LFFs

This guide will help you learn the technical names of the Language Forms and Features that you just have to learn… spot… and use in English

ModalityModal verbs convey a range of judgments aboutthe likelihood of events.

There are nine modal verbs: "can", "could", "may", "might", "will", "would", "shall", "should", and "must".

            She might be there.

            You could get there by lunchtime if you hurry.            You'll hit the roof.            That must have hurt.

More modality...

High modality

Medium modality

Low modality

musthas to ought to

shouldcanneed to will

maymightcouldwould

Modal nouns: "possibility", "probability", "obligation", "necessity", "requirement"

Modal adjectives: "possible", "probable", "obligatory", "necessary", "required", "determined"

Modal adverbs: "possibly", "probably", "perhaps", "maybe", "sometimes’, "always’ "definitely", "never", "certainly“

Conjunctions... (joining words)

Cohesive techniques...

Cohesive techniques are usually repeated:

• phrases, • catch-phrases, • Lexical chains (groups of

words) • or, your thesis statement…

which (like a stapler that holds your pages together) “glues” ideas and images together through a text… from the beginning to the end!

Lexical (word) cohesion…

• Word associations - form links within a text.

• Repetition

• Synonyms; antonyms; hyponyms; hypernyms

"My dad bought a new car",

            "bought" can be replaced by "purchased" (synonym—similar meaning)

            "bought" can be replaced by "sold" (antonym—contrasting meaning)

            "car" can be replaced by "Ford" (hyponym—more specific meaning)

            "car" can be replaced by "vehicle" (hypernym—more general

meaning)

• Collocation - words which typically occur together, making a text

predictable.

Collocation??

• In fairy tales, the words "Once upon a time", "wicked stepmother", "wicked witch", and "lived happily ever after" collocate.