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Which do you like?AB2

Which do you like better?AB3

Which do you like better?AB4

ABWhich do you like better?5

Which do you like better?AB6

What do you think BIODIVERSITY means?7

Bio =BiodiversityLifeDiversity = Variety8

is the variety of life on Earth and the essential interdependence of all living things BiodiversityIs the variability among organisms from all sources, including inter alia, terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part, which includes: diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems. United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992Inter alia among other things9

Biodiversitythe ensemble and the interactions of the genetic, the species, and the ecological diversity in a given place and at a given time. Zamora, 1997the wealth of life on earth, the millions of plants, animals and microorganisms, the genes they contain, and the intricate ecosystems they help build into the living environment. World Wild Fund for Nature, 1989

BiodiversityIncludes: all organisms, species, and populations; genetic variations among them; all complex assemblages of communities and ecosystems.

There are 3 components of biodiversity Diversity of genes

Japanese SpitzChihuahuaDalmatian12

Diversity of genes

Refers to a variety of expressed traits or genes within the species.

There are 3 components of biodiversity 2. Diversity of species

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2. Diversity of species

Refers to a variety of species or diversity between species.Patterns of Species Diversity:- History- Chance- Necessity

There are 3 components of biodiversity 3. Variety of ecosystems

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3. Variety of ecosystems

Refers to a variety of species among ecosystems in a given area.A variety of habitat, communities, ecological processes.17

Benefits from BiodiversityEconomic Importance- basic needs (food, clothing, shelter)- medicine- livelihood18

Benefits from Biodiversity. Resistance to CatastropheHigher biodiversity controls the spread of certain diseases as viruses will need adapt itself with every new species. 19

Benefits from Biodiversity Leisure, Aesthetic and Cultural Benefits- Millions of people enjoy hunting, fishing, camping, hiking, wildlife watching, and other outdoor activities based on nature. These activities keep us healthy by providing invigorating physical exercise. - Contact with nature also can be psychologically and emotionally restorative while to some it may carry some spiritual connotations.20

Benefits from Biodiversity Industrial Materials- Industrial materials are derived directly from biological resources. Example: building materials, fibers, dyes, resins, gums, adhesives, rubber and oil.

Benefits from Biodiversity Ecological Benefits- Soil formation, waste disposal, air and water purification, nutrient cycling, solar energy absorption, and management of biogeochemical and hydrological cycles all depends on the biodiversity of life.

CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY DEPLETIONHabitat fragmentation/ destructionThe most important extinction threat for most species is habitat loss.The most obvious example of habitat destructions are Deforestation-clear cutting of forestConversion of grassland to crop fieldsConversion of space to industrial area, park, residential landsThe destruction of coral reefs, wetlands also contribute to the decreased number of species.

CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION2.Introduction of exotic/ invasive species (non-native)There will be competition between native and exotic speciesThey are being called as alien, non-native, non-indigenous, unwanted, disruptive, pests and invasiveInvasive species are organisms that thrive in new territory where they may adversely affect native species by infecting them, competing with them, eating them or mating with them.

CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION3. OverpopulationRapid human population growth represents threat to biodiversity in several ways. Massive timber and fuel consumption, mining, dynamite and muro-ami fishing, clearing for agricultural have destroyed natures habitat.Species of plants and animals have become rare and endangered.

CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION4. PollutionToxic pollutants can have disastrous effects on local population of organism.Improper garbage disposalHuman beings have polluted the environment with chemical poisons called pesticides. Some valuable insects were destroyed at the same time the harmful ones are killed. Pesticides reached bodies of waters and lead to poisoning of fish-eating birds, marine mammals, alligators, fish and sea lions.

CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION5. Over-exploitation, (over-hunting, over-collecting)Because of economical benefit from biodiversity, many species have been over-exploited over the years. American bison or buffalo was hunted near to extinction for tongues. Fish stocks have been seriously depleted by over harvesting in many parts of the world. Plants are also threatened by over-harvesting. Wild ginseng has been nearly eliminated in many areas because of Asian demand for roots that are used as an aphrodisiac and folk medicine.

CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION6. Natural Cause of Extinction. Global climate change caused by release of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere destroy and alter environmental ecosystems thus species may be lost if they are unable to adapt to new conditions. New species may arise through the processes of mutation and natural selection and disappear the same way. Example is the tiny Hypohippus which has been replaced by the much larger modern horse.

Conservation and Management of Biodiversity Is the management, protection and wise use of natural resources.

Soil Conservation Importance of soil for the growth of plants

The thin layer of fertile of soil was formed by natural processes over thousands of years. But due to certain practice of man, soil has been destroyed.

Major conservation problems: Soil Erosion

B. Water ConservationWater supply is directly proportional to population

Earth has abundant supply of water, but it is unevenly distributed

Some areas establish dams to create water reservoirs and also to control flood.

