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A summary of the Crossfit Training Guide for CF-L1 Certification
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SUMMARYOFTHE“LEVEL1CERTIFICATE”CROSSFITTRAINING
GUIDEAllinformationfoundinthisdocumenthasbeenextractedoradaptedfromtheOfficialCrossFitTrainingGuide.Pleaserefertotheofficialdocumentincaseofanyconcerns,doubtsormisunderstandingoftheinformationprovided.ImadethisguideasaquicksummaryofthemostimportantfactsfoundintheCrossFitTrainingGuide.TheaimofthisdocumentistohelpotherspreparingtheCF-L1CertificateExamortohaveaquickandeasyapproachtotheCrossFitmethodologyandvalues.
Createdby:DavidAgüeraSalas
CROSSFITMETHODOLOGY
UNDERSTANDINGCROSSFIT
AIMS
• Toforgeabroad,generalandinclusivefitness• Prepareathletesfortheunknownandfortheunknowable• Lookingatallsportstogiveathletesperformanceadvantage
PRESCRIPTION
• CROSSFITis:“Constantlyvaried,highintensity,functional
movement”• Functionalmovements:Universalmotorrecruitmentpatterns,
performedformcoretoextremity,multi-joint• Capacitytomovelargeloadsoverlongdistancesasquickaspossible
METHODOLOGY
• Empirical:“Evidencebasefitness”Safety,efficacyandefficiencycan
onlybesupportedbymeasured,observableandrepeatabledata.• Communitydevelopedandtested
ADAPTIONS
• Crossfitincreasesworkcapacityacrossbroadtimeandmodal
domains• Allothercommonmetrics(VO2max,lactatethreshold,body
composition,strength,flexibility…)arecorrelatives-derivatives
CONCLUSION
• Crossfitisanopen-sourceenginewhereathletesandcoachescandemonstrateandevaluateitsprogramming,withthegoalofoptimizinghumanperformance
FOUNDATIONS
− CROSSFITisacorestrengthandconditioningprogram− Optimize10fitnessdomains:
Ø Cardiovascular/RespiratoryenduranceØ StaminaØ StrengthØ FlexibilityØ PowerØ SpeedØ CoordinationØ AgilityØ BalanceØ Accuracy
− Enhanceallphysicaltasksperformingmultiple,diverseandrandomized
challenges− Maximizeneuroendocrineresponse− Developsuccessfuldietstrategies− Trainathletesfromrudimentarytoadvancemovements,developing
dynamicandstaticbodycontrol,maximizingstrength-to-weightratioandflexibility
− EmphasiseonOlympicWeightlifting− Everythingisscalableandadaptable,CROSSFITisforeveryone
“CORESTRENGTHANDCONDITIONINGPROGRAM?”
Crossfitisacorestrengthandconditioningprogramintwosenses:
• Isfoundationaltoallotherathleticneeds“thestuffeveryoneneeds”• Crossfitmovementsarefocusedinthecore,theaxisofourbodies
(hipsandtorso),maximizinghipextension,fromcoretoextremity
CROSSFITDEFINITIONOFATHLETE
• “Apersonwhoistrainedorskilledinstrength,power,balance,agility,flexibilityandendurance”
“FRINGEATHLETES”
• Crossfitconsidersallthosespecificathletessuchassumowrestler,
triathlete,marathonerandpowerlifter,FRINGEATHLETESastheirfitnessskillsaretoofocusedontheirsportanddon’tdelivercompetencyoradaptiontoallgeneralphysicaldomains
AEROBICSANDANAEROBICS Therearethreeenergysystemspresentinourbodythatfuelouractivities
• AEROBIC:Whenoxygenisutilizedtometabolizesubstratesderivedfromfoodtoliberateenergy
Ø Activitiesgreaterthan90secondsindurationØ Lowtomoderateintensity
• ANAEROBIC:Whenenergyisliberatedfromsubstratesinabsenceof
oxygen.TwosystemsPHOSPHAGEN(phosphocreatine)andLACTICACID(glycolytic)
Ø ItcouldhelptodevelopAEROBICfitnessØ NomusclelossØ LessthantwominutesindurationØ Moderatetohighintensity
IthastobementionthatALLSYSTEMSoccuratthesametimeduringeachphysicalactivity.However,onemayprevailordominatetotheother.
NEUROENDOCRINEADAPTION
• Isachangeinthebodythataffectsyoueitherneurologicallyorhormonally
• Testosteroneincreases,insulin-likegrowthfactorandhumangrowthhormonearesomeofthechangesmayoccurwhenexercisingCrossfit
• Increasemusclemassandbonedensityimprove
POWER
• “Timerateofdoingwork”“hardandfast”• PowerdevelopmentisthekeyelementinCrossfitprogramming
DIET
• PROTEINshouldbeleanand30%ofyourtotalcaloricload• CARBOHYDRATESshouldbelowGI(glycemicindex)and40%of
yourtotalcaloricload• FATSshouldbefromwholefoodsourcesand30%ofyourtotal
caloricload• Caloricloadshouldbebasedonproteinneeds,whichshouldbe
between0.7to1gramofproteinperpoundofleanbodymass(dependantofactivitylevels)
WHATISFITNESS?Crossfitmakesuseoffourdifferentmodelsforevaluatingfitness:
1. THE10GENERALPHYSICALSKILLS
• TheyareCardiovascular/respiratoryendurance,stamina,strength,flexibility,power,speed,coordination,agility,balanceandaccuracy.
• Aregimendevelopsfitnesstothedegreeitimprovesthese10skills• Endurance,stamina,strengthandflexibilityareimprovedthrough
TRAINING• Coordination,agility,balanceandaccuracycomefromPRACTICE• PowerandspeedareADAPTIONSofbothpracticeandtraining.
