Lesson 3

Early European explorer~ or people who travel to new or unfam iliar places, traveled far in search of riches. They hoped to bring home ~pices, gold. and other trea sures from Asia . Europeans could ge t to Asia by la nd or by water around the southern tip of Africa. They hoped to find a

faster route. An explorer for Spain named Christopher Columbus had a bold plan. He would sail west across the Atlantic Ocea n . Could he really get to Asia that way?

Europeans Come to the Americas

Christopher Columbus made his voyage, or long journey, in 1492. He did not reach Asia. Instead, he landed on an island in the Caribbean Sea between North and South America. Columbus mistakenly believed he had reached India. The area he found later became known as the Americas.

More explorers fo llowed Columbus to the Americas in the 1500s. These early voyages set the stage for a grea t excha nge, or trade, between Europe and the Americas. Because the exchange started with the voyages of Columbus, it is called the Columbian Exchange.

~"LO('+ a I will know why Europeans came to New York and how they adapted .

What is a modern tool travelers use to guide them?

The Columbian Exchange included food, animals, plants, medicine, and ideas. Some examples of what Europeans brought to the Americas are wheat, horses, cattle, sheep, and rice. Explorers returned to Spain with turkeys and new crops such as corn, potatoes, and peanuts. Look at the chart below to see some things exchanged between Europe and the Americas.

Unfortunately, Europeans also brought disease to the native people of the Americas. Many Native Americans died from sma llpox and mea sles. Their bodies were not able to

fight these unfamiliar diseases.

1. Label each item on the chart.

Vocabulary

explorer

voyage

Columbian Exchange

Northwest Passage

trading post

colony

profit

Core Curriculum

2.1 Major explorers of N ew York State

2.2 Impacts o f explorotion-soc1al/ cul tural, economic, pol itical . and geographic

Products From the Americas Products From Europe

_. ~ ···· ····

·· ········· ······ ·· ······ · ···

45

Today, boats travel under the Verrazano Bridge along the Hudson River. The bridge and river are named for explorers.

Native Americans bring beaver pelts to Europeans.

Sailing to New York Other European countries besides Spain sent

explorers to the Americas. Many of them were looking for the 8"orthwest Passage1 a water route to Asia through North America. Several of these men sailed into New York's waters.

The first European to reach New York was Giovanni da Verrazano (joh VAHN ee da vehr raht SAH noh). He was from Italy but was an explorer for France. In 1524, he captained a ship across the Atlantic to what is now North Carolina. Then he traveled north to New York Bay. He did not find the Northwest Passage, so he returned to France.

A few years later, Frenchman Jacques Cartier (zhahk kahr tee A Y) sailed to Canada. On his first trip, he traveled around the Gulf of St. Lawrence. On later trips, he traveled down the St. Lawrence River looking for treasure. He never made i t as fa r as New York on the St. Lawrence. But he helped to establish France's claim to the area.

2. @ Main idea and Details Circle the main Idea in

the paragraph above. Underline at least one detail.

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. ... ~~~~

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By 1608, Samuel de Champlain (sham PLAYN), had reached Canada. There, he sailed down the St. Lawrence River from a trading post in Tadoussac. A trading post is a type of store set up to trade with Native Americans. At trading posts, people exchanged European goods for furs. Later, in 1609, Champlain traveled to what is now northern New York. He reached a large lake that he named Lake Champlain, after himself. Champlain was friendly with Native Americans in the area. He even joined one group, the Hurons, in a war against the Iroquois.

Another explorer, Henry Hudson, arrived in New York in

1609. He was an Englishman sailing for the Netherlands. People from the Netherlands are also called the Dutch. Hudson sailed into New York Bay and then up a wide river. That river is named for him today. You

1

ll read more about Hudson on the next page.

3. @ Make Inferences Why might it be important to set up a trading post?

Exploring New York ·

~ Verrazano ( 1524) ..,_ Cartier ( 1534)

'

Hudson Bay

,._ Champlain ( 1608- 1609) ,._ Hudson ( 1609)

/; l. Lawren Ri

:r--.:-7 H uds '1/ Ri

NORTH AMERICA

ATLANT(C OCEAN

Giovanni do Verrazano, I 1524

Jacques Cartier, 1534

Samuel de Chcrmp~ 1608-1609

Replica of Half Moon

A Dutch Colony Like other explorers, Henry Hudson hoped to

find an all-water route from Europe to Asia. He set sail on his ship the Half Moon in April 1609. He ended up in New York Bay. He then traveled north on what is known today as the Hudson River. As he and his crew traveled, they traded with the Native Americans living along the river.

