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Letno
Annual
poro~ilo
Report
2000
Radioaktivnost je v ~lovekovem okolju prisotna povsod. Tudi vse kamnine
vsebujejo sledi radioaktivnih elementov. Najpomembnej{i radioaktivni elementi
v zemeljski skorji so uran, torij in kalij. Tipi~ni radioaktivni minerali so minerali
urana in torija, predvsem uranovi minerali pa so zanimivi in privla~ni zaradi
intenzivne obarvanosti, pestrosti kristalnih oblik in mo~ne fluorescence.
Radioactivity is found everywhere in the human environment. Even crockery
contains radioactive elements. The most important radioactive elements in the
earth’s crust are uranium, thorite and potassium. Typical radioactive minerals are
uranium and thorite minerals. Uranium minerals are particularly interesting
and attractive due to their intensive colouration, variegated
crystal forms and strong fluorescence.
Zalo`nik / Publisher
ARAO
Parmova 53
1000 Ljubljana
Besedilo / Text
ARAO
Lektoriranje / Language check
A3- Agencija za prevajanje d.o.o.
Alan McConnell - Duff
Oblikovanje / Design & layout
Branka Smodi{
Tisk / Printed by
Present d.o.o.
Ljubljana, oktober 2001 / Ljubljana, october 2001
Natisnjeno v 600 izvodih / Print-run 600 copies
Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
02
Uvodna beseda05
Foreword
Od primernih obmo~ij do kon~ne lokacije08
From Suitable Areas to the Final Location
Vrednotenje naravnega potenciala 09
Assessing the Natural Predispositions
Izgradnja odlagali{~a kot del prostorskega plana Slovenije 10
Repository Development as a Part of National Physical Planning Process
Izdelava ocene lastnosti odlagali{~a 11
Preparation of the Performance Assessment for the Repository
Centralno skladi{~e radioaktivnih odpadkov v Brinju 14
Central Storage for Radioactive Waste in Brinje
Javna slu`ba za ravnanje z RAO 15
Public Service for Radioactive Waste Management
Skladi{~e obnavljamo in posodabljamo17
The Storage is being Renewed and Modernised
Nadzor sevanja19
Radiation Protection
Povezovanja s tujino21
International Relations
Sodelovanje z Evropsko unijo22
Co-operation with the European Union
Sodelovanje z Mednarodno agencijo za atomsko energijo 23
Co-operation with the International Atomic Energy Agency
Dvostransko sodelovanje 24
Bilateral Co-operation
Vsebina
Contents
03Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
S sodelovanjem javnosti do lokacije25
Gaining a Repository Site with Public Co-operation
Komunikacija - temelj sodelovanja z javnostjo 26
Communication - a Basis for Co-operation with the Public
Informacijski center o radioaktivnih odpadkih27
Visitors Information Centre on Radioactive Waste
Javnomnenjska raziskava28
Public Opinion Survey
Raopis29
Raopis - Radwaste News
Razstava radioaktivnih mineralov30
Exhibition on Radioactive Minerals
Zagotavljanje kakovosti delovanja ARAO31
Assuring Quality in our Work
Koli~ina radioaktivnih odpadkov v Sloveniji32
Amount of Radioactive Waste in Slovenia
Nizko in srednje radioaktivni odpadki iz jedrske elektrarne Kr{ko33
Low and Intermediate Level Waste from NPP Kr{ko
Nizko in srednje radioaktivni odpadki iz drugih dejavnosti 39
Low and Intermediate Level Waste Deriving from Small Producers
Izrabljeno jedrsko gorivo42
Spent Fuel
Izpopolnjevanja, konference, strokovna posvetovanja44
Professional Improvement, Conferences, Expert Deliberations
Predavanja, referati, prispevki50
Lectures, Papers, Other Contributions
Finan~no poro~ilo54
Financial Statement
Osnovni podatki o ARAO56
About ARAO
Kratice in okraj{ave58
Abbrevations and Short Forms
Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
04
Preteklo leto si bomo v na{i agenciji zapomnili vsaj po treh obse`nih
projektih: sanaciji zasilnega skladi{~a v Zavratcu, prenovi skladi{~a RAO
v Brinju in projektu vrednotenja prostora za odlagali{~e NSRAO.
Zavratec je dokon~no saniran, problem, ki je buril javnost ve~ desetletij, je za
vselej odstranjen. Po uspe{no izvedenih sanacijskih delih konec leta 1999 smo
marca lani dekontaminirali {e skladi{~ni objekt in s tem zaklju~ili projekt, ki je
bil tudi za nas velik izziv. Izku{nje, ki smo si jih pridobili pri tem, in vezi, ki
smo jih v tem ~asu navezali z Zavrat~ani, pa bodo ostale.
Last year will be remembered at our agency for at least three extensive projects:
the remediation of provisional storage in Zavratec, refurbishment of interim
storage in Brinje and the project of area survey for the disposal of LILW.
Zavratec is finally remediated. The problem that had stirred up the public for
several decades has been eliminated once and for all. After having successfully
carried out the remediation at the end of 1999, in March last year the
project was finally completed with decontamination of the storage facility.
The project posed a big challenge for all involved and the experience
gained during the project and the bonds made with the villagers
of Zavratec will remain.
05Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
Uvodna beseda
Foreword
Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
06
Another area of our activity last year involved the storage of radioactive waste in
Brinje. This storage needs to be refurbished and modernised, therefore the plan for
reconstruction and modernisation was prepared. Besides the renewal of the building
itself, the plan also includes the repacking and re-arrangement of the waste already
stored and proposes solutions for treatment and conditioning of the waste. We
also prepared a safety report for the storage including procedures and instructions
for managing the waste. We set up our own radiation protection service.
Regular radiological monitoring of the storage shows that the storage has
no impact on the environment.
Drugo podro~je, ki nas je lani mo~no zaposlovalo, je bilo skladi{~e za
radioaktivne odpadke v Brinju. Skladi{~e je potrebno obnove in posodobitve,
zato smo lani pripravili na~rt sanacije in modernizacije. Na~rt poleg obnove
objekta vklju~uje tudi prepakiranje in preureditev `e uskladi{~enih odpadkov
in nakazuje tudi mo`nosti za obdelavo in pripravo odpadkov. Za skladi{~e,
ki je po na{i zakonodaji jedrski objekt, smo lani pripravili tudi varnostno
poro~ilo, ki ga skladi{~e doslej ni imelo. Kot del varnostnega poro~ila smo
izdelali tudi vrsto postopkov za ravnanje z odpadki. Uspe{no smo zastavili
tudi delo lastne radiolo{ke slu`be, ki je z rednim nadzorom sevanja
pokazala, da skladi{~e nima radiolo{kega vpliva na okolico.
07Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
Regarding the site selection for a repository of LILW, after extensive preparations
the area survey project finally started. Its main objective is to show the natural
predispositions for LILW disposal. As a final result, expected in 2001, potentially
suitable areas for LILW disposal will be defined. Narrowing down suitable areas
to suitable sites will then be performed in co-operation
with local communities.
To make this phase possible, it is important that the public is well informed about
our work and the management of radioactive waste in general. At our agency we do
our best to make all information easily accessible. In the annual report, you can find
a number of our activities that aim to inform the public. Most of these activities are
being performed for years now. But there are also some new ones like the exhibition
of radioactive minerals we put on this year in Tr`i~. As you can see, pictures of
those radioactive minerals have also been used to illustrate
annual report.
Dr. Irena Mele
Pri izboru lokacije za odlagali{~e je po obse`nih pripravah kon~no stekel
projekt vrednotenja slovenskega prostora, ki bo pokazal, kak{ne so pri nas
naravne danosti za odlaganje nizko in srednje radioaktivnih odpadkov.
Kon~ni rezultat tega projekta, ki bo znan v letu 2001, bo nabor potencialnih
obmo~ij za odlaganje. Iskanje primernih lokacij bo potem potekalo na teh
obmo~jih v sodelovanju z lokalnimi skupnostmi.
Da bi ta faza lahko stekla, pa se seveda v ARAO ves ~as trudimo, da bi javnost
z na{im delom in z ravnanjem z radioaktivnimi odpadki ~im bolje seznanili.
V letnem poro~ilu boste zasledili vrsto dejavnosti, s katerimi `elimo
problematiko pribli`ati javnosti. Ve~ina teh dejavnosti je `e rednih, saj jih
izvajamo `e ve~ let. So pa tudi nove, sve`e, kot na primer razstava
radioaktivnih mineralov, s katero smo se letos izredno uspe{no
predstavili v Tr`i~u. S slikami radioaktivnih mineralov smo zato
letos popestrili tudi na{e letno poro~ilo.
Primarni uranovi minerali
Ponavadi so ~rni ali temno rjavi, te`ki in imajo svetle~
ali smolnat sijaj.
Uranium primary minerals
They are usually heavy, of black or dark brown colour
with a submetalic or pitchy luster.
U-smola UO2, Jachimov, ^e{ka
Pitchblende, Jachimov, Czech Republic
Izku{nje v svetu in doma nam ka`ejo, da je najzahtevnej{i del pri
na~rtovanju odlagali{~a radioaktivnih odpadkov pridobitev lokacije. Prav
zato veliko pozornost posve~amo postopku izbora lokacije za odlagali{~e.
V tem postopku poleg poudarjanja pomena dru`bene sprejemljivosti
odlagali{~a, ki je vse bolj pomemben pri ume{~anju tak{nih objektov v
okolje, sku{amo ~im bolje ovrednotiti tudi naravni potencial za odlaganje
NSRAO v Sloveniji. To bomo izpeljali s projektom vrednotenja prostora
celotnega slovenskega ozemlja.
Foreign and domestic experience in radioactive waste disposal planning
shows that the selection of the site for the disposal is the most demanding
and sensitive part of the whole planning process. That is why we are
devoting so much attention to the site selection process. The social factor
is becoming a key issue in this process and requires a lot of attention,
nevertheless the identification of natural predisposition for the low and
intermediate level waste (LILW) disposal remains an important part of the
site selection process. On Slovenian territory this will be done by an
area survey which is to be concluded shortly.
Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
08
From Suitable Areas
to the Final Location
Od primernih obmo~ij
do kon~ne lokacije
Na osnovi digitalnih prostorskih podatkov, ki smo jih pridobili in zagotovili
v preteklih letih, smo v letu 2000 za~eli obse`en projekt vrednotenja
slovenskega prostora. V tej fazi vrednotenje poteka na osnovi meril prve
skupine, ki pogojujejo varnost odlagali{~a NSRAO. Ker ocenjujemo predvsem
naravne danosti, vrednotenje temelji predvsem na geolo{kih, seizmi~nih in
hidrogeolo{kih lastnostih ozemlja. S projektom bo tako ovrednoten naravni
potencial oziroma izhodi{~na potencialna obmo~ja za odlaganje NSRAO.
Preliminarni rezultati ka`ejo, da se perspektivna obmo~ja nahajajo skoraj na
polovici celotnega ozemlja Slovenije. Zgolj primerjalno v okviru projekta
simuliramo tudi vplive meril druge skupine (vplivi na posamezne okoljske
sestavine, ekonomski vidiki ...) na ta izhodi{~na obmo~ja. Ti vidiki bodo
predmet nadaljnjih projektov, ko bomo posku{ali v sodelovanju z lokalnimi
skupnostmi in z nadaljnjim vrednotenjem znotraj teh obmo~ij zo`iti slednje
do posameznih primernih lokacij. Kon~ni rezultati tega
projekta bodo znani v drugi polovici leta 2001.