2. THEHOPPER
TheHoppermodelusesahopperfilledupwithallphysicalskillsandsports,fromherethefittestathletewouldbetheonethatperformsthebestinanyofthose,bytakingoneatrandomandputtingittotest.Theideaistoperformwellatalltasksandforgetanyprevioustrainingnotionsaboutsets,rest,repetitions,exercises,order,routines,periodization,etc.
3. THEMETABOLICPATHWAYS PHOSPHOCREATINE GLYCOLITIC OXIDATIVETimeDomain Short≈10” Medium≈120” Long>120”Anaerobicvs.Aerobic
Anaerobic Anaerobic Aerobic
PowerOutput Maxintensity(100%)
Medium-high(70%)
Low(40%)
Othernames Phosphagen Lactate AerobicLocation Cytosolofmuscle
cellsCytosolofallcells Mitochondriaof
cellsMusclefibretype
TypeIIb TypeIIa TypeI
Substrate Phosphocreatinemoleculesinmuscles
Glucosefrommuscle(glycogen)orfat(glycerol)
Pyruvate(glycolysis)oracetate(fatorprotein)
ATPmechanism PhosphatemoleculefromphosphocreatinejoinsADPtoformATP
Glucoseoxidicedtopyruvateproduces2ATPmolecules
Pyruvateoxidizedtoproduce34ATP(fat,proteinyieldsless)
4. SICKNESS-WELLNESS-FITNESSCONTINUUM
Thismodelemphasisestheideathateveryhealthindicatororvaluegoesfromsickness,towellnesstofitness.Bloodpressure,bodyfat,bonedensity,triglycerides,cholesterol,flexibility,musclemass,etc.Allofthegofromabadstate(sickness,pathology)toabetterstate(wellness,average)tothebestpossible(fitness,nopathologynorisk)
Parameter Sickness Wellness FitnessBodyfat(%) >25%men
>32%women≈18%men≈20%women
≈6%man≈12%women
Bloodpressure(mm/Hg)
>140/90 120/80 105/60
RestingHeartRate(bpm)
>100 70 50
Triglycerides(mg/dl)
>200 <150 <100
Low-densityLipoprotein(mg/dl)
>160 120 <100
High-densityLipoprotein(mg/dl)
<40 40-59 >60
C-reactiveProtein(mg/L)
>3 1-3 <1
INTERVALTRAINING
• Thekeytodevelopaerobicconditioningusinganaerobictrainingwhilekeepingmusclemassandnotlosinginstrength,speedandpower
• “TABATA”isthemosteffectiveandwell-knowninterval-trainingmethod.Basedon20”workand10”restrepeated8times
• Therearethreewavesofadaptiontoendurancetraining:
Ø IncreasemaximaloxygenconsumptionØ IncreaselactatelevelØ Increasedefficiency
InCrossfitweareinterestedinmaximizingthefirstadaptionwhileprocuringthesecondandavoidingthethird.Secondandthirdadaptionsaresportspecificandfocusingtoomuchonthemcouldleadtoadecreaseinsomeofthe10physicalskills.
InCrossfitwemakeuseofConditioning(run,row…)Gymnastics(calisthenics,bodyweight,pull-ups,push-ups,sit-ups…)andWeightlifting(Olympiclifts,throwing…)toachieveourgoalsNutritionisthekeyandthebasetoreachfitnessgoals.WeencourageadietbasedonProtein30%,Carbohydrates40%andFats30%.TheZoneDietbyDrBarrySearshasdemonstratedtobeofgreatprecisionandtoblendperfectlyintoCrossfittraining.
CROSSFITDEFINITIONOFFITNESSANDHEALTHBackin2009CrossfitCEOCoachGlassmanpublishedthedefinitionofFitnessandHealthinalecturetohisstudents.Duringalltheseyearsnoonewasabletogiveanadequatedefinitionoftheseterms.Power(average)=ForcexDistance/TimeYouabilitytomovelargeloads,longdistances,quicklyacrossvarieddomainsISFITNESS.FITNESSisdefinedasworkcapacityacrossbroadtimeandmodaldomains,thesameashealth,whichisdefinedinthesamevariablesbutacrossone’sage.Inordertodevelophighvolumesofworkcapacity,propertechniquemustbetrained.Astechniquedevelops,intensityandhighspeedcanbeintroducedtotraining.Asaresult,youpoweroutputwillincrease.
NUTRITION:AVOIDINGMETABOLICDERANGEMENTInCrossfitourrecommendationisto“eatmeatandvegetables,nutsandseeds,somefruit,littlestarchandnosugar”DuringalongtimethebattlebetweenWE(low-carb,low-calorie,goodfat)andTHEY(low-fat,low-calorie,high-carb)havemovedthenutritionworld.Intherecentyearsandthroughalotofnutritioninvestigation,itseemsthatWEarewinningthebattle.Ithasbeendemonstratedthatahighcarbohydratedietwillmakeyousickandfatwillincreaserapidly.Thefactthatournutritionmodeliswinningthebattleisbecausewhentestedittrumpstheopposition’smodel.Ourdietworksandtheirsdoesnot.
