to precede the paraphrased section with a general phrase for example
Blainey believes hellip
Russell Ward states hellip
Weber questions hellip
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
You would still need to acknowledge the source of your ideas by a reference to
the author and date of publication using either referencing system
Square Brackets
Use square brackets to enclose words or phrases inserted in the text by
someone other than the author of the text
He writes in his biography that Although I grew up in Canberra I
was born in Perth [Scotland]
Square brackets are also used in quotations to indicate incorrect spelling
She wrote in her essay A dichotomy exists between the two
thoretical [sic] interpretations of the phenomenon
Points of Ellipsis
Points of ellipsis ( hellip ) in quotations indicate that material has been omitted
The following extract from the Guardian (12 April 19883) further
illustrates the importance of defence contracting for the major UK
companies
Eiris investigated companies involved in the construction of
nuclear bases those working on Star Wars research as well
as defence contractors for nuclear weapons systems hellip
Twenty six companies are working on nuclear weapons
systems or components the ten most important receiving
more than pound100 million from the Ministry of Defence in
19856
Use three points only even if the points come at the end of a sentence
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Check list
Whichever system of referencing you choose it is important to
maintain consistency throughout the work
be sure that each reference in the text has a corresponding reference in
the bibliography or list of references
ensure that the textual reference agrees in every detail with the
bibliographical reference
provide accurate and full details in the reference to enable the reader to
locate the source of the cited document
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)
Examples of textual and reference entries
ANONYMOUS WORK
Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon
In Text
Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the
reference by title thus
lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip
lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)
List of references
Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp
London
AUTHORS- MULTIPLE
In Text
i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate
their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order
(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)
ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more
authors in parentheses
(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)
(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)
However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in
the text
Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip
iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three
authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this
may cause ambiguity
(Butlin et al 1982)
Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip
List of references
Do not use et al in the list of references
i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-
developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165
Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan
Paul London
Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August
p 13
Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional
societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol
19 pp 504-522
ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra
Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire
Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO
Nijmegen
iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and
Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME
In Text
In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to
distinguish one from the other
FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip
(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)
Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within
parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the
surname)
List of references
Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature
vol 323 pp 327-330
Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central
Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS
In text
Arrange in chronological order by date of publication
(Thomson 1939 1956)
Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip
List of references
Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the
Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221
Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary
Supplement 21 April
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR
In text
Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references
to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of
the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles
Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that
(Bennett 1976a 1976b)
Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued
List of references
Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references
correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the
text
Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture
in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53
Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and
Human Adaptation Pergamon New York
AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME
In text
(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)
hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)
List of references
Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of
Nebraska Press Lincoln
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK
Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and
the edited book in the references
In text
(Chalmers 1986)
Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip
List of references
Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved
case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds
JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31
Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific
Method Reidel Dordreht
CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION
Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date
of the reprint
In text
(Darwin 1968 (1859))
List of references
Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection Penguin Harmondsworth
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
INDIRECT QUOTATION
To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted
reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references
In text
(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)
List of references
Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne
JOURNAL ARTICLE
In text
(Goodall 19907)
Goodall (19907) believes hellip
List of references
Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of
Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2
no 44 pp 7-8
Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL
For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for
references is as follows
bull authorrsquos surname and initials
bull date of publication
bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation
bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation
bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid
hyphenation which can cause confusion
For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this
Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating
Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm
An example of citing a web based database would be
Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing
acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions
(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database
httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=
IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING
In text
(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip
List of references
The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are
capitalised
Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin
and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on
Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED
In text
(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)
Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)
List of references
Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS
Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc
reference is made thus
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
In text
In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed
out that hellip
In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained
hellip
Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip
(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)
List of references
Do not list personal communications in the list of references
PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE
Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)
In text
Giles (c 1889) showed hellip
(Giles c 1889)
List of references
Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS
In text
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip
(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)
List of references
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of
the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp
Opportunity Perth
PUBLICATION DATE- NONE
In text
Kelly (nd) argued that hellip
(Kelly nd)
List of references
Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS
In text
Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip
(Slobodkin in press)
List of references
Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man
Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS
A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the
process of publication
In text
Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve
archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity
List of references
None
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME
If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the
name of the sponsoring organisation
In text
A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states
hellip
(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)
List of references
National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A
Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government
Publishing Service Canberra
THESIS
In text
(McBryde 196622)
McBryde (196622)
List of references
The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised
McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region
New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK
In text
(Galileo 1960)
(Wesson 1975)
List of references
Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of
Wisconsin Press Madison
Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove
Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic
UNPUBLISHED WORK
Include as much information as possible in the location of the document
In text
Danger (unpub) suggested hellip
(Dangar unpub)
List of references
Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-
1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION
In text
(Namier 19574)
Namier (19574)
List of references
Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd
edn Macmillan London
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES
By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding
Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based
World Wide Web Resources
Content amp Evaluation
Who is the audience
What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain
How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided
What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of
information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)
What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area
What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents
How comprehensive is this site
What are the link selection criteria if any
Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site
Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both
Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks
ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other
sites)
Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler
What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources
Are the links evaluated in any way
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ESSAY STYLE
bull There should be an introduction at the beginning of the essay containing
the words This essay focuses onhellip or This essay examines explores
discusses describes compares critically analyseshellip The introduction
should contain no bracketed references and no quotes It is not under a
heading
bull A conclusion contains such content as deductions implications
speculations suggestions and directions for future research should be
included It should not contain any bracketed references or quotes It is
not under a heading except if otherwise indicated
bull Check you have answered the question If you have not you are unlikely
to pass the assessment no matter how good your essay is
bull References within the text to cite the sources of information presented
are essential including the page number
bull A list of references containing only those authors cited in the body of the
essay should be included This must be placed on a separate page from
the essay
bull Reference using the Harvard system (Author-date-page)
bull Appendices should be kept to a minimum When they are necessary they
go after the reference list Whole articles should not be attached
WRITING STYLE
bull Paragraphs should be a minimum of four and maximum of ten sentences
along and should not be indented There should be a space between each
paragraph no gaps in the middles and no one -or two-sentence
paragraphs
bull Punctuation goes after brackets not before it
bull There should be no definitions derived from English dictionaries
encyclopaedias and magazines Time Life books or Readers Digest only
from the literature of your discipline
bull Mainly objective language should be used (avoid personal terms such as I
We us you our one and they)
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
bull No sexist or racist terms should be used
bull Only the approved abbreviations should be used Avoid eg ie etc
wasnt dont etc
bull Short quotes should be in single quotations within paragraphs
bull Long quotes of more than thirty words should be indented single spaces
without quotation marks not in italics the same size font as the rest of
the essay and extremely rare Paraphrasing demonstrates your
understanding much better
bull No numbered dot pointed alphabetized or quoted lists should be used
bull A computer spell check or other should be done
bull Proof read your essay for typing spelling and grammatical errors after
printing it out
bull An essay usually does not contain headings If however you are allowed
to use them then they should contain headings the following format
bull Just one per section not two (one beneath the other is inappropriate)
bull Not one for every paragraph
bull A statement about what is in the paragraphs below (not a question)
bull More than one word
bull The same size font as the rest of the essay
bull Title case or sentence case (minimal capitalization)
bull Not upper case (all capital letters)
bull In bold
bull No in italic
bull No fancy calligraphy
bull Without punctuation on the end (no colons or dashes)
bull Not on the same line as the paragraph begins
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ACNT REFERENCINGGUIDELINES
Adapted from httpwwwuneeduautlcstudentspublicationsreferencingpdf (UNE
style guide)
Introduction
Referencing is simply a meticulous and systematic method of presenting the
sources of ideas or information you may have borrowed from others The basic
purpose of referencing is to set your ideas in the context of those expressed by
others However novel your own thoughts about a particular subject or
phenomenon your ideas will have their historical antecedents even if your
thoughts are the antithesis of those expressed by others Referencing
demonstrates that you have considered the ideas of others in advancing your
own arguments andor in presenting factual data
Referencing
Many students have been confused by the fact that different styles of referencing
have been demanded by different disciplines within the University and sometimes
even by different lecturers in the same discipline Of course each discipline may
have special referencing and formatting requirements for a project report or a
thesis but most schools have been able to agree on these guidelines for standard
essays
While the referencing style presented here is acceptable to a majority of
disciplines within the University of New England students should be aware that
publishing houses and journalsperiodicals have different conventions for
referencing which authors will be required to follow when preparing work forpublication
There is no one correct way of referencing
Whichever style you are required to use it is important that you be consistent
within the one piece of work and follow the conventions as prescribed by your
audience - whether university lecturer or publisher
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Students may find that individual unit coordinators or academic areas prefer
variations of the approaches presented here If in doubt students should consult
their unit coordinators
Why Document
Full documentation is an essential part of any essay or thesis chapter It enables
the reader to follow up the source of ideas interpretations and information in
the essay and it makes clear when you are drawing your conclusions from the
evidence presented Failure to document adequately and fully is to ignore
scholarly rules and may mean that you may not receive full recognition for
originality
Documentation should be used not only to provide the source of a direct
quotation but also to give the source for any information ideas or interpretation
that you have used To state other peoples ideas as your own in the absence of
proper citation is considered to be theft of intellectual property the University
imposes harsh penalties for plagiarism (see Plagiarism for the Universitys rule on
plagiarism)
How to Document
There are various conventions with respect to acknowledging the works of
others and different disciplines have their own traditions Your choice of
referencing style will be determined largely by your discipline and unit
coordinator
Generally there are two main systems of documentation
Author-date system
Footnoting system
But there are many variations within them
The author-date system acknowledges the author and date of publication in thetext with full details of the work provided in the list of references at the end of
the text
The footnoting system places a raised numeral in the text which refers to either
a footnote or endnote that contains the full acknowledgment of the source A
bibliography may or may not be included Whichever system or variation is
chosen it must be used consistently
The author-date systems include the Harvard system which is widely used in law
sciences and cultural studies and the APA (American Psychological Association)
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
system which is used in the social sciences and some sciences The MLA
(Modern Language Association of America) system used by language and
literature scholars is similar to but not identical to APA Footnoting systems are
used in the creative arts and systems such as the CBE (Council of Biology
Editors) system and Vancouver system are used in chemistry mathematics andmedicine (Putnis amp Petelin 1996282)
More information on the above documentation systems may be obtained in the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological
Association 1983) (APA) the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers
(Gibaldi amp Achtert 1995) (MLA) and The CBE Manual for Authors Editors and
Publishers (Council of Biology Editors 1994)(CBE) There does not appear to be a
publication that officially defines the Harvard system and many guides use the
name Harvard interchangeably with their conventions for an author-date
system
The style adopted in presenting the following examples of author-date and
footnoting systems is based on the Style Manual for Authors Editors and Printers
(AGPS 1994) with some reference to Putnis and Petelin (1996) The online
referencing style has been developed by the editorial committee based on the
established referencing systems outlined above but consistent with the print
referencing styles in this style guide
List of referencesBibliography
A list of references contains only works mentioned or cited in the text while a
bibliography refers to both textual references and other works which may have
informed your thinking but may not have been explicitly cited
The author-date system depends on a full and detailed list of references or
bibliography at the end of the text The footnoting system may or may not be
accompanied by a bibliography There is no need for a list of references when
using the footnoting system for full citation details are provided in the notes
However students are advised to consult their unit coordinators to determine if a bibliography is required
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
How to Set Out Quotations
When quoting directly from any source you may incorporate the quotation into
your text in two ways If the quotation is short - less than about thirty words - itshould be contained within the text Longer quotations should be set as separate
passages
Short quotations should be enclosed within single quotation marks for example
We can ask whether violence is a basic element in a revolutionary
process as Arendt assumes when she writes that revolutions and wars
are not even conceivable outside the domain of violence
You would then acknowledge the source of the quotation by a reference to
author and date in the author-date system of documentation (see Author-Date)or by a footnote in the footnoting system (see Footnoting)
If the quotation exceeds about thirty words it should be set off from the text as
a block quotation Quotation marks are not used It is convention for the block
to be in single space regardless of the spacing of the main text
The hard-boiled detective is heroic because
however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to
his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost
him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett thecode is chiefly professional (Grella 19709)
Note that the full-stop is before the brackets
OR
Grella (19709) suggests that the hard-boiled detective is heroic because
however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to
his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost
him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett the
code is chiefly professional
When paraphrasing another persons words - whether they be the ideas
conveyed in two pages of a book or two sentences from a passage - you must
also acknowledge the source This can be done in a variety of ways one of which
is to precede the paraphrased section with a general phrase for example
Blainey believes hellip
Russell Ward states hellip
Weber questions hellip
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
You would still need to acknowledge the source of your ideas by a reference to
the author and date of publication using either referencing system
Square Brackets
Use square brackets to enclose words or phrases inserted in the text by
someone other than the author of the text
He writes in his biography that Although I grew up in Canberra I
was born in Perth [Scotland]
Square brackets are also used in quotations to indicate incorrect spelling
She wrote in her essay A dichotomy exists between the two
thoretical [sic] interpretations of the phenomenon
Points of Ellipsis
Points of ellipsis ( hellip ) in quotations indicate that material has been omitted
The following extract from the Guardian (12 April 19883) further
illustrates the importance of defence contracting for the major UK
companies
Eiris investigated companies involved in the construction of
nuclear bases those working on Star Wars research as well
as defence contractors for nuclear weapons systems hellip
Twenty six companies are working on nuclear weapons
systems or components the ten most important receiving
more than pound100 million from the Ministry of Defence in
19856
Use three points only even if the points come at the end of a sentence
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Check list
Whichever system of referencing you choose it is important to
maintain consistency throughout the work
be sure that each reference in the text has a corresponding reference in
the bibliography or list of references
ensure that the textual reference agrees in every detail with the
bibliographical reference
provide accurate and full details in the reference to enable the reader to
locate the source of the cited document
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)
Examples of textual and reference entries
ANONYMOUS WORK
Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon
In Text
Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the
reference by title thus
lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip
lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)
List of references
Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp
London
AUTHORS- MULTIPLE
In Text
i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate
their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order
(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)
ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more
authors in parentheses
(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)
(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)
However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in
the text
Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip
iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three
authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this
may cause ambiguity
(Butlin et al 1982)
Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip
List of references
Do not use et al in the list of references
i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-
developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165
Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan
Paul London
Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August
p 13
Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional
societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol
19 pp 504-522
ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra
Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire
Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO
Nijmegen
iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and
Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME
In Text
In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to
distinguish one from the other
FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip
(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)
Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within
parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the
surname)
List of references
Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature
vol 323 pp 327-330
Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central
Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS
In text
Arrange in chronological order by date of publication
(Thomson 1939 1956)
Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip
List of references
Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the
Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221
Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary
Supplement 21 April
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR
In text
Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references
to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of
the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles
Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that
(Bennett 1976a 1976b)
Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued
List of references
Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references
correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the
text
Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture
in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53
Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and
Human Adaptation Pergamon New York
AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME
In text
(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)
hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)
List of references
Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of
Nebraska Press Lincoln
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK
Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and
the edited book in the references
In text
(Chalmers 1986)
Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip
List of references
Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved
case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds
JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31
Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific
Method Reidel Dordreht
CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION
Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date
of the reprint
In text
(Darwin 1968 (1859))
List of references
Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection Penguin Harmondsworth
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
INDIRECT QUOTATION
To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted
reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references
In text
(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)
List of references
Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne
JOURNAL ARTICLE
In text
(Goodall 19907)
Goodall (19907) believes hellip
List of references
Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of
Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2
no 44 pp 7-8
Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL
For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for
references is as follows
bull authorrsquos surname and initials
bull date of publication
bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation
bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation
bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid
hyphenation which can cause confusion
For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this
Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating
Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm
An example of citing a web based database would be
Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing
acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions
(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database
httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=
IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING
In text
(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip
List of references
The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are
capitalised
Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin
and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on
Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED
In text
(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)
Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)
List of references
Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS
Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc
reference is made thus
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
In text
In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed
out that hellip
In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained
hellip
Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip
(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)
List of references
Do not list personal communications in the list of references
PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE
Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)
In text
Giles (c 1889) showed hellip
(Giles c 1889)
List of references
Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS
In text
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip
(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)
List of references
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of
the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp
Opportunity Perth
PUBLICATION DATE- NONE
In text
Kelly (nd) argued that hellip
(Kelly nd)
List of references
Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS
In text
Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip
(Slobodkin in press)
List of references
Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man
Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS
A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the
process of publication
In text
Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve
archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity
List of references
None
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME
If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the
name of the sponsoring organisation
In text
A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states
hellip
(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)
List of references
National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A
Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government
Publishing Service Canberra
THESIS
In text
(McBryde 196622)
McBryde (196622)
List of references
The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised
McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region
New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK
In text
(Galileo 1960)
(Wesson 1975)
List of references
Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of
Wisconsin Press Madison
Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove
Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic
UNPUBLISHED WORK
Include as much information as possible in the location of the document
In text
Danger (unpub) suggested hellip
(Dangar unpub)
List of references
Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-
1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION
In text
(Namier 19574)
Namier (19574)
List of references
Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd
edn Macmillan London
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES
By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding
Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based
World Wide Web Resources
Content amp Evaluation
Who is the audience
What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain
How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided
What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of
information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)
What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area
What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents
How comprehensive is this site
What are the link selection criteria if any
Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site
Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both
Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks
ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other
sites)
Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler
What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources
Are the links evaluated in any way
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
bull No sexist or racist terms should be used
bull Only the approved abbreviations should be used Avoid eg ie etc
wasnt dont etc
bull Short quotes should be in single quotations within paragraphs
bull Long quotes of more than thirty words should be indented single spaces
without quotation marks not in italics the same size font as the rest of
the essay and extremely rare Paraphrasing demonstrates your
understanding much better
bull No numbered dot pointed alphabetized or quoted lists should be used
bull A computer spell check or other should be done
bull Proof read your essay for typing spelling and grammatical errors after
printing it out
bull An essay usually does not contain headings If however you are allowed
to use them then they should contain headings the following format
bull Just one per section not two (one beneath the other is inappropriate)
bull Not one for every paragraph
bull A statement about what is in the paragraphs below (not a question)
bull More than one word
bull The same size font as the rest of the essay
bull Title case or sentence case (minimal capitalization)
bull Not upper case (all capital letters)
bull In bold
bull No in italic
bull No fancy calligraphy
bull Without punctuation on the end (no colons or dashes)
bull Not on the same line as the paragraph begins
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ACNT REFERENCINGGUIDELINES
Adapted from httpwwwuneeduautlcstudentspublicationsreferencingpdf (UNE
style guide)
Introduction
Referencing is simply a meticulous and systematic method of presenting the
sources of ideas or information you may have borrowed from others The basic
purpose of referencing is to set your ideas in the context of those expressed by
others However novel your own thoughts about a particular subject or
phenomenon your ideas will have their historical antecedents even if your
thoughts are the antithesis of those expressed by others Referencing
demonstrates that you have considered the ideas of others in advancing your
own arguments andor in presenting factual data
Referencing
Many students have been confused by the fact that different styles of referencing
have been demanded by different disciplines within the University and sometimes
even by different lecturers in the same discipline Of course each discipline may
have special referencing and formatting requirements for a project report or a
thesis but most schools have been able to agree on these guidelines for standard
essays
While the referencing style presented here is acceptable to a majority of
disciplines within the University of New England students should be aware that
publishing houses and journalsperiodicals have different conventions for
referencing which authors will be required to follow when preparing work forpublication
There is no one correct way of referencing
Whichever style you are required to use it is important that you be consistent
within the one piece of work and follow the conventions as prescribed by your
audience - whether university lecturer or publisher
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Students may find that individual unit coordinators or academic areas prefer
variations of the approaches presented here If in doubt students should consult
their unit coordinators
Why Document
Full documentation is an essential part of any essay or thesis chapter It enables
the reader to follow up the source of ideas interpretations and information in
the essay and it makes clear when you are drawing your conclusions from the
evidence presented Failure to document adequately and fully is to ignore
scholarly rules and may mean that you may not receive full recognition for
originality
Documentation should be used not only to provide the source of a direct
quotation but also to give the source for any information ideas or interpretation
that you have used To state other peoples ideas as your own in the absence of
proper citation is considered to be theft of intellectual property the University
imposes harsh penalties for plagiarism (see Plagiarism for the Universitys rule on
plagiarism)
How to Document
There are various conventions with respect to acknowledging the works of
others and different disciplines have their own traditions Your choice of
referencing style will be determined largely by your discipline and unit
coordinator
Generally there are two main systems of documentation
Author-date system
Footnoting system
But there are many variations within them
The author-date system acknowledges the author and date of publication in thetext with full details of the work provided in the list of references at the end of
the text
The footnoting system places a raised numeral in the text which refers to either
a footnote or endnote that contains the full acknowledgment of the source A
bibliography may or may not be included Whichever system or variation is
chosen it must be used consistently
The author-date systems include the Harvard system which is widely used in law
sciences and cultural studies and the APA (American Psychological Association)
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
system which is used in the social sciences and some sciences The MLA
(Modern Language Association of America) system used by language and
literature scholars is similar to but not identical to APA Footnoting systems are
used in the creative arts and systems such as the CBE (Council of Biology
Editors) system and Vancouver system are used in chemistry mathematics andmedicine (Putnis amp Petelin 1996282)
More information on the above documentation systems may be obtained in the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological
Association 1983) (APA) the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers
(Gibaldi amp Achtert 1995) (MLA) and The CBE Manual for Authors Editors and
Publishers (Council of Biology Editors 1994)(CBE) There does not appear to be a
publication that officially defines the Harvard system and many guides use the
name Harvard interchangeably with their conventions for an author-date
system
The style adopted in presenting the following examples of author-date and
footnoting systems is based on the Style Manual for Authors Editors and Printers
(AGPS 1994) with some reference to Putnis and Petelin (1996) The online
referencing style has been developed by the editorial committee based on the
established referencing systems outlined above but consistent with the print
referencing styles in this style guide
List of referencesBibliography
A list of references contains only works mentioned or cited in the text while a
bibliography refers to both textual references and other works which may have
informed your thinking but may not have been explicitly cited
The author-date system depends on a full and detailed list of references or
bibliography at the end of the text The footnoting system may or may not be
accompanied by a bibliography There is no need for a list of references when
using the footnoting system for full citation details are provided in the notes
However students are advised to consult their unit coordinators to determine if a bibliography is required
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
How to Set Out Quotations
When quoting directly from any source you may incorporate the quotation into
your text in two ways If the quotation is short - less than about thirty words - itshould be contained within the text Longer quotations should be set as separate
passages
Short quotations should be enclosed within single quotation marks for example
We can ask whether violence is a basic element in a revolutionary
process as Arendt assumes when she writes that revolutions and wars
are not even conceivable outside the domain of violence
You would then acknowledge the source of the quotation by a reference to
author and date in the author-date system of documentation (see Author-Date)or by a footnote in the footnoting system (see Footnoting)
If the quotation exceeds about thirty words it should be set off from the text as
a block quotation Quotation marks are not used It is convention for the block
to be in single space regardless of the spacing of the main text
The hard-boiled detective is heroic because
however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to
his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost
him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett thecode is chiefly professional (Grella 19709)
Note that the full-stop is before the brackets
OR
Grella (19709) suggests that the hard-boiled detective is heroic because
however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to
his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost
him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett the
code is chiefly professional
When paraphrasing another persons words - whether they be the ideas
conveyed in two pages of a book or two sentences from a passage - you must
also acknowledge the source This can be done in a variety of ways one of which
is to precede the paraphrased section with a general phrase for example
Blainey believes hellip
Russell Ward states hellip
Weber questions hellip
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
You would still need to acknowledge the source of your ideas by a reference to
the author and date of publication using either referencing system
Square Brackets
Use square brackets to enclose words or phrases inserted in the text by
someone other than the author of the text
He writes in his biography that Although I grew up in Canberra I
was born in Perth [Scotland]
Square brackets are also used in quotations to indicate incorrect spelling
She wrote in her essay A dichotomy exists between the two
thoretical [sic] interpretations of the phenomenon
Points of Ellipsis
Points of ellipsis ( hellip ) in quotations indicate that material has been omitted
The following extract from the Guardian (12 April 19883) further
illustrates the importance of defence contracting for the major UK
companies
Eiris investigated companies involved in the construction of
nuclear bases those working on Star Wars research as well
as defence contractors for nuclear weapons systems hellip
Twenty six companies are working on nuclear weapons
systems or components the ten most important receiving
more than pound100 million from the Ministry of Defence in
19856
Use three points only even if the points come at the end of a sentence
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Check list
Whichever system of referencing you choose it is important to
maintain consistency throughout the work
be sure that each reference in the text has a corresponding reference in
the bibliography or list of references
ensure that the textual reference agrees in every detail with the
bibliographical reference
provide accurate and full details in the reference to enable the reader to
locate the source of the cited document
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)
Examples of textual and reference entries
ANONYMOUS WORK
Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon
In Text
Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the
reference by title thus
lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip
lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)
List of references
Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp
London
AUTHORS- MULTIPLE
In Text
i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate
their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order
(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)
ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more
authors in parentheses
(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)
(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)
However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in
the text
Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip
iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three
authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this
may cause ambiguity
(Butlin et al 1982)
Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip
List of references
Do not use et al in the list of references
i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-
developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165
Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan
Paul London
Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August
p 13
Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional
societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol
19 pp 504-522
ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra
Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire
Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO
Nijmegen
iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and
Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME
In Text
In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to
distinguish one from the other
FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip
(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)
Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within
parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the
surname)
List of references
Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature
vol 323 pp 327-330
Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central
Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS
In text
Arrange in chronological order by date of publication
(Thomson 1939 1956)
Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip
List of references
Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the
Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221
Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary
Supplement 21 April
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR
In text
Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references
to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of
the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles
Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that
(Bennett 1976a 1976b)
Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued
List of references
Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references
correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the
text
Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture
in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53
Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and
Human Adaptation Pergamon New York
AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME
In text
(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)
hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)
List of references
Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of
Nebraska Press Lincoln
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK
Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and
the edited book in the references
In text
(Chalmers 1986)
Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip
List of references
Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved
case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds
JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31
Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific
Method Reidel Dordreht
CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION
Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date
of the reprint
In text
(Darwin 1968 (1859))
List of references
Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection Penguin Harmondsworth
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
INDIRECT QUOTATION
To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted
reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references
In text
(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)
List of references
Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne
JOURNAL ARTICLE
In text
(Goodall 19907)
Goodall (19907) believes hellip
List of references
Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of
Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2
no 44 pp 7-8
Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL
For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for
references is as follows
bull authorrsquos surname and initials
bull date of publication
bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation
bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation
bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid
hyphenation which can cause confusion
For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this
Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating
Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm
An example of citing a web based database would be
Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing
acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions
(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database
httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=
IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING
In text
(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip
List of references
The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are
capitalised
Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin
and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on
Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED
In text
(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)
Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)
List of references
Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS
Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc
reference is made thus
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
In text
In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed
out that hellip
In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained
hellip
Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip
(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)
List of references
Do not list personal communications in the list of references
PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE
Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)
In text
Giles (c 1889) showed hellip
(Giles c 1889)
List of references
Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS
In text
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip
(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)
List of references
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of
the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp
Opportunity Perth
PUBLICATION DATE- NONE
In text
Kelly (nd) argued that hellip
(Kelly nd)
List of references
Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS
In text
Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip
(Slobodkin in press)
List of references
Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man
Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS
A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the
process of publication
In text
Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve
archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity
List of references
None
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME
If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the
name of the sponsoring organisation
In text
A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states
hellip
(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)
List of references
National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A
Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government
Publishing Service Canberra
THESIS
In text
(McBryde 196622)
McBryde (196622)
List of references
The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised
McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region
New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK
In text
(Galileo 1960)
(Wesson 1975)
List of references
Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of
Wisconsin Press Madison
Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove
Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic
UNPUBLISHED WORK
Include as much information as possible in the location of the document
In text
Danger (unpub) suggested hellip
(Dangar unpub)
List of references
Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-
1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION
In text
(Namier 19574)
Namier (19574)
List of references
Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd
edn Macmillan London
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES
By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding
Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based
World Wide Web Resources
Content amp Evaluation
Who is the audience
What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain
How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided
What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of
information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)
What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area
What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents
How comprehensive is this site
What are the link selection criteria if any
Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site
Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both
Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks
ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other
sites)
Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler
What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources
Are the links evaluated in any way
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ACNT REFERENCINGGUIDELINES
Adapted from httpwwwuneeduautlcstudentspublicationsreferencingpdf (UNE
style guide)
Introduction
Referencing is simply a meticulous and systematic method of presenting the
sources of ideas or information you may have borrowed from others The basic
purpose of referencing is to set your ideas in the context of those expressed by
others However novel your own thoughts about a particular subject or
phenomenon your ideas will have their historical antecedents even if your
thoughts are the antithesis of those expressed by others Referencing
demonstrates that you have considered the ideas of others in advancing your
own arguments andor in presenting factual data
Referencing
Many students have been confused by the fact that different styles of referencing
have been demanded by different disciplines within the University and sometimes
even by different lecturers in the same discipline Of course each discipline may
have special referencing and formatting requirements for a project report or a
thesis but most schools have been able to agree on these guidelines for standard
essays
While the referencing style presented here is acceptable to a majority of
disciplines within the University of New England students should be aware that
publishing houses and journalsperiodicals have different conventions for
referencing which authors will be required to follow when preparing work forpublication
There is no one correct way of referencing
Whichever style you are required to use it is important that you be consistent
within the one piece of work and follow the conventions as prescribed by your
audience - whether university lecturer or publisher
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Students may find that individual unit coordinators or academic areas prefer
variations of the approaches presented here If in doubt students should consult
their unit coordinators
Why Document
Full documentation is an essential part of any essay or thesis chapter It enables
the reader to follow up the source of ideas interpretations and information in
the essay and it makes clear when you are drawing your conclusions from the
evidence presented Failure to document adequately and fully is to ignore
scholarly rules and may mean that you may not receive full recognition for
originality
Documentation should be used not only to provide the source of a direct
quotation but also to give the source for any information ideas or interpretation
that you have used To state other peoples ideas as your own in the absence of
proper citation is considered to be theft of intellectual property the University
imposes harsh penalties for plagiarism (see Plagiarism for the Universitys rule on
plagiarism)
How to Document
There are various conventions with respect to acknowledging the works of
others and different disciplines have their own traditions Your choice of
referencing style will be determined largely by your discipline and unit
coordinator
Generally there are two main systems of documentation
Author-date system
Footnoting system
But there are many variations within them
The author-date system acknowledges the author and date of publication in thetext with full details of the work provided in the list of references at the end of
the text
The footnoting system places a raised numeral in the text which refers to either
a footnote or endnote that contains the full acknowledgment of the source A
bibliography may or may not be included Whichever system or variation is
chosen it must be used consistently
The author-date systems include the Harvard system which is widely used in law
sciences and cultural studies and the APA (American Psychological Association)
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
system which is used in the social sciences and some sciences The MLA
(Modern Language Association of America) system used by language and
literature scholars is similar to but not identical to APA Footnoting systems are
used in the creative arts and systems such as the CBE (Council of Biology
Editors) system and Vancouver system are used in chemistry mathematics andmedicine (Putnis amp Petelin 1996282)
More information on the above documentation systems may be obtained in the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological
Association 1983) (APA) the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers
(Gibaldi amp Achtert 1995) (MLA) and The CBE Manual for Authors Editors and
Publishers (Council of Biology Editors 1994)(CBE) There does not appear to be a
publication that officially defines the Harvard system and many guides use the
