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LESLLA Tilburg University
Instruction Practices: Effects of Language and Literacy Instruction on Adult ESOL Literacy Students
LESLLA - Tilburg UniversityAugust 26, 2005
Larry Condelli American Institutes for Research
Washington, DC USA
LESLLA Tilburg University
Overview• Research Studies on Effective
Instruction for Adult Literacy Students– Literature review on effective
instructional interventions– Correlational “What Works” Study
(completed)– Experimental Explicit Literacy
Impact (ongoing)
LESLLA Tilburg University
Adult ESOL Literacy Students
• Limited literacy in any language• Need also to learn English language
skills• Have little or no formal schooling
(working definition: 6 years or fewer)• May lack “print awareness” • Have no or little phonemic awareness• Need to build “schema” for types of
literacy
LESLLA Tilburg University
Purpose of The Research
1. Identify types of instruction that may be effective in improving the L2 language and literacy skills of low-literate adults
2. Identify student characteristics related to L2 development
3. Identify implications for practice and further research
LESLLA Tilburg University
Review of Research in Adult SLA
• Focus on identifying hypotheses that can be tested by our research
• Focus on studies in adult SLA, second language reading and adult EFL
• Research on children included where results also found and accepted for adults
• Excluded studies of structural language skills
LESLLA Tilburg University
SLA Topics Addressed by These Studies
• Relationship of oral communication skills and literacy
• Connecting literacy to real-world tasks in instruction
• Use of native language support
• Instructional focus on reading and life skills
LESLLA Tilburg University
SLA Research Hypotheses• Oral Language Skills and Literacy –
literacy development may be aided when there are oral skills first
• Literacy in Context – connection to real-world tasks and materials in instruction may promote literacy development
• Native Language Support – Ways literacy in L1 promotes L2 development
• Focus on Reading – Direct, systematic or explicit teaching may promote reading and literacy development
LESLLA Tilburg University
Learning Theory
• U.S. National Academy of Sciences review suggests 3 keys to effective instruction: – building upon prior knowledge, – engaging in active learning within
strong conceptual frameworks, and – promoting transfer and generalization
by applying new skills in a variety of contexts
LESLLA Tilburg University
Learning Trinity
Focus
Engagement
Practice
LESLLA Tilburg University
“What Works” Study: Research Design Overview
• “Natural” study: conducted in existing classes with no intervention
• Two year data collection: 38 classes in 13 school sites in seven states, 495 total students
• Students assessed three times: at intake, three months and nine months, regardless of attendance
• Assessment battery: included standardized and alternative reading, speaking and writing assessments
• Bi-weekly classroom observations: to collect instructional measures
LESLLA Tilburg University
Student Sample• 495 students, 72% female, mean age 40• Mean 3.1 years education, one third no
education• Two-thirds Spanish speaking, 9% Somali, 8%
Hmong• Over 30 other languages spoken• Attended mean of 129 hours over 16 weeks• Very little English language or literacy skills
LESLLA Tilburg University
Student Writing Samples
LESLLA Tilburg University
Measuring Instruction• Structured classroom observation
guide• Observer kept timed running account• Coded for Instructional emphasis –
Proportion of time spent on literacy or language (what was taught)
• Ratings of Instructional strategies – Mean score based on ratings of teachers’ methods and student involvement (how it was taught).
LESLLA Tilburg University
Instructional Emphasis Measures• Literacy Development – Main focus on reading
and writing development:– Basic literacy skills emphasis (fluency, basic
reading skills, grammar, vocabulary).– Reading comprehension emphasis (reading for
meaning, prediction strategies).• ESOL Acquisition – Main focus on speaking,
listening, fundamentals of English:– Oral communication emphasis (speaking and
listening practice).
LESLLA Tilburg University
Instructional Strategy Measures
• 20 items measuring teacher use of strategies and student involvement on 4-point scales
• Factor analysis to identify scaling
• Mean rating across observations on items for four factor-defined scales
LESLLA Tilburg University
Instructional Strategies
• Varied Practice and Interaction-– Teachers keep students engaged through
a variety of activities, using different modalities and types of literacy
• Connection to the “Outside”-– Teachers link what is being learned to life
outside the classroom, “real life”
LESLLA Tilburg University
Instructional Strategies
• Use of Native Language (Spanish) –– Teachers uses native language to clarify
assignments, explain concepts– Students allowed to ask questions in native
language
LESLLA Tilburg University
Assessment Approach• Combined standardized and alternative
assessments.• Individual administration, test instructions in
native language.• Preference for performance-based tests.• Multiple areas assessed: oral communication,
writing, reading.• Interview with student.
