Leonard RossPhotographs of

Daniel S. Palmer

Social Change

Leonard Ross:Photographs of Social Change

Daniel S. Palmer

Published on the occasion of the exhibitionLeonard Ross: Photographs of Social ChangeMariboe Art Gallery at Peddie SchoolJune 2012

No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the express written permission of Daniel S. Palmer and Metro Insights, LLC.

Published by Metro Insights, LLC12 West 72nd Street, 2CNew York, NY 10023www.metroinsights.com

© 2012 by Metro Insights, LLC All rights reserved 2012.All works by Leonard Ross are © 2012 Estate of Leonard Ross All rights reserved 2012.

ISBN: 978-0-9838909-2-8

Front Cover: Leonard Ross, Potato picker coupleBack Cover: Leonard Ross, Untitled

I came to this project at the encouragement of Dr. Seth Gopin, my professor at Rutgers University, with whom I taught in Paris. He explained that he had recently received a significant collection of photographs from his deceased uncle, an original resident of the Jersey Homesteads, and that they were ripe for scholarship. As I am currently writing my dissertation on the New Deal architecture and art of the Jersey Homesteads by Alfred Kastner and Ben Shahn, the opportunity to explore the photographic oeuvre of one of the community’s early settlers was highly appealing. Although only a portion of Ross’ images address the town, his artistic philosophy and humanitarian outlook were highly influenced by Ben Shahn and the townspeople’s liberal sensibility. I was duly interested in working with the photographs of such a socially engaged artist, and tried to chart this strand of social concern throughout Ross’ career. As my research developed, I was increasingly pleased with the material I uncovered and have thoroughly enjoyed studying the photographs of this remarkably skilled artist who was committed to social change.

I am indebted to Ross’ wife Vivian, as well as the rest of the Ross family for their willing participation in this exhibition. Eric Drotch and the Peddie School have been welcoming hosts of a local artist. I would also like to thank Drs. Seth Gopin and Martin Eidelberg for their insightful enthusiasm, my family for their unflagging support, and Natalie Musteata for her constancy and thorough encouragement.

This project is dedicated to the memory of Leonard Ross for his inspiring photographs.

New York City, April 22, 2012 D.S.P.

Preface

(Top Right) Recto Stamp, ca. 1947(Bottom Right) Recto Stamp, ca. 1965

(Left) Facsimile, Photo Notes: Publication of the Photo League, November, 1947

Leonard Ross (1927-2008) was a distinguished photographer whose documentation of the

construction projects of Bethlehem Steel Company were exhibited in the Metropolitan Museum

and the Museum of Modern Art. In his earliest photographs of local subjects, taken in New York

City and central New Jersey, he quickly displayed a true sensitivity for the medium. His mentor,

the renowned artist Ben Shahn, imparted the valuable techniques he used to warmly depict his

subjects. Ross’ concern for the people he photographed was fostered by his membership in the

Photo League, a cooperative of socially engaged photographers, which he formally joined in 1947.

Through this association, he was influenced by many of America’s most important photographers.

Together, they shared the deeply felt belief that the camera had the power to transform society.

Accordingly, this exhibition of an understudied photographer is produced with the hopes of

inspiring the next generation of budding artists to look more closely at the world around them.

Leonard Ross

(Top) Plate 1. Self-Portrait, ca. 1955(Bottom) Plate 2. Self-Portrait, ca. 1985

Leonard Ross (born Leonard Rosenberg) was raised in the Jersey Homesteads (present

day Roosevelt), where he and his family were among the earliest settlers. After he expressed

his interest in photography to Ben Shahn, the community’s most notable resident, the artist

graciously gave the admiring young man his first camera. This gift came with the memorable

advice that guided his photographic career -- to direct his attention to the world around him and

record what he saw with a concerned eye. Consequently, the burgeoning photographer took his

first pictures in downtown Hightstown and the surrounding environs. These images document his

attempt to understand the visual culture of the region, and demonstrate an innate sense of how to

best represent his subjects.

Hightstown

Plate 3. Highstown overpass with road signs

Plate 4. House in Hightstown with mailman at gate

(Top) Plate 5. Two carpenters on barn platform(Bottom) Plate 6. Woman on cast iron front porch

Plate 7. Two men against a wall in downtown Hightstown

Plate 8. Wm. C. Pullen Fuel Service truck

Plate 9. L.W. Francis House Wares Store

(Top) Plate 10. Two men infront of of Highstown shop (Bottom) Plate 11. Highstown field with worker and potato sacks

(Top) Plate 12. Tri-County Cooperative Auction Market Association building (Bottom) Plate 13. Shangle & Hunt building with men loading truck(Next Page) Plate 14. Portrait of Ben Shahn with a cigarette

When Shahn reviewed Ross’ first attempts, he criticized them for their excessive waste.

That is, film was expensive, and instead of shooting a subject numerous times, Shahn carefully

composed his images in the viewfinder before taking the picture. This technique resulted in his

striking images, and from this point forward, Ross carefully chose his subjects, angles, and the

opportune moment in which to capture them. His subsequent photographs demonstrate a careful

attention to composition, as well as an interest in the psychology and character of his subjects.

Shahn’s influence, as well as that of the leftist Jersey Homesteads community, can be seen in Ross’

attention to the theme of labor. This dedication to the working class is especially present in his

dignified images of the migrant potato pickers who worked in Hightstown’s fields.