name Harvard interchangeably with their conventions for an author-date
system
The style adopted in presenting the following examples of author-date and
footnoting systems is based on the Style Manual for Authors Editors and Printers
(AGPS 1994) with some reference to Putnis and Petelin (1996) The online
referencing style has been developed by the editorial committee based on the
established referencing systems outlined above but consistent with the print
referencing styles in this style guide
List of referencesBibliography
A list of references contains only works mentioned or cited in the text while a
bibliography refers to both textual references and other works which may have
informed your thinking but may not have been explicitly cited
The author-date system depends on a full and detailed list of references or
bibliography at the end of the text The footnoting system may or may not be
accompanied by a bibliography There is no need for a list of references when
using the footnoting system for full citation details are provided in the notes
However students are advised to consult their unit coordinators to determine if a bibliography is required
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
How to Set Out Quotations
When quoting directly from any source you may incorporate the quotation into
your text in two ways If the quotation is short - less than about thirty words - itshould be contained within the text Longer quotations should be set as separate
passages
Short quotations should be enclosed within single quotation marks for example
We can ask whether violence is a basic element in a revolutionary
process as Arendt assumes when she writes that revolutions and wars
are not even conceivable outside the domain of violence
You would then acknowledge the source of the quotation by a reference to
author and date in the author-date system of documentation (see Author-Date)or by a footnote in the footnoting system (see Footnoting)
If the quotation exceeds about thirty words it should be set off from the text as
a block quotation Quotation marks are not used It is convention for the block
to be in single space regardless of the spacing of the main text
The hard-boiled detective is heroic because
however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to
his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost
him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett thecode is chiefly professional (Grella 19709)
Note that the full-stop is before the brackets
OR
Grella (19709) suggests that the hard-boiled detective is heroic because
however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to
his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost
him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett the
code is chiefly professional
When paraphrasing another persons words - whether they be the ideas
conveyed in two pages of a book or two sentences from a passage - you must
also acknowledge the source This can be done in a variety of ways one of which
is to precede the paraphrased section with a general phrase for example
Blainey believes hellip
Russell Ward states hellip
Weber questions hellip
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
You would still need to acknowledge the source of your ideas by a reference to
the author and date of publication using either referencing system
Square Brackets
Use square brackets to enclose words or phrases inserted in the text by
someone other than the author of the text
He writes in his biography that Although I grew up in Canberra I
was born in Perth [Scotland]
Square brackets are also used in quotations to indicate incorrect spelling
She wrote in her essay A dichotomy exists between the two
thoretical [sic] interpretations of the phenomenon
Points of Ellipsis
Points of ellipsis ( hellip ) in quotations indicate that material has been omitted
The following extract from the Guardian (12 April 19883) further
illustrates the importance of defence contracting for the major UK
companies
Eiris investigated companies involved in the construction of
nuclear bases those working on Star Wars research as well
as defence contractors for nuclear weapons systems hellip
Twenty six companies are working on nuclear weapons
systems or components the ten most important receiving
more than pound100 million from the Ministry of Defence in
19856
Use three points only even if the points come at the end of a sentence
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Check list
Whichever system of referencing you choose it is important to
maintain consistency throughout the work
be sure that each reference in the text has a corresponding reference in
the bibliography or list of references
ensure that the textual reference agrees in every detail with the
bibliographical reference
provide accurate and full details in the reference to enable the reader to
locate the source of the cited document
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)
Examples of textual and reference entries
ANONYMOUS WORK
Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon
In Text
Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the
reference by title thus
lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip
lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)
List of references
Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp
London
AUTHORS- MULTIPLE
In Text
i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate
their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order
(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)
ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more
authors in parentheses
(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)
(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)
However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in
the text
Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip
iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three
authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this
may cause ambiguity
(Butlin et al 1982)
Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip
List of references
Do not use et al in the list of references
i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-
developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165
Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan
Paul London
Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August
p 13
Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional
societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol
19 pp 504-522
ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra
Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire
Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO
Nijmegen
iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and
Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME
In Text
In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to
distinguish one from the other
FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip
(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)
Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within
parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the
surname)
List of references
Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature
vol 323 pp 327-330
Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central
Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS
In text
Arrange in chronological order by date of publication
(Thomson 1939 1956)
Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip
List of references
Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the
Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221
Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary
Supplement 21 April
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR
In text
Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references
to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of
the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles
Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that
(Bennett 1976a 1976b)
Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued
List of references
Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references
correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the
text
Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture
in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53
Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and
Human Adaptation Pergamon New York
AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME
In text
(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)
hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)
List of references
Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of
Nebraska Press Lincoln
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK
Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and
the edited book in the references
In text
(Chalmers 1986)
Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip
List of references
Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved
case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds
JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31
Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific
Method Reidel Dordreht
CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION
Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date
of the reprint
In text
(Darwin 1968 (1859))
List of references
Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection Penguin Harmondsworth
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
INDIRECT QUOTATION
To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted
reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references
In text
(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)
List of references
Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne
JOURNAL ARTICLE
In text
(Goodall 19907)
Goodall (19907) believes hellip
List of references
Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of
Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2
no 44 pp 7-8
Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL
For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for
references is as follows
bull authorrsquos surname and initials
bull date of publication
bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation
bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation
bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid
hyphenation which can cause confusion
For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this
Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating
Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm
An example of citing a web based database would be
Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing
acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions
(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database
httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=
IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING
In text
(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip
List of references
The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are
capitalised
Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin
and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on
Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED
In text
(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)
Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)
List of references
Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS
Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc
reference is made thus
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
In text
In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed
out that hellip
In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained
hellip
Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip
(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)
List of references
Do not list personal communications in the list of references
PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE
Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)
In text
Giles (c 1889) showed hellip
(Giles c 1889)
List of references
Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS
In text
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip
(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)
List of references
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of
the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp
Opportunity Perth
PUBLICATION DATE- NONE
In text
Kelly (nd) argued that hellip
(Kelly nd)
List of references
Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS
In text
Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip
(Slobodkin in press)
List of references
Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man
Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS
A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the
process of publication
In text
Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve
archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity
List of references
None
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME
If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the
name of the sponsoring organisation
In text
A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states
hellip
(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)
List of references
National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A
Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government
Publishing Service Canberra
THESIS
In text
(McBryde 196622)
McBryde (196622)
List of references
The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised
McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region
New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK
In text
(Galileo 1960)
(Wesson 1975)
List of references
Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of
Wisconsin Press Madison
Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove
Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic
UNPUBLISHED WORK
Include as much information as possible in the location of the document
In text
Danger (unpub) suggested hellip
(Dangar unpub)
List of references
Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-
1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION
In text
(Namier 19574)
Namier (19574)
List of references
Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd
edn Macmillan London
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES
By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding
Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based
World Wide Web Resources
Content amp Evaluation
Who is the audience
What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain
How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided
What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of
information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)
What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area
What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents
How comprehensive is this site
What are the link selection criteria if any
Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site
Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both
Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks
ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other
sites)
Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler
What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources
Are the links evaluated in any way
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Students may find that individual unit coordinators or academic areas prefer
variations of the approaches presented here If in doubt students should consult
their unit coordinators
Why Document
Full documentation is an essential part of any essay or thesis chapter It enables
the reader to follow up the source of ideas interpretations and information in
the essay and it makes clear when you are drawing your conclusions from the
evidence presented Failure to document adequately and fully is to ignore
scholarly rules and may mean that you may not receive full recognition for
originality
Documentation should be used not only to provide the source of a direct
quotation but also to give the source for any information ideas or interpretation
that you have used To state other peoples ideas as your own in the absence of
proper citation is considered to be theft of intellectual property the University
imposes harsh penalties for plagiarism (see Plagiarism for the Universitys rule on
plagiarism)
How to Document
There are various conventions with respect to acknowledging the works of
others and different disciplines have their own traditions Your choice of
referencing style will be determined largely by your discipline and unit
coordinator
Generally there are two main systems of documentation
Author-date system
Footnoting system
But there are many variations within them
The author-date system acknowledges the author and date of publication in thetext with full details of the work provided in the list of references at the end of
the text
The footnoting system places a raised numeral in the text which refers to either
a footnote or endnote that contains the full acknowledgment of the source A
bibliography may or may not be included Whichever system or variation is
chosen it must be used consistently
The author-date systems include the Harvard system which is widely used in law
sciences and cultural studies and the APA (American Psychological Association)
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
system which is used in the social sciences and some sciences The MLA
(Modern Language Association of America) system used by language and
literature scholars is similar to but not identical to APA Footnoting systems are
used in the creative arts and systems such as the CBE (Council of Biology
Editors) system and Vancouver system are used in chemistry mathematics andmedicine (Putnis amp Petelin 1996282)
More information on the above documentation systems may be obtained in the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological
Association 1983) (APA) the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers
(Gibaldi amp Achtert 1995) (MLA) and The CBE Manual for Authors Editors and
Publishers (Council of Biology Editors 1994)(CBE) There does not appear to be a
publication that officially defines the Harvard system and many guides use the
name Harvard interchangeably with their conventions for an author-date
system
The style adopted in presenting the following examples of author-date and
footnoting systems is based on the Style Manual for Authors Editors and Printers
(AGPS 1994) with some reference to Putnis and Petelin (1996) The online
referencing style has been developed by the editorial committee based on the
established referencing systems outlined above but consistent with the print
referencing styles in this style guide
List of referencesBibliography
A list of references contains only works mentioned or cited in the text while a
bibliography refers to both textual references and other works which may have
informed your thinking but may not have been explicitly cited
The author-date system depends on a full and detailed list of references or
bibliography at the end of the text The footnoting system may or may not be
accompanied by a bibliography There is no need for a list of references when
using the footnoting system for full citation details are provided in the notes
However students are advised to consult their unit coordinators to determine if a bibliography is required
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
How to Set Out Quotations
When quoting directly from any source you may incorporate the quotation into
your text in two ways If the quotation is short - less than about thirty words - itshould be contained within the text Longer quotations should be set as separate
passages
Short quotations should be enclosed within single quotation marks for example
We can ask whether violence is a basic element in a revolutionary
process as Arendt assumes when she writes that revolutions and wars
are not even conceivable outside the domain of violence
You would then acknowledge the source of the quotation by a reference to
author and date in the author-date system of documentation (see Author-Date)or by a footnote in the footnoting system (see Footnoting)
If the quotation exceeds about thirty words it should be set off from the text as
a block quotation Quotation marks are not used It is convention for the block
to be in single space regardless of the spacing of the main text
The hard-boiled detective is heroic because
however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to
his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost
him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett thecode is chiefly professional (Grella 19709)
Note that the full-stop is before the brackets
OR
Grella (19709) suggests that the hard-boiled detective is heroic because
however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to
his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost
him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett the
code is chiefly professional
When paraphrasing another persons words - whether they be the ideas
conveyed in two pages of a book or two sentences from a passage - you must
also acknowledge the source This can be done in a variety of ways one of which
is to precede the paraphrased section with a general phrase for example
Blainey believes hellip
Russell Ward states hellip
Weber questions hellip
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
You would still need to acknowledge the source of your ideas by a reference to
the author and date of publication using either referencing system
Square Brackets
Use square brackets to enclose words or phrases inserted in the text by
someone other than the author of the text
He writes in his biography that Although I grew up in Canberra I
was born in Perth [Scotland]
Square brackets are also used in quotations to indicate incorrect spelling
She wrote in her essay A dichotomy exists between the two
thoretical [sic] interpretations of the phenomenon
Points of Ellipsis
Points of ellipsis ( hellip ) in quotations indicate that material has been omitted
The following extract from the Guardian (12 April 19883) further
illustrates the importance of defence contracting for the major UK
companies
Eiris investigated companies involved in the construction of
nuclear bases those working on Star Wars research as well
as defence contractors for nuclear weapons systems hellip
Twenty six companies are working on nuclear weapons
systems or components the ten most important receiving
more than pound100 million from the Ministry of Defence in
19856
Use three points only even if the points come at the end of a sentence
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Check list
Whichever system of referencing you choose it is important to
maintain consistency throughout the work
be sure that each reference in the text has a corresponding reference in
the bibliography or list of references
ensure that the textual reference agrees in every detail with the
bibliographical reference
provide accurate and full details in the reference to enable the reader to
locate the source of the cited document
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)
Examples of textual and reference entries
ANONYMOUS WORK
Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon
In Text
Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the
reference by title thus
lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip
lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)
List of references
Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp
London
AUTHORS- MULTIPLE
In Text
i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate
their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order
(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)
ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more
authors in parentheses
(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)
(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)
However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in
the text
Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip
iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three
authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this
may cause ambiguity
(Butlin et al 1982)
Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip
List of references
Do not use et al in the list of references
i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-
developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165
Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan
Paul London
Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August
p 13
Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional
societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol
19 pp 504-522
ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra
Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire
Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO
Nijmegen
iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and
Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME
In Text
In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to
distinguish one from the other
FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip
(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)
Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within
parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the
surname)
List of references
Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature
vol 323 pp 327-330
Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central
Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS
In text
Arrange in chronological order by date of publication
(Thomson 1939 1956)
Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip
List of references
Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the
Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221
Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary
Supplement 21 April
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR
In text
Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references
to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of
the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles
Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that
(Bennett 1976a 1976b)
Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued
List of references
Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references
correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the
text
Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture
in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53
Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and
Human Adaptation Pergamon New York
AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME
In text
(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)
hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)
List of references
Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of
Nebraska Press Lincoln
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK
Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and
the edited book in the references
In text
(Chalmers 1986)
Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip
List of references
Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved
case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds
JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31
Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific
Method Reidel Dordreht
CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION
Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date
of the reprint
In text
(Darwin 1968 (1859))
List of references
Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection Penguin Harmondsworth
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
INDIRECT QUOTATION
To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted
reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references
In text
(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)
List of references
Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne
JOURNAL ARTICLE
In text
(Goodall 19907)
Goodall (19907) believes hellip
List of references
Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of
Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2
no 44 pp 7-8
Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL
For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for
references is as follows
bull authorrsquos surname and initials
bull date of publication
bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation
bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation
bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid
hyphenation which can cause confusion
For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this
Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating
Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm
An example of citing a web based database would be
Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing
acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions
(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database
httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=
IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING
In text
(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip
List of references
The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are
capitalised
Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin
and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on
Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED
In text
(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)
Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)
List of references
Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS
Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc
reference is made thus
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
In text
In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed
out that hellip
In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained
hellip
Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip
(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)
List of references
Do not list personal communications in the list of references
PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE
Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)
In text
Giles (c 1889) showed hellip
(Giles c 1889)
List of references
Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS
In text
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip
(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)
List of references
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of
the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp
Opportunity Perth
PUBLICATION DATE- NONE
In text
Kelly (nd) argued that hellip