GLYCEMICINDEXForseveralyearstonow,badscienceandpoliticshavejoinedhandstoproducethemostcostlyerrorinthehistoryofhumansciencetheLOW-FATdiet.Thisdiethascausedmillionsofdeaths,hartdisease,diabetes,cancerandotherchronicdiseases.Anewwaveiscominginnutrition,wheretheguiltyisnolongerdietaryfatbutexcessincarbohydrate(particularlyrefinedorprocessedcarb).Thereisnoscientificfoundationtoblamedietaryfatsasthemayorcauseofobesity.Someofthenewdevelopersofthiswavehavelinkedtheobesitywith“Hyperinsulinemia”.Itisachronicandacuteelevationofinsulinderivedfromhighconsumptionofcarbohydrates,whichleadustoobesity.FromthisidearaisestheGLYCEMICINDEX(orGI)term.GlycemicIndexissimplyameasureofafood’spropensitytoraisebloodsugar.HIGHGIfoodsaretypicallystarchy,sweetorprocessedfoodlikebread,pasta,rice,potato,grainsanddesserts.GLYCEMICLOADand“reasonableportions”helpustodetermineourdiet.TherearesomehighGIfoodsthataregoodifeateninreasonableamounts.ThisiswhyweuseTHEZONEDIETstrategytoconstructourfoodplans,asitgivesusacompleteideaofwhichandhowmuch(macronutrients)weshouldeat. THEZONE’SMEALPLANS
• TheZoneDietusesa“blockstructure”patterntohelpusestimatetheamountofeachmacronutrientweneedtoincludeinourdiet.WeshouldeatadeterminednumberofblockofEACHmacronutrientinEACHmeal,thatmeansthateverytimewesitdowntoeatwewillhaveprotein,carbsandfatsinthesameplate,noexcuses.
• 7gramsofprotein=1blockofprotein• 9gramsofcarbohydrates=1blockcarbohydrates• 3gramsoffat=1blockoffat
Yes,OK.But,howmuchchickenisblockofchicken?HereiswheretheBLOCKCHARToffoodcomesintoplay.Inthezone,allhumanscalculatetheirmealstoa2,3,4or5blocksofeachmacronutrientforbreakfast,lunchanddinner.Alsoweneedtocalculate1or2blocksnacksbetweenlunchanddinnerandbeforegoingtobed
Beinga“4-blocker”meansthatyoueatthreemealseachdaycomposedof4blocksofprotein,4blocksofcarband4blocksoffat.Thereisatablewhereyoumustfindwhichkindofpersonyouare(small,medium,large,athlete)whichwilltellyouhowmanyblockyoushouldbaseyouplanon.
IfyouhaveproblemstryingtoplaceyourselfinthetableyoucantrytheBODYFATCALCULATOR,hostedinDRBarrySearswebpage;http://www.zonediet.com/resources/body-fat-calculator/Oneyougetthisisprettysimple,havealookattheZONEFOODBLOCKGUIDEhttp://www.zonediet.com/resources/food-blocks/?nlsignup=1andstartchoosingyourmacronutrientsoptionsandamountstoeachmeal.
TYPICALCROSSFITBLOCKPRESCRIPTIONSANDADJUSTMENTSTobestunderstandtheZoneDiet,CrossfitersshouldreadDRBarrySearsbook“EntertheZone”togetmoreinformationregardingblockprescriptionsand“fatintake”adjustments.Incaseswhenanathletechoosesthewrongblocksize,thiscanbemodifiedafterafewweeksifnoresultsareshown.Whenstartinganyblocklevelitisimperativetomeasureandweighteverymeal.AmoreprecisewaytodetermineyourZoneBlockPrescriptionis:
• ZoneBlockPrescription=LeanBodyMass(lb)xActivityLevel7(gramsproteinperblock)
• TheActivityLevelrangesfrom0-1.Forthosewhotrainseveraldaysaweek
anddonothavealabor-intensivejob,theactivityshouldbe0.7(mostCROSSFITTERS.ThisassumptionsimplifiestheZoneblockofa10%oftheathletebodymass.Todothemaths,FIRSTyouhavetoknowyourLeanBodyMass,youcanuseseveralways(calipersareaconvenientone)Foranindividualof185lbitwouldbe: Leanbodymass=185(lb)–(0,16x185)=155.4(lb)Withtheactivitylevelof0.7willusethesimplifiedformula BlockPrescription=155.4x0,10=15,54blocks(≈15blocks)NOTEthatthissystemisanestimateandaninaccurateLeanBodyMasswillaffectit.ButasaverageCrossfiterswecanuseit.
INCREASINGFATINTAKE
Thecaloricrestrictionwillleadtoa“leanbody”whileprovidingenoughproteinandcarbohydratefortypicalCrossfitactivitylevels.Inthosecaseswheretheathletebecomes“toolean”anditaffectshisperformance,fatintakemustbeincreased.Thiscouldbeachievedbedoublingtheamountorevenmayorincreasesifitwasnecessary.Theseincreaseswillchangethedietpercentages.Forexampleforatwicefatintakethelevelswillbe:Protein23%,Carb31%and46%Fats.
SUPLEMENTATIONWhole,unprocessedfoodsarethebestsourceofbothmacronutrientsandmicronutrientsintermsofcomposition,varietyanddensity.Supplementationisgenerallynotrecommended.ThereareonlyafewcasesinthemostimportantisFishOil.
