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The digestive system - Understand the Effect of aging on digestive system Stomach and Most common lifestyle diseases that are caused partly by unhealthy behaviors and partly by other factors. For more information visit at http://gisurgery.info
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Lets get healthyDr Sanjiv Haribhakti, MS, DNB, MCh (GI Surgery)Kaizen hospital, 132 ft ring road, Nr helmet circle,
Memnagar, Ahmedabad-380052
The digestive system
Effect of aging on digestive systemEsophagus With age, the strength of esophageal contractions and the
tension in the upper esophageal sphincter decrease, but the movement of food is not impaired by these changes
However, many older adults are likely to be affected by diseases that interfere with esophageal contractions
Effect of aging on digestive systemStomach Stomach lining's capacity to resist damage decreases, which in
turn may increase the risk of peptic ulcer disease, especially in people who use aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Stomach cannot accommodate as much food (because of decreased elasticity), and the rate at which the stomach empties food into the small intestine decreases
Aging has little effect on the secretion of stomach juices such as acid and pepsin, but conditions that decrease acid secretion, such as atrophic gastritis, become more common
Effect of aging on digestive systemSmall Intestine Aging has only minor effects on the structure of the small
intestine, so movement of contents through the small intestine and absorption of most nutrients do not change much
However, lactase levels decrease, leading to intolerance of dairy products by many older adults (lactose intolerance)
Excessive growth of certain bacteria becomes more common with age and can lead to pain, bloating, and weight loss
Bacterial overgrowth may also lead to decreased absorption of certain nutrients, such as folic acid, iron, and calcium
Effect of aging on digestive systemPancreas and Gallbladder Pancreas decreases in overall weight, and some tissue is replaced
by scarring (fibrosis)
However, these changes do not decrease the ability of the pancreas to produce digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate
As the gallbladder age, a number of structural and microscopic changes occur
Effect of aging on digestive systemLiver The color of the liver changes from lighter to darker brown. Its size and blood flow
decrease. However, liver function test results generally remain normal
The ability of the liver to metabolize many substances decreases with aging. Thus, some drugs are not inactivated as quickly in older people as they are in younger people
the liver's ability to withstand stress decreases. Thus, substances that are toxic to the liver can cause more damage in older people than in younger people
Repair of damaged liver cells is also slower in older people.
The production and flow of bile decrease with aging. As a result, gallstones are more likely to form
Effect of aging on digestive systemLarge Intestine & Rectum The large intestine does not undergo much change with age
The rectum does enlarge somewhat
Constipation becomes more common. This may be due partly to a slight slowing in the movement of contents through the large intestine and a modest decrease in the contractions of the rectum when filled with stool
What is Acidity ?
The stomach normally secretes acid that is essential in the digestive process. This acid helps in breaking down the food during digestion
When there is excess production of acid by the gastric glands of the stomach, it results in the condition known as acidity
How to avoid Acidity ?
A suitable diet must be strictly followed avoiding spicy, salty and acidic foods
Smoking and alcohol consumption must be stopped
Those with highly nervous and emotional disposition and those involved in high-stress jobs must be encouraged to take lifestyle modifying measures
How is GERD treated ?
Lifestyle changes Altering eating and sleeping pattern Eliminate smoking and alcohol consumption Weight reductionDrug therapy Antacids - neutralize stomach acid PPI - reduce stomach acid productionSurgery Nissen fundoplication
Helicobacter pylori infection
H pylori is a type of bacteria that normally infect the stomach
It can lead to problems such as ulcers developing in the stomach or duodenum
It is also associated with stomach cancer and an inflammation inside your stomach known as gastritis
Symptoms of H pylori infection
Abdominal pain
Excessive burping
Feeling bloated
Feeling sick or vomiting
Losing your appetite
Losing weight
How to prevent H Pylori infection ?