(Kelly nd)
List of references
Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS
In text
Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip
(Slobodkin in press)
List of references
Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man
Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS
A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the
process of publication
In text
Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve
archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity
List of references
None
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME
If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the
name of the sponsoring organisation
In text
A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states
hellip
(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)
List of references
National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A
Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government
Publishing Service Canberra
THESIS
In text
(McBryde 196622)
McBryde (196622)
List of references
The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised
McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region
New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK
In text
(Galileo 1960)
(Wesson 1975)
List of references
Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of
Wisconsin Press Madison
Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove
Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic
UNPUBLISHED WORK
Include as much information as possible in the location of the document
In text
Danger (unpub) suggested hellip
(Dangar unpub)
List of references
Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-
1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION
In text
(Namier 19574)
Namier (19574)
List of references
Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd
edn Macmillan London
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES
By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding
Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based
World Wide Web Resources
Content amp Evaluation
Who is the audience
What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain
How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided
What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of
information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)
What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area
What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents
How comprehensive is this site
What are the link selection criteria if any
Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site
Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both
Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks
ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other
sites)
Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler
What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources
Are the links evaluated in any way
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
system which is used in the social sciences and some sciences The MLA
(Modern Language Association of America) system used by language and
literature scholars is similar to but not identical to APA Footnoting systems are
used in the creative arts and systems such as the CBE (Council of Biology
Editors) system and Vancouver system are used in chemistry mathematics andmedicine (Putnis amp Petelin 1996282)
More information on the above documentation systems may be obtained in the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological
Association 1983) (APA) the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers
(Gibaldi amp Achtert 1995) (MLA) and The CBE Manual for Authors Editors and
Publishers (Council of Biology Editors 1994)(CBE) There does not appear to be a
publication that officially defines the Harvard system and many guides use the
name Harvard interchangeably with their conventions for an author-date
system
The style adopted in presenting the following examples of author-date and
footnoting systems is based on the Style Manual for Authors Editors and Printers
(AGPS 1994) with some reference to Putnis and Petelin (1996) The online
referencing style has been developed by the editorial committee based on the
established referencing systems outlined above but consistent with the print
referencing styles in this style guide
List of referencesBibliography
A list of references contains only works mentioned or cited in the text while a
bibliography refers to both textual references and other works which may have
informed your thinking but may not have been explicitly cited
The author-date system depends on a full and detailed list of references or
bibliography at the end of the text The footnoting system may or may not be
accompanied by a bibliography There is no need for a list of references when
using the footnoting system for full citation details are provided in the notes
However students are advised to consult their unit coordinators to determine if a bibliography is required
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
How to Set Out Quotations
When quoting directly from any source you may incorporate the quotation into
your text in two ways If the quotation is short - less than about thirty words - itshould be contained within the text Longer quotations should be set as separate
passages
Short quotations should be enclosed within single quotation marks for example
We can ask whether violence is a basic element in a revolutionary
process as Arendt assumes when she writes that revolutions and wars
are not even conceivable outside the domain of violence
You would then acknowledge the source of the quotation by a reference to
author and date in the author-date system of documentation (see Author-Date)or by a footnote in the footnoting system (see Footnoting)
If the quotation exceeds about thirty words it should be set off from the text as
a block quotation Quotation marks are not used It is convention for the block
to be in single space regardless of the spacing of the main text
The hard-boiled detective is heroic because
however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to
his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost
him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett thecode is chiefly professional (Grella 19709)
Note that the full-stop is before the brackets
OR
Grella (19709) suggests that the hard-boiled detective is heroic because
however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to
his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost
him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett the
code is chiefly professional
When paraphrasing another persons words - whether they be the ideas
conveyed in two pages of a book or two sentences from a passage - you must
also acknowledge the source This can be done in a variety of ways one of which
is to precede the paraphrased section with a general phrase for example
Blainey believes hellip
Russell Ward states hellip
Weber questions hellip
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
You would still need to acknowledge the source of your ideas by a reference to
the author and date of publication using either referencing system
Square Brackets
Use square brackets to enclose words or phrases inserted in the text by
someone other than the author of the text
He writes in his biography that Although I grew up in Canberra I
was born in Perth [Scotland]
Square brackets are also used in quotations to indicate incorrect spelling
She wrote in her essay A dichotomy exists between the two
thoretical [sic] interpretations of the phenomenon
Points of Ellipsis
Points of ellipsis ( hellip ) in quotations indicate that material has been omitted
The following extract from the Guardian (12 April 19883) further
illustrates the importance of defence contracting for the major UK
companies
Eiris investigated companies involved in the construction of
nuclear bases those working on Star Wars research as well
as defence contractors for nuclear weapons systems hellip
Twenty six companies are working on nuclear weapons
systems or components the ten most important receiving
more than pound100 million from the Ministry of Defence in
19856
Use three points only even if the points come at the end of a sentence
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Check list
Whichever system of referencing you choose it is important to
maintain consistency throughout the work
be sure that each reference in the text has a corresponding reference in
the bibliography or list of references
ensure that the textual reference agrees in every detail with the
bibliographical reference
provide accurate and full details in the reference to enable the reader to
locate the source of the cited document
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)
Examples of textual and reference entries
ANONYMOUS WORK
Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon
In Text
Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the
reference by title thus
lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip
lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)
List of references
Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp
London
AUTHORS- MULTIPLE
In Text
i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate
their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order
(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)
ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more
authors in parentheses
(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)
(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)
However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in
the text
Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip
iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three
authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this
may cause ambiguity
(Butlin et al 1982)
Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip
List of references
Do not use et al in the list of references
i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-
developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165
Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan
Paul London
Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August
p 13
Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional
societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol
19 pp 504-522
ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra
Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire
Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO
Nijmegen
iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and
Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME
In Text
In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to
distinguish one from the other
FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip
(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)
Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within
parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the
surname)
List of references
Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature
vol 323 pp 327-330
Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central
Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS
In text
Arrange in chronological order by date of publication
(Thomson 1939 1956)
Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip
List of references
Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the
Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221
Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary
Supplement 21 April
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 17 of 33
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR
In text
Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references
to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of
the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles
Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that
(Bennett 1976a 1976b)
Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued
List of references
Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references
correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the
text
Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture
in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53
Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and
Human Adaptation Pergamon New York
AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME
In text
(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)
hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)
List of references
Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of
Nebraska Press Lincoln
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK
Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and
the edited book in the references
In text
(Chalmers 1986)
Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip
List of references
Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved
case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds
JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31
Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific
Method Reidel Dordreht
CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION
Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date
of the reprint
In text
(Darwin 1968 (1859))
List of references
Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection Penguin Harmondsworth
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
INDIRECT QUOTATION
To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted
reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references
In text
(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)
List of references
Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne
JOURNAL ARTICLE
In text
(Goodall 19907)
Goodall (19907) believes hellip
List of references
Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of
Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2
no 44 pp 7-8
Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL
For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for
references is as follows
bull authorrsquos surname and initials
bull date of publication
bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation
bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation
bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid
hyphenation which can cause confusion
For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this
Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating
Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm
An example of citing a web based database would be
Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing
acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions
(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database
httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=
IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING
In text
(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip
List of references
The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are
capitalised
Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin
and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on
Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED
In text
(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)
Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)
List of references
Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS
Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc
reference is made thus
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
In text
In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed
out that hellip
In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained
hellip
Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip
(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)
List of references
Do not list personal communications in the list of references
PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE
Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)
In text
Giles (c 1889) showed hellip
(Giles c 1889)
List of references
Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS
In text
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip
(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)
List of references
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of
the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp
Opportunity Perth
PUBLICATION DATE- NONE
In text
Kelly (nd) argued that hellip
(Kelly nd)
List of references
Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS
In text
Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip
(Slobodkin in press)
List of references
Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man
Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS
A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the
process of publication
In text
Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve
archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity
List of references
None
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME
If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the
name of the sponsoring organisation
In text
A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states
hellip
(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)
List of references
National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A
Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government
Publishing Service Canberra
THESIS
In text
(McBryde 196622)
McBryde (196622)
List of references
The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised
McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region
New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK
In text
(Galileo 1960)
(Wesson 1975)
List of references
Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of
Wisconsin Press Madison
Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove
Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic
UNPUBLISHED WORK
Include as much information as possible in the location of the document
In text
Danger (unpub) suggested hellip
(Dangar unpub)
List of references
Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-
1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION
In text
(Namier 19574)
Namier (19574)
List of references
Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd
edn Macmillan London
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES
By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding
Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based
World Wide Web Resources
Content amp Evaluation
Who is the audience
What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain
How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided
What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of
information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)
What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area
What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents
How comprehensive is this site
What are the link selection criteria if any
Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site
Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both
Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks
ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other
sites)
Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler
What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources
Are the links evaluated in any way
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
How to Set Out Quotations
When quoting directly from any source you may incorporate the quotation into
your text in two ways If the quotation is short - less than about thirty words - itshould be contained within the text Longer quotations should be set as separate
passages
Short quotations should be enclosed within single quotation marks for example
We can ask whether violence is a basic element in a revolutionary
process as Arendt assumes when she writes that revolutions and wars
are not even conceivable outside the domain of violence
You would then acknowledge the source of the quotation by a reference to
author and date in the author-date system of documentation (see Author-Date)or by a footnote in the footnoting system (see Footnoting)
If the quotation exceeds about thirty words it should be set off from the text as
a block quotation Quotation marks are not used It is convention for the block
to be in single space regardless of the spacing of the main text
The hard-boiled detective is heroic because
however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to
his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost
him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett thecode is chiefly professional (Grella 19709)
Note that the full-stop is before the brackets
OR
Grella (19709) suggests that the hard-boiled detective is heroic because
however imperfect or limited he may be he acts according to
his apprehension of the truth No matter what it may cost
him the detective follows his moral code For Hammett the
code is chiefly professional
When paraphrasing another persons words - whether they be the ideas
conveyed in two pages of a book or two sentences from a passage - you must
also acknowledge the source This can be done in a variety of ways one of which
is to precede the paraphrased section with a general phrase for example
Blainey believes hellip
Russell Ward states hellip
Weber questions hellip
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
You would still need to acknowledge the source of your ideas by a reference to
the author and date of publication using either referencing system
Square Brackets
Use square brackets to enclose words or phrases inserted in the text by
someone other than the author of the text
He writes in his biography that Although I grew up in Canberra I
was born in Perth [Scotland]
Square brackets are also used in quotations to indicate incorrect spelling
She wrote in her essay A dichotomy exists between the two
thoretical [sic] interpretations of the phenomenon
Points of Ellipsis
Points of ellipsis ( hellip ) in quotations indicate that material has been omitted
The following extract from the Guardian (12 April 19883) further
illustrates the importance of defence contracting for the major UK
companies
Eiris investigated companies involved in the construction of
nuclear bases those working on Star Wars research as well
as defence contractors for nuclear weapons systems hellip
Twenty six companies are working on nuclear weapons
systems or components the ten most important receiving
more than pound100 million from the Ministry of Defence in
19856
Use three points only even if the points come at the end of a sentence
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Check list
Whichever system of referencing you choose it is important to
maintain consistency throughout the work
be sure that each reference in the text has a corresponding reference in
the bibliography or list of references
ensure that the textual reference agrees in every detail with the
bibliographical reference
provide accurate and full details in the reference to enable the reader to
locate the source of the cited document
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)
Examples of textual and reference entries
ANONYMOUS WORK
Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon
In Text
Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the
reference by title thus
lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip
lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)
List of references
Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp
London
AUTHORS- MULTIPLE
In Text
i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate
their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order
(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)
ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more
authors in parentheses
(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)
(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)
However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in
the text
Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip
iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three
authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this
may cause ambiguity
(Butlin et al 1982)
Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip
List of references
Do not use et al in the list of references
i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-
developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165
Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan
Paul London
Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August
p 13
Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional
societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol
19 pp 504-522
ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra
Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire
Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO
Nijmegen
iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and
Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME
In Text
In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to
distinguish one from the other
FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip
(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)
Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within
parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the
surname)
List of references
Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature
vol 323 pp 327-330
Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central
Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS
In text
Arrange in chronological order by date of publication
(Thomson 1939 1956)
Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip
List of references
Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the
Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221
Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary
Supplement 21 April
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR
In text
Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references
to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of
the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles
Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that
(Bennett 1976a 1976b)
Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued
List of references
Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references
correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the
text
Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture
in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53
Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and
Human Adaptation Pergamon New York
AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME
In text
(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)
hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)
List of references
Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of
Nebraska Press Lincoln
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK
Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and
the edited book in the references
In text
(Chalmers 1986)
Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip
List of references
Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved
case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds
JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31
Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific
Method Reidel Dordreht
CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION
Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date
of the reprint
In text
(Darwin 1968 (1859))
List of references
Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection Penguin Harmondsworth
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
INDIRECT QUOTATION
To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted
reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references
In text
(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)
List of references
Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne
JOURNAL ARTICLE
In text
(Goodall 19907)
Goodall (19907) believes hellip
List of references
Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of
Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2
no 44 pp 7-8
Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL
For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for
references is as follows
bull authorrsquos surname and initials
bull date of publication
bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation
bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation
bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid
hyphenation which can cause confusion
For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this
Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating
Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm
An example of citing a web based database would be
Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing
acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions
(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database
httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=
IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING
In text
(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip
List of references
The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are
capitalised
Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin
and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on
Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED
In text
(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)
Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)
List of references
Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS
Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc
reference is made thus
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
In text
In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed
out that hellip
In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained
hellip
Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip
(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)
List of references
Do not list personal communications in the list of references
PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE
Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)
In text
Giles (c 1889) showed hellip
(Giles c 1889)
List of references
Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS
In text
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip
(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)
List of references
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of
the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp
Opportunity Perth
PUBLICATION DATE- NONE
In text
Kelly (nd) argued that hellip
(Kelly nd)
List of references
Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS
In text
Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip
(Slobodkin in press)