Ø Itprovidesomega-3fattyacids(typeofpolyunsaturatedfats)Ø Polyunsaturatedfatsareessentialfattyacids,whichmeansthebodycannot
generatethemfromanothernutrientsandMUSTbeeatenwithinthedietØ Alpha-Linoleicacid(ALA)omega-3andtheLinoleicacid(LA)omega-6Ø Omeega-3areknownas“anti-inflammatory”andOmega-6as“pro-
inflammatory”.Bothareneededbasedontheirphysiologicalfunctionsandareneededinequalquantities
Omega-6arevastlybeenconsumedinaratioof20:1againstOmega-3,that’swhytheneedtobalancethemissocriticalforahealthylife.SourcesofOmega-6are:VegetableOils,Nuts,MeatorEggs(grainfed/feedlot)andfarmraisedfish.Fishoilwillhelptoreducetheinflammatoryresponsesinourbodyprovidingtwotypesoffattyacids:EPA(eicosapentaenoic)andDHA(docosahexaenoic).ThebodycanconvertALAtoEPAandDHAbutthisisinefficient.Somedoctorshaverecommendedadailyintakeof3gramsofEPAandDHA.SourceshighinALAarenotrecommendedsuchasFlaxseedoilbecauseofthepoorconversiontoEPAandDHA.Iftheindividualisvegan,DHAcanbeobtainedwithalgaeoil.Someresearchhavedemonstratedthatomega-3helpsimprovingthefluidityofcellmembranes,improveinsulinsensitivity,cardiovascularfunction,nervous-systemfunction,immunehealth,memoryandmoodissues.Asithassomeanti-coagulantproperties,itisadvisableforsomemilitaryforcestoavoidtheconsumptionbeforedeploymentoranypersonbeforehavingasurgery
ATHEORETICALTEMPLATEFORCROSSFIT’SPROGRAMMINGAlthoughatemplateofprogrammingwouldlooklikearegimenorroutine,thevarietyofelementsandworkoutstructuregiveCrossfitthepossibilitytoprogramfortheunknown.Mode,exercises,metabolicpathways,rest,intensity,setsandrepswillvaryinanunimaginableway,openingthespectrumoftrainingtounknowablelevels. TEMPLATEMACROVIEW
ThebasictemplatewepursueisaTHREE-DAYS-ON,ONE-DAY-OFF.Ithasproventobeeffectiveenoughtoallowtheathletetoworkathighintensitiesforthreedays,afterthat,theintensitycannotbemaintainandatheathleteshouldrest.Thispatterndoesn’tmatchwiththegeneralfive-days-ontwo-days-offthatgovernmostofourworkhabits.Toadequatethis,afive-days-ontwo-days-offcanbeusedandisalsoproductive.
ELEMENTSBYMODALITY
• Threedistinctivemodalities:“M”MetabolicConditioning,“G”Gymnasticsand“W”forweightlifting
• MetabolicConditioning:Cardioelementssuchasrunning,rowing,swimming,etc.
• Gymnastics:Bodyweightexercisesorcalisthenics.• Weightlifting:Olympicandpowerliftingmovements
WORKOUTSTRUCTURE
• SINGLEDAYS(3,5,9):Focusonasingleexercise.If“M”wouldbea
long,slowdistanceeffort;If“G”wouldbepracticeofasinglehighcomplexskill;If“W”wouldbeasingleliftperformedathigh-weightandlow-repetitionOnsingleactivitydays,recoveryisnotalimitingfactor.Restperiodsshouldallowthetasktobeexecutedproperlyanditcanbelearntanddeveloped.
• TWO-ELEMENTSDAYS(2,6,10):Thestructurewouldtypicallybeacoupletofexercisesperformedalternatelyforatotalof3to5rounds.Inthesedaysthetaskisthekeyandthetimewillvary.Theelementsshouldbemoderatetohigh-intensityandworkrestmanagementiscritical.Ideallythefirstroundwouldbehardbutachievableandthefollowingwillrequirepacing,restandbreakingthetaskuptomanageableefforts.
• THREE-ELEMENTS-DAYS(3,7,11):ThestructureistypicallyatripletofexercisesrepeatedforaspecifiednumberofminutesandscoredbytheamountoftotalroundscompletedTheseworkoutsare“timepriority”astheathleteiskeptmovingforthespecifiedtimecompletingasmanycyclesaspossible.Theelementsshouldn’tbeascomplexasthetwo-exercises-dayinordertoavoidtheathletetostopfrequentlybecauseofthecomplexityofthemovements.Work-restintervalsareamarginalfactor.
CROSSFITMOVEMENTS
ANATOMYANDPHYSIOLOGYFORJOCKS
Basicallyweteachourathletesforbodyparts,threejointsandtwodirectionsofmovement.