This year we have started with an extensive project of area survey
based on the digital spatial data provided by our former projects. Now,
in the early stage of the survey the assessment is being performed by the
first group of the recommendations, which directly influence the repository
safety. In this phase we are assessing the natural predisposition for LILW
disposal regarding geological, seismic, tectonic and hydrogeological
properties of the land. With this assessment the natural predisposition
for LILW disposal and the areas potentially suitable for LILW disposal
will be defined. The preliminary results show that almost half of
Slovenian territory is suitable for disposal of such waste.
Within this project we are also performing a simulation of the impact of
the second group of recommendations (potential environmental impact,
economical impact) on the areas identified as suitable. The importance
and the best way of considering these factors will be the main subject
of further projects, with the aim of narrowing down the suitable areas
to the final site. This will be done with further assessment within the
identified areas, and after the co-operation with local communities has
been established. The final results of the natural predisposition
assessment for LILW disposal are expected in mid. 2001.
Vrednotenje naravnega potenciala
Assessing the Natural Predispositions
09
Vzporedno s projektom opredeljevanja izhodi{~nih potencialnih obmo~ij smo
nadaljevali tudi s pripravo gradiva za vklju~itev odlaganja NSRAO in samega
odlagali{~a kot objekta dr`avnega pomena v prostorski plan. Razli~ne
mo`nosti, kako umestiti odlagali{~e NSRAO v prostor, so bile obdelane in
analizirane s prostorsko-planerskega vidika. Pripravljen je bil predlog zasnove
dejavnosti odlaganja radioaktivnih odpadkov v prostoru, ki pa bo moral
biti v naslednjem letu dopolnjen {e s kartografskim prikazom.
Parallel with the project of identification of potentially suitable areas for LILW
disposal we have proceeded with the activities for including the LILW repository
in the physical plan. As a facility of national importance, the repository has to
be included in the physical plan at state level. Several different alternatives for
the LILW repository planning process were analysed from the land-use point
of view. The proposal of spatial development of LILW disposal activity was
prepared. Next year the proposal will also be supplemented by
a cartographic presentation.
Izgradnja odlagali{~a
kot del prostorskega plana Slovenije
Repository Development as a Part of
the National Physical Planning Process
Uraninit UO2, Jachimov, ^e{ka
Uraninite, Jachimov, Czech Republic
Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
10
Naravne danosti lokacije skupaj z odlagalnim sistemom, ki ga tvorijo
radioaktivni odpadki, odlo`eni v betonske module in zapolnjeni z ustreznim
polnilom, moramo oceniti tudi z varnostnega vidika. Za varnostno oceno je
treba najprej izdelati oceno lastnosti odlagali{~a. To pomeni, da pripravimo
model delovanja in obna{anja odlagali{~a in njegove okolice za dalj{e
~asovno obdobje. Pri tem upo{tevamo vse mo`ne procese, dogodke in
stanja, ki bodo potekali znotraj odlagali{~a ter med
odlagali{~em in njegovim okoljem.
11
Skladno z zahtevo, da se vsi posegi pri ume{~anju v prostor vrednotijo tudi z
vidika vpliva na regionalni razvoj, smo analizirali tudi vpliv odlagali{~a NSRAO
na regionalni in lokalni razvoj. Naloga je bila osredoto~ena predvsem na
metodolo{ke osnove in zasnovo modelov, ki naj bi slu`ili presoji dejanskih
lokacij. Predstavljeni so bili zasnova modela regionalnega oziroma lokalnega
razvoja in rezultati poskusnih iteracij na treh testnih lokacijah.
Because a LILW repository is a project with large and important spatial
consequences we have also analysed the impacts it may have on regional and
urban development. The conceptual and formal models for assessing these kind
of impacts have been developed and represented together with the results for
initial iterations of the model for three »blind« sites. Based on these results,
guidelines for regional and urban development impact assessment of
alternative sites in the further site selection process were proposed.
Natural predispositions together with the repository system - which consists
of radioactive waste, placed in concrete modules and filled with a suitable
filling - have to be assessed from the safety aspect. For a safety assessment,
a performance assessment for the repository is the first step. For this we need
to prepare a model of operation of the repository and the behaviour of the
repository and its surroundings. In this model all the possible features, events
and processes going on inside the repository and between the repository
and its surroundings have to be accounted for.
Izdelava ocene lastnosti odlagali{~a
Preparation of the Performance
Assessment for the Repository
Pri pripravi ocene lastnosti smo upo{tevali, da v Sloveniji lokacija za
odlagali{~e {e ni znana in da je {e vedno odprta mo`nost izgradnje tako
povr{inskega kot podzemnega odlagali{~a za nizko in srednje radioaktivne
odpadke. Kot izhodi{~e pa smo privzeli, da bo odlagali{~e namenjeno le
kratko`ivim NSRAO in da je potrebno pri ocenjevanju lastnosti odlagali{~a
upo{tevati normalni razvoj dogodkov in nekatere najbolj izpostavljene
alternativne scenarije, ki se lahko v ve~ sto letih dogodijo
v odlagali{~u in njegovi okolici.
Davidit (Ce,La) (Y,U,Fe2+) (Ti,Fe3+)20 (O,OH)38, Iveland, Norve{ka
Davidite, Iveland, Norway
Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
12
Na podlagi izku{enj, pridobljenih pri sodelovanju v mednarodnem projektu
ISAM (Improvement of safety assessment methodology for near surface LILW
repository) o izbolj{anju metodologije varnostnih ocen, ki ga od leta 1997 vodi
MAAE, smo usmerili delo pri izdelavi ocene lastnosti generi~nega odlagali{~a
NSRAO predvsem v dve podro~ji: na pripravo vsebinskih okvirov za
izdelavo ocene lastnosti in izdelavo konceptualnih modelov.
We also had to take into consideration the fact that the repository site is
still not known and that the decision on whether to build a surface or an
underground repository has not yet been made. As the starting point we
assumed that the repository would be intended only for short-lived LIL waste.
Second, we considered a normal evolution scenario and some of the most
exposed alternative evolution scenarios which might occur in the repository
and its surroundings in the next couple of hundred years.
Based on the experience gained by participating in the international project
ISAM (Improvement on safety assessment methodology for near surface LILW
repository) carried out by IAEA since 1997, we have directed our efforts
towards two goals: 1. framing the contents of the performance
assessment, and 2. preparation of conceptual models.
13
Therefore we have first defined the extent to which the assessment can be done
without the location being known. On the basis of foreign experience, we have
adopted the period during which the government must exercise control over the
repository. This is a key period, since it establishes the time after which the
repository is no longer considered to be a nuclear facility. We have also established
the maximum permissible dose equivalent per person in the repository
surrounding. Special attention was devoted to confidence building in the
PA/SA process, which must be transparent, repeatable and traceable. Therefore
we started preparing working procedures for the assessment, all of which
are part of a quality assurance system.
The second goal was to prepare the conceptual models, i.e. detailed simulations
of the processes taking place inside the particular part of the repository system.
Modelling of the whole system was divided into two subsystems: near
field, which comprises the activities in the repository itself, and far field or
geosphere which comprises the events taking place from the close repository
surroundings to the biosphere. Based on this model, calculations were
performed and the preliminary performance assessment
of the repository was prepared.
Tako smo najprej dolo~ili obseg ocenjevanja lastnosti odlagalnega
sistema v fazi, ko {e ni znane lokacije. Na podlagi tujih izku{enj smo
privzeli obdobje, v katerem mora dr`ava poskrbeti za nadzor odlagali{~a.
To obdobje je klju~no, saj dolo~a ~as, ko odlagali{~e nizko in srednje
radioaktivnih odpadkov preneha obratovati kot jedrski objekt. Prav tako
smo dolo~ili maksimalno dovoljeno dozo sevanja na prebivalca v okolici
odlagali{~a. Posebno pozornost smo namenili poglavju pridobivanja in
zagotavljanja zaupanja v postopek ocene lastnosti, ki mora biti
transparenten, ponovljiv in sledljiv. Zato smo za~eli pripravljati
delovna navodila in postopke za oceno lastnosti, ki bodo
zdru`eni v sistemu zagotavljanja kakovosti.
Drugo podro~je dela pa je bilo usmerjeno v izdelavo konceptualnih
modelov, torej podrobnej{ih simulacij procesov znotraj posameznih
delov odlagalnega sistema. Modeliranje je bilo razdeljeno na neposredno
bli`ino odlagali{~a (near field), ki podaja dogajanje v odlagali{~u,
ter geosfero (far field), ki podaja dogajanje od neposredne okolice
odlagali{~a do stika z biosfero. Na podlagi modelov so bili izvedeni
izra~uni in izdelana preliminarna ocena lastnosti odlagali{~a
za nizko in srednje radioaktivne odpadke.
Coffinit U (SiO4)1-x(OH)4, Anaconda mine, New Mexico, ZDA
Coffinite, Anaconda mine, New Mexico, USA
Centralno skladi{~e
radioaktivnih odpadkov v Brinju
Centralno skladi{~e radioaktivnih odpadkov v Brinju je namenjeno nizko
in srednje radioaktivnim odpadkom, ki nastajajo v industriji, medicini in
raziskovalni dejavnosti. Skladi{~e obratuje od leta 1986. Od leta 1999
skladi{~e upravlja Agencija za radioaktivne odpadke.
The Central Storage for Radioactive Waste in Brinje is designed for low
and intermediate level waste from industry, medicine and research.
The storage has been in operation since 1986 and since 1999 it is
being managed and operated by the Agency for Radwaste
Management.
Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
14
Central Storage for Radioactive
Waste in Brinje
Trenutno je skladi{~e v fazi obnovitvenih in posodobitvenih del. V tem
~asu sprejema odpadke le v nujnih primerih. Letos je bilo zato v skladi{~e
sprejetih le 3 m3 nizko radioaktivnih odpadkov, ki so nastali pri
dekontaminaciji zasilnega skladi{~a RAO v Zavratcu. Dekontaminacija
skladi{~nega prostora je bila zadnja faza sanacije zasilnega skladi{~a v
Zavratcu, kjer so bili od leta 1961 shranjeni nizko radioaktivni odpadki, ki so
nastali pri nesre~i z radijevo ampulo na Onkolo{kem in{titutu. Sanacija
zasilnega skladi{~a je bila zaklju~ena decembra 1999, dekontaminacija
skladi{~nega prostora pa je potekala v marcu 2000.
Izdelali smo shemo delovanja javne slu`be ravnanja z radioaktivnimi odpadki
malih povzro~iteljev. Shema celovito obravnava vse dejavnosti v zvezi z
ravnanjem z radioaktivnimi odpadki od transporta, prevzema, obdelave,
skladi{~enja in radiolo{ke za{~ite do ravnanja v primeru izrednih dogodkov.
Pripravili smo vrsto sistemskih postopkov in delovnih navodil, ki dolo~ajo
ravnanje z odpadki. Pripravljen je bil tudi predlog kriterijev za ugotavljanje
sprejemljivosti radioaktivnih odpadkov za skladi{~enje, ki vsebuje tudi
navodila proizvajalcem, kaj storiti v primeru, ko odpadek kriterijem ne ustreza.
15
At the time being the storage facility is in the course of refurbishment
and modernisation, therefore the waste can be accepted only in
emergency. In the year 2000 only 3 m3 of low level radioactive waste
was accepted in the storage. This was the waste produced in
decontamination of the provisional storage in Zavratec where, from 1961,
low level radioactive waste resulting from the radiological accident with
the radium-containing ampoule at the Oncological Institute was stored.
Remediation of the provisional storage was concluded in December
1999, and the storage area was decontaminated in March 2000.