List of references
Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man
Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS
A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the
process of publication
In text
Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve
archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity
List of references
None
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME
If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the
name of the sponsoring organisation
In text
A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states
hellip
(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)
List of references
National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A
Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government
Publishing Service Canberra
THESIS
In text
(McBryde 196622)
McBryde (196622)
List of references
The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised
McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region
New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK
In text
(Galileo 1960)
(Wesson 1975)
List of references
Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of
Wisconsin Press Madison
Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove
Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic
UNPUBLISHED WORK
Include as much information as possible in the location of the document
In text
Danger (unpub) suggested hellip
(Dangar unpub)
List of references
Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-
1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION
In text
(Namier 19574)
Namier (19574)
List of references
Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd
edn Macmillan London
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES
By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding
Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based
World Wide Web Resources
Content amp Evaluation
Who is the audience
What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain
How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided
What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of
information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)
What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area
What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents
How comprehensive is this site
What are the link selection criteria if any
Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site
Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both
Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks
ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other
sites)
Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler
What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources
Are the links evaluated in any way
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
You would still need to acknowledge the source of your ideas by a reference to
the author and date of publication using either referencing system
Square Brackets
Use square brackets to enclose words or phrases inserted in the text by
someone other than the author of the text
He writes in his biography that Although I grew up in Canberra I
was born in Perth [Scotland]
Square brackets are also used in quotations to indicate incorrect spelling
She wrote in her essay A dichotomy exists between the two
thoretical [sic] interpretations of the phenomenon
Points of Ellipsis
Points of ellipsis ( hellip ) in quotations indicate that material has been omitted
The following extract from the Guardian (12 April 19883) further
illustrates the importance of defence contracting for the major UK
companies
Eiris investigated companies involved in the construction of
nuclear bases those working on Star Wars research as well
as defence contractors for nuclear weapons systems hellip
Twenty six companies are working on nuclear weapons
systems or components the ten most important receiving
more than pound100 million from the Ministry of Defence in
19856
Use three points only even if the points come at the end of a sentence
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Check list
Whichever system of referencing you choose it is important to
maintain consistency throughout the work
be sure that each reference in the text has a corresponding reference in
the bibliography or list of references
ensure that the textual reference agrees in every detail with the
bibliographical reference
provide accurate and full details in the reference to enable the reader to
locate the source of the cited document
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)
Examples of textual and reference entries
ANONYMOUS WORK
Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon
In Text
Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the
reference by title thus
lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip
lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)
List of references
Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp
London
AUTHORS- MULTIPLE
In Text
i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate
their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order
(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)
ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more
authors in parentheses
(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)
(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)
However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in
the text
Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip
iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three
authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this
may cause ambiguity
(Butlin et al 1982)
Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip
List of references
Do not use et al in the list of references
i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-
developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165
Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan
Paul London
Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August
p 13
Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional
societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol
19 pp 504-522
ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra
Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire
Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO
Nijmegen
iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and
Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME
In Text
In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to
distinguish one from the other
FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip
(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)
Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within
parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the
surname)
List of references
Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature
vol 323 pp 327-330
Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central
Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS
In text
Arrange in chronological order by date of publication
(Thomson 1939 1956)
Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip
List of references
Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the
Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221
Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary
Supplement 21 April
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR
In text
Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references
to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of
the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles
Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that
(Bennett 1976a 1976b)
Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued
List of references
Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references
correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the
text
Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture
in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53
Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and
Human Adaptation Pergamon New York
AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME
In text
(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)
hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)
List of references
Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of
Nebraska Press Lincoln
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK
Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and
the edited book in the references
In text
(Chalmers 1986)
Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip
List of references
Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved
case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds
JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31
Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific
Method Reidel Dordreht
CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION
Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date
of the reprint
In text
(Darwin 1968 (1859))
List of references
Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection Penguin Harmondsworth
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
INDIRECT QUOTATION
To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted
reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references
In text
(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)
List of references
Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne
JOURNAL ARTICLE
In text
(Goodall 19907)
Goodall (19907) believes hellip
List of references
Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of
Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2
no 44 pp 7-8
Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL
For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for
references is as follows
bull authorrsquos surname and initials
bull date of publication
bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation
bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation
bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid
hyphenation which can cause confusion
For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this
Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating
Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm
An example of citing a web based database would be
Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing
acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions
(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database
httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=
IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING
In text
(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip
List of references
The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are
capitalised
Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin
and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on
Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED
In text
(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)
Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)
List of references
Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS
Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc
reference is made thus
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
In text
In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed
out that hellip
In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained
hellip
Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip
(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)
List of references
Do not list personal communications in the list of references
PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE
Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)
In text
Giles (c 1889) showed hellip
(Giles c 1889)
List of references
Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS
In text
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip
(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)
List of references
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of
the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp
Opportunity Perth
PUBLICATION DATE- NONE
In text
Kelly (nd) argued that hellip
(Kelly nd)
List of references
Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS
In text
Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip
(Slobodkin in press)
List of references
Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man
Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS
A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the
process of publication
In text
Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve
archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity
List of references
None
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME
If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the
name of the sponsoring organisation
In text
A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states
hellip
(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)
List of references
National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A
Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government
Publishing Service Canberra
THESIS
In text
(McBryde 196622)
McBryde (196622)
List of references
The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised
McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region
New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK
In text
(Galileo 1960)
(Wesson 1975)
List of references
Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of
Wisconsin Press Madison
Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove
Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic
UNPUBLISHED WORK
Include as much information as possible in the location of the document
In text
Danger (unpub) suggested hellip
(Dangar unpub)
List of references
Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-
1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION
In text
(Namier 19574)
Namier (19574)
List of references
Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd
edn Macmillan London
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES
By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding
Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based
World Wide Web Resources
Content amp Evaluation
Who is the audience
What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain
How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided
What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of
information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)
What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area
What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents
How comprehensive is this site
What are the link selection criteria if any
Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site
Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both
Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks
ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other
sites)
Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler
What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources
Are the links evaluated in any way
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 1433
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Check list
Whichever system of referencing you choose it is important to
maintain consistency throughout the work
be sure that each reference in the text has a corresponding reference in
the bibliography or list of references
ensure that the textual reference agrees in every detail with the
bibliographical reference
provide accurate and full details in the reference to enable the reader to
locate the source of the cited document
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)
Examples of textual and reference entries
ANONYMOUS WORK
Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon
In Text
Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the
reference by title thus
lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip
lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)
List of references
Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp
London
AUTHORS- MULTIPLE
In Text
i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate
their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order
(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)
ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more
authors in parentheses
(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)
(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)
However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in
the text
Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 15 of 33
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip
iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three
authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this
may cause ambiguity
(Butlin et al 1982)
Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip
List of references
Do not use et al in the list of references
i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-
developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165
Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan
Paul London
Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August
p 13
Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional
societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol
19 pp 504-522
ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra
Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire
Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO
Nijmegen
iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and
Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME
In Text
In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to
distinguish one from the other
FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip
(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)
Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within
parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the
surname)
List of references
Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature
vol 323 pp 327-330
Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central
Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS
In text
Arrange in chronological order by date of publication
(Thomson 1939 1956)
Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip
List of references
Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the
Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221
Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary
Supplement 21 April
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR
In text
Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references
to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of
the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles
Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that
(Bennett 1976a 1976b)
Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued
List of references
Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references
correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the
text
Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture
in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53
Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and
Human Adaptation Pergamon New York
AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME
In text
(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)
hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)
List of references
Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of
Nebraska Press Lincoln
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK
Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and
the edited book in the references
In text
(Chalmers 1986)
Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip
List of references
Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved
case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds
JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31
Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific
Method Reidel Dordreht
CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION
Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date
of the reprint
In text
(Darwin 1968 (1859))
List of references
Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection Penguin Harmondsworth
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
INDIRECT QUOTATION
To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted
reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references
In text
(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)
List of references
Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne
JOURNAL ARTICLE
In text
(Goodall 19907)
Goodall (19907) believes hellip
List of references
Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of
Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2
no 44 pp 7-8
Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL
For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for
references is as follows
bull authorrsquos surname and initials
bull date of publication
bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation
bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation
bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid
hyphenation which can cause confusion
For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this
Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating
Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm
An example of citing a web based database would be
Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing
acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions
(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database
httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=
IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING
In text
(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip
List of references
The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are
capitalised
Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin
and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on
Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED
In text
(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)
Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)
List of references
Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS
Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc
reference is made thus
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
In text
In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed
out that hellip
In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained
hellip
Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip
(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)
List of references
Do not list personal communications in the list of references
PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE
Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)
In text
Giles (c 1889) showed hellip
(Giles c 1889)
List of references
Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS
In text
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip
(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)
List of references
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of
the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp
Opportunity Perth
PUBLICATION DATE- NONE
In text
Kelly (nd) argued that hellip
(Kelly nd)
List of references
Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS
In text
Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip
(Slobodkin in press)
List of references
Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man
Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS
A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the
process of publication
In text
Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve
archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity
List of references
None
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME
If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the
name of the sponsoring organisation
In text
A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states
hellip
(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)
List of references
National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A
Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government
Publishing Service Canberra
THESIS
In text
(McBryde 196622)
McBryde (196622)
List of references
The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised
McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region
New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK
In text
(Galileo 1960)
(Wesson 1975)
List of references
Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of
Wisconsin Press Madison
Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove
Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic
UNPUBLISHED WORK
Include as much information as possible in the location of the document
In text
Danger (unpub) suggested hellip
(Dangar unpub)
List of references
Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-
1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION
In text
(Namier 19574)
Namier (19574)
List of references
Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd
edn Macmillan London
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES
By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding
Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based
World Wide Web Resources
Content amp Evaluation
Who is the audience
What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain
How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided
What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of
information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)
What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area
What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents
How comprehensive is this site
What are the link selection criteria if any
Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site
Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both
Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks
ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other
sites)
Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler
What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources
Are the links evaluated in any way
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 1533
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THE AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM(HARVARD SYSTEM)
Examples of textual and reference entries
ANONYMOUS WORK
Do not use the terms Anonymous or Anon
In Text
Where the author or sponsoring organisation of a work is unknown list the
reference by title thus
lsquoThe Hymen or Claustrum Virginale is that which closes the Neck of the Womb hellip
lsquo ( Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694)6)
List of references
Aristotlersquos Master-Piece 1986 (1694) Garland Publishing Inc New York amp
London
AUTHORS- MULTIPLE
In Text
i) If reference is made to several authors at the same point separate
their names by semicolons with surnames in alphabetical order
(Moore 1965 Popper 1961 Leech 1993 Shea 1959)
ii) Use an ampersand (amp) to replace lsquoandrsquo when listing two or more
authors in parentheses
(Mulvaney amp Golson 1971)
(Hulshof Willems amp van Hout 1993)
However use the word lsquoandrsquo when referring to two or more authors in
the text
Mulvaney and Golson (1971) claimed hellip
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 15 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip
iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three
authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this
may cause ambiguity
(Butlin et al 1982)
Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip
List of references
Do not use et al in the list of references
i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-
developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165
Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan
Paul London
Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August
p 13
Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional
societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol
19 pp 504-522
ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra
Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire
Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO
Nijmegen
iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and
Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 16 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 1733
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME
In Text
In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to
distinguish one from the other
FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip
(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)
Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within
parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the
surname)
List of references
Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature
vol 323 pp 327-330
Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central
Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS
In text
Arrange in chronological order by date of publication
(Thomson 1939 1956)
Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip
List of references
Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the
Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221
Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary
Supplement 21 April
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 17 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR
In text
Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references
to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of
the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles
Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that
(Bennett 1976a 1976b)
Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued
List of references
Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references
correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the
text
Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture
in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53
Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and
Human Adaptation Pergamon New York
AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME
In text
(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)
hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)
List of references
Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of
Nebraska Press Lincoln
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK
Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and
the edited book in the references
In text
(Chalmers 1986)
Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip
List of references
Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved
case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds
JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31
Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific
Method Reidel Dordreht
CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION
Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date
of the reprint
In text
(Darwin 1968 (1859))
List of references
Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection Penguin Harmondsworth
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 19 of 33
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
INDIRECT QUOTATION
To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted
reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references
In text
(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)
List of references
Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne
JOURNAL ARTICLE
In text
(Goodall 19907)
Goodall (19907) believes hellip
List of references
Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of
Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2
no 44 pp 7-8
Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 20 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL
For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for
references is as follows
bull authorrsquos surname and initials
bull date of publication
bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation
bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation
bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid
hyphenation which can cause confusion
For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this
Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating
Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm
An example of citing a web based database would be
Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing
acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions
(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database
httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=
IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 21 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING
In text
(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip
List of references
The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are
capitalised
Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin
and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on
Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED
In text
(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)
Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)
List of references
Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS
Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc
reference is made thus
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 22 of 33
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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
In text
In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed
out that hellip
In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained
hellip
Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip
(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)
List of references
Do not list personal communications in the list of references
PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE
Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)
In text
Giles (c 1889) showed hellip
(Giles c 1889)
List of references
Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 23 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS
In text
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip
(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)
List of references
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of
the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp
Opportunity Perth
PUBLICATION DATE- NONE
In text
Kelly (nd) argued that hellip
(Kelly nd)
List of references
Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 24 of 33
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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS
In text
Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip
(Slobodkin in press)
List of references
Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man
Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS
A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the
process of publication
In text
Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve
archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity
List of references
None
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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME
If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the
name of the sponsoring organisation
In text
A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states
hellip
(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)
List of references
National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A
Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government
Publishing Service Canberra
THESIS
In text
(McBryde 196622)
McBryde (196622)
List of references
The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised
McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region
New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 26 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK
In text
(Galileo 1960)
(Wesson 1975)
List of references
Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of
Wisconsin Press Madison
Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove
Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic
UNPUBLISHED WORK
Include as much information as possible in the location of the document
In text
Danger (unpub) suggested hellip
(Dangar unpub)
List of references
Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-
1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 27 of 33
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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION
In text
(Namier 19574)
Namier (19574)
List of references
Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd
edn Macmillan London
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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES
By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding
Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based
World Wide Web Resources
Content amp Evaluation
Who is the audience
What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain
How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided
What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of
information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)
What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area
What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents
How comprehensive is this site
What are the link selection criteria if any
Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site
Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both
Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks
ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other
sites)
Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler
What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources
Are the links evaluated in any way
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Hulshof Willems and van Hout (1993) have found that hellip
iii) When a single reference contains the names of more than three
authors use the first surname followed by lsquoet alrsquo except where this
may cause ambiguity
(Butlin et al 1982)
Butlin et al (1982) have shown that hellip
List of references
Do not use et al in the list of references
i) Moore WE 1955 lsquoLabor attitudes toward industrialization in under-
developed countriesrsquo American Economic Review vol 45 pp 156-165
Popper KR 1961 The Poverty of Historicism Routledge amp Kegan
Paul London
Leech G 1993 lsquoCall for research shake-uprsquo Australian 11 August
p 13
Shea TW 1959 lsquoBarriers to economic development in traditional
societies Malabar a case studyrsquo Journal of Economic History vol
19 pp 504-522
ii) Mulvaney DJ amp Golson J (eds) 1971 Aboriginal Man and Environmentin Australia ANU Press Canberra
Hulshof MJ Willems JMH amp van Hout JF 1993 Het Binaire
Stelsel Een Non-issue (The Binary System A Non-issue) IOWO
Nijmegen
iii) Butlin NG Barnard A Turner I amp Pincus JJ 1982 Government and
Capitalism Allen amp Unwin Sydney
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 16 of 33
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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME
In Text
In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to
distinguish one from the other
FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip
(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)
Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within
parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the
surname)
List of references
Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature
vol 323 pp 327-330
Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central
Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS
In text
Arrange in chronological order by date of publication
(Thomson 1939 1956)
Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip
List of references
Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the
Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221
Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary
Supplement 21 April
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 17 of 33
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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR
In text
Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references
to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of
the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles
Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that
(Bennett 1976a 1976b)
Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued
List of references
Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references
correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the
text
Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture
in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53
Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and
Human Adaptation Pergamon New York
AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME
In text
(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)
hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)
List of references
Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of
Nebraska Press Lincoln
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 18 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK
Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and
the edited book in the references
In text
(Chalmers 1986)
Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip
List of references
Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved
case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds
JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31
Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific
Method Reidel Dordreht
CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION
Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date
of the reprint
In text
(Darwin 1968 (1859))
List of references
Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection Penguin Harmondsworth
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 19 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2033
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
INDIRECT QUOTATION
To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted
reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references
In text
(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)
List of references
Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne
JOURNAL ARTICLE
In text
(Goodall 19907)
Goodall (19907) believes hellip
List of references
Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of
Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2
no 44 pp 7-8
Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 20 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2133
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL
For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for
references is as follows
bull authorrsquos surname and initials
bull date of publication
bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation
bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation
bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid
hyphenation which can cause confusion
For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this
Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating
Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm
An example of citing a web based database would be
Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing
acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions
(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database
httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=
IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 21 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2233
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING
In text
(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip
List of references
The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are
capitalised
Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin
and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on
Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED
In text
(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)
Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)
List of references
Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS
Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc
reference is made thus
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 22 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2333
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
In text
In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed
out that hellip
In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained
hellip
Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip
(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)
List of references
Do not list personal communications in the list of references
PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE
Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)
In text
Giles (c 1889) showed hellip
(Giles c 1889)
List of references
Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 23 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2433
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS
In text
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip
(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)
List of references
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of
the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp
Opportunity Perth
PUBLICATION DATE- NONE
In text
Kelly (nd) argued that hellip
(Kelly nd)
List of references
Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 24 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2533
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS
In text
Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip
(Slobodkin in press)
List of references
Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man
Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS
A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the
process of publication
In text
Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve
archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity
List of references
None
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 25 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2633
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME
If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the
name of the sponsoring organisation
In text
A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states
hellip
(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)
List of references
National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A
Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government
Publishing Service Canberra
THESIS
In text
(McBryde 196622)
McBryde (196622)
List of references
The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised
McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region
New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 26 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2733
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK
In text
(Galileo 1960)
(Wesson 1975)
List of references
Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of
Wisconsin Press Madison
Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove
Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic
UNPUBLISHED WORK
Include as much information as possible in the location of the document
In text
Danger (unpub) suggested hellip
(Dangar unpub)
List of references
Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-
1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296
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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION
In text
(Namier 19574)
Namier (19574)
List of references
Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd
edn Macmillan London
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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES
By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding
Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based
World Wide Web Resources
Content amp Evaluation
Who is the audience
What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain
How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided
What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of
information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)
What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area
What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents
How comprehensive is this site
What are the link selection criteria if any
Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site
Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both
Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks
ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other
sites)
Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler
What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources
Are the links evaluated in any way
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 29 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
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ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 1733
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHORS- WITH SAME SURNAME
In Text
In referencing different authors with the same surname use their initials to
distinguish one from the other
FH Smith (1982) and B Smith (1986) both contend that hellip
(Smith B 1986 Smith FH 1982)
Note the placement of the initials when the reference is enclosed within
parentheses (placed after the surname) and when used in the text (precedes the
surname)
List of references
Smith B 1986 lsquoDental development in Australopithecus and early Homorsquo Nature
vol 323 pp 327-330
Smith FH 1982 lsquoUpper Pleistocene hominid evolution in South-Central
Europersquo Current Anthropology vol 23 pp 667-703
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS INDIFFERENT YEARS
In text
Arrange in chronological order by date of publication
(Thomson 1939 1956)
Thomson (1939 1956) claimed that hellip
List of references
Thomson DF 1939 lsquoThe seasonal factor in human culturersquo Proceedings of the
Prehistoric Society vol 5 pp 209-221
Thomson DF 1956 lsquoSmoke signals and boomerangsrsquo The Age Literary
Supplement 21 April
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR
In text
Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references
to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of
the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles
Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that
(Bennett 1976a 1976b)
Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued
List of references
Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references
correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the
text
Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture
in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53
Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and
Human Adaptation Pergamon New York
AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME
In text
(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)
hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)
List of references
Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of
Nebraska Press Lincoln
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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK
Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and
the edited book in the references
In text
(Chalmers 1986)
Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip
List of references
Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved
case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds
JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31
Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific
Method Reidel Dordreht
CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION
Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date
of the reprint
In text
(Darwin 1968 (1859))
List of references
Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection Penguin Harmondsworth
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 19 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2033
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
INDIRECT QUOTATION
To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted
reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references
In text
(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)
List of references
Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne
JOURNAL ARTICLE
In text
(Goodall 19907)
Goodall (19907) believes hellip
List of references
Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of
Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2
no 44 pp 7-8
Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 20 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2133
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL
For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for
references is as follows
bull authorrsquos surname and initials
bull date of publication
bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation
bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation
bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid
hyphenation which can cause confusion
For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this
Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating
Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm
An example of citing a web based database would be
Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing
acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions
(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database
httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=
IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 21 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2233
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING
In text
(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip
List of references
The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are
capitalised
Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin
and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on
Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED
In text
(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)
Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)
List of references
Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS
Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc
reference is made thus
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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
In text
In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed
out that hellip
In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained
hellip
Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip
(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)
List of references
Do not list personal communications in the list of references
PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE
Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)
In text
Giles (c 1889) showed hellip
(Giles c 1889)
List of references
Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney
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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS
In text
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip
(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)
List of references
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of
the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp
Opportunity Perth
PUBLICATION DATE- NONE
In text
Kelly (nd) argued that hellip
(Kelly nd)
List of references
Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS
In text
Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip
(Slobodkin in press)
List of references
Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man
Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS
A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the
process of publication
In text
Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve
archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity
List of references
None
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME
If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the
name of the sponsoring organisation
In text
A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states
hellip
(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)
List of references
National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A
Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government
Publishing Service Canberra
THESIS
In text
(McBryde 196622)
McBryde (196622)
List of references
The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised
McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region
New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England
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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2733
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK
In text
(Galileo 1960)
(Wesson 1975)
List of references
Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of
Wisconsin Press Madison
Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove
Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic
UNPUBLISHED WORK
Include as much information as possible in the location of the document
In text
Danger (unpub) suggested hellip
(Dangar unpub)
List of references
Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-
1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 27 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2833
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION
In text
(Namier 19574)
Namier (19574)
List of references
Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd
edn Macmillan London
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 28 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2933
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES
By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding
Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based
World Wide Web Resources
Content amp Evaluation
Who is the audience
What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain
How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided
What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of
information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)
What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area
What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents
How comprehensive is this site
What are the link selection criteria if any
Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site
Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both
Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks
ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other
sites)
Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler
What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources
Are the links evaluated in any way
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 29 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3033
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 1833
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
AUTHOR SINGLE- MULTIPLE WORKS IN THESAME YEAR
In text
Place the letters lsquoarsquo lsquobrsquo lsquocrsquo after the publication date to distinguish references
to two or more publications by the one author in the same year The order of
the letters is established by the alphabetical order of the titles
Bennett (1976a 1976b) showed that
(Bennett 1976a 1976b)
Bennett (1976a100 1976b7) argued
List of references
Care must be taken to ensure that the entries in the list of references
correspond exactly with the year of publication and lower-case letter cited in the
text
Bennett JW 1976a lsquoAnticipation adaptation and the concept of culture
in anthropologyrsquo Science vol 192 pp 847-53
Bennett JW 1976b The Ecological Transition Cultural Anthropology and
Human Adaptation Pergamon New York
AUTHORS - WITH THE SAME NAME
In text
(Hutcheon amp Hutcheon 1996)
hellip as stated by Hutcheon and Hutcheon (199610)
List of references
Hutcheon L amp Hutcheon M 1996 Opera Desire Disease Death University of
Nebraska Press Lincoln
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 18 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 1933
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK
Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and
the edited book in the references
In text
(Chalmers 1986)
Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip
List of references
Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved
case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds
JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31
Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific
Method Reidel Dordreht
CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION
Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date
of the reprint
In text
(Darwin 1968 (1859))
List of references
Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection Penguin Harmondsworth
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 19 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2033
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
INDIRECT QUOTATION
To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted
reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references
In text
(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)