• Femurandtibiaconstitute“theleg”• Pelvisandspineconstitute“thetrunk”• “Flexion”isreducingtheangleofajoint• “Extension”isincreasingtheangleofajoint
Oncethisisclear,weofferthesebitsofbiomechanics:
• Functionalmovementwedsthespinetothepelvis• Powerfulhipextensioniscertainlyandnearlysufficientforeliteathletic
capacity• Donotletthepelvischasethefemurinsteadofthespine.Werefertothisas
“mutedhipfunction”.Ifthehipangleremainsopenitwilllackpowertoextend
AIRSQUAT
1. POINTSOFPERFORMANCE
SETUP:
• Heelsshoulderwidthandtoesslightlyout• Fullextensionhipsandknees,lookforward• Weightonheels• Keepchestupandbraceabstomaintainneutralspineposition
EXECUTION:
• Hipstravelbackanddown,keeplumbarcurve• Don’tsink,pulldownwithyourhips• Bottomisbelowtheparallel• Kneesstayinlinewiththefeet,kneesdon’trollinsidefeet• Headpositionisneutral
FINISH:
• Returntofullextensionatthehipandknees• Tryexertpressuretotheoutsideofyourfeet
2. COMMONFAULTS
LOSSLUMBARCURVE:
• Lackoffocus,tighthamstrings,cheatforbalance• Telltheathleteto“liftthechest”• Raisethearmswhendescending
SHIFTINGWEIGHTTOTOES
• Weakglute/hamstrings,cheattobalance• Exaggerateweightonheelsbyliftingtoes• Giveatactilecuetoouchthehipsbackanddown
NOTGOINGTOPARALLEL
• Weakhipextensors,laziness,quaddominance• Tellathletetogo“lower”• Trysquattingtoa10”boxormedicineball
KNEESMOVINGFORWARD
• Giveatactilecuetopushhipsbackanddown• Blockthekneestravellingforwardatthestartofthesquat
KNEESROLLINGINSIDE
• Weakadductors,cheattoquads• Tellathletetopushkneesout
WRECKSQUAT
• Inabilitytokeeplumbarcurve,weightonheelsandreachdepthatthesametime
• Facingwallsquattherapy,10”boxbehind,heelstouchingtheboxandchestclosetowall.Havethemtosquatslowly,maintainingcontrolandweightonheels
IMMATURESQUAT
• LumbarcurveOK,fulldepthreachedandgoodweightonheelsbutathletecantileverforwardontothequadstomaintainbalance
• FixedasthepreviouscaseFRONTSQUAT
1. POINTSOFPERFORMANCESET-UP:
• Sameasairsquat• Bar“racked”ontheshoulders,handsoutsideshoulderswidth
andloosefingertipgrip• Elbowshigh,upperarmparalleltotheground
EXECUTION:
• Sameasairsquat• Keepingthebarrackedproperlyduringthemovementnot
droppingtheelbows
FINISH:
• Sameasairsquat
2. COMMONFAULTSANDCORRECTIONS
IMPROPERRACKPOSITION
• Tellathlete“elbowshigh”and“restthebaronfingertips”• Adjustmanuallytheposition
ELBOWSDROPDURINGTHESQUAT
• “Elbowsup”and“liftchest”• Placeanarmunderathletearmstokeeptheposition
OVERHEADSQUAT
1. POINTSOFPERFORMANCE
SET-UP:
• Sameasairsquat• Barheldoverhead,frontalplane,widegrip• Activeshoulders(armpitsforwardandshoulderspushupinto
thebar)• Elbowslocked
EXECUTION:
• Sameasairsquat• Maintainconstantupwardpressureandactiveshoulders• Barremainsonthefrontalplaneorslightlybehind
FINISH:
• Sameasairsquat
2. COMMONFAULTSANDCORRECTIONS
INACTIVEOVERHEADPOSITION(FLEXEDELBOWSORINACTIVESHOULDERS)
• Tellathletetopushupthebar• Tactilecuetopushelbowsstraight,shouldersupandarmpits
forward
BARMOVESFORWARDTOTHEFRONTALPLANE
• Fixtheathletepositiontopushthebarbacktofrontalplaneorevenbehindit
SHOULDERPRESS
1. POINTSOFPERFORMANCE
SET-UP:
• Feetshoulderwidth• Handsjustoutsidetheshoulders• Barrestingontherackposition• Elbowsinfrontofthebar(lowerthaninthefrontsquat)• Keepchestupandbraceabstokeepneutralspine• Closedgrip
EXECUTION:
• Theactionisto:press• Retracttheheadandpressthebaroverhead,finishingwith
lockedarms• Nodipaction,barwillreturntoneutralpositionafterthebaris
lifted
FINISH:
• Barlockedoutoverheadwithactiveshouldersandhipandkneesatfullextension
• Toreturnthebar,pushelbowsforwardandretractthefaceuntilthebarisre-racked
2. COMMONFAULTSANDCORRECTIONS
LEANINGBACKWITHRIBSSTICKINGOUT
• Tighttheabdominalsbutkeepingthebarproperposition
BARFINISHFORWARDOFFRONTALPLANE
• Fixpressupandpullbackonthebarasittravelstooverhead
SHOULDERSNOTACTIVEORBENTELBOWS
• Tellathleteto“pressup”anduseatactilecuetolockelbowsandpushshouldersup
BARARCSAROUNDTHEFACE
• Fixpullheadback• Checkelbowsarenottoolowintheset-up• Blockthebarpathwithanobject(PVCpipe)
PUSHPRESS
1. POINTSOFPERFORMANCE