Watershed management help reduce flooding and soil erosion and conserve water

C. Forest ConservationForests serves as homes for wildlife and for timber.

Forest are important watershed. They absorb rain water and prevent run-off of water that causes flooding and erosion.

Forests provide recreational space.

Conservation of forests can be managed by protecting them from fires, insect pests and diseases.

D. Wildlife ConservationThis is the management of natural resources in our environment for protection and benefit of plants and animals.

Some species of plants and animals become extinct because of human activities and population growth.

Hunting, clearing of forest for agriculture and industry, and pollution affects the environment and damages the habitat of wildlife species.

E. Ex situ ConservationSpecies are protected outside its natural habitats (zoo, aquaria, captive breeding centers, botanical gardens, seed banks, gene banks)F. Biodiversity ProspectingInvolves searching for, collecting, examining, and deriving genetic material from samples of biological resources that have features and might be of value for commercialized pharmaceutical, agricultural, industrial, or chemical processing end products.

Importance of Conservation To meet demands for resourcesTo maintain the quality of life

SPECIES CONSERVATION STATUSIUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)Formerly the World Conservation UnionStands for International Union in Conservation of Natural ResourcesIUCN Red list Categories are intended to be an easily and widely understood system for classifying species at high risk of global extinction.

IUCN Categories1. EXTINCT (EX)A taxon is extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died.Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxons life cycle and life form.Complete disappearance of a species from the Earth. It happens when a species cannot adapt and successfully reproduce under new environmental conditions or when species evolves into one or more new species.A species no longer found in the past 50 years

2. EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW)it is known only to survive in cultivation or as a naturalized well outside the past range.

3. CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)When the best available evidence indicates that it reduce its population size of 90% over last 10 years of three generations.Therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.

4. ENDANGERED (EN)When the best available evidence indicates that it reduce its population size of 70% over last 10 years of three generations.Therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.It has so few individual survivors that the species could soon become extinct over all or most of its natural range.

5. VULNERABLE (VU) or THREATENEDWhen the best available evidence indicates that it reduce its population size of 50% over last 10 years of three generations.Therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.Still abundant in its natural range but because of declining numbers is likely to become endangered in the near future.

6. NEAR THREATENED (NT)When it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable now.

7. LEAST CONCERN (LC)When it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened.Widespread and abundant taxa is included in this category.

8. DATA DEFICIENT (DD)When there is inadequate information to make a direct or indirect assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution or population status.Therefore not a category of THREAT.

9. NOT EVALUATED (NE)A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been evaluated against the criteria.

STATE OF PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITYIt has the total land of approximately 30 million hectares consisting of more than 7,000 islands for the home of most unbelievable unique and rare animals.Most biological diverse countries in the world.Endemism is high. endemic- species that is found in only one area. Endemicity-refers to the restricted distribution of organism at any taxonomic level. These are unique species that found nowhere else in the world.

Button quail (Turnix worcesteri) is an endemic to the island of Luzon

Biodiversity Hotspots have exceptionally high numbers of endemics or species that occur nowhere else.PHILIPPINES AS HOTSPOTS23rd- richest in species in the world7th- richest in species at Asian region5th- in the world for the most number of endemic species

Biodiversity Hotspot Criteria: Species EndemismDegree of Threat- (Myers et al. 2000)

4th- bird endemism8th-reptilian endemism. Amphibian endemism is at 78%

2nd-for all species of butterflies

5th-for tiger beetle endemism

Philippine BiodiversitySPECIESNUMBER OF SPECIESENDEMICSFlowering plants9,0003,000Mammals183121Reptiles and Amphibians359248Fishes3,09478Birds577195+Butterflies895352Coral800500

Approximately Number of Philippine Native, Endemic and ThreatenedTaxonomicgroupsNumber of SpeciesNumber of Endemic SpeciesNumber of threatened speciesNumber of threatened endemicMammals18312050-5241Birds577195+59-7459Reptiles25817084Amphibians101784824Fishes3,0947852-6050+Total(approx)4,213641+217-242178+

SOME NOTABLE FLORA AND FAUNA SPECIES IN THE PHILIPPINESMAMMALSSmallest primitive primates. Its two big eyes cannot mov. It can turn its head 180 degrees. It is found in the islands of Samar, Leyte, Bohol and Mindanao.

PHILIPPINE TARSIER (Tarsius syrichta)

Largest flower(Rafflesia speciousa)Worlds largest bats found in Subic and Bataan- GOLDEN CROWNED FLYING FOX (Pteropus vampyrus) AND GIANT FLYING FOX (Acerodon jubatusSmallest bat in the world- PHILIPPINE BAMBOO BAT(Vespertilionid sp.)

