LEMBAGA MINYAK SAWIT MALAYSIA MALAYSIAN PALM OIL …palmoilis.mpob.gov.my/publications/POEB/poeb89.pdf · palm oil engineering bulletin no. 89 issue no. 89 (oct. - dec. 2008) lembaga

PALM OIL ENGINEERING BULLETIN NO. 89 �

ISSUE NO. 89 (Oct. - Dec. 2008)

LEMBAGA MINYAK SAWIT MALAYSIAMALAYSIAN PALM OIL BOARD

KEMENTERIAN PERUSAHAAN PERLADANGAN DAN KOMODITI MALAYSIAMINISTRY OF PLANTATION INDUSTRIES AND COMMODITIES, MALAYSIA

Website: http://mpob.gov.my


CONTENTS

Editorial

RECENT EVENTS

FORTHCOMING EVENTS 2009 MPOB Training Programme

2009 MPOB Conferences/Seminars

FEATURE ARTICLESSynthetic Biodiesel from Palm Biomass -Can this be a Viable Project?

Rolek Nut Cracker - FELDA’s Experience

2008 National Seminar on Palm Oil Milling, Refining Technology, Quality and Environment Highlights

Mongana Basics: Part 14 - Study of the Quality and Characteristics of Oil

MILLING DIALOGUE

DATASHEET Palm Oil Milling Tips

1

3

11

12

15

EDITORIAL BOARD

ChairmanDato’ Dr Mohd Basri Wahid

• Dato’ Dr Choo Yuen May• Dr Lim Weng Soon• Dr Ma Ah Ngan

• Ab Aziz Md Yusof • Ir N P Thorairaj

SecretaryIr N Ravi Menon

Malaysian Palm Oil BoardMinistry of Plantation Industries and Commodities,

MalaysiaP. O. Box 10620, 50720 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Tel: 603-8769 4400Fax: 603-8925 9446

Website: www.mpob.gov.my

© Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 2008All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Products and services advertised in thisPalm Oil Engineering Bulletin do not

connote endorsement by MPOB.

TEditorial

see page 2

29

41

19

seem to have really visualized the in-tensity of the downward dip in a short period of time. Many people in the in-dustry could not understand, how an edible oil like palm oil could be linked to crude oil. There is no doubt that the palm oil producers are now more than convinced that there is a strong link and that can only be the biodiesel link and eventually crude oil.

Now going back to the crude oil price that took an unprecedented rise from about RM 60 to about RM 130 a barrel just about a few months ago re-sulting in a highly escalated pricing of essential commodities like rice, wheat and other food products. Now that the crude oil price has dipped to less than half the peak price followed by the gov-ernment’s decisive action of slashing the fuel price by a reasonable measure, the price of essential commodities should have normalized back to the original price. But in actual practice, this did not happen as merchants used this oppor-tunity to exploit the situation to increase their profits. So each time the fuel price fluctuates, an opportunity opens up for the rapacious merchants. This situa-tion can only change if we can create a mechanism to stabilize palm oil prices, when crude oil price spiral upwards to uncomfortable levels.

The commodity prices are supposed to follow the simple rules of supply and demand. But when there is no change in demand structure and supply why, did the vegetable oil price rise to an all time high of about RM 4000 and decline to

he current palm oil price ap-pears to have taken the industry off-guard as none in the industry

49

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PALM OIL ENGINEERING BULLETIN NO. 89�

from page 2

CALL FOR ARTICLES

The millers are requested to send in articles of relevance to the palm oil industry in Malaysia for publication in Palm Oil Engineering Bulletin. By sharing your expertise you will be helping the industry and the nation as a whole. The topics of interest are:

1. Plant modifications done in your mill that resulted in improvements in milling operation or maintenance.

2. Innovations done in your mill that produced improvements in the operation of the mill and that you are willing to share them with others.

3. Any special work done in your mill that directly resulted in improvements in OER and product quality.

Please submit your article to us and we shall be pleased to publish them in Palm Oil Engineering Bulletin. Feel proud to have your articles published in this Bulletin that is circulated throughout the industry and MPOB offices worldwide.

