Lesson 4 Dramatic physical and mental changes take place as an infant grows through childhood. Children often imitate the behavior of adults. Infancy

Lesson Lesson 44

Dramatic physical and mental changes take place as an infant grows through childhood.

Children often imitate the behavior of adults.

Infancy and Childhood

Lesson Lesson 44In this lesson, you will learn to:

• Identify the developmental tasks of childhood

• Discuss state laws and community services that provide vision and hearing screenings and immunization programs for children

Lesson Objectives

Lesson Lesson 44Developmental Tasks

• Erik Erikson, a psychologist, has developed one of the most widely accepted theories of development.

• According to Erikson, each individual passes through eight developmental stages during his or her life.

• Each stage is characterized by developmental tasks.

Childhood Development

Lesson Lesson 44Stages of Infancy and Childhood

Each stage of development is associated with a developmental task that involves a person’s relationship with other people.

• Stage 1 Infancy – Birth to 1 year

• Stage 2 Early Childhood – 1 to 3 years

• Stage 3 Middle Childhood – 4 to 6 years

• Stage 4 Late Childhood – 7 to 12 years


Lesson Lesson 44Infancy

• An infant is completely dependent on others to meet his or her needs.

• An important task for an infant is developing trust to provide for his or her needs.


Lesson Lesson 44Role of Parents During Infancy

Infants of parents who are attentive—who play with and talk to the infant and give comfort—learn to view the world as a safe place. These children see people as being dependable.

If parents ignore a child’s needs, the child may learn to be distrustful.


Lesson Lesson 44Early Childhood

• The child learns to walk, talk, and dress and feed himself or herself.

• Self-control and confidence begin to develop, and the child begins desiring independence.

• In this stage, the child has to develop the ability to do tasks for oneself.


Lesson Lesson 44

If parents accept the child’s need to do whatever he or she is capable of, the child will develop a sense of autonomy.

Role of Parents During Early Childhood

If parents are overprotective or critical of the child’s behaviors, the child may develop doubts about his or her abilities.


Lesson Lesson 44Middle Childhood

• The child becomes more engaged in interactions with others and models adult behavior by helping with household chores.

• The child also learns to control impulses.

• The task for this stage is to develop responsibility, take initiative, to create one’s own play.


Lesson Lesson 44

If parents show approval of their child’s new abilities and encourage questions, the child learns creativity, initiative, and the ability to start something on his or her own.

Role of Parents During Middle Childhood

Children of parents who are impatient with the child may develop a sense of guilt about self-initiated activities, resulting in low self-esteem.


Lesson Lesson 44Late Childhood

• The child completes the transition from home to school and learns to make things, use tools, and acquire skills.

• The task for this stage is to develop an interest in performing activities.


Lesson Lesson 44

If children’s efforts are rewarded and appreciated, their pride in their work increases.

Role of Parents During Late Childhood

Children who are scolded for making a mess, getting in the way, or not following directions may develop feelings of self-doubt.


Lesson Lesson 44Vision and Hearing

• The American Academy of Ophthalmology recommends that vision screenings be given to newborns and regularly throughout childhood.

• Schools often provide regular vision screenings for students.

• In the United States, two to three of every 1,000 infants are born with a hearing impairment severe enough to affect language development.

• Some state laws require that newborns be screened at birth for hearing loss. Schools often provide periodic screenings.

Health Screenings in Childhood

Lesson Lesson 44Scoliosis

• Scoliosis may begin in childhood and go unnoticed until the teen years.

• Its exact cause is unknown, though it is more common in girls.

• Many public schools make it a policy to check for scoliosis in middle school.


Lesson Lesson 44Quick Review

True

False

Choose the appropriate option.

Q. Developmental tasks are events that need to happen in order for a person to continue growing toward becoming a healthy, mature adult.

Lesson Lesson 44

A. True. Developmental tasks are events that need to happen

in order for a person to continue growing toward becoming a healthy, mature adult.

Click Next to attempt another question.

Quick Review - Answer


Q. The ability to respect one’s parents and develop a sense of

dependency on them are two developmental tasks that need

to be accomplished in early childhood.

True

False


Lesson Lesson 44

A. False. The ability to do tasks for oneself and to develop a

sense of autonomy are the developmental tasks to be accomplished in early childhood.




Q. Health screenings for vision, hearing, and scoliosis are usually provided by schools.

True

False


Lesson Lesson 44

A. True. Health screenings for vision, hearing, and scoliosis

are usually provided by schools.




Q. The nurturing actions of parents—good or bad—contribute to the developmental growth of their children.

True

False


Lesson Lesson 44

A. True. The nurturing actions of parents—good or bad—

contribute to the developmental growth of their children.



Lesson Lesson 44

End of Lesson 4

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Lesson Lesson 44Developmental Tasks

• Erik Erikson, a psychologist, has developed one of the most widely accepted theories of development.

• According to Erikson, each individual passes through eight developmental stages during his or her life.

• Each stage is characterized by developmental tasks.

A developmental task involves events that need to happen in order for a person to continue growing toward becoming a healthy, mature adult.

A developmental task involves events that need to happen in order for a person to continue growing toward becoming a healthy, mature adult.


Lesson Lesson 44

If parents accept the child’s need to do whatever he or she is capable of, the child will develop a sense of autonomy.

If parents are overprotective or critical of the child’s behaviors, the child may develop doubts about his or her abilities.

Autonomy is the confidence that a person can control his or her own body, impulses, and environment.

Autonomy is the confidence that a person can control his or her own body, impulses, and environment.


Role of Parents During Early Childhood

Lesson Lesson 44

• Scoliosis may begin in childhood and go unnoticed until the teen years.

• Its exact cause is unknown, though it is more common in girls.

• Many public schools make it a policy to check for scoliosis in middle school.

Scoliosis

Scoliosis is a lateral, or side-to-side, curvature of the spine.

Scoliosis is a lateral, or side-to-side, curvature of the spine.


Lesson Lesson 44

A. Correct! Developmental tasks are events that need to happen in order for a person to continue growing toward becoming a healthy, mature adult.



Lesson Lesson 44

You have answered the question incorrectly. Go back to try again, or click Next to view the correct answer.


Lesson Lesson 44

A. Correct! The ability to do tasks for oneself and develop a sense of autonomy are two developmental tasks that need to be accomplished in early childhood.



Lesson Lesson 44



Lesson Lesson 44Quick Review - Answer

A. Correct! Health screenings for vision, hearing, and scoliosis are usually provided by schools.





A. Correct! The nurturing actions of parents—good or bad—contribute to the developmental growth of their children.




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Lesson 4 Dramatic physical and mental changes take place as an infant grows through childhood. Children often imitate the behavior of adults. Infancy