Hudson did not find the water route he was looking for. However, he did find land with many natural resources. In his journal, he wrote about how it was rich in trees for lumber and animals for fur. On the way back to the Netherlands, Hudson stopped in England. There, he was stopped from continuing on. However, his

journals were sent to the Netherlands. Hudson's journals made the Dutch aware

of North America's resources. Some Dutch businessmen set up the Dutch West India Company. They hoped to use these resources to become wealthy. However, first they needed to set up a colony in North America. A colony is a settlement far from the country that rules it.

4. @ Cause and Effect Fill in the cause-and-effect chart

about Henry Hudson .

Cause

Because of Hudson's journal , the Duich

knew North America was rich in natural

resources .

48

Effect

Henry Hudson arrived in New York Bay.

Members of the Dutch West India Company wanted settlers in the new Dutch colony to cut down trees for timber. The company also wanted settlers

"The land is the finest for cultivation f growing crops/ that I ever in my life set foot upon."

to trade with Native Americans for furs . The company would then sell those products in Europe to make a profit. A profit is money earned by a business after it pays its expenses. This colony would grow and become New Netherland.

Henry Hudson writing in his journal

5. ® Su~~marize How did life for Native Americans change after Europeans

arrived in the Americas?

6. Q Imagine you are a European explorer. You want to trade with

the Native Americans in North America, but you speak different

languages. How can you adapt to this situation?

~Story Ideas

········ . . ......... .. . ·· ··· ······ ···· ····· · ... ... ·· ·· ·• · ··· · · .. . ..... , .. ... ... , ......... ........ ... ........ ,, ...... .... .... .

. . .. . . ... ·· · ···· ··· ······ ··· · · ·· ·· ········ · ·· · · ·· ·· · · ··············· ·· ··· ······· ·· ··· · ·· ·· · ·········· .. ... ... . .. . · ···· ·· ·· ····· ··· · ·· ····

0 Stop! I need help w ith ....... ....... .... .......... ... .......... ............................................................ .. ...... . .

U□ Wait! I have a question about ..... .. ............. ... .... ... _ .. ...... .. ... _. _ ....... _ ........................ _ ........ ... .. .... .. ..

~~ Go•. Now I know . . .. . . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . . . .. .. . . .............. .................... _ .. .. ~ · ·• ····· ···· · ···· · ·· · ·· ·· · · ·· · ·· · · · ·· ··

49

Interpret Timelines A timeline is a type of chart that shows events over time. It

shows events in the order they happened. A timeline makes it easy to see when an event happened. It also makes it easy to see which events came before and a fter a particular event.

The title of a timeline identifies its topic or theme. Events on a timeline are listed from left to right. The earliest events are on the left side of the timeline. The most recent events are on the right. All other events appear in between.

Timelines are divided into equal parts of time. The timeline below is divided into parts standing for 20-year periods: 1520, 1540, 1560, 1580, 1600, and 1620. Lines show when a particular event happened during these 20-year periods.

Explorers of New York 1524 Giovanni do Verrazano sails to New York Bay

1609 Samuel de

Champla in reaches Lake Champla in

1520 1540 1560 1580 1600 1620

1535 Jacques Cartier sa ils up the St. Lawrence River

. '1'1f-.~ .... , ' . . . I'. ~

J. ' ~ ....

1609 Henry Hudson travels

up the Hudson River

" . '( , ·

The Dutch trade with Native Americans on Manhattan Island in the 1600s.

(fry t!I)r.~: =-=-=-::..=-==--=-~-=--=.:-==-=-=-==-=-=-=-=-==-=~=--=-=-==-=---=:-:= .. -::::-::::.-.a~~~,n"D~•-­

Practice

1. What is the timeline's topic?

..... . .. ... ... . . · ··· ·· · ··· ·•·· ·· · ·· · ·· ······ ·· ··

, ......... . . ... ···· ··· ·· ·· ···· ··· ·· ·· ····•······ ·· · ··· ·· ·· ·· ·

2. In what year did Henry Hudson explore the Hudson River?

.... ····· ·· · ········· ······· · ···· · •············· ··· · ··

3. How many years passed between do Verrazano's and Cartier's explorations?

4. When did Samuel de Champlain begin his exploration of New York?

5. Apply List important events of your life, including the year each

occurred, on the timeline below in the order that they happened.