RM 1300? The higher pricing was attrib-uted to high demand by China and India. Now, is the new price due to the dimin-ished requirement of China and India? Does this mean that the power produc-tion sector, the transport sector or other sectors using fossil fuels in China and India are taking a vacation? The equation does not seem to balance.

It seems more logical to review the whole equation from another angle. This

is purely based on imagination by a lay-man as far as marketing analysis and pre-diction of crude oil pricing is concerned. The crude oil at its zenith could have been traded at a controlled rate and at a high price by vested parties or shrewd traders until their hoarded stock cleared out and by some manipulation the prices started to dip, giving the merchants the right op-portunity to restore back the stock levels. It can be replicated as often as needed as long as no one can do anything against it.


Recent Events Contributed by: Noor Asmawati Abd Samad*

* Malaysian Palm Oil Board, P. O. Box 10620, 50720 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

2008 National Conference for Smallholders

The 2008 National Conference for Smallholders was officiated by Datuk Peter Chin Fah Kui, the Minister of Plantation Industries and Commodities on 11 November 2008 at MPOB Head Office, Bangi. This conference which is convened once in two years attracted more than 400 participants including smallholders and participants from various agencies.

The objective of the conference was to disseminate the latest technologies to the participants in the plantation sector as well as to enhance the productivity of oil palm through good agricultural practices. A total of 14 papers were presented during the two-day conference.

During the opening ceremony, Datuk Peter Chin also launched MPOB F3 and MPOB F4 fertilizer. MPOB F3 fertilizer was formulated as a balanced nutrient and zeolite combination jointly produced by MPOB and Malaysia NPK Fertilizer Sdn Bhd. The MPOB F4 is a 3-in-1 fertilizer for high growth and high yield. It is suitable for hilly and problematic soil. MPOB F4 is commercialized by All Cosmos Industries Sdn Bhd.

Dato’ Wira Ismail Saleh, the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Plantation Industries and Commodities; Dato’ Sabri Ahmad, Chairman of MPOB and Dato’ Dr Mohd Basri Wahid, Director-General of MPOB, also attended the conference.


Recent Events Recent Events

MPOB Received Award from MAMPU

MPOB won two awards in the Majlis Anuge-rah Kualiti Sektor Awam 2008 under the cat-egory, Anugerah Inovasi Penyelidikan Bersama Antara Sektor Kerajaan dengan Sektor Swasta, organized by the Malaysian Administrative Modernisation and Management Planning Unit (MAMPU) on 27 November 2008 at Putrajaya International Convention Centre (PICC).

The projects that won the awards were Oil Palm Motorized Cutter (Cantas™), jointly developed by MPOB and Jariz Technologies Sdn Bhd and Production of Vitamin E from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD), jointly de-veloped with Golden Hope Bioganic Sdn Bhd. Dato’ Dr Mohd Basri Wahid, the Direc-tor-General of MPOB and the directors of the two respective companies received the awards from Dato’ Seri Abdullah Hj Ahmad Badawi, the Prime Minister of Malaysia.

Workshop on Biodiesel Implementation in Malaysia

Senator A Kohilan Pillay, the Deputy Minis-ter of Plantation Industries and Commodi-ties, officiated the Workshop on Biodiesel Implementation in Malaysia on 1 December 2008 at Nikko Hotel, Kuala Lumpur.

The objectives were to gain insights from the implementation of the biofuel programme in Thailand and Indonesia as well as to explore avenues on the way forward for the implementation of the biofuel programme in Malaysia.

The implementation of biodiesel in the country will ensure energy security and contribute to the development of social and economic aspects of Malaysia. This will also significantly improve and enhance the green image of palm oil as an environmen-tal- friendly and sustainable vegetable oil. A total of 90 participants from various minis-tries, associations and companies in Malay-sia attended the workshop.


Recent Events

Launching of Implementation of Envo Diesel Ester

Datuk Peter Chin Fah Kui, the Minister of Plantation Industries and Commodities, officially launched the implementation of Envo Diesel Ester (B5) together with Dato’ Seri Zulhasnan Rafique, the Minister of Federal Territory, on 10 December 2008 at Jabatan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur (DBKL).