Work in ventilated area - allow for fresh air flow Wash your hands frequently and properly Only drink clean water from a reputable source Broccoli sprouts has shown to inhibit H Pylori * Eating cranberries, red grapes, and blueberries make H Pylori
grow much more slowly and changes the shape of the bacterium into a coccoid form, so that it is no longer a helicobacter #
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19349290# http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120894
What is constipation ?
Constipation occurs when bowel movements become difficult or less frequent
You are considered constipated if you have two or more of the following for at least 3 months: Straining during a bowel movement > 25% of the time Hard stools > 25% of the time Incomplete evacuation > 25% of the time Two or fewer bowel movements in a week
Constipation - when to consult doctor ?
Call your doctor if: Constipation is a new problem for you You have blood in your stool You are losing weight even without dieting You have severe pain with bowel movements Your constipation has lasted more than two weeks
How to prevent constipation ?
Eat a well-balanced diet with plenty of fiber. Good sources of fiber are fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole-grain bread and cereal (especially bran)
Drink 12 glasses of water everyday
Fiber and water help the colon pass stool
Exercise regularly
Treatment of UCLifestyle changes Limit dairy products Eat more fibers - vegetables, fruits, bran Take plenty of liquid Avoid stressDrug therapy Anti inflammatory - sulfasalazine, mesalamine Immune suppressor - azathioprine, cyclosporinSurgery Proctocolectomy
What is hernia ? A hernia occurs when there is a weakness or hole in the muscular
wall that usually keeps abdominal organs in place - the peritoneum. This defect allows organs and tissues to push through, or herniate, producing a bulge
Hernias are caused by a combination of muscle weakness and strain
A hernia can develop quickly or over a long period of time, depending on its cause
Treatment of hernia
If the hernia is growing larger or causing pain, doctor may decide that its best to operate
Doctor may repair the hernia by patching the hole with surgical mesh
Hernias can be repaired with either open or laparoscopic surgery
Laparoscopic surgery uses a tiny camera and miniaturized surgical equipment to repair the hernia using only a few small incisions
Laparoscopic surgery is less damaging to the surrounding tissue
What are piles ?
Piles are swollen blood vessels in or around the anus and rectum
The haemorrhoidal veins are located in the lowest part of the rectum and the anus
Sometimes they swell so that the vein walls become stretched, thin, and irritated by passing bowel movements
Why do piles occur ?
The blood vessels around the anus and in the rectum will stretch under pressure and may swell or bulge
Inflamed veins (hemorrhoids) can develop when pressure increases in the lower rectum. This may be due to: Chronic constipation Chronic diarrhea Lifting heavy weights Pregnancy Straining when passing a stool
How to prevent piles ?
A change in diet can help keep the stools regular and soft. This involves eating more fiber, such as fruit and vegetables, or switching your cereal breakfast to bran
losing weight may help reduce the incidence and severity of hemorrhoids
Try not to strain when you go to the toilet
Avoid laxatives
Exercise
Surgery to cure piles Used for particularly large piles, or grades 3 or 4 hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoidectomy - the excess tissue that is causing the bleeding is surgically removed. It is the most effective in completely removing piles, but there is a risk of complications, such as difficulties passing stools, as well as UTI
Hemorrhoid stapling - blood flow is blocked to the tissue of the hemorrhoid. It is usually less painful. However, there is a greater risk of hemorrhoid recurrence and rectal prolapse (part of the rectum pushes out of the anus)
What is cancer ? Normal cells multiply when the body needs them, and die when the
body doesn't
Cancer appears to occur when the growth of cells in the body is out of control and cells divide too rapidly
It can also occur when cells forget how to die
There are many different kinds of cancers
Most common cancers in India
2817 12 7
3013 12 6 405
101520253035
Prostate cancer Breast cancer Lung cancer Colorectal cancer Bladder cancer Uterus cancer Ovary cancerMen Women
Most common GI cancers
Colorectal cancer
Esophageal cancer
Pancreatic cancer
Stomach cancer Liver cancer
Risk factors of cancer ?