2000 2004 2008 2012 2018

myworldsocial1tudie1.com ► 21st C Online Tutor 51

Lesson 4 Env1s,ion lt1

ili6e llutLi R ancl 111 E1rliglisH

People with different backgrounds and beliefs lived together in New Netherland.

The Dutch in New Netherland used windmills to create energy to do things such as grind grain.

If you walk down a street in New York today, you will hear many languages spoken. That was true in New Netherland, too. The people who settled there came from many countries. In time, the customs of these people blended to create a new culture, or the beliefs and customs of a group of people.

New Netherland The Dutch West India Company ran New Netherland. The

company encouraged settlers to come to the colony. Settlers originally from countries such as Spain, France, England, Germany, and Sweden came to the colony. The colonists spoke different languages and even followed different religions. The Dutch practiced tolerance. Tolerance is the acceptance of different beliefs. Quakers, Puritans, and Jews were allowed to live in

New Netherland. They were not accepted in some other colonies.

The Dutch West India Company wanted to make money from trading furs with Native Americans. Settlers took part in this trading. Many also built fa rms. Immigrants settled along the Hudson River valley. Fort Orange, where Albany is today, was the largest settlement. Other settlers built homes in present-day New Jersey and Delaware.

In 1625, members of the Algonquian and Iroquois nations near Fort Orange went to war. Many settlers fled south. The Dutch leader in the area, Peter Minuit (MIHN yoo iht) needed a place for these settlers to live. In 1626, he made a

~1'LOc+

~ I w, 11 know how the culture of New York was

influenced by the groups who settled there.

Vocabulary

culture

tolerance

investor

patroon

tenant farmer

slavery

governor

( NY Core ~ Curriculum

2.4. Groups of people who migrated to our local reg ion and into our State

3.1 Dutch, Engl ish, and French influences in New York State

3.4 Ways that colonists depended on and mod ified their physical environments

5.4 The roots of American culture, how it developed from many different trad itions, and the ways many people from a variety of groups and backgrounds played a role in creating it

deal with the Lenni Lenape to buy an island they .,..---".'"""""""--.----.----~-called Manna-hata . That name most likely means "island of many hills." According to one story, Minuit bought the island of Manhattan for $24 worth of tools, cloth, metal pot~ and beads. The Lenni Lenape did not realize they were selling the land. They believed land was for everyone's use, and no one person could own it. They thought the Dutch would use the island for a while and then leave. Instead, the Dutch built a settlement called New Amsterdam. In time, its name changed to New York City. It would grow to be a major city in North America.

1. Locate the Hudson River on the map. Which

settlement on the Hudson River was farthest north?

KEY □: New Netherland ■ Dutch settlement

Map shows present-day borders .

53

2. Look at the map of the plan for

New Amsterdam below. Write

what made New Amsterdam's

location a good one for a

trading colony.

A Trading Colony New Netherland was set up to make money for

the investors in the Dutch West India Company. An ~nvesto11 is someone who puts money into a business in hopes of making a profit. Investors wanted many settlers to come to New Netherland. The settlers were expected to raise crops or make goods to trade for furs .

The company gave a large area of land to anyone who would bring 50 settlers to New Netherland. These

new landowners were known as patroo111. A person

who farms land but does not own it is called a tenn nt farmer. Tenant farmers paid rent in cash or crops

to the patroons. They came freely, looking fo r new

opportunities. But not all people who came were free.

The colony's first Africans were brought to New Netherland in 1624. These Africans were forced into slavery. Slavery is the practice of owning

other people as property. Not all Africans m New Netherland were enslaved. Some arrived a s free people . Others earned their freedom over time .

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SLi el..i A '11, ~

The main business in New Netherland was trading for furs . The colonists exchanged tools, knives, metal pots, and cloth with Native Americans for furs . Thousands of beaver skins were sent to Europe. There, the skins were often used to make

, hats. Demand for these hats was great.

11 . .. There is great traffic in the skins of

beavers, ot ters, foxes, bears, minks, wild cats

and the like. 11

Beaver hat -Dutch West India Company official

Business in the new colony went well for some time. Then problems began. Too much hunting reduced the number of furs available. Some Native Americans became unhappy that so much of their land had been taken over by settlers. Fighting often broke out between settlers and Native Americans . Business declined .

