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LEQ: What can go wrong in this process. 10.16. Mutations. A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA Ultimate source of genetic diversity Gene vs. Chromosome. Gene Mutations. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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LEQ: What can go wrong in this process
10.16
MUTATIONS
A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
Ultimate source of genetic diversity
Gene vs. Chromosome
Gene M
utations
Base Substitution – replacement of one nucleotide with another, change to final protein is minimal – 1 amino acid or no change at all› Silent mutation – base change codes for the same
amino acid› Missense mutation – base change codes for a different
amino acid› Nonsense mutation – base change codes for a stop
codon
Gene M
utation
Frameshift Mutation – insertion or deletion of a nucleotide; changes the reading frame of the mRNA codons; can result in different amino acids from the point of the mutation on; major change to the amino acid sequence of the protein
Chromosom
e Mutations
Mutations that effect multiple genes› Deletion – loss of part of chromosome› Duplication – doubling of part of a chromosome› Inversion – changing the gene order of a chromosome› Translocation – crossing over between
nonhomologous chromosomes› Nondisjunction – failure of homologous chromosomes
or sister chromatids to separate during meiosis or mitosis
MUTAGENESIS
The creation of a mutation
Spontaneous mutations – mistakes in replication
Mutagen – chemical, physical, or biological agent causes the mistake