ARAO has prepared a general operation scheme of the public service for
management of the waste originating from »small producers«. It includes
all activities for waste management, including transport, acceptance,
treatment, storage, radiation protection and
measures in emergency situation.
We have also prepared several procedures and working instructions for
managing the waste. A procedure for waste acceptance criteria, which
provides the assessment of acceptability of waste for the storage facility
has also been prepared. It also includes the instructions for the
producers whose waste does not meet these criteria.
Javna slu`ba za ravnanje z RAO
Public Service for Radioactive
Waste Management
Sekundarni uranovi minerali
Kadar so primarni uranovi minerali izpostavljeni preperevanju na povr{ju ali blizu njega,
se v~asih spremenijo v sekundarne uranove minerale. Te se pojavljajo v svetlo rumeni,
oran`ni ali zeleni barvi in kombinaciji teh barv, kot prstaste ali pra{nate prevleke ali
v obliki igli~astih, plo{~astih kristalov steklastega do bisernega sijaja.
Uranium secondary minerals
When uranium primary minerals are exposed to weathering on the surface or near the
surface, they sometimes transform into uranium secondary minerals. These occur in
light yellow, orange or green colour and in combination of these colours, in form
of crusts, earthly masses or tabular crystals of vitreous to pearly lustre with a
flat, needlelike shape.
Torbernit Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2. 10 (12-8) H2O, Bois Noirs, Francija
Torbernite, Bois Noirs, France
Doslej je skladi{~enje radioaktivnih odpadkov malih proizvajalcev financirala
dr`ava. Po zgledu razvitih in okoljsko osve{~enih dr`av pa tudi za to podro~je
uvajamo na~elo »povzro~itelj pla~a«, kar pomeni, da bodo stro{ke skladi{~enja
in obdelave radioaktivnih odpadkov krili povzro~itelji odpadkov sami. V ta
namen smo letos izdelali predlog cenika, kjer je podan na~in oblikovanja cen
glede na tip odpadkov. Cene naj bi pokrivale stro{ke delovanja javne slu`be,
ker pa je v Sloveniji v prihodnje pri~akovati razmeroma malo tovrstnih
odpadkov, pla~ila uporabnikov javne slu`be ne bodo
zadostovala za kritje vseh stro{kov.
In the past the government financed the storage of radioactive waste from
the »small producers«. Now the »polluter pays« principle, which is already
adopted by more developed and environmentally conscious countries, is
being introduced also in Slovenia. This means that the costs of storing and
conditioning of waste will be paid by the producers. For this purpose we
have prepared a proposal on how to charge the producers. Waste type is
one of the main factors in forming the costs of storing. In principle the
price should cover all the expenses of the public service, but for covering
all the costs it is expected that the payments from the waste producers
would not be sufficient because in Slovenia the amount of the radioactive
waste from »small producers« is getting smaller and smaller.
Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
16
17
Podroben pregled skladi{~a, ki smo ga opravili leta 1999, je pokazal, da je
skladi{~e potrebno obnove. Za u~inkovito in nemoteno izvajanje javne slu`be
je nujna tudi posodobitev skladi{~a. V ta namen smo letos izdelali na~rt
sanacije in posodobitve. Na~rt poleg obnove in posodobitve samega
skladi{~nega objekta vklju~uje tudi ureditev odpadkov, ki se v skladi{~u
`e nahajajo, poenotenje embala`e skladi{~enih odpadkov in zmanj{anje
njihovega volumna. V okviru tega na~rta smo predvideli tudi manj{i pomo`ni
objekt tik ob skladi{~u, ki bo razbremenil obstoje~e pomo`ne prostore v
skladi{~u, katerih povr{ina je zelo majhna.
Skladno z na~rtom sanacije in posodobitve smo letos z obnovitvenimi deli `e
odpravili manj{e pomanjkljivosti na objektu in izbolj{ali sistem fizi~nega
varovanja skladi{~a. Za druge posege v objekt pripravljamo
projektno dokumentacijo.
A detailed survey of the storage performed in 1999 showed that for
the efficient and undisturbed implementation of the public service it
is necessary to renew and modernise the storage. This year we have
prepared the project for the refurbishment and modernisation of the
storage. Beside the refurbishment and modernisation of the storage
itself, the project also includes the proposal for the rearrangement,
repackaging and reduction of the volume of the already stored waste.
For this purpose we have planned a smaller auxiliary building next
to the storage, which would relieve the existing auxiliary
rooms in the storage.
In accordance with the project for the refurbishment and modernisation
we have already removed certain deficiencies on the building and
improved the system of the physical protection of the storage. For all the
other interventions the project documentation is being prepared.
Skladi{~e obnavljamo in posodabljamo
The Storage is being Renewed
and Modernised
As a basis for project documentation we have prepared the Safety report for the
storage. This kind of document is necessary for every nuclear facility and it
evaluates the relevant present characteristics of the facility, such as site, state
of the facility, technical characteristics, stored waste and procedures going
on in the storage, such as internal transport, acceptance of the waste and the
waste management. An important part of the Safety report is safety analysis,
which foresees the possible impacts on the environment during normal
operation of the storage and in case of incidents and accidents. Based on the
results of the safety analysis, the conditions and limitations for the operation
are determined in order to guarantee the maximal possible safety of the facility.
The safety report for the storage states that there are no radiological
impacts on the environment and on people.
Kot osnovo za to smo izdelali tudi varnostno poro~ilo za skladi{~e. To je
dokument, ki ga zahteva vsak jedrski objekt in s stali{~a varnosti vrednoti
trenutne zna~ilnosti objekta, kot so na primer lokacija, stanje objekta,
tehni~ne zna~ilnosti in uskladi{~eni odpadki, ter dejavnosti v objektu, na
primer notranji transport, sprejem in prevzem odpadkov, ravnanje z odpadki.
Pomemben del varnostnega poro~ila je varnostna analiza, ki predvideva
morebitne vplive na okolje v normalnih pogojih obratovanja ter vplive v
primeru nezgode oziroma nesre~e. Na osnovi rezultatov varnostne analize
so opredeljeni tudi pogoji za obratovanje in omejitve obratovanja, da bi
zagotovili kar najve~jo varnost objekta. Varnostno poro~ilo za skladi{~e
v Brinju ugotavlja, da skladi{~e nima radiolo{kih
vplivov na okolje in ljudi.
Autonit Ca (UO2)2 (PO4)2 10-12H2O, Francija
Autunite, France
Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
18
19
V skladu z varnostnimi standardi je potrebno v vsakem skladi{~u
radioaktivnih odpadkov izvajati nadzor sevanja. V letu 2000 je ARAO
vzpostavila lastno radiolo{ko slu`bo, ki opravlja radiolo{ki nadzor nad
delavci in obiskovalci skladi{~a v Brinju, nadzor nad notranjostjo skladi{~a
in nad njegovim okoljem. Za izvajanje radiolo{ke slu`be so bila
pripravljena delovna navodila in postopki.
Radiolo{ki nadzor okolja obsega tako meritve izpustov radioaktivnih snovi iz
skladi{~a (emisije) kot meritve radioaktivnosti okolja v bli`nji okolici skladi{~a
(imisije). Rezultati radiolo{kega nadzora okolja ka`ejo, da je radiolo{ka
obremenitev okolja zaradi skladi{~a zanemarljiva in zato je tudi radiolo{ki
vpliv na ljudi, ki `ivijo v bli`ini, zanemarljiv.
In accordance with the safety standards, radiological measurements have
to be performed in every storage for radioactive waste.
In the year 2000, ARAO established its own radiation protection
service that provides basic radiation protection of workers and visitors and
performs radiological monitoring of the storage. For performing the radiation
protection service the working procedures and instructions have been prepared.
Radiation
Protection
Nadzor sevanja
Radiological monitoring of the environment comprises measurements of
emissions and immissions. Radioactivity measurements in the environment
show that the radiological impact on the environment and on the local
population is negligible.
Metaautonit Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 . 8H2O, Novy Foitov, ^e{ka
Meta-autunite, Novy Foitov, Czech Republic
Emisije radona / Radon Emission 2,2-2,5 GBq/leto / 2.2-2.5 GBq/year
Povpre~na koncentracija Rn v skladi{~u /6300 Bq/m3 / 6300 Bq/m3
Average concentration of radon in the storage
Teko~inski izpusti / Liquid Effluents / /
Preglednica 1: Emisijske vrednosti za Centralno skladi{~e RAO v Brinju
Table 1: Basic data on emissions from the Central storage in Brinje
The radon concentrations in the surrounding area were estimated on the basis of
measured emissions and the dispersion model. The concentration measurements
of radionuclides in the soil only indicate the presence of Cs-137
(Chernobyl contamination) and normal concentrations of
natural radionuclides (K-40, Uranium and Thorium series).
Koncentracije radona v okolici skladi{~a so bile ocenjene na osnovi merjenja
emisij in disperzijskega modela. Tla v okolici skladi{~a ne ka`ejo prisotnosti
drugih radionuklidov razen ~ernobilskega kontaminanta Cs-137 in naravnih
radionuklidov K-40, U-Ra in Th razpadne vrste.
Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
20
21
International Relations
International co-operation, exchange of opinions and establishing links with
similar foreign organisations for radwaste management is an important part
of activities of the ARAO. We have been co-operating with the International
Agency for Atomic Energy (IAEA) for years now. Slovenia, as a candidate for
the EU, has also numerous contacts with the EU states and
the European commission.
Povezovanja s tujino
Mednarodno sodelovanje, izmenjava mnenj in povezovanje s sorodnimi tujimi
organizacijami za ravnanje z radioaktivnimi odpadki je pomemben del dejavnosti
ARAO. Z Mednarodno agencijo za atomsko energijo (MAAE) sodelujemo `e dolga
leta. Kot kandidatka za vstop v Evropsko unijo (EU) Slovenija tudi na podro~ju
ravnanja z radioaktivnimi odpadki vzpostavlja {tevilne stike z dr`avami Evropske
unije in z Evropsko komisijo (EC).
ARAO je ~lanica Kluba agencij, ki zdru`uje organizacije iz EU in dr`av
kandidatk, ki skrbijo za ravnanje z radioaktivnimi odpadki. Letos je
organizacijo enega od rednih sre~anj teh organizacij prevzela tudi ARAO.
Tako je 29. sre~anje Kluba agencij potekalo junija 2000 v Ljubljani.
Osrednja tema tega sre~anja je bila ravnanje z radioaktivnimi odpadki
malih proizvajalcev. Poleg predstavitev in izmenjave mnenj pa je
bil za udele`ence sre~anja organiziran tudi ogled
jedrske elektrarne Kr{ko.
ARAO is a member of the Club of Agencies, in which the
organisations for radwaste management from EU countries and EU
candidates are associated. This year the 29th meeting of the Club of
Agencies was organised by ARAO, therefore the meeting in June took
place in Ljubljana. The main topic of the meeting was the management
of radioactive waste of small producers. Beside the presentations and
exchanges of opinion among the representatives of the participating
countries, a tour to the NPP Kr{ko
was also organised.
Co-operation with the European Union
Metatorbernit Cu (UO2)2 (PO4)2 . 8H2O, [panija
Metatorbernite, Spain
Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
22
Sodelovanje z Evropsko unijo
The international programme ISAM (Improvement of Safety Assessment
Methodology for Near- Surface Disposal), which is performed under the
supervision of IAEA, was also continued in the year 2000. This year our
participation was concentrated mainly on education. We participated in
a workshop on safety assessment methodologies called Safety Regional
Training Course on Safety Assessment Methodologies for Near Surface
Radioactive Waste Disposal Facilities, and a seminar on response in case
of a radiological accident (IAEA Regional Training-the-Trainers Workshop
in Practical Response to a Radiological Emergency).