SET-UP:
• Sameasshoulderpress
EXECUTION:
• Theactionisto:dip,drive,press• Dip:Performashallowdip(flexionofthehips)wheretheknees
pushforwardslightly,hipsgobackslightlyandcheststaysupright
• Drive:extendhiprapidlyandfully• Press:retractthehead,pressthebaroverheadwithlockedarms
FINISH:
• Sameasshoulderpress
2. COMMONFAULTSANDCORRECTIONS
Allfaultsandcorrectionsfromtheshoulderpressapplyplus:
FORWARDINCLINATIONOFTHECHEST
• Havetheathletetoholdthedipandcorrectthepositionofthetorso
• “Shallowerdip”• “Kneesforward”• DipTherapy:Standwithbackagainstwall,hipsandshoulder
bladestouchingthewall,thendipanddrivekeepingthemintouchwiththewall
MUTEDHIPFAULT• Useatactilecuetohelptheathletecreateflexionofthehipinthe
dip
PRESSINGEARLY:PRESSBEGINSBEFOREHIPEXTENDS• Takebacktheathleteintoearlyprogressionsperformingtwo
dipsandonepress
3. TEACHINGPROGRESSION(WITHPVCPIPE)
1. DIP2. DIP-DRIVE(SLOW)3. DIP-DRIVE(FAST)4. FULLPUSHPRESS
PUSHJERK
1. POINTSOFPERFORMANCE
SET-UP:
• Sameasshoulderpress
EXECUTION:
• Theactionisto:dip,drive,pressunder,stand• Dip:Performashallowdip• Drive:extendhiprapidlyandfully• Pressunder:retracthipdownwardanddrivethebodyunderthe
bar,whilerapidlypressingthebaroverhead.• Standtofullextension
FINISH:
• Sameasshoulderpress
2. COMMONFAULTSANDCORRECTIONS
Allfaultsandcorrectionsfromshoulderpressandpushpressapplyplus:
LACKOFHIPEXTENSION
• “Jumphigher”• Placeyourhandatthetopoftheathlete’sheadwhenfully
standing,keepitandaskhimtotouchitduringthedrive
POORACTIVEOVERHEADPOSITION• Cuetheathletetopressuponthebar
NOTSTANDINGUPWITHTHEBARBEFORERE-RACKINGITONTHESHOULDERS• Cuetheathletetokeepthebaroverheaduntilthelegsare
straight
LANDINGTOOWIDE• Exaggeratethecorrectionandcuetheathletetodothe
movementwithoutmovingthefeetfromunderthehips• Blockthefeetwithtapetothefloorsotheycannotgotowide
3. TEACHINGPROGRESSION(WITHPVCPIPE)
1. JUMPANDLANDWITHHANDSATSIDES2. JUMPANDLANDWITHHANDSATSHOULDERS3. JUMPWITHHANDSATSHOULDERSANDEXTENDTHEM
OVERHEADAFTERTHEHIPOPENSJUSTBEFORELANDING4. COMPLETEPUSHJERK
DEADLIFT
1. POINTSOFPERFORMANCE
SET-UP:
• Stanceiswithfeetbetweenhipandshoulderwidth• Weightinheels• Chestupandbraceabdominals• Shoulderoverorslightlyinfrontofthebar• Barincontactwiththeshins• Armsstraight• Symmetricalgripoutsidetheknees,enoughtonottouchthem
2. COMMONFAULTSANDCORRECTIONS
LOSSLUMBARCURVE
• Abortmovementanddecreasetheload• Atalowerweightfixtheathleteto“liftthechest”
WEIGHTSHIFTINGTOTOES
• Haveathletetosettleintotheheelsandpullhipsback.Havethemdrivingthemovementthroughheels
SHOULDERSBEHINDTHEBARONSET-UP
• Raiseathletehipstomoveshouldersoverorslightlyinfrontofthebar
BARCOLLIDESWITHKNEESONTHEDESCEND
• Cuetheathletetopushhipsbackanddelaythekneebend
BARLOSESCONTACTWITHLEGS
• Cue“pullthebarintoyourlegsthewholetime”
HIPSRISEBEFORETHECHEST(STIFF-LEGGEDDEADLIFT)
• Cue“liftyourchestmoreaggressively”ortactilecueattheirhipsandshoulderstohavethemliftaccordingly
SHOULDERSRISEWITHOUTHIPS.BARTRAVELSAROUNDKNEE
• Cue“pushyourkneesbackasyourchestrises”• Checkathleteset-upiscorrect(hipsaren’ttoolow)
SUMODEADLIFTHIGHPULL
1. POINTSOFPERFORMANCE
SET-UP
• Stanceiswithheelswiderthanshoulderwidth• Weightonheels• Keepchestupandbraceabdominals• Shouldersoverorslightlyinfrontofthebar• Barincontactwithshins• Armsstraight• Symmetricalgrip
EXECUTION• Thesequenceisto:Deadlift,shrug,pull• Drivethroughheels• Extendlegswhilehipsandshouldersriseatthesametime• Oncethebarpassestheknees,thehipopens• Shrugwithstraightarmsandarmsfollowbypullingthebar
belowthechinwithelbowshighandoutside• Returnthebarfluidlyinreversesequence
FINISH• Themovementfinisheswithkneesandhipsatfullextensionand
thebarpulledtothechinwithelbowshighandoutside
2. COMMONFAULTSANDCORRECTIONS
Samefaultsandcorrectionsfromthedeadliftapplyplus:PULLINGEARLY(HIPSNOTOPENBEFORESHRUGORARMBENDS)
• Takeathletebackintotheprogressiontoperformeachphasewithproperspeedandtiming.Trytodeadliftsforeachsumodeadlift
ATHLETEPULLSWITHELBOWSLOWANDINSIDE• Cue“Elbowshigh!”
ATHLETEMOVESTOOSLOWSEGMENTINGTHEMOVEMENT• Cue“Faster!”
