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Lexis, Morphology & Semantics for English Language Teaching
Formation, construction& classification of
English words 2
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
• Word-forms & word-formation
• Inflection & derivation
• Derivation by affixation– conversion (zero suffix)– suffixation
• Compounding & shortening– compound– combining form– blend– shortening: initialism (alphabetism,
acronym); clipping; backformation; aphesis
• Productivity & possible words
• Blocking & constraints
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
Morphology
• morphology:- the study of the structure of words
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
Morphology
• morphology:- the study of the structure of words
• inflectional morphology:- the study of the structure of grammatical
word-forms (of CONTENT WORDS)
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
Morphology
• morphology:- the study of the structure of words
• inflectional morphology:- the study of the structure of grammatical
word-forms (of CONTENT WORDSCONTENT WORDS)
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
Morphology
• morphology:- the study of the structure of words
• inflectional morphology:- the study of the structure of grammatical
word-forms (of content words)
• derivational morphology:- the study of the structure of content words,
incl.
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
Morphology
• morphology:- the study of the structure of words
• inflectional morphology:- the study of the structure of grammatical
word-forms (of content words)
• derivational morphology:- the study of the structure of content words,
incl. the FORMATIONFORMATION ofof new WORDSWORDS
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
• sleep• sleepy• sleepily• sleepiness• sleepish• sleepishly• sleepishness• sleepless• sleeplessly• sleeplessness
• sleeptalk• sleepwalk• sleepwear• sleeping beauty• sleeping pill• sleeped• sleepathon• sleepilicious• sleepalicious
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
I sleepThey sleep
verbnoun derivationby conversion,or: by transposition,
or: by functional shift,or: by zero-derivation
( or: zero-affixation,i.e. by adding a ?zero-suffix? )
(some) sleep-(good) sleep-(in her) sleep-
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
nounadjective derivation by affixation
sleep + suffix -y
sleep-y
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
nounadjective derivation by affixation
sleep + suffix -y
sleep-y hand-yhair-y leaf-ymeat-y milk-ywind-y word-y
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
adjectiveadverbderivation by affixation
sleepy + suffix -ly
sleepi-ly
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
adjectiveadverb derivation by affixation
sleepy + suffix -ly
sleepi-ly
Why not call it:noun-adverb derivation
sleep + -ily
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
noun ?adverb? derivation by affixation
sleep + ?suffix -ily?
sleep-ily ?hand-ily?hair-ily ?leaf-ily?meat-ily ?milk-ily?wind-ily ?word-ily
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
adjectiveadverb derivation by affixation
sleepy + suffix -ly
sleepi-ly hot-lyhappi-ly cold-lylazi-ly slow-lyeasi-ly quick-ly
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
adjectivenoun derivation by affixation
sleepy + suffix -ness
sleepi-ness
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
adjectivenoun derivation by affixation
sleepy + suffix -ness
sleepi-nessbloody bloodi-ness
dizzy dizzi-nessgloomy gloomi-ness
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
nounadjective derivation by affixation
sleep + suffix -ish
sleep-ish
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
adjectiveadverb derivation by affixation
sleepish + suffix -ly
sleepish-ly
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
adjectivenoun derivation by affixation
sleepish + suffix -ness
sleepish-ness
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
nounadjective derivation by affixation
sleep + suffix -less
sleep-less
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
adjectiveadverb derivation by affixation
sleepless + suffix -ly
sleepless-ly
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
adjectivenoun derivation by affixation
sleepless + suffix -ness
sleepless-ness
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
• sleep• sleep-y• sleepi-ly• sleepi-ness• sleep-ish• sleep-ish-ly• sleep-ish-ness• sleep-less• sleep-less-ly• sleep-less-ness
Word-formationWord-formation by derivationderivation
Derivation by:• conversion
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
• sleep• sleep-y• sleepi-ly• sleepi-ness• sleep-ish• sleep-ish-ly• sleep-ish-ness• sleep-less• sleep-less-ly• sleep-less-ness
Word-formationWord-formation by derivationderivation
Derivation by:• conversion• affixation
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
• sleep• sleep-y• sleepi-ly• sleepi-ness• sleep-ish• sleep-ish-ly• sleep-ish-ness• sleep-less• sleep-less-ly• sleep-less-ness
Word-formationWord-formation by derivationderivation
Derivation by:• conversion• affixation
– suffixation
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
• sleep• sleep-y• sleepi-ly• sleepi-ness• sleep-ish• sleep-ish-ly• sleep-ish-ness• sleep-less• sleep-less-ly• sleep-less-ness
Word-formationWord-formation by derivationderivation
Derivation by:• conversion• affixation
– suffixation• verbnoun drvtn• nounadj drvtn• adjadv drvtn• adjnoun drvtn
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
• sleep• sleep-y• sleepi-ly• sleepi-ness• sleep-ish• sleep-ish-ly• sleep-ish-ness• sleep-less• sleep-less-ly• sleep-less-ness
• sleeptalk• sleepwalk• sleepwear• sleeping beauty• sleeping pill• sleeped• sleepathon• sleepilicious• sleepalicious
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
Word- Word- formationformation
by
?