For the time being, three government bodies, namely DBKL, Selangor’s Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) and the army have started using biodiesel in their vehicles before February 2009, the deadline set for the compulsory use of B5. B5 is a mix of 95% regular diesel and 5% methyl ester, which is derived from palm oil. This initiative will help Malaysia reduce its current oversupply of palm oil and help support palm oil prices that have fallen by two-thirds since March 2008.

Dato’ Sabri Ahmad, the Chairman of MPOB and Dato’ Dr Mohd Basri Wahid, Director-General of MPOB, also attended the launch.

National Seminar on Palm Oil Milling, Refining Technology,

Quality and EnvironmentThe 2008 National Seminar on Palm Oil Milling, Refining Technology, Quality and Environment was officiated by Senator A Kohilan Pillay, the Deputy Minister of Plantation Industries and Commodities, on 15 December 2008 at Magellan Sutera Habour Resort, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.

The seminar is an on-going series of seminars organized specially for Malaysian personnel involved in the palm oil industry. The seminar provides the right forum for the palm oil industry and R&D organiza-tions to share experiences and to chart strat-egies ensuring that our palm oil industry remains competitive in the international oil and fats market. Among the objectives of the seminar were to inform participants of the improvements in the existing technolo-gies and to update on recent research and technological developments that may en-hance the productivity of palm oil industry.


More than 500 participants participated in this two-day seminar. Experts presented a total of 28 papers from various agencies and companies. The summary of the papers are highlighted in the 2008 National Seminar on Palm Oil Milling, Refining Technology, Quality and Environment column.

During the opening ceremony, 30 companies and individuals received the Palm Oil Industry Award. The awards were given to companies and individuals which performed well in the palm oil industry. Among the sectors that competed were palm oil mills, estates, palm kernel crushers, refineries, oleochemical factories, dealers and smallholders. The opening ceremony was attended by Datuk Dr Ewon Ebin, the Minister of Industrial Development Sabah and Dato’ Dr Mohd Basri Wahid, the Director-General of MPOB.

MPOB Quality Programme 2008

Quality Week 2008 or Minggu Q 2008 was officially launched by Dato’ Dr Mohd Basri Wahid, the Director-General of MPOB, on 19 December 2008 at MPOB Head Office in Bangi. Among the activities organized during the week were Quality Award 2008, Annual Dinner and Family Day.

Anugerah Q 2008 (Quality Award 2008)

Dato’ Dr Mohd Basri Wahid, the Direc-tor-General of MPOB, presented awards to staff who performed well in the year 2008. The presentation was held on 19 December 2008 at MPOB Head Office, Bangi.

More than 300 MPOB’s staff received award for various categories during the award presentation. Among the categories were Anugerah Perkhidmatan Cemerlang, Anugerah Khidmat Emas, Anugerah Khidmat Bakti, Anugerah Inovasi Perkhidmatan, Anugerah Keutuhan MPOB and Best Publication Award.

Recent Events Recent Events


Annual Dinner

A project entitled Biopesticide Ory-X, the Wettable Powder Formulation of Metarhizium anisopliae for Control of Rhinoceros Beetles, Oryctes rhinoceros by Dr Ramle Moslim was awarded the Anugerah Emas Penyelidikan MPOB 2008, during the Annual Dinner and Award Presenting Night at Dewan Perdana FELDA, Kuala Lumpur on 17 December 2008.

In addition, two projects chosen as recipient for the Anugerah Kecemerlangan Sains Piala Pusingan Ketua Pengarah 2008 were Transgenic Oil Palm Synthesizing Biodegradable Plastics (Polyhydroxybutyrate) led by Dr Ahmad Parveez Ghulam Kadir and Palm-based PU Adhesive led by Hoong Seng Soi. Other award recipient was Mohd Arif Simeh, who won the Anugerah Kecemerlangan Pengurusan Piala Pusingan Ketua Pengarah 2008 for the project entitled Annual Palm Oil Cost of Productivity Study.

Twenty-four publications were chosen to receive awards for best publication.

