Let’s ReviewLet’s Review

Migrators and NomadsMigrators and NomadsMigration: Migration: The long term relocation of The long term relocation of an individual, household, or group to a an individual, household, or group to a new location outside the community of new location outside the community of

origin.origin.

(Traders are not considered as migrators!)

Reasons for MigrationReasons for Migration Economic conditionsEconomic conditions Political conditionsPolitical conditions Conflict/WarConflict/War Environmental conditionsEnvironmental conditions Culture/TraditionsCulture/Traditions Other Factors:Other Factors:

Push (forced) vs. pull (voluntary)Push (forced) vs. pull (voluntary) In vs. outIn vs. out

Early NomadsEarly Nomads Indo-European Tribes Indo-European Tribes were the first that we were the first that we

know (c. 2,000 BCE)know (c. 2,000 BCE) Central Asian nomads Central Asian nomads – due to environment– due to environment

some moved to river valleys (China)some moved to river valleys (China) others became pastoralistsothers became pastoralists others stayed nomadicothers stayed nomadic Remained dependant on agricultural societies Remained dependant on agricultural societies

for grains and finished productsfor grains and finished products Traded animal productsTraded animal products Not always peaceful (trade & raid)Not always peaceful (trade & raid)

““Courage Culture”Courage Culture” Live in harsh environmentsLive in harsh environments Needed survival skillsNeeded survival skills Admired physical strengthAdmired physical strength Males had strong bonds of loyaltyMales had strong bonds of loyalty Violence between and among clans (worked against Violence between and among clans (worked against

unity of groups)unity of groups) Hospitality was paramountHospitality was paramount Only when something bonds them can they unite Only when something bonds them can they unite

(Genghis Khan or Islam)(Genghis Khan or Islam) Utilitarian art Utilitarian art – portable & useful (pants, tents, – portable & useful (pants, tents,

saddles)saddles) Little social differentiation because lack special laborLittle social differentiation because lack special labor Male vs. female rolesMale vs. female roles

Women – have sons, are a piece of property, marriage Women – have sons, are a piece of property, marriage alliancealliance

men – other stuff (important things)men – other stuff (important things)

Bantu MigrationsBantu Migrations Began perhaps 2,000 Began perhaps 2,000 B.C.E.B.C.E.

Spread from Nigerian area south & eastSpread from Nigerian area south & east Led to 500 related Led to 500 related Bantu languagesBantu languages Bantu were agriculturalists – led to conflict Bantu were agriculturalists – led to conflict

over land useover land use Spread technology for Spread technology for iron metallurgyiron metallurgy Diets were supplemented after arrival of Diets were supplemented after arrival of

bananas bananas from southeast Asia – led to from southeast Asia – led to population growthpopulation growth

Strained resources led to changes in Strained resources led to changes in political organization – chiefdoms created political organization – chiefdoms created ex. Kongoex. Kongo

Nomadic FactsNomadic Facts Nomads controlled 90% of land, most were Nomads controlled 90% of land, most were

shift-cultivators (forest) or pastoralists shift-cultivators (forest) or pastoralists (steppes). (steppes).

They were 10% of the population.They were 10% of the population. At times they settled and formed new At times they settled and formed new

societies like societies like HittitesHittites and Aztecs and Aztecs

PastoralistsPastoralists Common herds of pastoralists:Common herds of pastoralists:

Reindeer, horse, camel, cattleReindeer, horse, camel, cattle Live in harmony with nature ,annual Live in harmony with nature ,annual

migrationsmigrations Need large tracts of land to maintain herdsNeed large tracts of land to maintain herds Highly mobile (horses and camels)Highly mobile (horses and camels)

Develop chariots, bridle, stirrups, pantsDevelop chariots, bridle, stirrups, pants At times could topple settled societyAt times could topple settled society

Huns Huns topple Gupta, Roman and Hantopple Gupta, Roman and Han

HunsHuns

Jordanes-a Goth in Italy, a century after Jordanes-a Goth in Italy, a century after the collapse of the Hunnic Empire the collapse of the Hunnic Empire

