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7/25/2019 lezione 3.docx
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Introduction
Neurophilosophy
Brain is the origin of mental abilities
Glia and Neurons Glia: Insulates, supports, and nourishes
neurons
Neurons
Process information
ense en!ironmental changes
"ommunicate changes to other neurons "ommand body response
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#he Neuron $octrine
Golgi%stain &$e!eloped by
"amillo Golgi' sho(s t(o parts
of neurons: oma and peri)aryon
Neurites: *+ons and $endrites
#he Neuron $octrine
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"aal-s "ontribution
Neural circuitry
Neurons communicate by
contact, not continuity Neuron doctrine
Neurons adhere to cell theory
Based in Golgi stain
#he Prototypical Neuron
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#he oma
"ytosol: .atery fluid inside the cell
/rganelles: 0embrane%enclosed structures (ithin
the soma "ytoplasm: "ontents (ithin a cell membrane &e1g1,
organelles, e+cluding the nucleus'
#he Prototypical Neuron
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#he *+on
#he *+on #erminal
$ifferences bet(een the cytoplasm of a+on
terminal and a+on No microtubules in terminal
Presence of synaptic !esicles
*bundance of membrane proteins
6arge number of mitochondria
#he Prototypical Neuron
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#he *+on
ynapse
ynaptic transmission
2lectrical%to%chemical%toelectricaltransformation
ynaptic transmission
dysfunction
0ental disorders
#he Prototypical Neuron
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#he *+on
*+oplasmic transport
*nterograde &soma to terminal' !s1
3etrograde &terminal to soma' transport
#he Prototypical Neuron
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$endrites
*ntennae of neurons
$endritic tree
ynapse % receptors $endritic spines
Postsynaptic &recei!es
signals from a+on
terminal'
"lassifying Neurons
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"lassification Based on
the Number of Neurites
ingle neurite
4nipolar #(o or more neurites
Bipolar% t(o
0ultipolar% more than t(o
"lassifying Neurons
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"lassification Based on
$endritic and omatic
0orphologies
tellate cells &starshaped'and pyramidal
cells &pyramid%shaped'
piny or aspinous
"lassifying Neurons 7urther "lassification
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By connections (ithin the "N
Primary sensory neurons, motor neurons,
interneurons
Based on a+onal length Golgi #ype I &proection neurons'
Golgi #ype II &local interneurons'
Based on neurotransmitter type
e1g1, "holinergic 8 *cetycholine at synapses
Glia
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7unction of Glia
upports neuronal functions
*strocytes
0ost numerous glia in the brain 7ill spaces bet(een neurons
Influence neurite gro(th
3egulate chemical content of
e+tracellular space
Glia
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0yelinating Glia
/ligodendroglia &in "N'
ch(ann cells &in PN'
Insulate a+ons
Copyright 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Glia
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0yelinating Glia
&"ont-d'
/ligodendroglial
cells Node of 3an!ier
3egion (here the
a+onal membrane
is e+posed
Glia /ther Non%Neuronal "ells
0icroglia as phagocytes &immune'
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Bases of Cell Function
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#he Prototypical Neuron
#he oma
0aor site for protein
synthesis
3ough endoplasmic reticulum
#he Prototypical Neuron
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#he Nucleus
Gene e+pression
#ranscription
3N* processing
#he Prototypical Neuron
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#he oma
Protein synthesis also on free ribosomes9
polyribosomes
#he Prototypical Neuron
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#he oma
mooth 23 and Golgi *pparatus
ites for preparingsorting proteins for deli!ery todifferent cell
regions &traffic)ing' and regulating substances1
#he Prototypical Neuron
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#he oma
0itochondrion
ite of cellular respiration
&inhale and e+hale' ;rebs cycle
*#P% cell-s energy source
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#he Prototypical Neuron
#he Neuronal 0embrane
Barrier that encloses cytoplasm
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#he Prototypical Neuron
#he "ytos)eleton
Not static
Internal scaffolding of
neuronal membrane
#hree bones
0icrotubules
0icrofilaments
Neurofilaments