Mednarodni program ISAM (Improvement of Safety Assessment
Methodology for Near-Surface Disposal), ki poteka pod okriljem MAAE,
se je nadaljeval tudi v letu 2000. Na{e sodelovanje v tem programu je
bilo lani omejeno predvsem na izobra`evanje. Udele`ili smo se delavnice
o metodologiji izdelave varnostne ocene za povr{inska odlagali{~a
(Safety Regional Training Course on Safety Assessment Methodologies
for Near Surface Radioactive Waste Disposal Facilities) in seminarja na
temo ravnanja ob radiolo{kih nesre~ah (IAEA Regional
Training-the-Trainers Workshop in Practical Response
to a Radiological Emergency).
Sodelovali smo tudi pri izvedbi projekta »Management of Spent Sealed
Sources in Central and Eastern Europe«, ki ga je za EC izvedlo podjetje AEA
Technology Nuclear Engineering iz Velike Britanije. ARAO je za ta projekt
pripravila celovit pregled zakonsko opredeljenih zahtev in njihovo izvajanje
v praksi na podro~jih proizvodnje, nabave, uporabe, transporta,
skladi{~enja in odlaganja zaprtih virov v Sloveniji.
As a local partner we have also been participating in the execution of the
project »Management of Spent Sealed Sources in Central and Eastern
Europe« which was organised by the EC and conducted by AEA Technology
Nuclear Engineering from Great Britain. For this project ARAO prepared
a complete overview of the legally set requirements and their execution
in practice for the production, acquisition, use, transportation,
storing and disposal of sealed sources in Slovenia.
Co-operation with the
International Atomic Energy Agency
23
Sodelovanje z Mednarodno agencijo
za atomsko energijo
S {pansko organizacijo za ravnanje z radioaktivnimi odpadki ENRESA in
agencijo iz Belgije NIRAS/ONDRAF smo podpisali sporazum o sodelovanju
na podro~ju razvoja, raziskav in tehnolo{kih re{itev ravnanja z
radioaktivnimi odpadki. Sporazum vklju~uje tudi izmenjavo informacij
in medsebojno obve{~anje o aktualnih temah.
Redne stike vzdr`ujemo tudi z belgijsko raziskovalno ustanovo SCK-CEN.
Dobro sodelovanje smo vzpostavili predvsem na podro~ju ocene
lastnosti odlagali{~a.
We have signed an agreement of co-operation in development, research
and technological solutions for radioactive waste management with the
Spanish organisation for radwaste management ENRESA and the Belgian
kindred agency NIRAS/ONDRAF. The agreement also includes the
exchange of information and reciprocal informing about current topics.
We also maintain regular contacts with the Belgian research institution
SCK-CEN. With them we have established especially good co-operation
in the field of performance assessment for a repository.
Bilateral Co-operation
Metaautonit Ca (UO2)2(PO4)2 . 8H2O, Francija
Meta-autunite, France
Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
24
Dvostransko sodelovanje
Osnovni cilj komunikacijskih dejavnosti ARAO je pribli`ati tematiko
radioaktivnih odpadkov javnosti in pove~ati sprejemljivost javnosti za
odlaganje radioaktivnih odpadkov.
ARAO je v svoji strategiji izgradnje odlagali{~a NSRAO predvidela tak
postopek iskanja lokacije odlagali{~a, ki bo javnosti omogo~il sodelovanje
v izboru lokacije. Z javnostjo smo predvideli sodelovanje na dva na~ina:
pogajanja z lokalnimi skupnostmi in vklju~evanje javnosti v izbor
lokacije prek obse`nega, dvostranskega programa komuniciranja.
The main goal of the communication activities of ARAO is to keep the
public better informed on the issue of radioactive waste and to enhance
public acceptance of the repository for radioactive waste.
In its strategy for the construction of the LILW repository, ARAO plans a site
selection procedure for the LILW repository, which will enable the public to
participate in the selection process. The co-operation with the public is
planned in two ways: negotiations with the local communities and
incorporating the public in the site selection through an extensive,
bilateral programme of communicating.
Gaining a Repository Site
with Public Co-operation
25
S sodelovanjem
javnosti do lokacije
Kuprosklodovskit (H3O)2Cu¡UO2/SiO4¿2 . 2H2O, Misonai, Zaire
Cuprosklodowskite, Misonai, Zaire
Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
26
Za izvedbo komuniciranja z javnostmi pri izboru lokacije smo izdelali program
komunikacijskih dejavnosti v podporo izboru lokacije NSRAO. Program
izhaja iz teoreti~nih predpostavk komuniciranja z razli~nimi javnostmi, analiz
preteklega neuspelega postopka izbora lokacije, upo{teva pa tudi rezultate
raziskav javnega mnenja. V njem so opredeljeni osnovni cilji komuniciranja
in dolo~ene klju~ne komunikacijske skupine. V okviru komunikacijskih
dejavnosti pri izboru lokacije za odlagali{~e smo v letu 2000 pripravili tudi
osnovne pogoje za vpeljavo mediatorja, to je posameznika, ki bo v pomo~
pri vodenju pogajanj z lokalnimi skupnostmi.
For efficient communication with the public during the site selection
process we have formed a communication activities programme in
support of the site selection for a LILW repository. The programme is
based upon the theoretical suppositions of communicating with various
publics, analyses of the former unsuccessful site selection process, and
also the results from the public opinion polls. The programme also
comprises the main communication goals and target communication
groups. In the year 2000 we also initiated the activities for introducing
the mediator, an individual who will help with the communications
and negotiations with the local communities.
Communication - a Basis for
Co-operation with the Public
Komunikacija - temelj
sodelovanja z javnostjo
Informacijski center o radioaktivnih odpadkih deluje v okviru Izobra`evalnega
centra za jedrsko tehnologijo In{tituta Jo`ef Stefan v Brinju. Namenjen je
predvsem {olajo~i se mladini, ki jo s plakati, eksponati in poskusi sku{a
seznaniti in ji pribli`ati tematiko radioaktivnosti in radioaktivnih odpadkov.
Prikaz radioaktivnosti in ravnanja z radioaktivnimi odpadki je bil leta 1999
temeljito prenovljen in dopolnjen z novimi razstavnimi eksponati, letos pa je
bila izdelana {e zgo{~enka z naslovom Radioaktivni odpadki, od kod in kam?,
ki je namenjena predvsem {olski mladini. Zgo{~enka prikazuje in razlaga
osnovne pojme, povezane z radioaktivnostjo, vire radioaktivnih odpadkov
in na~ela varnega ravnanja z radioaktivnimi odpadki.
Obiskovalcem so v centru na voljo tudi publikacije ARAO o radioaktivnih
odpadkih (zgibanke, knjige, zgo{~enka).
The visitors information centre operates within the Educational Centre for
Nuclear Technology of the Jo`ef Stefan Institute in Brinje. The information
centre with its placards, exhibitions and experiments is designed mostly for
the school children. Its purpose is to inform and familiarise the children
with the topic of radioactivity and radioactive waste.
In 1999 the exhibition on radioactivity and managing radioactive waste was
thoroughly renewed and complemented with new exhibitions, and this year
we also made a CD titled “Radioactive waste, where from and where to?” also
designed for school children. The CD shows and explains the basic notions,
in connection with radioactivity, the sources of radioactive waste and the
principles of safe radioactive waste management.
In the information centre the visitors can also receive ARAO publications
about radioactive waste (books, booklets, CD).
Visitors Information Centre
on Radioactive Waste
27
Informacijski center o
radioaktivnih odpadkih
Vsako leto izdelamo raziskavo javnega mnenja, s pomo~jo katere sku{amo
ugotoviti, kako se spreminja mnenje razli~nih javnosti o temah, povezanih
z radioaktivnimi odpadki. Vsako leto izvajamo raziskavo na splo{ni javnosti,
med novinarji, politiki in okoljevarstvenimi organizacijami, poleg tega
pa {e na izbrani specifi~ni javnosti.
Every year we conduct a public opinion survey, through which we try to
establish the changes in the opinions of various publics about topics in
connection with radioactive waste. Each year the survey is conducted among
the general public, the journalists, politicians, environmental organisations
and also, every year on a different specific public.
Public Opinion Survey
Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
28
sploh se ne strinjam / I totally disagree
niti se strinjam niti se ne strinjam / I neither agree nor disagree
popolnoma se strinjam / I completely agree
trend ( strinjam se) / trend ( I agree)
ne strinjam se / I disagree
strinjam se / I agree
trend (popolnoma se strinjam) / trend ( I completely agree)
Slika 1: Zato ker v Sloveniji proizvajamo radioaktivne odpadke,
nujno potrebujemo tudi primerno odlagali{~e zanje.
Figure 1: Because in Slovenia we produce radioactive waste, we
necessarily need an adequate repository for that waste.
Javnomnenjska raziskava
29Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
Raopis - Radwaste News
In ARAO we also try to inform the public through Raopis, a newspaper that
we have been publishing for several years now. Every edition of Raopis is
dedicated to a specific topic, which refers to the current work of ARAO. This
year we have published the 10th edition of Raopis, in which we discuss the
remediation of radiologically contaminated buildings and the environment.
In this edition we explain the concept of remediation in case of a radiological
contamination and present several different approaches to the remedial
activities. As examples of remediation of the contaminated area after a
radiological accident, we report on the accidents in Chernobyl and Goiânia,
while the remediation of the provisional storage in Zavratec and the removal
of the consequences of mining in @irovski vrh are given
as examples of remedial activities in Slovenia.
V ARAO sku{amo informirati javnosti tudi preko Raopisa, ~asopisa, ki ga
izdajamo `e ve~ let. Vsaka {tevilka Raopisa je posve~ena specifi~ni temi,
ki se navezuje na aktualno delo ARAO. Letos smo tako izdali 10. {tevilko, v
kateri obravnavamo sanacije radiolo{ko kontaminiranih objektov in okolja.
V njej pojasnjujemo pojem sanacije v primeru radiolo{ke kontaminiranosti
in podajamo nekaj mo`nih na~inov izvedbe sanacijskih del. Kot primer
sanacije kontaminiranega podro~ja po radiolo{ki nesre~i v svetovnem
merilu sta v ~asopisu obravnavani nesre~i v ^ernobilu in Goiânii, kot primera
sanacije radiolo{ko kontaminiranih podro~ij v Sloveniji pa sta obravnavani
sanacija zasilnega skladi{~a v Zavratcu in odpravljanje posledic
rudarjenja na @irovskem vrhu.
Raopis
Each year the interviewees agree more that in Slovenia we need a
repository for radioactive waste, and the share of those who agree with
this to a lesser extent is decreasing. In this year’s survey the share
of the latter is the smallest (15.6%).
Anketiranci se vsako leto bolj strinjajo, da v Sloveniji potrebujemo
odlagali{~e za radioaktivne odpadke, upada pa dele` tistih, ki se s tem malo
manj strinjajo. V leto{nji raziskavi je dele` slednjih najni`ji (15,6 %).
To acquaint the public with the topic of radioactivity we have prepared
a contribution on radioactive minerals for the international exhibition of
minerals and fossils in Tr`i~. We have prepared a placard and a booklet
with basic information on radioactive minerals with recommendations on
how to handle those minerals. The visitors were shown a collection of
radioactive minerals, and they could also see how the radioactivity
measures are conducted.