List of references
Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne
JOURNAL ARTICLE
In text
(Goodall 19907)
Goodall (19907) believes hellip
List of references
Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of
Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2
no 44 pp 7-8
Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 20 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2133
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL
For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for
references is as follows
bull authorrsquos surname and initials
bull date of publication
bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation
bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation
bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid
hyphenation which can cause confusion
For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this
Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating
Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm
An example of citing a web based database would be
Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing
acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions
(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database
httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=
IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 21 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2233
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING
In text
(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip
List of references
The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are
capitalised
Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin
and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on
Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED
In text
(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)
Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)
List of references
Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS
Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc
reference is made thus
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 22 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2333
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
In text
In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed
out that hellip
In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained
hellip
Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip
(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)
List of references
Do not list personal communications in the list of references
PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE
Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)
In text
Giles (c 1889) showed hellip
(Giles c 1889)
List of references
Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 23 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2433
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS
In text
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip
(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)
List of references
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of
the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp
Opportunity Perth
PUBLICATION DATE- NONE
In text
Kelly (nd) argued that hellip
(Kelly nd)
List of references
Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 24 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2533
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS
In text
Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip
(Slobodkin in press)
List of references
Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man
Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS
A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the
process of publication
In text
Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve
archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity
List of references
None
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 25 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2633
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME
If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the
name of the sponsoring organisation
In text
A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states
hellip
(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)
List of references
National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A
Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government
Publishing Service Canberra
THESIS
In text
(McBryde 196622)
McBryde (196622)
List of references
The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised
McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region
New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 26 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2733
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK
In text
(Galileo 1960)
(Wesson 1975)
List of references
Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of
Wisconsin Press Madison
Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove
Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic
UNPUBLISHED WORK
Include as much information as possible in the location of the document
In text
Danger (unpub) suggested hellip
(Dangar unpub)
List of references
Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-
1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 27 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2833
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION
In text
(Namier 19574)
Namier (19574)
List of references
Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd
edn Macmillan London
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 28 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2933
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES
By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding
Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based
World Wide Web Resources
Content amp Evaluation
Who is the audience
What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain
How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided
What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of
information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)
What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area
What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents
How comprehensive is this site
What are the link selection criteria if any
Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site
Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both
Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks
ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other
sites)
Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler
What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources
Are the links evaluated in any way
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 29 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3033
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 1933
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK
Refer only to the article in the text and provide details of both the article and
the edited book in the references
In text
(Chalmers 1986)
Chalmers (1986) reiterates hellip
List of references
Chalmers AF 1986 lsquoThe Galileo that Feyerabend missed An improved
case against methodrsquo in The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method eds
JA Schuster amp RA Yeo Reidel Dordrecht pp 1-31
Schuster JA amp Yeo RA (eds) 1986 The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific
Method Reidel Dordreht
CLASSIC REPRINTED IN A MODERN VERSION
Place the original date of the publication in parentheses after the publication date
of the reprint
In text
(Darwin 1968 (1859))
List of references
Darwin C 1968 (1859) The Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection Penguin Harmondsworth
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 19 of 33
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822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2033
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
INDIRECT QUOTATION
To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted
reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references
In text
(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)
List of references
Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne
JOURNAL ARTICLE
In text
(Goodall 19907)
Goodall (19907) believes hellip
List of references
Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of
Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2
no 44 pp 7-8
Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 20 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2133
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL
For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for
references is as follows
bull authorrsquos surname and initials
bull date of publication
bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation
bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation
bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid
hyphenation which can cause confusion
For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this
Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating
Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm
An example of citing a web based database would be
Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing
acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions
(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database
httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=
IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 21 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2233
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING
In text
(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip
List of references
The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are
capitalised
Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin
and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on
Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED
In text
(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)
Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)
List of references
Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS
Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc
reference is made thus
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 22 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2333
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
In text
In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed
out that hellip
In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained
hellip
Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip
(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)
List of references
Do not list personal communications in the list of references
PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE
Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)
In text
Giles (c 1889) showed hellip
(Giles c 1889)
List of references
Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 23 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2433
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS
In text
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip
(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)
List of references
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of
the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp
Opportunity Perth
PUBLICATION DATE- NONE
In text
Kelly (nd) argued that hellip
(Kelly nd)
List of references
Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 24 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2533
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS
In text
Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip
(Slobodkin in press)
List of references
Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man
Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS
A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the
process of publication
In text
Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve
archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity
List of references
None
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 25 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2633
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME
If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the
name of the sponsoring organisation
In text
A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states
hellip
(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)
List of references
National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A
Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government
Publishing Service Canberra
THESIS
In text
(McBryde 196622)
McBryde (196622)
List of references
The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised
McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region
New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 26 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2733
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK
In text
(Galileo 1960)
(Wesson 1975)
List of references
Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of
Wisconsin Press Madison
Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove
Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic
UNPUBLISHED WORK
Include as much information as possible in the location of the document
In text
Danger (unpub) suggested hellip
(Dangar unpub)
List of references
Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-
1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 27 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2833
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION
In text
(Namier 19574)
Namier (19574)
List of references
Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd
edn Macmillan London
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 28 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2933
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES
By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding
Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based
World Wide Web Resources
Content amp Evaluation
Who is the audience
What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain
How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided
What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of
information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)
What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area
What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents
How comprehensive is this site
What are the link selection criteria if any
Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site
Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both
Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks
ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other
sites)
Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler
What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources
Are the links evaluated in any way
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 29 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3033
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2033
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
INDIRECT QUOTATION
To document a quotation when the original source has not been consulted
reference must be made in the text to both the original source and thesecondary source Cite only the secondary source in the list of references
In text
(Smith 1987 p 182 quoted in Anderson 1991 p 78)
List of references
Anderson A 1991 Europe in Medieval Times Thomas Nelson Melbourne
JOURNAL ARTICLE
In text
(Goodall 19907)
Goodall (19907) believes hellip
List of references
Goodall H 1990 lsquoSaving the Children Gender and the colonisation of
Aboriginal children in NSW 1788 to 1990rsquo Aboriginal Law Bulletin vol 2
no 44 pp 7-8
Note the use of double quotation marks within single quotation marks
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 20 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2133
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL
For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for
references is as follows
bull authorrsquos surname and initials
bull date of publication
bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation
bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation
bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid
hyphenation which can cause confusion
For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this
Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating
Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm
An example of citing a web based database would be
Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing
acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions
(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database
httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=
IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 21 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2233
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING
In text
(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip
List of references
The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are
capitalised
Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin
and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on
Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED
In text
(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)
Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)
List of references
Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS
Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc
reference is made thus
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 22 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2333
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
In text
In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed
out that hellip
In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained
hellip
Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip
(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)
List of references
Do not list personal communications in the list of references
PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE
Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)
In text
Giles (c 1889) showed hellip
(Giles c 1889)
List of references
Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 23 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2433
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS
In text
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip
(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)
List of references
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of
the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp
Opportunity Perth
PUBLICATION DATE- NONE
In text
Kelly (nd) argued that hellip
(Kelly nd)
List of references
Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 24 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2533
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS
In text
Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip
(Slobodkin in press)
List of references
Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man
Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS
A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the
process of publication
In text
Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve
archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity
List of references
None
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 25 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2633
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME
If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the
name of the sponsoring organisation
In text
A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states
hellip
(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)
List of references
National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A
Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government
Publishing Service Canberra
THESIS
In text
(McBryde 196622)
McBryde (196622)
List of references
The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised
McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region
New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 26 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2733
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK
In text
(Galileo 1960)
(Wesson 1975)
List of references
Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of
Wisconsin Press Madison
Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove
Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic
UNPUBLISHED WORK
Include as much information as possible in the location of the document
In text
Danger (unpub) suggested hellip
(Dangar unpub)
List of references
Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-
1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 27 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2833
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION
In text
(Namier 19574)
Namier (19574)
List of references
Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd
edn Macmillan London
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 28 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2933
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES
By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding
Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based
World Wide Web Resources
Content amp Evaluation
Who is the audience
What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain
How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided
What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of
information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)
What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area
What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents
How comprehensive is this site
What are the link selection criteria if any
Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site
Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both
Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks
ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other
sites)
Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler
What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources
Are the links evaluated in any way
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 29 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3033
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2133
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
ONLINE (ELECTRONIC) MATERIAL
For electronic media (World Wide Web disk or CD-ROM) the order for
references is as follows
bull authorrsquos surname and initials
bull date of publication
bull date of revision in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull date accessed in parentheses in day-month-year format
bull title of article in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation
bull title of work in italics with maximal capitalisation
bull address of site written on a separate line if necessary to avoid
hyphenation which can cause confusion
For example a World Wide Web site may be cited like this
Harris R 1997 (updated 15 May 1999 accessed 10 Oct 1999) Evaluating
Internet Research Sources httpwwwsccuedufacultyR_Harrisevalu8ithtm
An example of citing a web based database would be
Kozin MD amp Young KC 1994 (accessed 10 Oct 1999) lsquoUsing
acquisitions to buy and hone core competenciesrsquo Mergers and Acquisitions
(Online) vol 29 no 2 Available Proquest Database
httpproquestumicompqdwebReqType=301ampUserId=IPAutoampPasswd=
IPAutoamp JSEnabled=1ampTS=934160602
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 21 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2233
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING
In text
(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip
List of references
The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are
capitalised
Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin
and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on
Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED
In text
(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)
Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)
List of references
Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS
Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc
reference is made thus
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 22 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2333
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
In text
In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed
out that hellip
In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained
hellip
Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip
(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)
List of references
Do not list personal communications in the list of references
PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE
Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)
In text
Giles (c 1889) showed hellip
(Giles c 1889)
List of references
Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 23 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2433
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS
In text
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip
(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)
List of references
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of
the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp
Opportunity Perth
PUBLICATION DATE- NONE
In text
Kelly (nd) argued that hellip
(Kelly nd)
List of references
Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 24 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2533
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS
In text
Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip
(Slobodkin in press)
List of references
Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man
Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS
A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the
process of publication
In text
Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve
archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity
List of references
None
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 25 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2633
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME
If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the
name of the sponsoring organisation
In text
A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states
hellip
(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)
List of references
National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A
Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government
Publishing Service Canberra
THESIS
In text
(McBryde 196622)
McBryde (196622)
List of references
The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised
McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region
New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 26 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2733
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK
In text
(Galileo 1960)
(Wesson 1975)
List of references
Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of
Wisconsin Press Madison
Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove
Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic
UNPUBLISHED WORK
Include as much information as possible in the location of the document
In text
Danger (unpub) suggested hellip
(Dangar unpub)
List of references
Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-
1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 27 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2833
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION
In text
(Namier 19574)
Namier (19574)
List of references
Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd
edn Macmillan London
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 28 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2933
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES
By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding
Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based
World Wide Web Resources
Content amp Evaluation
Who is the audience
What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain
How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided
What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of
information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)
What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area
What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents
How comprehensive is this site
What are the link selection criteria if any
Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site
Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both
Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks
ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other
sites)
Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler
What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources
Are the links evaluated in any way
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 29 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3033
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2233
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING
In text
(Williams amp Taji 199014) or Williams amp Taji (199014) believe hellip
List of references
The title of the paper is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals are
capitalised
Williams RR amp Taji AM 1990 Factors affecting vitrification - cytokinin
and shoot growth paper presented to the International Congress on
Plant Cell and Organ Culture Amsterdam June
PAPER PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCESEMINAR OR MEETING ANDSUBSEQUENTLY PUBLISHED
In text
(Baldcock amp Goodrick 1984)
Baldcock amp Goodrick (1984)
List of references
Baldock CV amp Goodrick D 1984 lsquoWomenrsquos participation in thedevelopment processrsquo Proceedings of the Womenrsquos Studies Section ANZAAS
Congress May 1983 Murdoch University Murdoch WA
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Where information is privately obtained by interview letter email lecture etc
reference is made thus
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 22 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2333
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
In text
In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed
out that hellip
In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained
hellip
Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip
(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)
List of references
Do not list personal communications in the list of references
PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE
Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)