LESLLA Tilburg University
Assessment Battery – Standardized Tests
Reading - Woodcock Johnson basic skills and comprehension subscales.
Speaking – Basic English Skills Test (BEST) oral interview.
Writing – ALAS writing test and CASAS form completion.
LESLLA Tilburg University
Assessment Battery – Alternative Assessments
• Reading Demonstration-Learner rated on reading of self-selected authentic and environmental texts (e.g., food labels, flyers, newspaper advertisements, etc.)
• Literacy Practices Interview - Structured interview on reading, writing and speaking habits in everyday life
LESLLA Tilburg University
Analytic Approach: Growth Modeling
• Latent growth modeling in an HLM framework
• Accommodates complex data:– Random student intra-class variation– Hierarchical, nested, repeated measures– Student attrition
• Three parameter model – initial status, linear and quadratic growth over time
• Requires model of relevant variables
LESLLA Tilburg University
Findings: Basic Reading Skills
Growth in reading basic skills (WJR-BRSC)– Use of “connection to the outside” strategy– Younger students have higher growth– Years of formal education (proxy for native
language literacy), but fades over time– Initial English oral proficiency (BEST score)
LESLLA Tilburg University
Effect of the Use of the “Connection to the Outside” Strategy on Growth in Basic Reading Skills
440
450
460
470
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month
Ba
sic
Re
ad
ing
Skill
s(W
J-B
RS
C S
co
re)
Low Use Average Use High Use
LESLLA Tilburg University
Findings: Reading Comprehension
Growth in reading comprehension skills (WJR-RCC)– Use of students’ native language in
instruction– Rate of attendance (proportion of hours
student attends weekly by hours offered weekly)
– Initial basic reading skills (BRSC score) – effect emerges slowly over time (quadratic effect)
LESLLA Tilburg University
Effects of Attendance Rate, Basic Reading Skills and Use of Native Language on Growth in Reading Comprehension
420
430
440
450
460
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month
Re
ad
ing
Co
mp
reh
en
sio
n(W
J-R
CC
Sco
re)
Low Attendance RateHigh Attendance RateLow Basic Reading SkillsHigh Basic Reading SkillsLow Use of Native LanguageHigh Use of Native LanguageHigh Attendance Rate, High Basic Reading Skills, and High Use of Native Language
LESLLA Tilburg University
Findings: Oral English Skills
Growth in Oral English Skills (BEST)– Use of students’ native language in
instruction– Oral Communication instructional
emphasis– Varied practice and interaction strategy– Higher rate of attendance– Student age (younger students have higher
growth)– Initial basic reading skills (BRSC score)
LESLLA Tilburg University
Effects of Instructional Emphasis on Oral Communication Skills and Practice Strategy on Growth in Oral Communication Skills
10
20
30
40
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month
Ora
l Co
mm
un
ica
iton
Skill
s
(BE
ST
Sco
re)
Low Emphasis on Oral Communication Skills
High Emphasis on Oral Communication Skills
Low Practice Strategy
High Practice Strategy
High Emphasis on Oral Communication Skills and High Practice Strategy
LESLLA Tilburg University
Other Analyses• Writing Ability
– No significant growth on writing assessments
• Reading Demonstration– Weak growth,related to emphasis on
reading comprehension and bringing in the outside strategy
• Literacy Practices Interview– IRT-developed scales, showed positive
change, but not statistically significant
LESLLA Tilburg University
Summary: Instructional Findings and Implications
• Bringing the Outside – growth in basic reading skills– Direct connection to students’ lives makes
instruction meaningful
• Use of Native Language – growth in reading comprehension and oral English skills– Removes comprehension barriers– Safe learning environment– Allows critical thinking skills
LESLLA Tilburg University
Summary: Instructional Findings
• Varied Practice and Interaction – growth in oral English skills – Learn patterns from others– Multi-modal learning– Opportunity to practice and test individual
language hypotheses
LESLLA Tilburg University
Summary: Student Effects (1)
• Formal Education – More educated students had faster growth in basic
reading skills development (but faded over time)
• English Speaking Skills– Students with high oral English skills had faster
growth in basic reading skills development
• Basic English Reading Skills– Students with higher basic skills had faster growth
in reading comprehension and oral English skills (emerged over time)
LESLLA Tilburg University
Summary: Student Effects (2)
• Age– Younger students had faster growth in
reading basic skills and English speaking skills
• Attendance– Students who attended a higher proportion
of scheduled time had faster growth in reading comprehension and English speaking skills
LESLLA Tilburg University
Student Findings: Possible Implications
• Formal Education – Possible of L1 transfer
• English Speaking Skills– A basis in oral skills in L2 may help L2
reading development
• Basic English Reading Skills– Basic reading skills in L2 may promote L2
reading comprehension and oral skills development
LESLLA Tilburg University
Explicit Literacy Impact Study
LESLLA Tilburg University
Research Question The new study will use random
assignment to answer the question:
What difference will explicit instruction make in terms of L2 literacy development and language learning for ESOL adults with limited literacy?”
