“Let’s change the game…” - ASHRAE® Illinois Chapterillinoisashrae.org/downloads/2014_15_Documents/hvac_design_for... · Equipment failures ... Cool with 58-62° Chilled Water,

Stephen Hamstra, P.E. Fellow AEE, CGD, LEED-‐AP

ASHRAE HBDP & Dis7nguished Lecturer

President Greensleeves LLC

[email protected]

“Let’s change the game…”

HVAC Design and Control for the Smart Grid

November 11, 2014

Chicago, Illinois 1

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Overview

  Smarter Grid = Smarter HVAC?

  Smarter HVAC require Smarter Engineers?

  Smarter Engineers require Smarter Design Tools?

  Can Contractors build Smarter Systems with Smarter “Tools”?

  Can Building Owners keep their building from getting “dumb”?

  How will we figure out if we are being “smart” enough?

  Can the entire HVAC Industry get paid to be smarter?

  Examples interspersed

  Questions at end and interspersed – I’m flexible

November 11, 2014 HVAC Design and Control for the Smart Grid 2

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How will a “Smarter” Grid impact us in the HVAC world?

  Real-time energy pricing

  Utility-directed load curtailment

  “Time shifting” electrical demand rises in value

  Market economics for Smarter HVAC will change


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“Dumb” HVAC?

  Operates in real-time regardless of efficiency or energy cost

  Operates best when first commissioned, performance then degrades

  Performance “feedback” is a utility bill containing entire building energy use that happened in the past (not the present)

  “…every day is a No-Brainer”


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“Dumb” HVAC

  Greater stress on electrical generating infrastructure

  More electrical demand = more generating capacity needed

  Greater stress on electrical transmission & distribution infrastructure

  Higher vulnerability to

  Brown outs or Black outs

  Equipment failures

  Terrorist or natural incidents

  More investment into generating, transmitting and distributing electricity

  Higher Energy Costs with Lower Energy Reliability


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“Smart” HVAC?

  Intelligently determine what HVAC needs must be met and when they must be met

  Intelligent?   Original load profile

  Historical load profile

  Weather data – design, current and forecasted

  Other indicators such as actual demand, etc.

  Knowing what and when is critical, but if time-shifting is not available, these strategies are almost all limited to real-time control optimization:   Chiller plant optimization based on load and OA wetbulb

temperature

  Load curtailment


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Think Smart? Think Time Travel!

  “Time Shifting” will be the key:

  Less stress on all components of electrical utilities

  Less need for new power infrastructure

  Lower first cost

  Lower operating cost

  Lower Life Cycle Cost

  How? Thermal Energy Storage

  Phase Change or Mass TES

  TABS

  Site-based Heat Pumps


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Time Shifting Energy Use? Thermal Energy Storage (TES)

  Might be phase change materials; water, waxes, eutectic salts, etc.

  “Build” or accumulate TE during off peak times

  “Burn” TE during on peak times

  “Learn” optimum Build/Burn strategies – this can change through the year and over time


EXAMPLE TOTAL FICTITOUS PROJECT


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Optimize?


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Time Shifting Energy Use? Thermally Active Building Systems (TABS)

  Thermally activate the building mass

  Address MRT directly – better comfort

  Time-shift HVAC loads by several hours

  Cool with 58-62° Chilled Water, heat with 85-95°hot water


EXAMPLE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BUILDING


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Science Building

  Project designed in 2011

  Completed August 2012

  42,000 SF

  26 labs/classrooms,

offices, conference

rooms, etc.

13 November 11, 2014 HVAC Design and Control for the Smart Grid

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HVAC System   Central Geothermal HP Energy Plant

  Geothermal Heat Exchangers (Multi-GHX)

  Dedicated Outside Air System

  Active Chilled Beams

  Thermally-massive Radiant Heating/Cooling

  Geothermal Variable Refrig. Flow System

  Fume Hood & Lab Space Controls

  Air quality monitoring system

  Adaptive, self-healing control system

  M2M GHX controls programming


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Do the math…

  42,000 square feet of university labs with fume hoods

  Heated and cooled with a nominal 60 ton chiller

42,000 square feet / 60 tons = 700 SF per ton!!?

How? Leveraging thermal mass to reduce the peak HVAC loads!


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Time Shifting Energy Use? Site-based Heat Pump Systems

  Don’t you mean “Ground-Source Heat Pumps”?

  What does “Site-based Heat Pump” mean?


