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Let them print cake! 3D Printing & Food Security
Michael Petch – Black Dog Consulting
3D Food Printing Conference, Venlo. 11th April 2016
[email protected] @michaellpetch
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10 FOOD ACCESS: PROBLEMS
11 FOOD ACCESS: SOLUTIONS
03 ABOUT ME
04 WHAT IS FOOD SECURITY? .
05 FOOD RIOTS THROUGH HISTORY
06 MACRO TRENDS
07 FAO FRAMEWORK
13 FOOD UTILIZATION: SOLUTIONS
14 FOOD STABILITY: PROBLEMS
15 FOOD STABILITY: SOLUTIONS
16 OPPORTUNITIES & CONCLUSION
agenda 3D PRINTING & FOOD SECURITY
08 FOOD AVAILABILITY: PROBLEMS
09 FOOD AVAILABILITY: SOLUTIONS
12 FOOD UTILIZATION: PROBLEMS
17 QUESTIONS?
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MICHAEL PETCH Author, analyst, & consultant.
Image Credit: Gyges 3D
4 What is food security? The four pillars of food security.
Availability
Access
Utilization
Stability
Sufficient quantities of food available on a consistent basis.
Sufficient resources to obtain appropriate food for a nutritious diet.
Appropriate use based on knowledge of basic nutrition , food safety and adequate water/sanitation.
The infrastructure and supply chains are not subject to undesired or unplanned disruption.
How? “Food security exists all people at all times have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active, healthy life.”
When?
70% increase in global food production required by 2050. – FAO 2015
5 Food Riots through History “The forcible reduction of the price of food by riot … the crowd itself conducted the sale.” - George Rudé, 1964. The Crowd in History: A Study of Popular Disturbances in France & England, 1730-1848.
1789 Women’s March on Versailles
1977 Egyptian Bread
Riots
2016 Food Banks USA: >50m
(Feeding America) UK: >1m
(Trussell Trust) Image Credits: Bibliothèque nationale de France, New York Times, Getty Images, Trussell Trust.
2006 – 2008 - Rice: 217%
- Wheat: 136% -Corn: 125%
(Timmer, 2010)
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Macro-Trends “A (dystopian) future of pizza flavoured sugar cubes”
-Jason Mosbrucker 3digitalcooks.com
Chart Data Source: http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/foodpricesindex/en/
Drivers of Consumer Price Fluctuations
Fuel, fertilizer, transport costs, speculation/hoarding & biofuel. (Tadesse et al, 2014 cf. Gilbert, 2010 re: biofuel)
Economic & Legal
Polarisation of income/precarity of labour. Free Trade vs. Protectionism (Kanbur & Stiglitz, 2015. Piketty, 2014.)
Demographic & Social Trends
Aging population, urbanisation/mega-cities, work/life balance & diet. (Godfray & Garnett, 2014) Carbon Futures?
Oil/food price correlation (Headey & Fan, 2008) Climate Change (Nelson et al, 2009. Asseng et al, 2015)
7 FAO Framework
Image Source: http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/agn/pdf/Food_and_Nutrition_Security-Strategy_Note.pdf
Linkages between the overall development context, the food economy, households, and individual well-being.
8 Food Availability: Problems
Image Credits: Carlolyn Baker, Landmark, Food Online
Physical existence of food in the market
9 Food Availability: Solutions?
Image Credits: brightagrotech.com, materialise.com, Els Engel, honeyflow.com
10 Food Access: Problems
Image Credits: FAO, Reuters, Ministry of Agriculture United Republic of Tanzania
The ability of all people to obtain enough food for themselves and their family
11 Food Access: Solutions?
Mechanisation of Agriculture
Reduction/Use of Spoilage
Local Produce, food miles, wastage Decrease number of intermediaries Microbial Fuel Cells Disaster Mitigation
Long-life meal packs Long term Community Recovery Alt protein sources Alt energy sources
Rapid-Retooling Zhejiang Province Fire Brigade
Image Credits: http://2013.igem.org/Team:Bielefeld-Germany/Project/MFC
12 Food Utilization: Problems
Image Credits: Actionaid.org.uk , W. Cline: Global Warming & Agriculture Study.
“Includes food storage, processing, health and sanitation as they relate to nutrition” - USAID
13 Food Utilization: Solutions?
Image Credits: Lockheed Martin, Kettering University / Sarah Church, American Chemical Society/ Molenaar et al. 2016
Balanced Nutritional Content, Water Desalination/Filtration, humanitarian assistance, Microbial Fuel Cells
14 Food Stability: Problems
Image Credits: Christies, Suroosh Alvi, DPA
Causes of conflict: poverty, underemployment, inequalities in natural resources
15 Food Stability: Solutions?
Image Credits: Ames Lab/DOE, Lawrence Livermore National Lab
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Increase Agricultural Productivity
Halt Environmental
Damage
Alter Consumption Patterns
Address Food Waste & Loss
Research New Agriculture Models
Opportunities & Conclusions What Next?
Your Turn!
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References Asseng, S., Ewert, F., Martre, P., Rötter, R. P., Lobell, D. B., Cammarano, D., ... & Reynolds, M. P. (2015). Rising temperatures reduce global wheat production. Nature Climate Change, 5(2), 143-147. Castro, F. A., Benmansour, H., Graeff, C. F., Nüesch, F., Tutis, E., & Hany, R. (2006). Nanostructured organic layers via polymer demixing for interface-enhanced photovoltaic cells. Chemistry of materials, 18(23), 5504-5509. Denkenberger, D. C., & Pearce, J. M. (2015). Feeding everyone: Solving the food crisis in event of global catastrophes that kill crops or obscure the sun.Futures, 72, 57-68. Gilbert, C. L. (2010). How to understand high food prices. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 61(2), 398-425. Godfray, H. C. J., & Garnett, T. (2014). Food security and sustainable intensification. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 369(1639), 20120273. Headey, D., & Fan, S. (2008). Anatomy of a crisis: the causes and consequences of surging food prices. Agricultural Economics, 39(s1), 375-391. Kanbur, R., & Stiglitz, J. (2015). Wealth and income distribution: New theories needed for a new era.
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References Molenaar, S. D., Mol, A. R., Sleutels, T. H., Ter Heijne, A., & Buisman, C. J. (2016). The Microbial Rechargeable Battery: Energy Storage and Recovery through Acetate. Environmental Science & Technology Letters. Nelson, G. C., Rosegrant, M. W., Koo, J., Robertson, R., Sulser, T., Zhu, T., ... & Magalhaes, M. (2009). Climate change: Impact on agriculture and costs of adaptation (Vol. 21). Intl Food Policy Res Inst. Oh, J. Y., Lee, T. I., Jang, W. S., Chae, S. S., Park, J. H., Lee, H. W., ... & Baik, H. K. (2013). Mass production of a 3D non-woven nanofabric with crystalline P3HT nanofibrils for organic solar cells. Energy & Environmental Science, 6(3), 910-917. Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the 21st Century. Cambridge: Harvard Uni. Rowen, H. H. (1978). John de Witt. Grand Pensionary of Holland, 1625-1672. Tadesse G, Algieri B, Kalkuhl M & von Braun J (2014) Drivers and triggers of international food price spikes and volatility Food Policy 47 117–28 Timmer, Peter C. (2010). "Reflections on food crises past". Food Policy 35 (1): 1–11. Zhu, C., Liu, T., Qian, F., Han, T. Y. J., Duoss, E. B., Kuntz, J. D., ... & Li, Y. (2016). Supercapacitors based on 3D hierarchical graphene aerogels with periodic macropores. Nano letters.