Every day of the exhibition we also gave a lecture about natural
radioactivity, radioactive minerals and radioactivity measuring.
The exhibit aroused great interest among the viewers and it also
received a reward for the best presentation of minerals.
Da bi pribli`ali tematiko radioaktivnosti tudi {ir{i javnosti, smo se s
prispevkom o radioaktivnih mineralih udele`ili razstave mineralov in
fosilov v Tr`i~u. Za razstavo smo pripravili plakat in zgibanko z
osnovnimi informacijami o radioaktivnih mineralih in o priporo~ilih,
kako z njimi ravnati. Obiskovalci so si v vitrinah lahko ogledali zbirko
radioaktivnih mineralov, pripravili pa smo jim tudi prikaz izvajanja
meritev radioaktivnosti. Vsak dan smo izvedli tudi predavanje o naravni
radioaktivnosti, radioaktivnih mineralih in merjenju radioaktivnosti.
Razstava je pri obiskovalcih zbudila veliko zanimanja, dobila pa
je tudi priznanje za najbolj{o predstavitev mineralov.
Razstava radioaktivnih mineralov
Exhibition on Radioactive Minerals
Uranocircit Ba¡UO2/PO4¿2 . 10 - 12H2O, Bergen, Nem~ija
Uranocircite, Bergen, Germany
Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
30
Zagotavljanje kakovosti je pri ravnanju z radioaktivnimi odpadki
pomembna komponenta. Po izdelavi priro~nika kakovosti smo v leto{njem
letu sistem zagotavljanja kakovosti `e vpeljali pri izvajanju projektov.
Za skladi{~e radioaktivnih odpadkov smo za~eli pripravljati poseben
program za ravnanje z radioaktivnimi odpadki.
Quality assurance plays an important role in radioactive waste
management. This year, after publishing the quality assurance manual,
we have already incorporated the quality assurance system in the project
execution. For the radioactive waste storage we have started to prepare
a specific radioactive waste management programme.
31
Assuring Quality
in our Work
Zagotavljanje
kakovosti delovanja ARAO
Radioactive waste in Slovenia is mainly produced by the Nuclear
Power Plant Kr{ko. It originates also from applications of the
radioactive materials in medicine, industry and research. In this
particular year most of the radioactive waste was generated by the
replacement of steam generators in the NPP Kr{ko.
Spent nuclear fuel originates from NPP Kr{ko and in small
quantities also from the research reactor TRIGA.
V Sloveniji nastajajo radioaktivni odpadki pri obratovanju jedrske
elektrarne Kr{ko in pri uporabi radioaktivnih snovi v medicini, industriji
in raziskovalni dejavnosti. V tem letu je najve~ radioaktivnih odpadkov
nastalo pri menjavi uparjalnikov v jedrski elektrarni Kr{ko.
Izrabljeno jedrsko gorivo nastaja v NEK, v manj{ih koli~inah
pa tudi v raziskovalnem reaktorju TRIGA.
α-uranotil (Uranofan) Cu(UO2)2Si2O7 - 6H2O, Bancroff, Kanada
α-Uranotile (Uranophane), Bancroff, Canada
Koli~ina radioaktivnih
odpadkov v Sloveniji
Amount of Radioactive Waste
in Slovenia
Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
32
V letu 2000 je bil opravljen remont jedrske elektrarne Kr{ko, pri ~emer so
izvedli tudi menjavo uparjalnikov. Stari uparjalniki so bili prepeljani v
posebno ve~namensko zgradbo, kjer so bili uskladi{~eni. Ob tem
obse`nem remontu je nastalo 229 standardnih sodov trdnih RAO.
Med rednim delovanjem NEK pa nastajajo trdni, teko~i in plinasti NSRAO.
Ker morajo biti radioaktivni odpadki skladi{~eni v trdni obliki, je treba
teko~e in plinaste NSRAO pred skladi{~enjem primerno obdelati. Pri tem so
postopki obdelave izvedeni tako, da se kar najbolj zmanj{a volumen teh
odpadkov.
33
In the year 2000 the renovation of the NPP took place. During this
renovation the steam generators were replaced. The old steam
generators were transported into a multipurpose building on the
premises of the NPP, where they are now being stored. In the
course of this extensive renovation 229 standard drums
of solid waste were produced.
In the course of the regular operation of the NPP Kr{ko solid, liquid
and gaseous radioactive waste is produced. Before storing, the waste is
treated and conditioned according to its initial state. These procedures
are performed in such a way as to reduce the volume
of the waste to a minimum.
Nizko in srednje radioaktivni odpadki
iz jedrske elektrarne Kr{ko
Low and Intermediate Level
Waste from NPP Kr{ko
In the liquid radioactive waste treatment process, evaporator bottoms and
spent ion exchange resins are produced. With a special system for drying the
waste1 in the drums, the water is entirely separated from the waste, which
results in a reduction of the waste volume. This year 7 TTC2 were stored, which
hold 21 standard drums of dried spent ion exchange resins (standard drums
marked PR and BR) and dried evaporator bottoms (standard drums marked DC).
Pri obdelavi teko~ih radioaktivnih odpadkov nastajajo radioaktivne go{~e in
izrabljeni ionski izmenjevalci. S posebnim sistemom za su{enje odpadkov v
sodih1 v celoti odstranijo vodo iz tovrstnih odpadkov in s tem bistveno
zmanj{ajo njihovo prostornino. Letos je bilo tako uskladi{~enih 7 cevastih
sodov vrste TTC2 (cevasti sodi z oznako TI), ki vsebujejo 21 standardnih
sodov posu{enih izrabljenih ionskih izmenjevalcev (standardni sodi z oznako
PR in BR) in posu{enih go{~ izparilnika (standardni sodi z oznako DC).
1 IDDS - In Drum Drying System je sistem su{enja v sodu, kjer nastajata dve vrsti
izrabljenih posu{enih ionskih izmenjevalcev (standardni sodi z oznako PR in BR) in
posu{ena go{~a izparilnika (standardni sodi z oznako DC).
2 TTC - Tube Type Container (cevasti povr{nik). V NEK sta dve vrsti povr{nikov TTC, in
sicer povr{nika z oznako ST in TI.
1 IDDS - In Drum Drying System is a system of drying in the drum, where two types
of dried spent ion exchange resin and also dried evaporator bottoms are produced.
2 TTC - Tube Type Container (tube overpack).
Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
34
Fluorescenca
Pri nekaterih radioaktivnih mineralih, ko jih obsevamo z ultravijoli~no svetlobo, lahko
opazujemo zelo intenzivno fluorescenco.
Fluorescence
When some radioactive minerals are exposed to ultraviolet light intensive
fluorescence can be observed.
Uranocircit Ba¡UO2/PO4¿2 . 10 - 12 H2O, pod UV svetlobo, Bergen, Nem~ija
Uranocircite, exposed to UV light, Bergen, Germany
35
Za obdelavo plinastih radioaktivnih odpadkov uporabljajo posebne filtre, ki
zadr`ijo radioaktivne delce v zraku. Ko filtri niso ve~ uporabni, postanejo
radioaktiven odpadek. V letu 2000 je bilo tako uskladi{~enih 7 standardnih
sodov, ki vsebujejo radioaktivne filtre (standardni sodi z oznako F).
Trdne radioaktivne odpadke, ki nastajajo pri rednih vzdr`evalnih delih in
~i{~enju, delimo na stisljive (standardni sodi z oznako CW) in ostale
(standardni sodi z oznako O) odpadke.
Stisljivi odpadki, ki vsebujejo polietilen, lateks, bomba`, viskozo, papir ipd.,
so tudi gorljivi, zato lahko s se`igom in dodatnim stiskanjem njihov volumen
zmanj{amo. Za NEK ta postopek izvaja Studsvik.
Ostali trdni odpadki, ki vsebujejo PVC, plastiko, izolacijo, les, beton, steklo in
kovino, so negorljivi in nestisljivi odpadki, zato njihove prostornine
ne moremo zmanj{ati.
For the treatment of gaseous radioactive waste special filters are used, which
trap the radioactive particles. When the filters can no longer be used they
become radioactive wastes. In the year 2000 7 standard drums containing
such radioactive filters were stored (standard drums denoted F).
The solid radioactive wastes, which are produced during maintenance and
cleaning work, are divided into compressible waste (standard drums marked
CW) and other waste (standard drums marked O).
Compressible wastes consisting of polyethylene, latex, cotton, viscose, paper
etc. are also combustible, so we can reduce their volume by incineration and
compression. For NPP Kr{ko this procedure is performed in Studsvik.
Other solid wastes, that contain PVC, plastic, isolation materials, wood,
concrete, glass and metal, are not combustible and compressible, so
their volume can not be reduced.
PR - Posu{eni primarni ionski izmenjevalci (IDDS) / PR - Dried primary ion exchange resins
DC - Posu{ena go{~a izparilnika (IDDS) / DC - Dried evaporation bottoms
BR - Posu{eni ionski izmenjevalci (IDDS) / BR - Dried ion exchange resins
F - Filtri / F - Filters
SR - Ionski izmenjevalci / SR - Spent resins of ion exchangers
O - Drugi odpadki / O - Other waste
EB - Go{~a izparilnika / EB - Evaporation bottoms
CW - Stisljivi odpadki / CW - Compressible waste
Figure 2 shows the production of radioactive waste over time. This year,
319 standard drums (67m3) of RAW was produced, and of this more than 90%
of the waste was solid waste. In the future the NPP Kr{ko will try to reduce
the yearly production of waste to less than 30m3.
Slika 2 prikazuje proizvodnjo radioaktivnih odpadkov po posameznih letih.
V zadnjem letu je bilo proizvedenih 319 standardnih sodov RAO, kar zna{a
67 m3 RAO. Od tega jih je ve~ kot 90 % `e prvotno trdnih odpadkov.
V NEK bodo posku{ali v prihodnjih letih zmanj{ati proizvodnjo
na manj kot 30 m3 letno.
{tev
ilo s
odov
/no
. of d
rum
s
Slika 2: Letna proizvodnja nizko in srednje radioaktivnih odpadkov ter dele`i
po posameznih vrstah odpadkov v jedrski elektrarni v Kr{kem
Figure 2: The production of low and intermediate level radioactive
waste in the storage of NPP Kr{ko
Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
36
Figure 3 shows the increase in the amount of waste in the NPP Kr{ko storage.
As is evident from the graph, the compression and incineration of combustible
waste contributed significantly to the volume reduction of the stored RAW.
The volume reduction is also the reason why the volume of produced waste
differs from the volume of the stored waste.
By the end of the year 2000, there were 2158 m3 of RAW stored
in the LILW storage of the NPP Kr{ko. The storage is now filled up to 93%.
Slika 3 prikazuje pove~evanje koli~ine odpadkov v skladi{~u NEK. Kot je
razvidno z grafa, je zmanj{evanje prostornine s stiskanjem in se`igom gorljivih
odpadkov ob~utno pripomoglo k zmanj{anju prostornine uskladi{~enih RAO,
zato se skupna koli~ina proizvedenih RAO razlikuje od koli~ine
dejansko uskladi{~enih odpadkov.
V skladi{~u NSRAO v NEK je bilo do konca leta 2000 shranjenih 2158 m3
odpadkov. Tako se je zasedenost skladi{~a pove~ala na 93 %.