Worlds rarest mammals and most endangered deer in the planet. It is found in the dwindling forest of Panay Island.PHILIPPINE SPOTTED DEER (Cervus alfredi)

Largest endangered land animal and one of the 10 most endangered species. is endemic to Mindoro. It belong to the family of buffalos.-TAMARAW (Bubalus mindorensis)

Worlds smallest hoofed mammal. The Philippine mouse deer is found in Balabac Island, South of Palawan.-PILANDOK (Tragalus nigricans)

Worlds largest reptile. It is found in the Philippines and other Asian country.- SALTWATER CROCODILE (Crocodylus porosus)

Largest or longest snake -RETICULATED PYTHON

Worlds largest rat- CLOUD RAT

Worlds largest eagle. It lives in the rainforests of Isabela, Samar. Leyte, and Mindanao. -PHILIPPINE EAGLE (Pithecopha jefferyi)

Of 114 snakes found in the Philippines 14 is said to be poisonous.Worlds largest terrestrial venomous snake KING COBRACebu Flowerpecker (Dicaeum quadricolor) is a small passerine bird and is endemic to Cebu island in the Philippines.

Most expensive shell-GLORY OF THE SEA SHELL

Worlds largest fish-BUTANDING

Worlds smallest freshwater fish-Dwarf goby

Sea turtles popularly known in the Philippines as pawikan.

There are more than 220 species of turtles in the world, but only seven are considered marine (saltwater).

Five of these species are present in the Philippines, namely:

a. Green (Chelonia mydas)

b. Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata)

c. Loggerhead (Caretta caretta)

d. Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea)e. Leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea)

9,000 Flowering found in the country including 200 fruit trees

Hardest wood- PHILIPPINE IRON WOOD

ENDEMIC FRUIT TREES IN THE COUNTRYDurianMaboloPiliBignay

Philippine Endangered SpeciesPlants BirdsMammalsReptilesAll species of ferns (Cyatheaceae spp) Philippine eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) Dugong (Dugong dugong) Hawks bill (Eretmochelys imbricata) Ladys slipper or pitogo (Cycas spp.) Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) Tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis)Logger head (Cretta cretta) Alocasia, pitcher plant (Nepenthes spp.) Palawan peacock pheasant (Polyplectron emphanum)Philippine tarsier (Tarsius syrichia) Olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) Orchids (Orchidaceae spp.) Spotted green shank (Tringa guttifera)Calamaman deer (Axis calamianensis) Leather back turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)Bleeding heart pigeon (Callicolumba luzonica)Fruit bat (Ptenochirus jagori) Crocodiles (Crocodylus mindorensis)

Protected Areas in the PhilippinesAs mandated by National Integrated Protection Area System (NIPAS) Act of 1992

Batanes (habitat of migratory birds and lizard)

N. Sierra Madre National Park (Philippine eagle, deer and dipterocarp, coral reefs, sea grass beds)

Subic Bay National Parks (endemic endangered bat species)

Apo Reef Marine National Park (coral reefs)

Mt. Kanlaon National Parks

Mt. Apo and Mt. Katanglad

Agusan Marsh Sanctuary (largest swamp in the country)

Siargao Wildlife Sanctuary (rare crocodile and birds)

Turtle Island Marine National Park (endangered marine turtles)Protected Areas in the Philippines

1. Zobels deer farm in Calatagan Batangas

2. Philippine Raptor Conservation Program at the Makiling Botanic Gardens, UPLB

3. Philippine Eagle Conservation Center in Davao City

4. Crocodile Farming Institute in Puerto Princesa Palawan

5. Calauit Wildlife Sanctuary

6. Tamaraw Conservation Project in San Jose MindoroCaptive Breeding Existing In The Philippines

GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE ORGANIZATION ON WILD LIFE CONSERVATIONDepartment of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS)Department of Health (DOH)Department of Agriculture (DA)Department of Tourism (DOT)Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA)Non-Government Organization (NGOs)ABS-CBN Bantay Kalikasan and GMA Foundation

LEGISLATIONS AND POLICIES GOVERNING WILDLIFEWILDLIFE ACTRA 9147 more commonly known as Wildlife Act was approved by the Congress on July 30 and officially took effect last August 31, 2004

Its provisions cover all the following:Trade Related ProvisionCollection of wildlife is allowed only upon authorization.Collection of threatened wildlife by products and derivation shall only be allowed for scientific research.

2. Government authorization permits and its period of validity.

Wildlife farms or culture permit 3-5 yearsWildlife collectors permit 1-3 yearsResearch permit- 1yearLocal Transport permit-1-3 monthsExport/ Import permit- 1-6 months

PENALTIES AND FINESCRITICAL2 yrs/ 1-4 daysP5000-300,000ENDANGERED1 yr/ 1-2 daysP2000-200,000VULNERABLE6 months/ 1 dayP1000-100,000THREATENED1 month/1-6 daysP500-50,000NON- THREATENED10 days P200-20,000

The end!...finally.