““The Huns are a savage race, which dwelt at The Huns are a savage race, which dwelt at first in the swamps,—a stunted, foul and first in the swamps,—a stunted, foul and puny tribe, scarcely human, and having no puny tribe, scarcely human, and having no language save one which bore but slight language save one which bore but slight resemblance to human speech. They made resemblance to human speech. They made their foes flee in horror because their their foes flee in horror because their swarthy aspect was fearful, and they had, if I swarthy aspect was fearful, and they had, if I may call it so, a sort of shapeless lump, not a may call it so, a sort of shapeless lump, not a head, with pin-holes rather than eyes”head, with pin-holes rather than eyes”

POV????POV????

MongolsMongols

William of Rubruck, a Franciscan friar who visited William of Rubruck, a Franciscan friar who visited the Mongols in 1250’s on behalf of the King of the Mongols in 1250’s on behalf of the King of

France.France. A Report on Gender RelationsA Report on Gender Relations, , One woman will drive twenty or thirty wagons, since One woman will drive twenty or thirty wagons, since

the terrain is level…. It is the women’s task to drive the the terrain is level…. It is the women’s task to drive the wagons, to load the dwellings on them and to unload again, wagons, to load the dwellings on them and to unload again, to milk the cows, to make butter and grut [curds or cheese], to milk the cows, to make butter and grut [curds or cheese], and to dress the skins and stitch them together, which they and to dress the skins and stitch them together, which they do with a thread made from sinew.do with a thread made from sinew.

The men make bows and arrows, manufacture The men make bows and arrows, manufacture stirrups and bits, fashion saddles, construct the dwellings stirrups and bits, fashion saddles, construct the dwellings and the wagons, tend the horses and mares, churn the comas and the wagons, tend the horses and mares, churn the comas [that is, the mare’s milk], produce the skins in which it is [that is, the mare’s milk], produce the skins in which it is stored, and tend and load the camels.stored, and tend and load the camels.

Oceania - migrationsOceania - migrations Travelled in canoes fitted with sailsTravelled in canoes fitted with sails Sailed from southeast Asia to New Guinea Sailed from southeast Asia to New Guinea

for tradefor trade Ocean-going Ocean-going outrigger canoes outrigger canoes throughout throughout

Pacific basinPacific basin Arrived in Australia before introduction of Arrived in Australia before introduction of

agriculture –( remained hunter –gatherer agriculture –( remained hunter –gatherer society until arrival of Europeans)society until arrival of Europeans)

Austronesian seafarers introduced yams, Austronesian seafarers introduced yams, taro, pigs, chickens to New Guineataro, pigs, chickens to New Guinea

Significance of MigratorsSignificance of Migrators Regarded as barbarians by agriculturalistsRegarded as barbarians by agriculturalists Developed long distance trade (Silk Roads)Developed long distance trade (Silk Roads) Spread religions like Buddhism and IslamSpread religions like Buddhism and Islam Spread inventions among societies (paper)Spread inventions among societies (paper) Attracted to wealth of sedentary life (like Attracted to wealth of sedentary life (like

ravens to shiny things)ravens to shiny things) Transmission of disease (plague)Transmission of disease (plague) Demanded tributeDemanded tribute

ComparisonComparison

Mentally Mentally visualize a Venn diagram visualize a Venn diagram comparing nomads and pastoralists to comparing nomads and pastoralists to agriculturalists in the Foundations time agriculturalists in the Foundations time period!period!

Essay Prompt: Compare the economy of the Essay Prompt: Compare the economy of the nomads and pastoralists to that of the nomads and pastoralists to that of the settled people during the Neolithic settled people during the Neolithic Revolution. (Hint: What does “economy” Revolution. (Hint: What does “economy” mean?)mean?)

Economic Comparison PossibilitiesEconomic Comparison PossibilitiesNomads\PastoralistsNomads\Pastoralists Similarities Similarities AgriculturalistsAgriculturalists

Relied animalsRelied animals

Leather, wool Leather, wool to tradeto trade

Long Distance Long Distance tradetrade

•Both traded animal products

•Domesticated animals and plants•Crops to trade (wheat, rice)•Short distance trade