Prvo stiskanje odpadkov / First compaction campaign
Drugo Stiskanje odpadkov / Second compaction campaign
Se`ig RAO / Waste incineraton
Kapaciteta skladi{~a je 2300 m3 / The Storage capacity is 2300 m3
m3
Slika 3: Koli~ine NSRAO v skladi{~u NEK
Figure 3: Low and intermediate level waste volume in the NPP Kr{ko storage facility
37Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
Preglednica 2: Koli~ine NSRAO v skladi{~u NEK konec leta 2000
Table 2: The quantities of LILW in the NPP Kr{ko
at the end of the year 2000
Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
38
In the storage the waste is stored in three types of drums: standard 210 l
drums, 320 l overpacks and 864 l tube type containers (TTC). The total activity
of the stored LILW in the NPP Kr{ko storage facility is 2.927 x 1013 Bq.
Table 2 states the actual quantities of LILW in the NPP Kr{ko storage regarding
the size of drums and type of stored waste at the end of the year 2000.
* Rezultat prvega stiskanja odpadkov v letih 1988 in 1989. / Result of the first waste compaction in 1988-89.
** Rezultat drugega stiskanja odpadkov v letu 1995. / Result of the second waste compaction in 1995.
*** Se`ig RAO v Studsviku. / Incineration of LILW in Studsvik.
Odpadki so v skladi{~u shranjeni v treh vrstah sodov: v standardnih
210-litrskih sodih, 320-litrskih sodih in sodih povr{nikih (TTC) s prostornino
864 l. Skupna aktivnost NSRAO v skladi{~u NEK je 2,927 x 1013 Bq.
Iz preglednice 2 je razvidno dejansko stanje v skladi{~u glede na velikost
soda in vrsto odpadka.
[tevilo Prostornina (m3)
Tip odpadka / Waste type Number Volume (m3)
EB - go{~e izparilnika (210 l) / EB - Evaporation bottoms (210 l) 251 52,71 / 52.71
CW - stisljivi odpadki (210 l) / CW - Compressible waste (210 l) 483 101,43 / 101.43
F - filtri (210 l) / F - Filters (210 l) 105 21,83 / 21.83
O - drugi odpadki (210 l) / O - Others incompressible wastes (210 l) 438 91,90 / 91.90
SR - Izrabljeni ionski izmenjevalci (210 l) / SR - Spent resins (210 l) 689 144,69 / 144.69
SC* - stisnjeni odpadki v povr{nikih (320L) / 617 197,44 / 197.44
SC* - compacted waste in overpacs (320L)
ST** - superkompaktirani odpadki v TTC (864L) / 1765 1524,96 / 1524.96
ST** - supercompacted waste in TTC (864L)
TI - sodi iz IDDS prelo`eni v TTC kontejnerje (864 l) / 18 15,64 / 15.64
TI - Drums from IDDS shifted to TTC-s (864 l)
A*** - pepel in filtrski prah (210 l) / A*** - Ash and filter dust (210 l) 33 6,93 / 6.93
Skupaj / Total 4399 2157,60 / 2157.60
Small producers are medical, research institutions and industrial
enterprises who use radioactive elements in their work and therefore
produce radioactive waste.
Since 1986 the radioactive waste deriving from small producers has been
stored in the Central storage for radioactive waste in Brinje. The stored
waste is classified according to the type of packaging in three categories:
waste, packed in drums, special waste and sealed sources. Drums
contain mostly contaminated cleaning material, paper, plastic items,
glass and material with induced radioactivity because of neutron
exposure at the TRIGA reactor. Different contaminated or activated metal
tubes and metal pieces that are too big to fit into the drum are stored as
special bulky items. Disused sealed ionising sources, stored in original
shielded containers, are stored separately.
39Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
Nizko in srednje radioaktivni odpadki nastajajo poleg pri obratovanju
jedrske elektrarne Kr{ko tudi pri uporabi radioaktivnih snovi v medicini,
industriji in v raziskovalnih dejavnostih. Podjetjem, ki te odpadke
proizvajajo, pa pravimo mali proizvajalci.
Od leta 1986 se radioaktivni odpadki malih proizvajalcev shranjujejo v
Centralnem skladi{~u RAO v Brinju. Odpadke v skladi{~u razvr{~amo glede
na tip embala`e v tri skupine: odpadki, pakirani v sode, posebni odpadki in
zaprti viri. V sodih se nahaja predvsem kontaminiran ~istilni material, papir,
plasti~ni predmeti, steklovina in material z aktivirano radioaktivnostjo
zaradi obsevanja v raziskovalnem reaktorju. Razli~ne kontaminirane
kovinske cevi in kovinske kose, ki so preveliki, da bi jih hranili v sodih,
hranimo kot posebne odpadke. Lo~eno hranimo tudi zaprte izrabljene vire,
obi~ajno zapakirane v originalnih za{~itnih kontejnerjih.
Nizko in srednje radioaktivni odpadki
iz drugih dejavnosti
Low and Intermediate Level
Waste Deriving from Small Producers
Preglednica 3: {tevilo uskladi{~enih virov konec leta 2000
Table 3: Quantities of waste stored in the Central Interim Storage in Brinje at
the end of the year 2000
[tevilo novo Skupno {tevilo Skupna ocenjena
uskladi{~enih RAO ob koncu Glavni izotopi aktivnost ob koncu
Vrsta odpadka RAO leta 2000 Main leta 2000 (GBq)
Waste type Stored in 2000 Total number radionuclides Estimated activity
(GBq)
Sod / Drums 13 253 Co-60, Cs-137, 3 - 20Ra-226, uran/Uranium,
Eu-152
Posebni odpadki / Special bulky items 0 141 Co-60 2900
Zaprti viri / Disused sealed sources 0 346 Co-60, Cs-137, 560Kr-85, Sr-90
*Nedolo~eni viri / *Undefined sources 34
Skupaj / Total 13 774 3500~
Table 3 presents the quantities of LILW stored in Central storage
in Brinje at the end of the year 2000.
In this year 13 drums were transported and stored
in the storage.
Preglednica 3 prikazuje stanje v Centralnem skladi{~u v Brinju
ob koncu leta 2000.
V skladi{~e je bilo do konca leta 2000 v interventnih prevzemih prepeljanih
13 sodov iz Zavratca.
Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
40
* Nedolo~eni viri so tisti viri, ki niso nosili nobene oznake predhodnega upravljalca in jih tudi
ni mogo~e najti v stari evidenci. Odpadke bomo po natan~nem pregledu naknadno razvrstili.
* Undefined sources are those that were found during the inventorying of the storage
and which did not have any labelling, and also were not found in the database of the
previous operator of the storage. The items will be classified after
detailed examination.
Ob koncu leta 2000 je v skladi{~u 774 kosov RAO s skupno prostornino
od 60 do 70 m3. Ker je bila izkori{~enost prostora `e pri prevzemu skladi{~a
slaba, so trenutni pogoji za sprejem RAO v skladi{~e slabi. V prihodnje zato
na~rtujemo izbolj{anje izkori{~enosti skladi{~nih prostorov s poenotenjem
embala`e odpadkov in bolj optimalno razporeditvijo sodov.
Skupna aktivnost radioaktivnih virov v skladi{~u je ocenjena na 3500 GBq.
K celotni aktivnosti skladi{~a najbolj prispeva izrabljen teleterapevtski
vir Co-60 s trenutno ocenjeno aktivnostjo okrog 2900 GBq.
Poleg uskladi{~enih virov v Centralnem skladi{~u v Brinju so viri shranjeni
tudi pri malih proizvajalcih. Tak{nih za~asnih hramb je v Sloveniji 40. V njih
naj bi bilo po dostopnih podatkih shranjeno 150 do 200 izrabljenih virov.
At the end of the year 2000 there were 774 items of RAW stored in the
storage facility with a total volume of approximately 60 - 70m3. Because the
storage utilisation was low even before ARAO took over the management
of the storage, the current possibilities for accepting the waste are still not
satisfactory. In the future we plan to optimise the utilisation of the storage
facility by repackaging and rearranging the waste in the optimal way.
The total activity of the waste inventory is estimated at 3500 GBq. The major
contribution to the total activity comes from a disused teletherapeutic source
Co-60, with the present activity around 2900 GBq.
Apart from the waste stored in the Central storage in Brinje there are also
some radioactive sources temporarily stored on the site at the users’
facilities. At present there are 40 such »temporary storages«
containing 150 to 200 spent sources.
41Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
Zmogljivost bazena za izrabljeno gorivo / Spent fuel pool capacity
Izrabljeno jedrsko gorivo (IJG) v obliki izrabljenih gorivnih sve`njev se nahaja
le v bazenu za IJG v jedrski elektrarni Kr{ko. Konec leta 2000 je bilo v bazenu
594 izrabljenih gorivnih sve`njev. Nara{~anje koli~in goriva v tem bazenu
skozi ~as prikazuje slika 4.
Spent fuel elements are stored only in the spent fuel pool at NPP Kr{ko.
At the end of the year 2000 there were 594 spent fuel elements in the pool.
The increasing quantities of spent fuel in the pool
are shown in the figure 4.
Izrabljeno
jedrsko gorivo
Spent Fuel
Slika 4: Koli~ine izrabljenega goriva v NEK
Figure 4: Quantities of spent fuel in NPP Kr{ko
Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
42
{tev
ilo g
oriv
nih
elem
ento
v/
no. o
f fue
l ele
men
ts
43Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
Every year 33 fuel elements on average are replaced in the reactor core.
The capacity of the pool is 828 fuel elements. Taking into account that the pool
must always have free space for 121 fuel elements in case of emergency, the
pool capacity will be fully exhausted in three years’ time. The plans for
enlargement of pool capacities are already in full progress.
Fuel elements are also used for operation of the TRIGA research reactor in
Brinje, but at present the spent fuel pool is empty. In 1999 all spent fuel
elements were transported back to the USA, the country of their origin.
Na leto zamenjajo v sredici reaktorja v povpre~ju 33 gorivnih sve`njev.
Sedanja zmogljivost bazena je 828 gorivnih sve`njev. Ob upo{tevanju,
da mora biti v bazenu stalno prostih 121 mest za izpraznitev sredice
v izrednih razmerah, bodo obstoje~e zmogljivost bazena zapolnjene
predvidoma v naslednjih treh letih. Na~rti za pove~anje
zmogljivosti bazena so v pripravi.
Tudi za delovanje raziskovalnega reaktorja TRIGA v Brinju se
v sredici reaktorja uporabljajo gorivni elementi, vendar pa v bazenu
v reaktorskem centru trenutno ni izrabljenega goriva. Leta 1999 so vse
izrabljene gorivne elemente prepeljali nazaj v ZDA,
kjer je bilo gorivo tudi izdelano.