The publication entitled Oil Palm (Elaeis guneensis Jacq.) Tissue Culture ESTs: Identifying Genes Associated with Callogenesis and Embryogenesis by Leslie Low Eng Ti, Halimah Alias and Boon Soo Heong was chosen as the overall winner. Datuk Peter Chin Fah Kui, the Minister of Plantation Industries and Commodities, presented the awards.

Family Day

More than 3000 MPOB’s staffs and family members attended MPOB Family Day 2008 on 20 and 21 December 2008 at Tiara Beach Resort, Port Dickson. Among the activities organized were telematch for family and children as well as karaoke singing competition.

Family Day 2008 was officially opened by Dato’ Dr Mohd Basri Wahid, the Director-General of MPOB; Dr Salmiah Ahmad, the Deputy Director-General (Services) and directors as well as their family members also participated in the annual function.

Recent Events

PALM OIL ENGINEERING BULLETIN NO. 89 ��

Forthcoming Events

2009 MPOB TRAINING PROGRAMME SCHEDULE

CODENO.

TITLE DATE VENUE

A COURSES

1 OIL PALM

A1.1 Kursus Kemahiran Menggred Buah Sawit

Bil. �: Wilayah Utara ��-�� Mac Hotel Legend Inn, Taiping,

Perak

Bil. �: Wilayah Sabah ��-�0 April Hotel Emas,Tawau, Sabah

Bil. �: Wilayah Sarawak ��-�� Mei Hotel Four Point,

Kuching, Sarawak

Bil. �: Wilayah Tengah ��-�� Jun Negeri Sembilan

Peperiksaan Kemahiran Menggred Buah Sawit

Peperiksaan Bil. ��: Sabah �� Julai *

Peperiksaan Bil. ��: Semenanjung �� Ogos *

A1.2 11th Intensive Diploma in Oil Palm Management & Technology (IDOPMT)Semester IEstate AttachmentSemester IIEstate AttachmentSemester III

�� April – � May�� –�� May

�� May – �� June�� June – � July

� – �0 July

MPOB HQ

A1.3 Kursus Operator Mekanisasi Ladang Feb-JulaiOgos-Jan �0�0

MPOB UKMMPOB UKM

PALM OIL ENGINEERING BULLETIN NO. 89��

Forthcoming Events

CodeNo.

Title Date Venue

A1.4 Kursus Pengurusan dan Penyelenggaraan Tapak Semaian Sawit

Bil. �: Wilayah Sarawak �0-�� Feb Hotel Dynasty,Miri, Sarawak

Bil. �: Wilayah Sabah �-� April Hotel Sandakan,Sandakan,

Sabah

Bil. �: Wilayah Selatan �-�0 Jun Kluang, Johor

Bil. �: Wilayah Timur ��-�� Ogos Kuantan, Pahang

Bil. �: Wilayah Utara �-� Okt Perak

2 PALM OIL

A2.1 Diploma in Palm Oil Milling Technology and Management (DIPOM)Semester ISemester IISemester IIIExam. Semester III

��–�� March��-�0 May

�� June-� July��-�� August

MPOB HQ

A2.2 The 23rd MPOB Oil Palm Products Surveying Course

The 22nd MPOB Oil Palm Products Surveying Examination

��-�� June

�-� August

MPOB HQ

MPOB HQ

A2.3 Kursus Penyelia Kilang Minyak SawitPeperiksaan

��-�0 Mei�� Julai

MPOB HQ

A2.4 Kursus Pengendali Makmal Kilang Minyak SawitPeperiksaan

�0-�0 Julai

�� Julai

MPOB HQ

A2.5 Colour Cosmetic Course �0-�� August

MPOB HQ/ AOTD

CODENO.

TITLE DATE VENUE

B CONFERENCES/SEMINARS

1. Seminar Keselamatan Pengalihan Keluaran Kelapa Sawit �� Jan. MPOB HQ

2. Programme Advisory Committee (PAC) Seminars � April MPOB HQ

3. International Conference on Palm Oil and the Environment

��-�� August MAEP,Serdang,Selangor

2009 MPOB CONFERENCES/SEMINARS


Notes: * To be confirmed. + By invitation. ** Course approved under PROLUS scheme of Pembangunan Sumber Manusia Berhad.