• sleeptalk• sleepwalk• sleepwear• sleeping beauty• sleeping pill• sleeped• sleepathon• sleepilicious• sleepalicious
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
Word-formation by COMPOUNDING(i.e. not by derivation)
(the root) sleep + (the root) xxx
sleep-talksleep-walksleep-wear
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
Word-formation byderivation & compounding
sleep+ing & xxxx
sleep-ing beauty(The beauty is sleeping.)
sleep-ing pill(??The pill is sleeping.)
sleep-ing bag(??The bag is sleeping.)
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
Word-formation by?derivation? & compounding
sleep+ing & xxxxMs Sleeping Beauty
sleeping pill sleeping bag
sleeping policemansleeping partner
Advanced question for self-study:Is the suffix -ing inflectional or derivational?
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
Word-formation by derivation(derivation by affixation)
sleep + suffix -ersleep-er
e.g. light sleeper sleeper train
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
Word-formation by
BACKFORMATIONBACKFORMATION
televise televisionedit editorbabysit babysitter
(word-formation by analogy:revise revision; act actor)
??(profess professor)??
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
word formation byBACKFORMATIONBACKFORMATION
(back-derivation)
revise revisiontelevisetelevise television
destroy destruction self-destructionself-destructself-destruct self-destruction
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
word-formation by COMBINING FORMSCOMBINING FORMS
sleep + suffix -logy
sleep-o-logy
word-formation by CLIPPINGCLIPPING
sleepo(short for sleepology)
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
Word-formation by COMBINING FORMSCOMBINING FORMSsleep + suffix -logy OR -ology
sleep-o-logy
archae-o-logy archae-ologybio-logy bi-ology (bio-ology)cardio-logy cardi-ology (cardio-ology)etym-o-logy etym-ologyfossil-o-logy fossil-ologygeo-logy ge-ology (geo-ology)psycho-logy psych-ology (psycho-ology)socio-logy soci-ology (socio-ology)
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
Word-formation by COMBINING FORMSCOMBINING FORMSsleep + suffix -logy OR -ology
sleep-o-logy
archae-o-logy archae-ologybio-logy bi-ology (bio-ology)cardio-logy cardi-ology (cardio-ology)etym-o-logy etym-ologyfossil-o-logy fossil-ologygeo-logy ge-ology (geo-ology)psycho-logy psych-ology (psycho-ology)socio-logy soci-ology (socio-ology)
“o”: arguably a structural requirement / constraint ology / ologies
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
word-formation by BLENDINGBLENDING
sleep + education
sleepedsleep-edsleepEd
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
word-formation by COMBINING FORMSCOMBINING FORMS
sleep + suffix -logy
sleep-o-logy
word-formation by BLENDINGBLENDING
sleep + education
sleepedsleep-edsleepEd
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
??????