Sabugalit H Al (UO2)4 (PO4)4 . 16H2O, pod UV svetlobo, Jachimov, ^e{ka
Sabugalite, exposed to UV light, Jachimov, Czech Republic
Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
44
Irena Mele and Nadja @eleznik
Participation in PIME conference,
Ljubljana, February 13 to 16, 2000
Marija Fabjan
Symposium on radwaste management »HLW,
LLW; Mixed Wastes and Environmental
Restoration - Working Towards a Cleaner
Environment«,
Tucson, USA, February 27 to March 2, 2000
Irena Mele
Participation in a round table on international
repositories within an International Conference
»The Safety of Radioactive Waste
Management«,
Cordoba, Spain, March 12 to 19, 2000
Irena Mele in Nadja @eleznik
Udele`ba na kongresu PIME,
13. do 16. 2. 2000, Ljubljana
Marija Fabjan
Simpozij o ravnanju z RAO »HLW, LLW; Mixed
Wastes and Environmental Restoration -
Working Towards a Cleaner Environment«,
27. 2. do 2. 3. 2000, Tucson, ZDA
Irena Mele
Sodelovanje na okrogli mizi na temo
mednarodnih odlagali{~ na mednarodni
konferenci »The Safety of Radioactive
Waste Management«,
12. do 19. 3. 2000, Córdoba, [panija
Professional Improvement,
Conferences, Expert
Deliberations
Izpopolnjevanja, konference,
strokovna
posvetovanja
45
Bojan Hertl
Te~aj »Notranja presoja sistema kakovosti«,
22. do 24. 3. 2000, Ljubljana
Bojan Hertl
Te~aj »Notranja presoja sistema ravnanja
z okoljem«, opravljen izpit notranjega
presojevalca,
12. in 13. 4. 2000, Ljubljana
Bojan Hertl
Strokovno posvetovanje »Za{~ita okolja in
ekolo{ke nesre~e«,
10. do 12. 5. 2000, Maribor
Nadja @eleznik
Technical Committee to Prepare a Safety
Report on Waste Acceptance Requirements for
Near-Surface Disposal for Radioactive Waste,
organizator MAAE,
8. do 12. 5. 2000, Dunaj, Avstrija
Irena Mele
3. sre~anje predstavnikov organizacij za
ravnanje z RAO iz dr`av kandidatk
za ~lanstvo v EU,
16. 5. 2000, Bruselj, Belgija
Irena Mele
Udele`ba na prvem sre~anju skupine za
ravnanje z odpadki (Waste Management
Subgroup) v okviru Evropskega zdru`enja za
jedrsko energijo (EAES),
22. 5. 2000, Pariz, Francija
Bojan Hertl
Training course on the internal judgement of
the quality assurance system,
Ljubljana, Slovenia, March 22 to 24, 2000
Bojan Hertl
Training course on the internal judgement
of environment management system, he
also passed the test for an internal
quality assessor,
Ljubljana, Slovenia, April 12 to 13, 2000
Bojan Hertl
Workshop on environment protection and
ecological accidents,
Maribor, Slovenia, May 10 to 12, 2000
Nadja @eleznik
»Technical Committee to Prepare a Safety
Report on Waste Acceptance Requirements for
Near-Surface Disposal for Radioactive Waste«,
organised by International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA),
Vienna, Austria, May 8 to 12, 2000
Irena Mele
The 3rd meeting of radioactive waste
management representatives from
EU applicant countries,
Brussels, Belgium, May 16, 2000
Irena Mele
Participation at the first meeting of the Waste
Management Subgroup within the European
Atomic Energy Society (EAES),
Paris, France, May 22, 2000
Irena Mele, Nadja @eleznik,
Matja` Stepi{nik
Udele`ba na 29. sre~anju Kluba agencij, ki ga
je organizirala ARAO,
13. do 15. 6. 2000, Ljubljana
Irena Mele, Nadja @eleznik
Konferenca dru{tva jedrskih strokovnjakov
Hrva{ke »Nuclear Options in Countries with
Small Nuclear Grids«;
Irena Mele je sodelovala na okrogli mizi
»Regional Co-operation and Regional Facilities«,
19. do 22. 6. 2000, Dubrovnik, Hrva{ka
Peter Tom{e
Delavnica NEA/OECD in EC »Gas Generation,
Accumulation and Migration in Underground
Repository System for Radioactive Waste:
Safety Relevant Issues«,
26. do 28. 6. 2000, Reims, Francija;
v sklopu delavnice tudi ogled pripravljalnih
del in raziskav na lokaciji, namenjeni izgradnji
podzemnega laboratorija za karakterizacijo
primernosti geolo{ke formacije
za odlaganje VRAO,
29. 6. 2000, Bure, Francija
Irena Mele, Nadja @eleznik,
Matja` Stepi{nik
Participation in the 29th meeting of the Club
of Agencies, which was organised by ARAO,
Ljubljana, Slovenia, June 13 to 15 2000
Irena Mele, Nadja @eleznik
Conference of the Croatian Nuclear Energy
Society »Nuclear Options in Countries with
Small Nuclear Grids«,
Irena Mele participated in the round table
»Regional Co-operation and Regional
Facilities«,
Dubrovnik, Croatia, June 19 to 22, 2000
Peter Tom{e
Workshop of NEA/OECD and EC »Gas
Generation, Accumulation and Migration in
Underground Repository System for
Radioactive Waste: Safety Relevant Issues«
Reims, France, June 26 to 28, 2000;
within the workshop also a visit to preparatory
and research works on a site for an
underground laboratory for characterisation
of a suitable geological formation for high
level waste disposal,
Bure, France, June 29, 2000
Metaautonit Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 . 8H2O, pod UV svetlobo, Novy Foitov, ^e{ka
Meta-autunite, exposed to UV light, Novy Foitov, Czech Republic
Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
46
Nadja @eleznik
Udele`ba na mednarodni poletni {oli BEST,
12. 7. 2000, Ljubljana
Nadja @eleznik, Peter Tom{e
Delavnica »PA/SA-Modelling of LILW
Repository«,
21. do 31. 8. 2000, Mol, Belgija
Bojan Hertl
Seminar »Regional Workshop on
Decommissioning Process: Regulatory,
Technical and Managerial Aspects«,
4. do 8. 9. 2000, Ljubljana
Irena Mele
Udele`ba na mednarodi konferenci »DISTEC -
International Conference on Radioactive Waste
Disposal« kot ~lanica strokovnega odbora,
4. do 6. 9. 2000, Berlin, Nem~ija
Irena Mele, Nadja @eleznik,
Matja` Stepi{nik
Mednarodna konferenca jedrskih
strokovnjakov »International Conference of
Nuclear Energy in Central Europe 2000«;
Irena Mele je bila ~lanica programskega
odbora in predsedovala sekciji na temo
ravnanja z odpadki,
11. do 14. 9. 2000, Bled
Marija Fabjan
Seminar »Demonstration on Predisposal
Waste Management Methods and
Procedures«, organizator MAAE,
4. do 15. 9. 2000, Carigrad, Tur~ija
Nadja @eleznik
Lecturing at an international summer school
BEST
Ljubljana, Slovenia, July 12, 2000
Nadja @eleznik, Peter Tom{e
Workshop »PA/SA-Modelling of LILW
Repository«,
Mol, Belgium, August 21 to 31, 2000
Bojan Hertl
Seminar »Regional Workshop on
Decommissioning Process: Regulatory,
Technical and Managerial Aspects«,
Ljubljana, Slovenia, September 4 to 8, 2000
Irena Mele
Participation in an international conference
»DISTEC- International Conference on
Radioactive Waste Disposal« as a member of
the scientific committee,
Berlin, Germany, September 4 to 6, 2000
Irena Mele, Nadja @eleznik,
Matja` Stepi{nik
»International Conference of Nuclear Energy in
Central Europe 2000«, organised by the
Slovenian Nuclear Society;
Irena Mele co-chaired the section on the topic
of radwaste management and was also a
member of the programme committee,
Bled, Slovenia, September 11 to 14, 2000
Marija Fabjan
Seminar »Demonstration on Predisposal
Waste Management Methods and Procedures«
organised by IAEA,
Istambul, Turkey, September 4 to 15, 2000
47
Sabina Hajri~
Seminar »Public Procurement«
Ljubljana, Slovenia, September 15, 2000
Peter Tom{e
Seminar: »5th international deliberation on
tunnel and underground premises construction«,
Ljubljana, Slovenia, September 21 to 22, 2000
Irena Mele
Scientific forum within the General Conference
of the International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA),
Vienna, Austria, September 19 to 20, 2000
Nadja @eleznik
International conference ISAM (Improvement
of Performance Assessment Methodology for
Near-Surface LILW Repository),
Vienna, Austria, September 25 to 30, 2000
Irena Mele
Meeting of the Pangea Resources
International organisation,
Baden, Switzerland, September 25, 2000
Sabina Hajri~
Seminar »Javna naro~ila«,
15. 9. 2000, Ljubljana
Peter Tom{e
Seminar »5. Mednarodno posvetovanje o
gradnji tunelov in podzemnih prostorov«,
21. in 22. 9. 2000, Ljubljana
Irena Mele
Znanstveni forum v okviru generalne
konference Mednarodne agencije za atomsko
energijo (MAAE),
19. in 20. 9. 2000, Dunaj, Avstrija
Nadja @eleznik
Mednarodna konferenca ISAM (Improvement
of Performance Assessment Methodology for
Near-Surface LILW Repository),
25. do 30. 9. 2000, Dunaj, Avstrija
Irena Mele
Sestanek organizacije Pangea Resources
International,
25. 9. 2000, Baden, [vica
Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
48
Torijevi minerali
^rni, temno rjavi in tudi rumeno-oran`ni in temno zeleni, masivni in zrnati, tudi kristalnih oblik, s
smolnatim in steklastim sijajem.
Thorite minerals
Black, dark brown and also yellowish-orange and dark green colour, massive
with irregular grains and resinous, vitreous lustre.
