Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
10/31/2017
1
ECOSYSTEMS UNIT
LESSON TWO
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlnFylwdYH4
Mantis Shrimp
Lesson Two: Energy Flow
All ____________________ need energy to carry
out the activities of life such as moving, feeding,
reproducing, and growing.
Only _______________ are able to take energy
from the sun and use it to drive their activities.
Most organisms cannot take the energy from the sun
and use it directly for their own purposes.
plants
organisms
10/31/2017
2
Lesson Two: Energy Flow
Instead, they eat other ____________________ to
obtain their ______________.
Since organisms only eat certain other types of
organisms, the trail of the energy can be traced as it
flows along from organism to organism.
energy
organisms
Lesson Two: Energy Flow
Outcomes
After completing this lesson you will be able to:
Describe the roles of ________________,
_______________ and ________________
Explain the difference between a food _______ and a
food __________
Draw a food web found in a local ______________
Describe how _________ flows through an ecosystem
herbivores
ecosystem
omnivores
chain
carnivores
web
energy
10/31/2017
3
Lesson Two: Energy Flow
Key words
carnivore
ecological pyramid
food chain
food web
herbivore
omnivore
primary consumer
pyramid of energy
scavenger
secondary consumer
tertiary consumer
trophic level
Lesson Two: What’s the Big Idea
Right now, even sitting there at your desk, you are using energy. Your heart is pumping, your diaphragm muscle is flexing to help you breathe, even your brain reading these words is using energy.
Where did you get that energy?
Think about your recent meals. If you ate an apple, that apple had energy in it that it got from somewhere. Every living thing requires energy to live.
This lesson is about the movement of that energy throughout an ecosystem.
10/31/2017
4
Lesson Two: Food Chains
Since all living things require _______________ to
live, the ultimate source of that energy is the ______.
Producers such as __________ and _________
capture the sun’s energy and transform it into organic
compounds. These compounds are used to build plant
parts such as leaves and flowers, or store extra
energy in roots and seeds.
sun
algaeplants
energy
Lesson Two: Food Chains
Unlike producers, ________________ are unable to directly transform sunlight into organic compounds.
_____________ ______________ (also called ________________) feed directly on plants. Examples of herbivores include moose, cattle, grasshoppers, rabbits
and aphids.
_________________ __________________ feed on primary consumers, and _________________ consumersfeed on secondary consumers. These higher-level consumers are also known as ____________________. Examples of carnivores include wolves, northern pike, eagles, polar
bears, ladybugs and snapping turtles.
consumers
herbivoresPrimary consumers
tertiary
carnivores
consumersSecondary
10/31/2017
5
Lesson Two: Food Chains
____________ are carnivores that feed on dead animals.
Examples of scavengers include blowflies, turkey vultures, eagles,
seagulls and ravens.
Where do we humans fit because many of us eat both
plant and animals?
We, along with black bears and red-wing blackbirds are
____________ because we feed on both ___________ and
____________.
Scavengers
omnivores producersconsumers
Lesson Two: Food Chains
Each step in this series of feeding relationships is
known as a _____________ _____________.
Producers and consumers are linked together in
________ _________, a sequence of organisms
through which energy is passed. chains
trophic level
food
10/31/2017
6
Lesson Two: Food Chains Here is an example of a food chain in the Lake Winnipeg ecosystem
consisting of four trophic levels:
Lesson Two: Food Webs
Because animals typically feed on more than one type of
organism, food chains become connected in a complex
relationship known as a ________ __________.
The carnivore at the top of the food chain/web is called a
top carnivore.
food web
10/31/2017
7
Lesson Two: Food Webs
The diagram shows the food web of the Lake Winnipeg
ecosystem.
10/31/2017
8
Lesson Two: Food Webs
The arrows show how the sun’s energy flows through
an ecosystem from the sun, to ________________,
to _________________, and to
________________.
Because plants and animals die at all points in food
chains, decomposers are found at all trophic levels in
ecosystems.
consumersdecomposers
producers
Trophic Levels in Food Chains/Web
Lesson Two: Ecological Pyramids
Ecologists use _____________ ______________ to
describe the energy flow among the trophic levels. You can
visualize the total amount of incoming energy at each level
in an ecosystem as a __________ of ___________.
The area at the bottom of the energy pyramid represents
the greatest amount of energy in an ecosystem.
As the energy passes from ___________ to _________,
less is available each successive trophic level.
energypyramid
consumersproducers
pyramidsecological
10/31/2017
9
Lesson Two: Ecological Pyramids
All the energy originates in the __________. Only
__________ of the energy is passed on from one
__________ level to another.
This is because all of the energy that an organism takes in
is not transformed into food.