INCORRECTDESCENT(HIPSFLEXBEFOREARMSRELEASE)
• Slowdownthemovementtopractisingthereturninasegmentedway
SHOULDERSROLLINGFORWARDDURINGPULL
• CorrectthepositionwithaPVCpipeintheset-uporatthetopofthepull
• Widenthegripand/orreducetherangeofmotiontowheretheshouldersremainintheproperposition
3. TEACHINGPROGRESSION(WITHPVCPIPE)
1. SUMODEADLIFT2. SUMODEADLIFTSHRUG(SLOW)3. SUMODEADLIFTSHRUG(FAST)4. FULLSUMODEADLIFTHIGHPULL
MEDICINEBALLCLEAN
1. POINTSOFPERFORMANCE
SET-UP
• Stanceisshoulderwidthorslightlywider• Weightinheels• Chestupandbraceabdominals• Shouldersovertheball• Ballonthefloorinbetweenthelegs• Armsstraight,palmsoutsideoftheball,fingerspointingdown• Headcanbeup,lookingstraight
EXECUTION
• Actionisto:Deadlift,shrug,pull-under,stand• Drivethroughheels• Extendhipsandlegs• Shrug,withstraightarms,pullingthebodyintoafrontsquat
withelbowsbeneaththeball• Standtofullextensionattherackposition
FINISH
• Themovementfinisheswiththekneesandhipsfullyextended
withtheballattherackposition
2. COMMONFAULTSANDCORRECTIONS
Allthefaultsandcorrectionsfromthedeadliftandsumodeadliftapplyplus:LACKOFFULLHIPEXTENSION
• Takeathletebacktotheteachingprogressionandhavehimtodotwodeadlift-shrugsforeveryonemedicine-ballclean
• Placeyourhandatthetopoftheathlete’sheadandhavehimtotouchitduringthedrivebeforepullingintotherackposition
CURLINGTHEBALL
• Standinfrontofathlete(ofputhimfacingawall)toavoidit• Requiretheathletetohavethelacesoranymarkingoftheball
facingout/upthroughoutthemovement
COLLAPSINGINTHERECEIVINGPOSITION
• Takeathletebacktotheteachingprogressiontopracticethepullunder
• Cuetheathleteto“liftthechest”inthefrontsquat
RECEIVINGTOOHIGH
• Takeathletebackintoprogressionstopracticethepullunderhavinghimtoperformtopulls-underforeverymedicine-ballclean
• Holdtheballatthepeakoftheshrugandletthealthletepracticethepull-underwithoutmovingtheball
NOPULL-UNDER,BYTOSSINGORFLICKINGTHEBALLUP
• Havetheathletetoholdtheballbyusingonlyhisfistsorpalms• Holdballatthepeakoftheshrugandhavehimtopracticethe
pullundertofeeltherotationofthehands
NOTSTANDINGUPBEFORELOWERINGTHEWEIGHT
• Cuetheathletetokeeptheballatthechestuntilthelegsarestraight
3. TEACHINGPROGRESSION(WITHTHEBALL)
1. DEADLIFT2. DEADLIFT-SHRUG3. FRONTSQUAT4. PULL-UNDER5. FULLMEDICINEBALLCLEAN
RESPONSIBLETRAININGBeinganexpertcoachisallaboutimprovingfitnessandsafeguardingthehealthofone’sclients.Keepingthesafemustincludeconsiderationssuchasknowingmovementpointsofperformanceandidentifyandcorrecterrorsduringworkouts.Thereareotherfactorstobearinmindsuchasproperprogramming,specificneedsforspecialpopulations,equipmentlayoutandaccuraterepresentationofone’scredentials.
MITIGATERISKSOFRHABDOMYOLYSISRhabdomyolysisisamedicalconditionthatmayarisefrombreakdownofmuscletissueandreleaseofthemusclecells’contentsintothebloodstream.Thisprocesscandamagethekidneysandmayleadtorenalfailureordeathinrarecases.ItisdiagnosedwhenapatientwithanappropriatehistoryhasanelevatedlevelcreatinekinasemoleculealsoknownasCKorCPK.Treatmentconsistsofgenerousamountsofintravenousfluidstodilutethemyoglobinthroughthekidneys.Intheworstcases,dialysismayberequiredwhilethekidneysrecover.Mostofthepatientsrecover,afterreceivingprompttreatment,goingfromonehourtoaweekorso.Therearesomewaystoprotectathletesfromrhabdo:
• Followthecharterofmechanics,consistency,intensity• Knowthemovementsthathaveahigherriskofrhabdoincidence• Scaleworkoutsaccordingly• Progressivescalingduringaworkout• Educatethemtoknowthesymptomsandtoseekmedicalattention
Followingthemechanics-consistency-intensitycharteristhebestwaytobestpreparetheathletetomitigatethepotentialofdevelopingRhabdomyolysis.Slowandgradualincreasesinintensityandvolumeallowthebodytoacclimatetohigh-intensityandhigher-volumeexercise.Thesecondwaytomitigateitistoknowthosemovementsassociatedwithahigherrateofincidence.Thoseare:
• Movementsnegativephases• Jumpingpull-ups• FullrangeofmotionGlute-HamDeveloper(GHD)sit-ups
Progressiveandcontinuousscalingsothatanexhaustedathletecan“keepmoving”duringaworkoutmustbeavoided.Withbeginnerathletesastoptotakearestasneededtocompletethetaskmustbetheproperwaytoscalingduringasession.Someofthesymptomsofrhabdoare:generalizedmusclepain,nauseaandvomiting,abdominalcramping,andinseverecases,dark-redorcola-colouredurine.
MINIMIZEEQUIPMENT-ANDSPOTTING-RELATEDINJURIESInordertoavoidrisksofinjury,theequipmentinthegymmustbeproperlyinstalledandcheckedperiodically.Aday-to-daymaintenanceshouldbethebestwaytokeepaccidentstominimum.Inthesameway,allowingourcustomerstohaveenoughspacetoperformthemovements,errant-movingequipmentorevenallowingsafepassageforcoachesorotherathletesmustbeconsideredtoavoidaccidents.Athletesalsoneedinstructionregardinghowtobailsafelyfromliftsandhowtospototherswhereappropriate.Spottingisnotrecommendedforweightliftingapartfromthebenchpress(whereismandatory).
MONITORATHLETESFORCONDITIONSTHATNEEDMEDICALATTENTIONItisveryimportanttomonitorthelevelofexertionduringaworkoutofcertainathletes.Itispossiblethatsomeathletespushthemselvestoohardbeyondtheirtolerancelevels.TheseathletesincludesomeretiredSpecialForces,policemenorfirefighters.Environmentalfactorssuchasheat,humidityorextremecoldcouldaffectthewayweperceptpainorevenexacerbatetheintensityofaCrossfitworkout.
HYDRATIONDrinkwhenyouarethirsty,donotwhenyouarenot.Weadviseagainstrehydrationstrategiesthatencourageconsumptionoffluidstopreventlossduringaworkout.Thethirstmechanismissufficientinregulatinghydrationandserumsodiumconcentrationduringexercise.