Thorianit (Th,U)O2, Fort Dauphin, Madagaskar
Thorianite, Fort Dauphin, Madagascar
Peter Tom{e
Izobra`evanje »Vrednotenje in modeliranje v
okoljevarstvu«,
28. in 29. 9. 2000, Ljubljana
Sabina Hajri~
Seminar »Dnevi slovenskih pravnikov 2000«,
12. do 14. 10. 2000, Portoro`
Irena Mele
30. sre~anje Kluba agencij,
21. do 24. 10. 2000, Vlissingen, Nizozemska
Peter Tom{e
Izobra`evanje »Metodologija izdelave
varnostne ocene za povr{inska odlagali{~a«,
organizator MAAE,
12. do 25. 11. 2000, Madrid, [panija
Irena Mele, Nadja @eleznik,
Marija Fabjan, Peter Tom{e
Redno letno sre~anje ARAO s hrva{ko agencijo
za ravnanje s posebnimi odpadki (APO),
6. 11. 2000, Zagreb, Hrva{ka
Bojan Hertl
Seminar »IAEA Regional Training-the-Trainers
Workshop in Practical Response to a
Radiological Emergency«, organizator MAAE,
14. in 23. 11. 2000, Ljubljana
Sabina Hajri~
Seminar »Javna naro~ila malih vrednosti«,
13. 12. 2000, Ljubljana
Peter Tom{e
Training course on assessing and modelling in
environmentalism,
Ljubljana, September 28 to 29, 2000
Sabina Hajri~
Days of Slovene Lawyers,
Portoro`, Slovenia, October 12 to 14, 2000
Irena Mele
30th meeting of the Club of Agencies,
Vlissingen, Netherlands, October 21 to 24, 2000
Peter Tom{e
Training course »Methodology of the
Performance Assessment Composition for
Surface Repositories« organised by IAEA,
Madrid, Spain, November 12 to 25, 2000
Irena Mele, Nadja @eleznik,
Marija Fabjan, Peter Tom{e
Regular annual meeting between ARAO and
Croatian Agency for Hazardous Waste (APO),
Zagreb, Croatia, November 6, 2000
Bojan Hertl
Seminar »IAEA Regional Training-the-Trainers
Workshop in Practical Response to a
Radiological Emergency« organised by IAEA,
Ljubljana, Slovenia, November 14 to 23, 2000
Sabina Hajri~
Seminar »Public Procurement of Small
Values«,
Ljubljana, Slovenia, December 13, 2000
49
Irena Mele in Nadja @eleznik
poster »Repository Site Selection -
Communication with Public«,
Kongres PIME,
13. do 16. 2. 2000, Ljubljana
Irena Mele
poro~ilo »Radioactive waste management
in Slovenia«,
»Spent fuel and low and intermediate level
waste management strategies«,
3. sre~anje predstavnikov organizacij za
ravnanje z RAO iz dr`av kandidatk
za ~lanstvo v EU,
16. 5. 2000, Bruselj, Belgija
Irena Mele, Nadja @eleznik
»Repository Site Selection - Communication
with Public«,
PIME conference,
Ljubljana, Slovenia, February 13 to 16, 2000
Irena Mele
Report on »Radioactive waste management
in Slovenia«,
»Spent fuel and low
and intermediate level waste
management strategies«,
3rd meeting of the
representatives of the organisations for
radwaste management from states candidates
for membership in EU,
Brussels, Belgium, May 16, 2000
Lectures, Papers,
other Contributions
Monazit (Ce,La,Nd,Th)PO4, Rusija
Monazite, Russia
Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
50
Predavanja,
referati, prispevki
Irena Mele
»Current Status Report on Waste
Management in Slovenia«,
29. sre~anje Kluba agencij,
13. do 15. 6. 2000, Ljubljana
Nadja @eleznik in Matja` Stepi{nik
»Radioactive Waste from
Small Producers«,
29. sre~anje Kluba agencij,
13. do 15. 6. 2000, Ljubljana
Irena Mele, Nadja @eleznik,
Matja` Stepi{nik
poster »Final Remediation of Provisional
Storage near Zavratec«,
konferenca dru{tva jedrskih strokovnjakov
Hrva{ke »Nuclear Options in Countries
with Small Nuclear Grids«,
19. do 22. 6. 2000, Dubrovnik, Hrva{ka
Nadja @eleznik
predavanje na temo ravnanja z RAO
in organizacija ogleda Centralnega
skladi{~a v Brinju,
Mednarodna poletna {ola BEST,
12. 7. 2000, Ljubljana
Irena Mele,
»Current Status Report on Waste Management
in Slovenia«,
29th meeting of the Club of Agencies,
Ljubljana, Slovenia, June 13 to 15, 2000
Nadja @eleznik, Matja` Stepi{nik
»Radioactive Waste from Small Producers«,
29th meeting of the Club of Agencies,
Ljubljana, Slovenia, June 13 to 15, 2000
Irena Mele, Nadja @eleznik,
Matja` Stepi{nik
»Final Remediation of Provisional Storage
near Zavratec«,
conference of the Croatian Nuclear Society
»Nuclear Options in Countries with Small
Nuclear Grids«,
Dubrovnik, Croatia, June 19 to 22, 2000
Nadja @eleznik
lecture on radwaste management and
organisation of the visit to the Central
storage in Brinje,
International summer school BEST,
Ljubljana, Slovenia, July 12, 2000
51
Umbozerit Na3Sr4Th¡Si8(O,OH4)24¿, Karnasurt, Rusija
Umbozerite, Karnasurt, Russia
Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
52
Nadja @eleznik, Marko Poli~
»Acceptability of LILW Repository«,
mednarodna konferenca jedrskih
strokovnjakov »International Conference of
Nuclear Energy in Central Europe 2000«,
11. do 14. 9. 2000, Bled
Matja` Stepi{nik, Nadja @eleznik,
Irena Mele
»Final Remediation of the Provisional
Storage near Zavratec - Separation of Waste,
Decontamination and Radiological
Measurement«,
mednarodna konferenca jedrskih
strokovnjakov »International Conference of
Nuclear Energy in Central Europe 2000«,
11. do 14. 9. 2000, Bled
Nadja @eleznik, Marko Poli~
»Acceptability of LILW Repository«,
international nuclear experts’ conference
»International Conference of Nuclear
Energy in Central Europe 2000«,
Bled, Slovenia, September 11 to 14, 2000
Irena Mele, Nadja @eleznik,
Matja` Stepi{nik
»Final Remediation of the Provisional
Storage near Zavratec- Separation of Waste,
Decontamination and Radiological
Measurement«,
international nuclear
experts’ conference »International
Conference of Nuclear Energy in
Central Europe 2000«,
Bled, Slovenia, September 11 to 14, 2000
53
Irena Mele, Nadja @eleznik,
Andrej Stritar, Oton Gortnar
»Multimedia Presentation of Radwaste
Management«,
mednarodna konferenca jedrskih
strokovnjakov »International Conference
of Nuclear Energy in Central Europe 2000«,
11. do 14. 9. 2000, Bled
Jakob Likar, Klementina Hrast,
Peter Tom{e
»Idejna zasnova podzemnega odlagali{~a
nizko in srednje radioaktivnih odpadkov«,
5. Mednarodno posvetovanje o gradnji
tunelov in podzemnih prostorov,
21. in 22. 9. 2000, Ljubljana
Nadja @eleznik
»Safety assessment activities in Slovenia«,
Mednarodna konferenca ISAM (Improvement
of Performance Assessment Methodology for
Near-Surface LILW Repository),
25. do 30. 9. 2000, Dunaj, Avstrija
Irena Mele, Nadja @eleznik,
Andrej Stritar, Oton Gortnar,
»Multimedia Presentation of Radwaste
Management«,
international nuclear experts’ conference
»International Conference of Nuclear Energy
in Central Europe 2000«,
Bled, Slovenia, September 11 to 14, 2000
Jakob Likar, Klementina Hrast,
Peter Tom{e
paper on an underground LILW
repository concept,
5th International deliberation on tunnel and
underground premises construction,
Ljubljana, Slovenia, September 21 to 22, 2000
Nadja @eleznik,
»Safety assessment activities in Slovenia«,
International conference ISAM (Improvement
of Performance Assessment Methodology for
Near-Surface LILW Repository),
Vienna, Austria, September 25 to 30, 2000
2000 1999
v 000 SIT % v 000 SIT %
in 000 SIT % in 000 SIT %
Sredstva / Assets 77.874 100 80.738 100
Dolgoro~na sredstva in sredstva v upravljanju /36.765 47 14.337 18
Fixed assets
Opredmetena osnovna sredstva / 24.727 32 14.237 18
Equipment and other tangible fixed assets
Neopredmetena dolgoro~na sredstva / 12.038 15 0.100 0
Intangible fixed assets
Kratkoro~na sredstva razen zalog in aktivne41.109 53 66.401 82
~asovne razmejitve / Current assets
Kratkoro~ne terjatve in finan~ne nalo`be / 1.279 2 7.676 10
Accounts receivable and short-term investments
Denarna sredstva / Cash 39.830 51 58.725 72
2000 1999
v 000 SIT % v 000 SIT %
in 000 SIT % in 000 SIT %
Obveznosti do virov sredstev / Liabilities 77.874 100 80.738 100
Kratkoro~ne obveznosti in pasivne ~asovne
razmejitve / Short-term liabilities and accruals 4.997 8 58.894 7 and deffered revenues
Kratkoro~ne obveznosti / 4.975 7 12.980 18
Short-term operating liabilities
Pasivne ~asovne razmejitve56.683 85 45.914 64
Accruals and deffered revenues
Lastni viri in dolgoro~ne obveznosti53.777 21.844
Equity and long-term liabilities
Dolgoro~ne rezervacije / Long-term provisions 8.000 11 8.000 11
Splo{ni sklad / Contingency - open end fund 32.383 8.450
Obveznosti za sredstva prejeta v upravljanje /5.874 4.938
Other liabilities
Ugotovljeni poslovni izid / Financial result 7.520 0.411
Finan~no
poro~ilo
Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
54
Financial
Statement
Bilanca stanja za leti 2000 in 1999
Balance sheet for 2000 and 1999
2000 1999
v 000 SIT v 000 SIT
in 000 SIT in 000 SIT
Prihodki / Income 168.485 171.678
Donacija* / Budgetary funds** 165.183 170.341
Drugi prihodki / Other income 3.302 1.337
2000 1999
v 000 SIT v 000 SIT
in 000 SIT in 000 SIT
Odhodki / Expenses 160.965 171.660
Stro{ki materiala in drugih storitev79.247 109.249
Costs of material and outside services
Stro{ki dela / Costs of labor 58.241 58.275
Stro{ki za osnovna sredstva / Cost of fixed assets 23.477 4.136
2000 1999
Prese`ek odhodkov nad prihodki /7.520 18.0
Excess (of revenue over expenditure)
55Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
Izkaz uspeha
Income Statement
** In 2000 the Agency for radwaste management received 150.950 mio SIT from the state
budget and 14.233 mio SIT from the Fund for the decommissioning of the NPP Kr{ko
and the disposal of radioactive waste from NPP Kr{ko.
* ARAO je v letu 2000 prejela iz dr`avnega prora~una 150.950 mio SIT
in iz Sklada za financiranje razgradnje NEK in odlaganje odpadkov
iz NEK 14.233 mio SIT.
Ustanovitelj / Founder
Republika Slovenija / Republic of Slovenia
Upravni odbor / Management board
Upravni odbor {teje pet ~lanov: od teh je tri imenoval ustanovitelj, enega je imenovala
Nuklearna elektrarna Kr{ko, enega pa so izvolili zaposleni ARAO.
The management board consists of five members: three are appointed by the
founder, one is appointed by NPP Kr{ko and one by ARAO.
Predsednik / President
Ivo Novak, univ. dipl. in`., Ministrstvo za gospodarstvo
Namestnik predsednika / Vice-president
Bla` Tominec, univ. dipl. in`., Ministrstvo za {olstvo, {port in znanost
^lani / Members
mag. Miroslav Gregori~, Uprava za jedrsko varnost
Marija Fabjan, univ. dipl. kem., ARAO
Stane Ro`man, univ. dipl. in`., Nuklearna elektrarna Kr{ko
Osnovni
podatki o ARAO
About Arao
Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
56
Na{ naslov / Our address
ARAO
Parmova 53
SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija
Tel.: +386 (0) 1 236 32 00
Fax: +386 (0) 1 236 32 30
E-po{ta: ime.priimekÐgov.si / E-mail: name.surnameÐgov.si
http://www.gov.si/arao/
Direktorica / Director
dr. Irena Mele, v agenciji od 1. 2. 1994
Zaposleni / Personnel
Tja{a Lu~i~, gimnazijska maturantka, v agenciji od 1. 3. 1993
Matja` Stepi{nik, univ. dipl. fiz., v agenciji od 1. 11. 1994
mag. Nadja @eleznik, v agenciji od 15. 11. 1995
Peter Tom{e, univ. dipl. geolog, v agenciji od 1. 11. 1996
Marija Fabjan, univ. dipl. kem., v agenciji od 1. 1. 1998
Sabina Hajri~, univ. dipl. iur., v agenciji od 3. 10. 1998
mag. Bojan Hertl, v agenciji od 31. 10. 1998
Mihael Lukanovi~, v agenciji od 1. 12. 1999
Boris Okorn, v agenciji od 15. 12. 1999
Gregor Ro`man, univ. dipl. kem., v agenciji od 1. 9. 2000
Miha Kveder, univ. dipl. fiz., v agenciji od 1. 9. 2000
Simona Knez, univ. dipl. ekon., v agenciji od 15. 10. 2000
dr. Metka Kralj, v agenciji od 1. 11. 2000
57Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
ARAO Agencija za radioaktivne odpadke
MAAE Mednarodna agencija za atomsko energijo
NSRAO nizko in srednje radioaktivni odpadki
RAO radioaktivni odpadki
NEK Nuklearna elektrarna Kr{ko
JEK jedrska elektrarna Kr{ko
ARAO Agency for Radwaste Management
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
NPP nuclear power plant
LILW low and intermediate level waste
LIL low and intermediate level
RAW radioactive waste
Kratice in
okraj{ave
Abbrevations and
Short Forms
Letno poro~ilo
Annual Report
58