The Dutch West India Company wanted a leader who could improve things . In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant (STYE vuh sunt) arrived in New Netherland as its governor. A gov e rn or is the leader of a colony or state. Stuyvesant's nickname was "Old Silver Nails ." He had lost a leg during a fight in the Caribbean and wore a wooden leg with silver decorations. Stuyvesant was pushy and had a bad temper. Still, he helped establish peace with Native Ameri~ans. He had streets in New Amsterdam paved and old buildings repaired. The population of the town soon grew to more than 1,500 people.

3. @ Cause a nd Effect Fill in the chart.

Cause Effect

This statue of Peter Stuyvesant is in New York City.

The Dutch W est India Company hired a

new governor to run N ew Netherland .

The new governor made improvements

in New Netherland .

55

4. Write how the English took

control of New Netherland.

..... .. .. .. ... .. ······· · ..

·· ··· . ... . . .. . . ···· · ·· · · ·· · ... .... .. .

Residents of New Amsterdam plead with Governor Stuyvesant not to fire on the English warships.

- .. f,~

'

-,:r: - ,

I ;jJ ~~/ .

The English Take Control The English had colonies east and south of New

Netherland. They were in New England, Virginia, and Maryland. The English king, Charles II, also wanted the land of New Netherland for England. King Charles gave New Netherland to his brother James, the Duke of York.

In 1664, four English warships and 450 soldiers

sailed into New Amsterdam's harbor. They ajmed their cannons at the Dutch town. They demanded that the Dutch give over control of the colony. At fi rst, Peter

Stuyvesant refused to surrender. "I would rather be carried a corpse to my grave," he said. Unfortunately,

Stuyvesant could not get enough support to defend the

colony. As a result, Stuyvesant ended up turning the

colony over to the English. The English made changes as soon as they took

control. First, they divided New Netherland into two parts. The smaller part was called New Jersey. It was named for an island off the coast of England. The duke named the larger part New York, a fter h imself.

[

Dutch Influence The Dutch controlled New Netherland

for only 40 years. Yet they had a lasting influence. The names of places such as Brooklyn and Harlem are one example. Some people's names, especially those with van in the middle, are of Dutch origin. An important influence was the Dutch tolerance for people of different cultures and religions. These beliefs became important to the culture of the newly developing American nation.

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i• I \ ,, ~ • t ',.; .,,... I ·' {

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Stone Street, near the southern tip of Manhattan, was one of the first streets the Dutch paved.

l

::.~

ii:;;:· ~~·J

5. @ Cause and Effect What was one effect of the war between the Algonquian and

the Iroquois near the Dutch settlement of Fort Orange?

6. Q How did the settlers in New Netherland adapt to their environment? ~ Story Ideas

0 Stop! I need help with .. . ... .

11 Wait! I have a question about .. ....... . .. .... .. .. ... ... .... .. ......... ...... ....... .. .. .. ...... .... .... .... ..... .. ..... .

~ Go! Now I know .. .... .. .... ..... ..... .......... . ...... ... .... ... ....... .... ...... .... ...... ..... ......... ... ... .... .... .... .. ..... .

57

Chapter 2

Review and Assessment

Lesson 3

Europeans Explore New York

7. Why did European explorers travel to the

Americas?

·· · ·· ···· · ···· · · ······ ···

8. What did the Dutch West India Company

hope to accomplish in the Americas?

9. Circle the correct answer.

60

Which explorer's finds led to the creation

of New Netherland?

A . Giovann i do Verrazano

B. Jacques Cartier

C. Samuel de Champlain

D. Henry Hudson

Lesson 4

The Dutch and the English

10. What changes did the English make to

New Netherland?

· ·· · · · ··· · ··. . . . . ... .. .. .. . .

· ·· ·· · · ··· ····· · · · ....... ... ,.

· · · · ··· · ·•· · · · ·· · . .

········ · . . · · · · · · . ...

11.Q How do people adapt to where they live?

Use the questions below to th ink more

about this chapter 's Big Q uestion .

a . How d id Native Americans adapt

to their environment?

b. How did early Dutch settlers use

the area 's natural resources to their

advantage?

···· · ···· · · · . . . ... . . . ... · ·········