Potato Pickers

Plate 15. Potato pickers reclining on sacks

(Above) Plate 16. Potato picker with a pipe and beer(Next Page) Plate 17. Potato picker with a cigar

Plate 18. Man carting potato sacks

Plate 19. Potato picker with a cigarette talking

This increased sensitivity served Ross well during his time in the 3264th Signal Service

Photographic Company of the U.S. Army’s Pictorial Service. Though Ross was lucky enough to

avoid active conflict, he photographed the war’s aftermath with remarkable sympathy toward its

victims and displaced persons. Upon his return in 1947, Ross relocated to New York City to make

his name in photography. He worked as a freelance photographer for various photo agencies,

undertaking assignments for magazines such as Life and Fortune. Indeed, this exhibition’s

creative installation is intended to evoke the mass-media world of photo offices and magazine

headquarters in which Ross and other mid-century photographers thrived.

U.S. Army Pictorial Service

(Top) Plate 20. Elderly German woman with basket(Bottom) Plate 21. Women digging in a field

Ross’ journalistic work led him to explore New York extensively and thoughtfully record the

changing post-war landscape of the booming metropolis. This made him an ideal candidate for

membership in the Photo League, where he became involved with Sid Grossman, Sol Libsohn,

Paul Strand, Jack Delano, John Vachon, Edwin and Louise Rosskam, and many other major

figures of American mid-century photography. They guided their cameras toward the city’s

masses and its labor force. In Ross’ resulting images, we can see remarkable developments

in his worldview, technique and skill. Notably, a series of these photographs were featured in

a young photographer’s competition for Life magazine. Ross was also invited to exhibit in the

group’s 1948 landmark exhibition This is the Photo League, which was received with great praise.

As his photographic skills developed, his artworks grew increasingly compelling and more

compositionally dramatic. This rising confidence can certainly be attributed to the instruction he

gleaned from his Photo League compatriots and Shahn’s continued mentorship.

New York City & Photo League

(Next Page) Plate 22. Man pushing garment racks

Plate 23. Newspaper seller

Plate 24. Shoe-shine boy

(Top) Plate 25. Man pulling boxes in the Garment District(Bottom) Plate 26. Shoe-shine boys looking at photographs

Plate 27. Two boys in street

Plate 28. African American boy with sled

(Top) Plate 29. Woman in a crowd(Bottom) Plate 30. Elderly couple shopping for meat

Plate 31. Life Magazine Contest: Pattern of Construction Workers with concrete cart

Plate 32. Life Magazine Contest: Pattern of Construction «… but as one looks more closely one sees it as an ordered confusion, almost a dance pattern»

Plate 33. Life Magazine Contest: Pattern of Construction Men shoveling

Plate 34. Life Magazine Contest: Pattern of Construction «... that must take definite line and form and shape»

Plate 35. Life Magazine Contest: Pattern of Construction«One finds the warmth and dignity of each individual...»

Plate 36. Life Magazine Contest: Pattern of Construction«...who must contribute part of himself»

The 1950s were a fruitful years for Ross: he married his wife Vivian in 1951, was involved

with the production of Morris Engel, Ruth Orkin, and Raymond Abrashkin’s innovative 1953

film Little Fugitive, and in 1955 became a professional editorial photographer for Bethlehem

Steel Corporation. He documented the company’s steel production and mining, as well as its

construction of ships, skyscrapers, and bridges with a keen artistic sensibility and sense of

humanity. These photographs demonstrate the lessons he learned from examining Lewis Hine’s

photographs with the Photo League. Ross was inspired to depict the courageously workmen

who produced these industrial behemoths, often while in precarious positions. Perhaps the most

striking and important of Ross’ works from this period, Man on Bridge Cable, captures a worker

framed against the dramatic view from atop the George Washington Bridge. It was exhibited in

Photography in the Fine Arts, an exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1960, alongside

works by important photographers such as Irving Penn, Dorothea Lange, Robert Capa, and Henri

Cartier-Bresson, among others. Ross was also honored with a one-man show at the Allentown Art

Museum in 1962. Though his work at the time was commissioned by a major corporation, he never

abandoned his concern for photography’s aesthetic and social value. While his photographs may

seem to celebrate the corporation’s enormous constructions and boldly advocate for American

progress, they ultimately insist that this would never be possible without the strong resolve of its

hard working citizens.

Bethlehem Steel

(Previous Page) Plate 37. Man on Bridge Cable(Above) Plate 38. Man with safety glasses

Plate 39. Man in steel factory

(Previous Page) Plate 40. Workers on steel girders(Above) Plate 41. Two bridge workers

(Next Page) Plate 42. Verrazano bridge piling under construction

(Top) Plate 43. Man working with molten steel (Middle) Plate 44. Bridge in fog

(Bottom) Plate 45. Pouring molten steel

Plate 46. Worker walking on skyscraper frame

(Above) Plate 47. Worker guiding girder(Next Page) Plate 48. Bridge construction

Toward the later years of his life, and especially after he retired from Bethlehem Steel in 1982,

Ross began to appreciate the freedom of his artistic medium. This is reflected in a final period

of more expressionistic photographs. Nearly abstract images of molten steel, endless rolls of

glimmering sheet metal, and industrial landscapes vividly portray the technological sublime of

late capitalism. Others turn toward more intimately poetic subjects to convey a sense of serenity

with the natural world and its phenomena. This retrospective of Leonard Ross concludes with the

most lyrical of his photographs, which captures the twilight shimmering through the trees from his

rural residence. This image crystallizes the artist’s belief in the power of the camera as a tool for

examining and conveying the subtle beauty in the world.

Late Works

(Previous Page) Plate 49. Skyscraper construction - One Chase Manhattan Plaza

(Above) Plate 50. Steel hook (Next Page) Plate 51. Twilight at the steel plant

(Previous Page) Plate 52. Sheet metal rolls(Top) Plate 53. Man with hose and steam (Bottom) Plate 54. Two boys fishing

(Top) Plate 55. Birds in the snow(Bottom) Plate 56. Wheat in the sun

Plate 57. Tree covered in snow

Plate 58. Beirys Bridge Road