There are multiple risk factors of cancers, including: Radiation UV light Tobacco Certain viruses Benzene Genetic / Hereditery
Early detection of cancer
Early detection of cancer greatly increases the chances for successful treatment
There are two major components of early detection of cancer: Education to promote early diagnosis Screening
Education to promote early diagnosis of cancer Recognizing possible warning signs of cancer and taking prompt
action leads to early diagnosis
Increased awareness of possible warning signs of cancer can have a great impact on the disease
Some early signs of cancer include: lumps sores that fail to heal abnormal bleeding per rectum persistent indigestion chronic hoarseness Difficulty in swallowing
Screening to promote early diagnosis of cancer Screening refers to the use of simple tests across a healthy
population in order to identify individuals who have disease, but do not yet have symptoms breast cancer screening using mammography cervical cancer screening using cytology screening methods
including Pap smears Colorectal cancer screening using colonoscopy UGI cancer screening using UGI endoscopy
Lifestyle diseases
Lifestyle Diseases are diseases that are caused partly by unhealthy behaviors and partly by other factors
Today's lifestyle
Abundance of fats & sugar Change in work culture
Lack of Physical Exercise Emotional Distrubances
Most common lifestyle diseases
CVDs
Diabetes Mellitus
COPD
Cancer
Asthma
Disease of Digestive System (Peptic Ulcers, GERD)
Genitourinary Conditions (Nephritis, CKD)
Neuro-Psychiatric Disorders (Depression, Anxiety, Stress)
Top 4 Lifestyle Diseases in India
Obesity has reached alarming figures
More than 25% of Indians are overweight
More than 3% are Obese (3 crores Indians)
> 5% of urban adults are obese
> 15% of urban children are overweight
Complications of obesity
Surgery for morbid obesity
Gastric SleeveGastric Bypass Gastric Band
Planning a meal
Proportions and timings are important Portions at each meal should be balanced and proportionate Eat at regular intervals
08:00 AM 10:30 AM 01:00 PM 04:00 PM 08:00 PM 09:30 PMSize of circle indicates size of meal
Health benefits of yoga & exercise
Yoga has been practiced for more than 5000 years
Speeds up a Sluggish Digestion by massaging surrounding muscles
Increases Muscle Flexibility, Strength & Endurance
Relieves Stress & Anxiety
Boost positive Energy and Mood
Help normalize Blood Pressure
Increases feelings of Calm & Wellbeing
Health benefits of meditation
It can reverse the Stress Response, thereby provides a shield against the effects of Chronic Stress
Heart Rate and Breathing slows down, Blood Pressure normalizes
Oxygen can be used more efficiently
Adrenal glands produce less Cortisol
Mind ages at a slower rate
Improves Immune Function
Use Stairs more oftenGardening & Leisurely activities
Self clean the house at least weekly
Stay physically active
Stay physically active
Clean the Car by hand Play with children everydayTake optimum sleep of 8 hourstoo much sleep can also cause fatigue
stay happystay healthy
Lets get healthySlide Number 2Effect of aging on digestive systemEffect of aging on digestive systemEffect of aging on digestive systemEffect of aging on digestive systemEffect of aging on digestive systemEffect of aging on digestive systemWhat is Acidity ?How to avoid Acidity ?How is GERD treated ?Helicobacter pylori infectionSymptoms of H pylori infectionHow to prevent H Pylori infection ?What is constipation ?Constipation - when to consult doctor ? How to prevent constipation ?Treatment of UCWhat is hernia ?Treatment of herniaWhat are piles ?Why do piles occur ?How to prevent piles ?Surgery to cure pilesWhat is cancer ?Most common cancers in IndiaMost common GI cancersRisk factors of cancer ?Early detection of cancerEducation to promote early diagnosis of cancerScreening to promote early diagnosis of cancerLifestyle diseasesToday's lifestyleMost common lifestyle diseasesObesity has reached alarming figuresComplications of obesitySurgery for morbid obesityPlanning a mealHealth benefits of yoga & exerciseHealth benefits of meditationStay physically activeStay physically activeSlide Number 43