SPECIALPOPULATIONSAnypotentialathletewithamedicalconditionneedstobeclearedbyaphysicianforexercisebeforeatrainerrecommendsafitnessregime.
LEGALUSEOF“CROSSFITLEVEL1TRAINER”CREDENTIALPassingtheexamattheLevel1CertificateCourseearnsanindividualthedesignationofCrossfitLevel1Trainer,whichcanbeabbreviated“CF-L1Trainer”.TheAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI),thethirdpartythroughwhichthiscourseisaccredited,hasapprovedthistitle.Thiscertificateisvalidfor5years.Thosewhopasstheexamshouldnotusetheterm“certified”.Whilethedistinctionisminor,theuseof“Level1Certified”isamisinterpretationofthecredentialandthusnotendorsedbyCrossfit.Inordertogetanymonetarybenefitfromcustomers,anyindividualpassingtheLevel1CertificateCoursemustaffiliate.AnindividualcanusetheCrossfitmethodtotrainhimselfandfriendsorfamilywithoutcharge.HowevertousetheCrossfitnameorlogotomarketservices,aLevel1Trainermustaffiliate.
DEVELOPINGVIRTUOSITYThetermVIRTUOSITY“doingthecommonuncommonlywell”maybeusedtodescribeworkouttechniquewhenanathletedisplaysnearperfectmechanicsevenathighloadsandspeed.ChasingvirtuositycanalsobethepathtobecomeaneliteCrossfitcoach.Thus,theLevel1CertificateshouldbeconsideredthefirststepintotheCrossfitcoachingcareer.
QUALITIESOFANEFFECTIVETRAINERAneffectivetrainermusthavecapacityinsixdifferentabilities:
1. TEACHING
TeachingtheabilitytoeffectivelyarticulateandinstructthemechanicsofeachmovementTheabilitytoteachothersreflectstheknowledgeofmovements’propermechanicsandtheabilitytoinstructothertoperformthesemovementsproperly.
2. SEEING
Theabilitytodiscerngoodfrompoormovementsmechanicsandtoidentifybothgrossandsubtlefaults
3. CORRECTING
Theabilitytofacilitatebettermechanicsforanathleteusingvisual,verbaland/ortactilecues.Thisincludestheabilitytoprioritizefaultsinorderofimportance.
4. GROUPAND/ORGYMMANAGEMENT
Theabilitytoorganizeandmanage,bothatamicrolevel(withinaclass)andatthemacrogymlevel.Eachcustomershouldfeelheorshehasreceivedpersonalcoachingwithinthegroupatmosphere.Regardlessofexperience,trainersshouldmakeanhonestassessmentofthetimegiventoeachclientaftereachsession.
5. PRESENCEANDATTITUDE
Theabilitytocreateapositiveandengaginglearningenvironment.Thetrainershowsempathyforathletesandcreatesrapport.Effectivetrainingisallaboutcreatingapositivetrainingexperienceandtomotivateeachindividual.Aneffectivetrainerdemonstratesinterpersonalskillswithanabilitytointeractandcommunicatewitheachclientindividually.
6. DEMONSTRATION
Theabilitytoprovideathleteswithanaccuratevisualexampleofthemovementathand.Atrainermaydothisusinghimselfasanexampleandchoosinganotherathletetoprovideit.
GUIDINGPRINCIPLESWHILEGAININGEXPERTISEExperttrainingcomesafteryearsofexperience.Howeveranoviceorlessexperiencedpersoncantrainothers.Threeimportantprinciplesshouldguidetrainersatalllevels.
1. MASTERTHEFUNDAMENTALS
Trainersmusttaketimetoteachclientspropermechanicsandensuringtheymovecorrectlybeforehighlevelsofintensityareapplied.
2. LIMITTHESCOPE
Newtrainersareencouragedtocoachfriendsandfamilyinindividualorsmallgroupsessionstoperfecttheirabilitytoimprovemechanicsbeforetakingonlargegroupclasses.Newtrainersshouldseekoutinternshipsorassistantrolesatlocalaffiliatestogainthisexperience.
3. “KNOWWHATYOUDON’TKNOW”
Trainersshouldhavetheclaritytoadmitwhentheydon’tknowsomething.Itisnotwisetotrytomakeupinformationwhenanissueisbeyondthecurrentlevelofknowledgeorscopeofpractice.Inthecaseofanymedicalcondition,thetrainershouldalwaysrefertheclienttoaphysician.
PURSUEEXCELLENCETobeasuccessfultrainer(oraffiliate)therecommended“businessmodel”istopursuetheexcellence.Thepurposeistobringmorequalitytrainingtomorepeople,ratherthanthepursuitofmoney.Thedifferenceisthedifferencebetweensuccessandfailure.
ADVANCEONE’SEDUCATIONItisrecommendedthattrainersneverstoplearning.Herearesomespecificsuggestionsforhowtrainerscanadvancetheireducation:
1. Teachtolearn.InsistingonthepointsofperformancetaughtattheLevel1andadheringtothecharterofMechanics,ConsistencyandIntensity.
2. Watchothercoaches,specificallythosewhoaremoreexperienced.
3. AttendaLevel2CertificateCourse
4. Attendadditionalcourses:Weightlifting,Gymnastics,Endurance,Kettlebell,Kids,Mobility,Football,Powerlifting,etc.
5. Readandstudyeverythingrelatedtotraining,movementandhealth.The
CrossfitJournalisagreatplacetostartwiththousandsofmaterial.
6. DonobeafraidtostepoutsidetheCrossfitcommunityforeducationalopportunities.
7. StudyCrossfit.comarchivesoperatingsince2001.
REFERENCESCrossfit,Inc.(2007).TheCrossFitLevel1TrainingGuide