sleep + (mara)thonsleep-a-thon
sleep + (de)licioussleep-i-licioussleep-a-licious
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
BLENDINGBLENDING(also called portmanteau)
sleep + (mara)thonsleep-a-thon
sleep + (de)licioussleep-i-licioussleep-a-licious
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
BLENDINGBLENDING
sm(oke) + (f)og = smogmo(dulator) + dem(odulator) = modem
glo(al) + (lo)cal = glocalfr(iend) + enemy = frenemy
ima(gine) + (en)gineering = imagineering
pro(fessional) pro(ducer)
More: http://electricka.com/etaf/muses/languagearts/words/portmanteau_words/portmanteau_words_table/portmanteau_words_list.aspzebra + donkey = zonkey: http://timfall.wordpress.com/2014/05/09/portmanteau-lesson-in-luggage-and-language/
+ (con)sumer = prosumer
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
ACRONYMSACRONYMS
Sleep Disordered Breathing
SDB
Period Limb Movements of Sleep
PLMS
(initialism: alphabetism acronym)
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
AI: Amnesty International,artificial intelligence
BP: British Petroleum,blood pressure,beautiful people
alphabetism: an initialism pronounced by reading the individual letters of the alphabet
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
Acquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeAIDS
read only memoryROM
acronym: an initialism pronounced like individual lexical items
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
alphabetism: an initialism pronounced by reading the individual letters of the alphabet
acronym: an initialism pronounced like individual lexical items
HKSAR: SARS: CD: EU (European Union):VP (Vice-President):
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
alphabetism: an initialism pronounced by reading the individual
letters of the alphabetacronym: an initialism pronounced like an
individual lexical item
“There are cases where alphabetisms are mixed with acronyms and the two systems of pronunciation are combined: e.g. VP (for Vice-President) pronounced like veep and ROTC (for Reserve Officers Training Corps) pronounced like rotcy.” (Jackson & Zé Amvela 2007:103)
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
SHORTENINGSHORTENING
initialism: alphabetism (initialism: alphabetism ( acronyms) acronyms)Sleep Disordered Breathing
SDB
clipping clipping (or, ellipsis / truncation)expo (short for exposition)
flu (short for influenza)varsity (short for university)
uni (short for university)
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
SHORTENINGSHORTENINGinitialism: alphabetism (initialism: alphabetism ( acronyms) acronyms)
Sleep Disordered BreathingSDB
clipping clipping (or, ellipsis / truncation)expo (short for exposition)
flu (short for influenza)varsity (short for university)
uni (short for university)
aphesis aphesis (in casual speech)… ‘scuse me; ‘fessor; hold it, ‘cause I …
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
What might have blockedthe formation of the following?
sleep-ee sleepi-li-ness
sleep-ish-li-nesssleep-less-li-ness
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
What might have blockedthe formation of the following?
sleep-ee
Language use (pragmatic)constraint on productivity:
adviser - adviseeemployer – employee
trainer – trainee
?sleeper – sleepee?(morphologically speaking, there is no structural constraint)
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
What might have blockedthe formation of the following?
sleep-ee
Language use (pragmatic)constraint on productivity:
adviser - adviseeemployer – employee
trainer – trainee
?sleeper – sleepee?(morphologically speaking, there is no structural constraint)
Possible confusion when spoken:sleepy sleepee
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
Linguistic-Meaning (semantic) or Language-Use (pragmatic)constraint on productivity:
adviser - adviseeemployer – employee
trainer – trainee
?sleeper – sleepee?(although there is no structural constraint)
Can you think of semantic or pragmatic situations for the productive formation & use of the words below:
EXERCISE: sleepee, escapee, escaper
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
Which of the following seems to be the
most productive in word formation?
-er -less-ly -ness-ish -logy-thon -licious
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
What words might you form usingthe root “crab” and the following?
-er -less-ly -ness-ish -logy-thon -licious
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
What words might you form usingthe root “crab” and the following?
crab-er crab-lesscrab-ly crab-nesscrab-ish crab-o-logycrab-a-thon crab-a-licious
Formation, construction & classification of English words 2
• Word-forms & word-formation
• Inflection & derivation
• Derivation by affixation– conversion (zero suffix)– suffixation
• Compounding & shortening– compound– combining form– blend– shortening: initialism (alphabetism,
acronym); clipping; backformation; aphesis
• Productivity & possible words
• Blocking & constraints