Electronic Warfareand Counter-MeasuresWhat is Electronic Warfare?

Electronic Warfare (EW)Element of Command & Control Warfare (C2W)Command and Control Warfare (C2W) includes integrated use of: Operational Security (OPSEC)Military DeceptionPsychological Operations (PSYOPS)Physical DestructionElectronic Warfare (EW)

Importance of EWIncreased reliance on radar and OTH targetingIncreased use of Communications and Tactical Data Systems (TDS)Increased capabilities of missile & weapons systemRequires high-speed detection and trackingActive/Passive homing long-range missile give little warning

Three Components of EWElectronic Support (ES) *ESMElectronic Attack (EA) *ECMElectronic Protection (EP) *ECCM

Electronic Support (ES)Passive surveillance of the EM spectrum to detect the enemys position, strength, and intention, and warning of targets-Detection -Tracking

-Recognition -Targeting

-Warning -Destruction

-Avoidance

Passive EW (ES)ELINT Electronic IntelligenceForeign non-communications elecromagnetic informationCOMINT Communications IntelligenceForeign communications transmissions intercepted by other than the intended recipientsAdvantages and Limitations

ES Receiver Design RequirementsWide spectrum surveillanceWide dynamic rangeUnwanted signal rejectionAngle-of-Arrival measurementSignal Analysis capabilityReal-Time DisplayRecording System

Electronic Attack (EA)Preventing or reducing the enemys use of the EM spectrum (capabilities) and promoting uncertainty

Black boxes that jam or deceive the enemy

Radar or communications jamming

Electronic Attack (EA)Use of active and passive energy to attack PersonnelFacilitiesEquipmentFour Classes of EAJamming Modifiers Radar-absorbing materials (RAM)Physical Destruction

Non-Destructive EADenial: overload oppositions receiver to deny its use by the enemyJammingNoiseSpotBarrageSweepChaffFlares

Noise JammingDefinition:Noise jamming is the deliberate radiation, re-radiation, or reflection of electromagnetic energy with the purpose of impairing the use of electronic devices, equipment, or systems being used by the enemy.

Rcvd Signal Amp.timeIneffective JammingPWPRT

JammingTGT FreqTrue NoiseIdeal JammerActual Spot Jammer

Non-Destructive EA (cont.)Deception: Create false image or change images characteristics on a radar display. Misleads or spoofsRepeaters: delay received radar signal and retransmitting at a slightly later timeTransponders: Create false signal by playing back a stored replica of the radar signalChaff - disguiseRadar DecoysBlip EnhancersRadar Cross-Section (RCS) Modification

Decoys

Velocity Gate Pull Off (VGPO)Target ReturnVelocity GateGate Pull-Off

Confusion/Deception

Chaff CorridorFlares (active)

Chaff False Targets

Multiple False Targets

Strobes

Cover Pulse JammingXReactive Jamming

EA-6B Prowler!!!!!!!!!

Passive DetectionRadarIFFTACANJamming

Destructive EAAnti-Radiation MissilesSLAMHARMSidewinderDirected Energy

SLAM ERStand-off Land Attack Missile-Expanded Responsehttps://wrc.navair-rdte.navy.mil/warfighter_enc/weapons/airlanch/slamer/slamer.htm

SLAM

HARMHigh-speed Anti-Radiation Missile

HARM ResultsPortable Serbian Radar

AIM-9 Sidewinder

Electronic Protection (EP)Definition:EP is the division of electronic warfare involving actions taken to protect personnel, facilities and equipment from any effects of friendly or enemy employment of electronic warfare that degrade, neutralize or destroy friendly combat capability.

Electronic Protection (EP)Protection of friendly combat capability against undesirable effect of friendly or enemy employed EWTypesPassive EWActive EW

Electronic Protection (EP)Three ways to defend from enemy EWModify radar Make it more complex Make it harder to jamModify the Medium ChaffTorchModify the platform

EP: Radar DesignPowerFrequencyPRFPWPulse ShapeAntenna DesignScan Pattern

EP FactorsBurnthrough: Increase signal strength to overpower jammer noise (ECCM)Emission Control (EMCON)AlphaBravo CharlieDeltaOperator Recognition Training

EP Factors (Cont.)Frequency AgilityFREQTIMESliderStepperRandom

U.S. Shipboard EW CapabilitiesSLQ-32 Sidekick On all combatants Radar warning, detection and jamming Uses internal library to auto detect/categorizeInfrared Flares On all combatantsChaff On all combatants

U.S. Shipboard EW CapabilitiesSSQ-108 Outboard - On some DDG, CG, LHA, LHDAny ship with SSESReal-time OTH passive detection, localization, and targetingSLQ-39 Chaff BuoyOn Arleigh Burke classRubber DuckLooks like a life boat container

U.S. Airborne EW CapabilitiesALQ-99 - EW system on EA-6B ProwlerALQ-162 - EA jamming system on F-14 & F/A 18ALQ-142 - ES system on SH-60 SeahawkALQ-165 - EA jamming system on F/A-18ALR-47 - ES detection system on S-3 VikingALR-68 - ES detection system on P-3C OrionALR-73 - ES detection system on E-2 HawkeyeChaff - On SH-60 Seahawk

ALQ-99Detection, Identification, trackingCommunication, Data Link, and radar jammingDeception: mimics radar signalsEA-6B Prowler

ALQ-162Radar JammingF/A-18 HornetAutomatic radar jamming against surface-to-air and airborne intercept missiles that use continuous wave (CW) radars

ALQ-142Electronic Support SystemSH- 60 SeahawkReal time Identification and bearing of surveillance radars

Jamming EffectivenessMatch the victim radars RFBe continuousHave sufficient power

Range Gate Pull Off (RGPO)

Range Gates

Error SignalTarget EchoesNew Error SignalJammingConical ScanTargetApparent TargetINVERSE GAIN

Methods to Defeat Direct Threat JammingFrequency TechniquesRF ChangeRF DiversityRF AgilityDiplexingVariable PRF

Questions?

ESM Electronic Support MeasuresECM Electronic Counter MeasuresECCM Electronic Counter-counter MeasuresAN/SLQ-32 versions 1-5version 1: not used anymoreversion 2: older ships (ie. DD)version 3: upgraded version 2 with jamming capabilityversion 4: upgraded even more, newer ships (ie. DDG, CVN)version 5: FFG only, some jamming capibilityPulls off the velocity gate until it is not tracking the aircraft.Colors on ordnance?Yellow: high-explosiveBrown: low-explosive or boosterBlue: training round or inertBasic: The better you know your enemys capability the better you can counter its affect.Radar Design:Power - Fundamental parameter, the battle becomes one of power. - Affects Burnthrough distanceFrequency Change - If your radar is frequency agile it is harder to jam.PRF - Changing the PRF in a random fashion is an effective counter to deception. EA depends on the predictability of radar.Pulse length - Increase the pulse length requires more power. Can use pulse compression to compensate for range resolution and minimum range.Antenna Design - Reduce the amount and size of side lobes makes it more difficult to jam from various axis.Scan Pattern - influence amount of energy directed towards the radar target.Burnthrough - More power in the air at the contact!EMCON - Alpha through Delta, Alpha silent and A1Bravo and B1CharlieDelta essentials only Normal steaming configuration

Operator Training - recognize jamming and counter it!Go over slide.SSES Shipboard Signals Exploitation SpaceIS, CT, maybe EWs and a Crypto Officer.Go over slide.Pulls off the velocity gate until it is not tracking the aircraft.