Energy is used by the organism for a variety of life
processes such as breathing, transporting materials,
movement, reproduction, and so on.
10%trophic
sun
The 10 Percent Rule
10/31/2017
10
Lesson Two: Ecological Pyramids
Only a portion of the energy used goes into building
organic compounds.
As a result, about 10% of the energy taken in at one
trophic level is passed on to the next level. Less and less
_______________ is available to organisms higher up
the food chain.
This explains why there are seldom more than four or
five _______________ levels in a food chain.
energy
trophic
Summary
Food chains consist of _________________
and ____________________, which are
connected into __________ __________.
Energy flows through ecosystems from one
_______________ level to the next.
producersconsumers
trophic
websfood
10/31/2017
11
Lesson Two
Exercise #2
Questions 1-3
ECOSYSTEMS UNIT
LESSON THREE
10/31/2017
12
Lesson Three: Carbon & Oxygen Cycle
While energy flows in a one-way direction through an
ecosystem, ___________ are recycled over and
over again.
_________________ _________ are the
processes by which nutrients move through
organisms and the environment.
cyclesBiogeochemical
nutrients
Lesson Three: Carbon & Oxygen Cycle
You may be familiar with the water cycle in which
water moves from the Earth’s atmosphere to the
surface (_________________), and back to the
atmosphere again (________________).
Other important nutrients that are recycled are
___________, __________ and ___________. This
lesson will focus on the carbon and oxygen cycle.
precipitationcondensation
carbon nitrogenoxygen
10/31/2017
13
Lesson Three: Carbon & Oxygen Cycle
Outcomes
After completing this lesson you will be able to:
Explain how _________ is cycled through an ecosystem
Explain how _________ is cycled through an ecosystem
Create a diagram of how the carbon and oxygen cycle
_________
carbon
oxygen
works
Lesson Three: Carbon & Oxygen Cycle
Key Words
biogeochemical cycle
carbon cycle
carbon sink
cellular respiration
glucose
oxygen cycle
10/31/2017
14
Lesson Three: Carbon Cycle
The process by which carbon moves through an
ecosystem is called the __________ ___________.
Producers such as green plants and algae take in a
carbon-containing nutrient known as ___________
___________ from the atmosphere.
cycle
dioxide
Carbon
carbon
Lesson Three: Carbon Cycle
The chemical formula of carbon dioxide is __________.
This process is called ________________________. photosynthesis
CO2
10/31/2017
15
Lesson Three: Carbon Cycle
The chemical formula for photosynthesis is:
During ___________________, the energy of the sun is
used to convert carbon dioxide into _______________,
a type of organic compound. glucose
photosynthesis
Lesson Three: Carbon Cycle
Plants then change glucose into other types of carbon
compounds.
The chemical formula for glucose is __________.
When animals eat plants and algae, the carbon
compounds are converted into glucose. The glucose is
then converted into carbon dioxide and energy in a
process known as ___________ ________________. respirationcellular
C6H12O6
10/31/2017
16
Lesson Three: Carbon Cycle
The chemical formula for cellular respiration is:
The energy is used by organisms for growth, movement,
reproduction, excreting wastes, digesting food, and so on.
The carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere, and
the cycle continues.
10/31/2017
17
Lesson Three: Carbon Cycle
Areas that naturally or artificially store large quantities of
carbon containing compounds are known as
___________ ________.
Examples of natural carbon sinks are ___________, and
__________.
Artificial carbon sinks would include
________________ and ________________
_______ ___________________.
carbon
oceansforests
storage facilities
sinks
andcarbon capturelandfills
10/31/2017
18
Lesson Three: Oxygen Cycle
The ____________ _____________, which moves
oxygen through an ecosystem, is closely linked to the
carbon cycle.
Plants use water during photosynthesis and release
oxygen gas into the atmosphere.
The chemical formula for oxygen gas is __________.
cycleoxygen
O2
Lesson Three: Oxygen Cycle
Organisms then use the oxygen gas during cellular
respiration and release water into the atmosphere.
The cycle continues as plants produce oxygen during
photosynthesis, which is then used by organisms in
cellular respiration.
10/31/2017
19
Lesson Three
In this lesson you have studied the ________________
cycle, the _________________ cycle.
These biogeochemical cycles are the means by which
nutrients move through organisms and the environment.
These cycles allow ____________________ to be
recycled over and over again. In the next lesson we will
examine how ecosystems are affected when nutrient
cycles are _______________.
oxygen
carbon + oxygen
carbon
disturbed
Lesson Three
Exercise #3
Questions 1-4