In text
Giles (c 1889) showed hellip
(Giles c 1889)
List of references
Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 23 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2433
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS
In text
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip
(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)
List of references
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of
the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp
Opportunity Perth
PUBLICATION DATE- NONE
In text
Kelly (nd) argued that hellip
(Kelly nd)
List of references
Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 24 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2533
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS
In text
Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip
(Slobodkin in press)
List of references
Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man
Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS
A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the
process of publication
In text
Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve
archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity
List of references
None
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 25 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2633
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME
If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the
name of the sponsoring organisation
In text
A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states
hellip
(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)
List of references
National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A
Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government
Publishing Service Canberra
THESIS
In text
(McBryde 196622)
McBryde (196622)
List of references
The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised
McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region
New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 26 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2733
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK
In text
(Galileo 1960)
(Wesson 1975)
List of references
Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of
Wisconsin Press Madison
Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove
Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic
UNPUBLISHED WORK
Include as much information as possible in the location of the document
In text
Danger (unpub) suggested hellip
(Dangar unpub)
List of references
Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-
1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 27 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2833
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION
In text
(Namier 19574)
Namier (19574)
List of references
Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd
edn Macmillan London
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 28 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2933
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES
By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding
Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based
World Wide Web Resources
Content amp Evaluation
Who is the audience
What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain
How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided
What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of
information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)
What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area
What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents
How comprehensive is this site
What are the link selection criteria if any
Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site
Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both
Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks
ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other
sites)
Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler
What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources
Are the links evaluated in any way
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 29 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3033
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2333
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
In text
In a telephone conversation on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy pointed
out that hellip
In an email communication on 12 May 1991 Mr D McCarthy explained
hellip
Mr D McCarthyrsquos letter dated 12 May 1991 claimed that hellip
(McCarthy D 1991 pers comm 12 May)
List of references
Do not list personal communications in the list of references
PUBLICATION DATE-APPROXIMATE
Use the abbreviation c (circa = about)
In text
Giles (c 1889) showed hellip
(Giles c 1889)
List of references
Giles E c 1889 Australia Twice Traversed vol 2 Macarthur Press Sydney
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 23 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2433
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS
In text
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip
(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)
List of references
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of
the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp
Opportunity Perth
PUBLICATION DATE- NONE
In text
Kelly (nd) argued that hellip
(Kelly nd)
List of references
Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 24 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2533
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS
In text
Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip
(Slobodkin in press)
List of references
Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man
Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS
A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the
process of publication
In text
Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve
archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity
List of references
None
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 25 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2633
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME
If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the
name of the sponsoring organisation
In text
A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states
hellip
(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)
List of references
National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A
Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government
Publishing Service Canberra
THESIS
In text
(McBryde 196622)
McBryde (196622)
List of references
The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised
McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region
New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 26 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2733
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK
In text
(Galileo 1960)
(Wesson 1975)
List of references
Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of
Wisconsin Press Madison
Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove
Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic
UNPUBLISHED WORK
Include as much information as possible in the location of the document
In text
Danger (unpub) suggested hellip
(Dangar unpub)
List of references
Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-
1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 27 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2833
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION
In text
(Namier 19574)
Namier (19574)
List of references
Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd
edn Macmillan London
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 28 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2933
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES
By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding
Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based
World Wide Web Resources
Content amp Evaluation
Who is the audience
What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain
How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided
What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of
information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)
What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area
What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents
How comprehensive is this site
What are the link selection criteria if any
Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site
Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both
Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks
ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other
sites)
Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler
What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources
Are the links evaluated in any way
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 29 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3033
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2433
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE- DUBIOUS
In text
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity (1970) has stated hellip
(WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970)
List of references
WA Council for Equal Pay amp Opportunity 1970 With the Compliments of
the WA Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity Council for Equal Pay amp
Opportunity Perth
PUBLICATION DATE- NONE
In text
Kelly (nd) argued that hellip
(Kelly nd)
List of references
Kelly N nd Hanging Out at Glenrowan Bushwhackers Press Melbourne
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 24 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2533
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS
In text
Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip
(Slobodkin in press)
List of references
Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man
Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS
A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the
process of publication
In text
Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve
archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity
List of references
None
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 25 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2633
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME
If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the
name of the sponsoring organisation
In text
A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states
hellip
(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)
List of references
National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A
Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government
Publishing Service Canberra
THESIS
In text
(McBryde 196622)
McBryde (196622)
List of references
The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised
McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region
New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 26 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2733
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK
In text
(Galileo 1960)
(Wesson 1975)
List of references
Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of
Wisconsin Press Madison
Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove
Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic
UNPUBLISHED WORK
Include as much information as possible in the location of the document
In text
Danger (unpub) suggested hellip
(Dangar unpub)
List of references
Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-
1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 27 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2833
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION
In text
(Namier 19574)
Namier (19574)
List of references
Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd
edn Macmillan London
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 28 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2933
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES
By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding
Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based
World Wide Web Resources
Content amp Evaluation
Who is the audience
What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain
How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided
What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of
information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)
What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area
What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents
How comprehensive is this site
What are the link selection criteria if any
Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site
Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both
Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks
ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other
sites)
Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler
What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources
Are the links evaluated in any way
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 29 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3033
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2533
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT INPROGRESS
In text
Slobodkin (in press) stated hellip
(Slobodkin in press)
List of references
Slobodkin LB (in press) The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man
Transactions of the Boston Colloquium of the Philosophy of Science
PUBLICATION DATE UNCERTAIN BUT NOT INPROGRESS
A work for which a publisher has been secured but which is not yet in the
process of publication
In text
Hammond GN forthcoming lsquoTreasure trove Ancient law to preserve
archaeological relicsrsquo Antiquity
List of references
None
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 25 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2633
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME
If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the
name of the sponsoring organisation
In text
A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states
hellip
(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)
List of references
National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A
Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government
Publishing Service Canberra
THESIS
In text
(McBryde 196622)
McBryde (196622)
List of references
The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised
McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region
New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 26 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2733
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK
In text
(Galileo 1960)
(Wesson 1975)
List of references
Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of
Wisconsin Press Madison
Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove
Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic
UNPUBLISHED WORK
Include as much information as possible in the location of the document
In text
Danger (unpub) suggested hellip
(Dangar unpub)
List of references
Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-
1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 27 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2833
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION
In text
(Namier 19574)
Namier (19574)
List of references
Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd
edn Macmillan London
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 28 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2933
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES
By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding
Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based
World Wide Web Resources
Content amp Evaluation
Who is the audience
What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain
How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided
What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of
information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)
What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area
What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents
How comprehensive is this site
What are the link selection criteria if any
Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site
Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both
Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks
ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other
sites)
Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler
What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources
Are the links evaluated in any way
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 29 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3033
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2633
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
SPONSORED WORK WITHOUT AUTHORSNAME
If no specific authors name is on the title page of a sponsored work then use the
name of the sponsoring organisation
In text
A publication of the National Womenrsquos Advisory Council (1979) states
hellip
(National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979)
List of references
National Womenrsquos Advisory Council 1979 Migrant Women Speak A
Report to the Commonwealth Government Australian Government
Publishing Service Canberra
THESIS
In text
(McBryde 196622)
McBryde (196622)
List of references
The title of the thesis is neither italicised nor enclosed in quotation marks as it is
unpublished Only the first word and any words that normally have capitals arecapitalised
McBryde I 1966 An archaeological survey of the New England region
New South Wales PhD thesis University of New England
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 26 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2733
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK
In text
(Galileo 1960)
(Wesson 1975)
List of references
Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of
Wisconsin Press Madison
Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove
Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic
UNPUBLISHED WORK
Include as much information as possible in the location of the document
In text
Danger (unpub) suggested hellip
(Dangar unpub)
List of references
Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-
1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 27 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2833
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION
In text
(Namier 19574)
Namier (19574)
List of references
Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd
edn Macmillan London
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 28 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2933
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES
By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding
Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based
World Wide Web Resources
Content amp Evaluation
Who is the audience
What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain
How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided
What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of
information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)
What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area
What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents
How comprehensive is this site
What are the link selection criteria if any
Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site
Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both
Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks
ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other
sites)
Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler
What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources
Are the links evaluated in any way
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 29 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3033
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2733
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
TRANSLATED REVISED OR COMPILED WORK
In text
(Galileo 1960)
(Wesson 1975)
List of references
Galileo 1960 On Motion and On Mechanics trans S Drake University of
Wisconsin Press Madison
Wesson G (comp) 1975 Brianrsquos Wife Jennyrsquos Mum Dove
Communications Pty Ltd East Malvern Vic
UNPUBLISHED WORK
Include as much information as possible in the location of the document
In text
Danger (unpub) suggested hellip
(Dangar unpub)
List of references
Dangar G 1856 To my dear Harry 28 August Dangar transcripts 1846-
1862 (typeset copies) Archives of the University of New England A296
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 27 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2833
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION
In text
(Namier 19574)
Namier (19574)
List of references
Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd
edn Macmillan London
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 28 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2933
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES
By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding
Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based
World Wide Web Resources
Content amp Evaluation
Who is the audience
What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain
How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided
What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of
information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)
What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area
What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents
How comprehensive is this site
What are the link selection criteria if any
Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site
Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both
Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks
ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other
sites)
Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler
What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources
Are the links evaluated in any way
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 29 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3033
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2833
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
WORK OTHER THAN A FIRST EDITION
In text
(Namier 19574)
Namier (19574)
List of references
Namier L 1957 The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III 2nd
edn Macmillan London
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 28 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2933
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES
By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding
Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based
World Wide Web Resources
Content amp Evaluation
Who is the audience
What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain
How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided
What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of
information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)
What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area
What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents
How comprehensive is this site
What are the link selection criteria if any
Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site
Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both
Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks
ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other
sites)
Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler
What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources
Are the links evaluated in any way
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 29 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3033
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 2933
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT WORLD WIDE WEB
RESOURCES
By Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
from httpwwwlibraryuclaedulibrariescollegehelpcriticalindexhtm
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Here are some points to consider For additional points regarding
Web sites for subject disciplines see Thinking Critically about Discipline-Based
World Wide Web Resources
Content amp Evaluation
Who is the audience
What is the purpose of the Web Page amp what does it contain
How complete and accurate are the information and the links provided
What is the relative value of the Web site in comparison to the range of
information resources available on this topic (Note Be sure to check with a librarian)
What other resources (print amp non-print) are available in this area
What are the date(s) of coverage of the site and site-specific documents
How comprehensive is this site
What are the link selection criteria if any
Are the links relevant and appropriate for the site
Is the site inward-focused pointing outward or both
Is there an appropriate balance between inward-pointing links (inlinks
ie within the same site)amp outward-pointing links (outlinks ie to other
sites)
Are the links comprehensive or do they just provide a sampler
What do the links offer that is not easily available in other sources
Are the links evaluated in any way
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
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ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3033
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is there an appropriate range of Internet resources -- eg links to
gophers
Is multimedia appropriately incorporated
How valuable is the information provided in the Web Page (intrinsic
value)
Source amp Date
Who is the author or producer
What is the authority or expertise of the individual or group that created
this site
How knowledgeable is the individual or group on the subject matter of
the site
Is the site sponsored or co-sponsored by an individual or group that has
created other Web sites
Is any sort of bias evident
When was the Web item produced
When was the Web item mounted
When was the Web item last revised
How up to date are the links
How reliable are the links are there blind links or references to sites
which have moved
Is contact information for the author or producer included in the
document
Structure
Does the document follow good graphic design principles
Do the graphics and art serve a function or are they decorative
Do the icons clearly represent what is intended
Does the text follow basic rules of grammar spelling and literary
composition
Is there an element of creativity and does it add to or detract from the
document itself
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 30 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3133
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Can the text stand alone for use in line-mode (text only) Web browsers
as well as multimedia browsers or is there an option for line-mode
browsers
Is attention paid to the needs of the disabled -- eg large print and
graphics options audio alternative text for graphics
Are links provided to Web subject trees or directories -- lists of
subject-arranged Web sources
How usable is the site Can visitors get the information they need within
a reasonable number of links (preferably 3 or fewer clicks)
Other
Is appropriate interactivity available
When it is necessary to send confidential information out over the
Internet is encryption (ie a secure coding system) available How
secure is it
Are there links to search engines or is a search engine attached to
(embedded in) the Web site
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 31 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3233
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
THINKING CRITICALLYABOUT DISCIPLINE-BASED
WORLD WIDE WEBRESOURCES
by Esther Grassian UCLA College Library
The World Wide Web has a lot to offer but not all sources are equally valuable
or reliable Thinking Critically About World Wide Web Resources offers some basic
points to consider Here are additional points to consider regarding Web sites
for subject disciplines
Content amp Evaluation
Does the site claim to represent a group an organization an institution a
corporation or a governmental body
Does the site offer a selected list of resources in a particular discipline or
field or does it claim to offer a complete list (Note Be sure to check
with a librarian on the range of information resources in a particulardiscipline)
Does the site refer to print and other non-Internet resources or just
Internet resources
If a selected list is offered are criteria provided describing how the list of
resources was chosen
Is an explanation provided for use of particular criteria
Does the site claim to describe or provide the results of research or
scholarly effort
Are sufficient references provided to other works to document
hypotheses claims or assertions
Are references cited fully
Can the results be refuted or verified through other means--eg by use
of library-related research tools
Is any sort of third-party financial or other support or sponsorship
evident
copy Australasian College of Natural Therapies Page 32 of 33
ADSR2003120 Last updated 2022008 Version 5
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide
822019 LI Referencing (2008) v6
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullli-referencing-2008-v6 3333
ACNT Assignment Referencing and Style Guidelines
Is advertising included at the site and if so has it had an impact on the
content
Does the site combine educational research amp scholarly information with
commercial or non-commercial product or service marketing
Source amp Date
Who designed the criteria used in selecting items for this site (if any) and
who selected the items listed
Is the site officially or unofficially sponsored or supported by particular
groups organizations institutions corporations or governmental bodies
Can the researchers scholars groups organizations institutions
corporations or governmental bodies listed as authors sponsors orsupporters be verified as such and what are their qualifications
How up to date is the study or the site
Structure
Are results of research studies reported in the style expected for that
discipline
Are references provided in the style normally used for documentation inthat discipline
Other
Is there a fee for use of access to any of the information provided at this
site or is all information at this site freely available
Are there options for text only non-frames and non-tables views of this
Web site
Is alternative text provided for images to guide the visually-impaired
Created by Esther Grassian 101097
Permission is granted for unlimited non-commercial use of this guide