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Geo. Heat Pumps

Cooling Towers

Bodies of Water

CHP & Emergency Power Systems

Solar Thermal Systems

Heat Exchangers to Sewer or Irrigation systems

HEAT TRANSFER

Mass Tank/ Thermal Battery

Geothermal Earth Heat Exchanger

HEAT TRANSFER

HEAT TRANSFER

HEAT TRANSFER

HEAT

TRANSFER

Weather conditions Utility Rate Structure

Forecasted Loads Historical Performance

Self-Adapting Self-Healing

Data Communication

Building Automation

System

Site-based Heat Pump Systems – many options!

November 11, 2014 HVAC Design and Control for the Smart Grid

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Time Shifting Energy Use? Site-based Heat Pump Systems

  Can leverage ALL forms of TES time shifting – you pick what is optimal:

  Short-term TES

  TABS – Thermally-activated Building Systems

  Seasonal TES – Typically GHX

  Diurnal GHX preconditioning

  Seasonal GHX preconditioning


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Shift Operation of Heat Rejection

20

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Cooling Efficiency and Cost vs Entering Water Temperature

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Cooling Efficiency and Cost vs Entering Water Temperature

22

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Design Process? Site-based Heat Pump Systems

  How do we get to an optimum system configuration?

  Traditionally, design is an iterative process:

  Chiller versus TES capacity?

  GHX size versus closed-circuit cooling tower?

  This is a problem in today’s tight design timelines and fees

  We need an “Easy Button”!


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Today’s disconnected approach

Design

Create Construction Documents

Manually Program BAS Real-time Only

Commission System (?)

= Data handoff or technology change with unavoidable loss of intelligence & knowledge

Walk away and “hope” it works

as designed

Minimal optimization due to time constraints

100% of intelligence is impossible to communicate

Control sequences are static – will NOT automatically adapt

However, building operation reality is ALWAYS different than the virtual design.


A “New” Way Forward? Shift to .NET environment


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Let’s Change the Game…


Optimize Design

Create M2M Control

Intelligence

Model-based Performance Verification

Continuing Load &

Performance Analytics

Optimize Control

Intelligence &

Provide Performance

Feedback Create a Digital Connection that

provides the missing linkage for the life of

the building!

Parametric simulations converging to optimum configuration.

No human “translation” required – just download into BAS

Automatically confirm that performance matches design

Adaptive, self-healing intelligent

control software

Buildings get “smarter” over time. Provides

missing feedback loop

to stake holders

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Engineer Impact?

  .NET-based Parametric design with automatic optimization

  Lowest first cost OR

  Lowest energy consumption OR

  Lowest life cycle cost

  Automatic generation of design documents

  Automatic generation of M2M Control Language

  Model-based CX process

  Performance feedback – reduce liability and risk

  Maintain client contact via feedback report reviews


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Construction Impact?

  Proven control algorithms completed in “factory”

  Download into BAS (or embed in HVAC equipment)

  Expose needed BAS points

  Remote Commission (Cx)

  End result:

  Shorter installation

  Shorter Cx period

  Reduced risk

  Self-healing algorithms – less call backs?


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Owner Impact?

  On-going performance feedback

  Peak heating and cooling loads

  Versus design

  Versus historical

  On-going control optimization

  Controls get “smarter” over time

  Potential future failures are identified earlier

  Reduced risk and lower operating costs


EXAMPLE GSHP HOSPITAL PROJECT


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New Hospital

  Project designed in 2011

  Completed July 2013

  225,000 SF

  100 beds


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HVAC System

  Distributed GSHP’s

  Distributed circulating pumps

  Vertical Loop GHX – size reduced by 52%

  Wet/Dry Closed-circuit Cooling Tower

  Air-cooled Dedicated Outside Air System

  Adaptive, self-healing control system

  M2M GHX controls programming


Cumulative Cooling Load (TonHours)

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

Sep Oct Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr

Sept 1 Start Actual Cumulative Load (TonHours) Sept 1 Start Design Cumulative Load with DHW Load (TonHours)

Rejected 7% more heat than design over this period due to DOAS Issue. Control system adapted to additional load.

Track GHX Loads Automatically


2

355

2509

933

675

1300

21 6 0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

55 - 60 60 - 65 65 - 70 70 - 75 75 - 80 80 - 85 85 - 90 90 +

HO

URS

TEMPERATURE RANGES °F

Number of Hours in 5°F Ranges

Entering Water Temperature at GSHP’s


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Conclusions

  Smart Grid is here

  We need to be “smart” too!

  Opportunities are coming to provide better designs via new tools

  We can reduce first cost

  We can reduce energy consumption and cost

  We can reduce risk


Stay tuned, as “I’ll be back!”

Stephen (Steve) Hamstra [email protected]

Questions and Comments?

Thank you!
