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Leslie Cloud, MDDepartment of Neurology
Division of Movement DisordersEmory University School of Medicine
The videos shown in this lecture were filmed in the Movement Disorders Clinic at Emory University.
All patients provided written consent for the filming of their examination to be used for educational purposes.
All videos have been edited to protect patient privacy.
Rest tremor: occurs in a body part that is not voluntarily activated and is completely supported against gravity ↑ with activation↓ with voluntary action
Action tremors: any tremor occurring on voluntary contraction of muscle postural kinetic –simple vs. intentiontask-specificisometric
Topography Head Chin JawUpper/lower extremityTrunk
Activation conditionRestPostureSpecific tasks
Frequency low <4 HZmedium 4-7 Hz high >7 Hz
Amplitude
Medical history should include details of tremor onset, family history, alcohol sensitivity, associated diseases, medications, and drug use/abuse.
The general neurological exam is very important and has a great impact on the differential diagnosis.
Clinical situation should guide additional workup (labs, imaging, etc…)
Physiological tremor is present in every normal subject with posture and action.
Enhanced physiological tremor is a visible, predominantly postural, and high frequency tremor of short duration (<2 years). Evidence for neurological disease related to the tremor must be excluded.HyperthyroidismDrugs (TCAs, Lithium, bronchodilators,
cocaine, alcohol,...)
Predominantly posture and action tremor that is usually slowly progressive over time. Rarely, resting tremors can also occur.
Mean onset between 35-45 years of age.
Prevalence rates vary from 0.4-5.6%. AD in 60% 50-90% improve with alcohol ingestion. Topography:
hand>head>voice>leg>jaw>trunk/face
First choice:Propranolol LA (60-240 mg daily)Primidone (150 mg qhs)
Second line ClonazepamGabapentinTopiramate
Medically-Refractory cases:DBSThalamotomy
http://www.mdvu.org/library/ratingscales/et/
Classic Parkinsonian tremor:Rest tremorAsymmetricTemporarily suppressed with voluntary
movement Increased amplitude with mental stress,
contralateral movements, and during gait Treat with anti-Parkinsonian agents and
DBS in medically-refractory cases of tremor-predominant PD
AKA intention tremors Pure intention tremor Often unilateral Slow (<5 Hz) Postural tremor may be present but no
rest tremor Medical treatments typically ineffective
Neuroleptics Reglan Antiepileptics (especially VPA) Antidepressants Steroids Antiarrhythmics (especially amiodarone) Cyclosporine Cytostatics (e.g. vincristine)
Postural and kinetic tremor not usually seen during complete rest that occurs in a body part affected by dystonia.
They are focal tremors with irregular amplitudes and variable frequencies.
Geste antagoniste Botulinum toxin treatment of first choice DBS for medically-refractory cases
Most common PMD Tend to be equal at rest, with posture holding
and with action Highly variable within the same individual Fingers rarely involved Co-activation sign (tremor amplitude ↑ when
weight applied to the involved limb) Entrainment Distractible May emerge during a period of emotional
stress May have other psychogenic features on
exam
25 year old woman with tremor for two years.
Bilateral hands and head affected. Alcohol helps the tremor. Anxiety makes it worse. Father has hand tremor. Told by 2 other neurologists that she
has ET. Propranolol not tolerated. On primidone now without much
benefit.