LESLLA Tilburg University
Hypothesis
• Explicit literacy instruction creates a conceptual framework of English literacy within which students can engage in active learning and apply their growing skills in a variety of contexts to improve their learning.
LESLLA Tilburg University
Reading Research Support• Reading research for native English speakers
who struggle suggests the effectiveness of explicit instruction, within meaningful contexts, of the following components:– Alphabetics (phonological awareness, print
awareness, phonics)– Word analysis and spelling– Vocabulary– Fluency– Comprehension
LESLLA Tilburg University
Research on Explicit Literacy• Recent research in learning and
literacy development suggests the effectiveness of an explicit instruction for students from diverse backgrounds
• Some research on effectiveness for ESOL children and adolescents
• No research for adult ESOL• “Learning Trinity” Research
LESLLA Tilburg University
Explicit Literacy Instruction (1)
• Adds a focus on literacy development and makes the process of learning a language transparent (skills and strategies)
• Exposes the code system of English • Teaches foundational skills
(phonological awareness, orthographic awareness, automaticity, fluency, etc.)
LESLLA Tilburg University
Explicit Literacy Instruction (2)
• Teaches learning strategies deliberately
• Uses multiple modes of learning and teaching (visual, text-based, auditory)
• Relies heavily on modeling and guided practice that draw students’ attention to key patterns or strategies and provides immediate constructive feedback
LESLLA Tilburg University
Curriculum• Specially developed curriculum focusing
on explicit teaching of language and literacy skills
• Appropriate for low-literate adult ESOL• One hour per day over 15 weeks (or 60
hours total)• Replaces part of usual instruction in
intervention classes so that both classes have the same amount of instructional hours
LESLLA Tilburg University
Curriculum Features• Will includes skills, strategies and
knowledge of different kinds of texts
• Will be contextualized within materials that reflect adults students’ interests and needs
• Supports various student groupings (homogeneous and heterogeneous; small group; pairs)
LESLLA Tilburg University
Explicit Literacy Impact Study• Evaluates impact of explicit literacy
instruction on low literate adult ESOL students
• Random assignment design (explicit component vs. “normal” instruction)
• Total of 1,800 students in 10 adult ESOL programs (90 in each group per program)
• One year data collection, 2006-07
LESLLA Tilburg University
Study Design• Each adult ESOL program to include in
study:– Two intervention classes and two “normal”
classes, meeting at same times and locations
– To offer about 120 hours of instruction over 15 weeks
– Intervention class to teach about half time on explicit literacy
– Each class to be conducted twice over the year
LESLLA Tilburg University
Teachers in the Study
• 4 teachers per ESOL program, randomly assigned (2 per condition)
• Initial week long teacher training on curriculum
• Site-based ongoing training as needed
• Frequent classroom observation to monitor curriculum fidelity
LESLLA Tilburg University
Student Outcome Measures
• Pre-test on native language literacy
• Post-intervention assessment of English reading, writing, speaking/listening
• Student interview on literacy practices
• Optional one year follow-up assessment
• Assessments conducted individually in students’ native languages
LESLLA Tilburg University
Study Products and Outcomes• Fully developed and evaluated
curriculum, with materials, assessment, professional development
• Data on effective instruction
• Descriptive data on students and programs
• Raised visibility of adult ESOL issues around instruction, assessment, professional development