For enquiry or further information, please contact:

HRD & Conference Management UnitTel. No. : 0�-��00 ext. ��, ��0, ��Fax No. : 0�-��E-mail : [email protected]’s website : http://www.mpob.gov.my

4. MPOB Transfer of Technology (TOT) Seminar �00� �� June MPOB HQ

5. SFRR/MPOB Conference � – �� July *

6. TOT IKS Seminar July *

7. GSAS Seminar �� June MPOB HQ

8. PIPOC �00� � - �� Nov. KLCC, Kuala Lumpur

Forthcoming Events

CODENO.

TITLE DATE VENUE

B CONFERENCES/SEMINARS


Feature Article

Synthetic Biodiesel from Palm Biomass - Can this be a Viable Project?

Morgan S Rajah*

Mtaken to enhance and maximize the use of biomass resources efficiently especially during this time when soaring prices of crude oil has exceeded USD 130 per barrel. There are concerns about world oil production and the increasing demand of liquid fuels especially in the transportation sector. In order to mitigate future shortfalls of crude oil supply. countries all over the world are seeking technologies to produce alternative fuels.

A technology by Alphakat Zukunfts Energie has been developed in Germany and being promoted by Shajeran Resources (M) Sdn Bhd in Malaysia whereby biomass could be converted into ready to be used synthetic diesel. This technology transforms biomass to diesel by catalytic de-polymerization process (CDP), using a special catalyst made of nano-particles at low pressure and low temperature. This patented process (DE 10 2005 056 735) imitates how petroleum is naturally produced. The catalyst cracks the long molecular chains of the hydrocarbons and shortens them in a specific way. This process is called de-polymerization.

* Shajeran Resources (M) Sdn Bhd, 8-12-5 Menara Mutiara Bangsar, Jalan Liku Off Jalan Bangsar, 59100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

alaysia is a very fortunate nation in which the biomass productivi-ty is very high. Efforts need to be

The CDP technology have commercial and test plants in Canada, Mexico, Spain, Bulgaria, Italy, Germany and United States of America converting a wide range of wastes including agricultural residues, municipal solid wastes, electronic wastes, used oil, etc. into synthetic diesel.

PROCESS

A new recycling formulation was necessary that would convert existing hydrocarbons not into CH4 (methane) and C (coke crystals), but into CH2 and only then in molecule lengths that reduce and bind in a manner that separates unusable pollutants. Solid and inorganic noxious substances cannot contaminate the diesel product, because it consists of vaporized molecules. The oil is circulated without pressurizing through the plant where the hydrocarbon split under the impact of a catalytic converter inside a fluidity rotation unit. The diesel stream is separated in a distillation column and led into a storage tank ready to be used. No dioxin, furan or other toxic products are produced, as the working temperature inside the reactor is only 300°C to 350°C. Chloride ingredients are neutralized in the fluid system. Even when loading input waste materials, the plant is secured against toxins like Prions that are present in organic material, because the process ensures these toxins are bound together.


Feature Article

With the CDP procedure, the CH2-molecule structure remains and the molecule length is only reduced (optimally on C15). Thus, clearly less energy one needs than e.g. with pyrolysis procedures, with which first the hydrocarbon chains will smash to CH4 (methane) and C (carbon). However, for these binding forces to break open large quantities of energy is required. This enormous decrease in consumption at energy causes the clearly higher yield and the superiority of the CDP procedure. With a simple guide, one can measure the yield which can be expected:

CDP diesel has normally a calorific value of 41.8 MJ kg-1.(1 MJ = 0.27 kW hr-1; a 1 kW hr-1 = 3.6 MJ)

Example: PlasticA plastic X has a calorific value of 35 MJ kg -1.35 MJ kg-1 - 20% (moisture content) = 28 MJ kg-1; 41.8/28 = 1.49;1.49 t of inputs = 1 t of diesel.(1 t of diesel = 1160 litres, 1 litre = 0.86 kg)Result: 650 kg of input = 500 litres hr-1.

The CDP technology uses a catalyst consisting of alkali-doped aluminium silicate. The doping of a fully crystallized Y molecule with sodium was found to be optimal only for plastics, bitumen and waste oils. For biological feedstock such as grease and biological oils, doping with calcium was found to be optimal. For the reaction with biomass, doping with magnesium is necessary to produce high quality diesel oil. For the highly halogenated compounds such as transformer oil and PVC, it is necessary to dope with potassium. Compounds of chlorine in the oil, which could form dioxin or PCBs, are converted into salt and crystallized absorber by the catalyst. Waste containing PVC can be processed un-problematically. Any toxic material left over like heavy metal, chlorine, inert fillers and so on is reliably bound to the catalyst, neutralized for final disposal and extracted with the catalyst. Thus, the diesel is always free of toxic contamination. Impurities and inert fillers, etc. which cannot be converted into diesel are bound to the catalyst to be extracted together with it after use.

waste


Feature Article

As the diesel products are in gas form, solid or other inorganic substances contained in the material fed into the reactor cannot contaminate the final product. The moisture produced is transformed into processes wa-ter of high purity. The specially developed catalyst of nano-particles is the active agent. Approximately 0.5%-3% of the total amount of material fed into the reactor will be the catalyst. Reaction initiates in used hot oil followed by the synthetic production of die-sel from waste in 3 min reaction time in a high speed turbulence system. The hydrated lime needed for the neutralization of dangerous by-products is to be used only with chloro-fluoro materials, particularly with respect to PVC and PCB oils. Neither the catalyst nor neutralizer are chemically dangerous and can be handled easily, if carefully.

THE END PRODUCT

The CDP’s final product is a high quality motor vehicle fuel developed exclusively over the vapour phase low sulphur EN 590 diesel fuel and sulphur ppm of between 0 and 50. The finish product is the diesel fuel with a cetane rating more than 56. No blending is needed.

ECONOMIC VIABILITY

Representatives from the Malaysian Minis-try of Science, Technology and Innovation visited Alphakat’s test plant in Germany on September 2007 with 60 kg of municipal sol-id waste, biomass (empty fruit bunch and wood residue), medical waste and rubber tyre. The test was a success with all the dif-ferent Malaysian waste being converted to diesel via CDP technology and was tested on a vehicle for 60 km. Further, a SIRIM test report verifies the authenticity of CDP die-sel produced from Malaysian waste.

In addition, Global Energy of United States of America, an initiator of alternative energy projects focusing on the processing of organic solid and many kinds of hydro carbon wastes into usable alternative fuels, reported on a number of tests done on the diesel produced by Alphakat.

The first tests were conducted by the In-

stitute for Neuwertwirtschaft GMBH (IFN) from a feedstock of household waste from the city of Liepzig on approximately 130 li-tres of synthetic diesel that were produced through the AlphaKat CDP process. The study concluded “this product can be used in CHP’s (combined heat and power plants).


For use in the diesel engine area, which is subject to EN590 (The European Standard for diesel for vehicles), sulphur content and stabilization need to be adjusted for full scale industry plants. The refuse contained a maximum of 46% hydro carbons from which the demonstration plant produced diesel from 41%, representing a conversion efficiency of 89%.”

ERRSA Energietechnic, a reputable test

and regulation institute in Germany from Zitau, separately concluded, based on a

test run on a 200 kW diesel engine that the produced diesel had a C.V. of approximately 12 000 Kcal kg-1 compared to the EN590 standard of approximately 10 000 Kcal kg-1 and a cetane rating of 63.6 compared with the standard EN590. In summary, the tested diesel is special fuel that could provide an alternative to vegetable oil with CPH and to fossil diesel fuel for vehicles. The high calorific value of the diesel would lead to reduction in the diesel engine’s fuel consumption and therefore reduction of emissions and logistics costs.

Feature Article


Feature Article

P

Rolek Nut Cracker - FELDA’s ExperienceMokhtar Mat Min* and Mohd Sarian Md Sahid*

* FELDA Palm Industries Sdn Bhd, Tingkat 4, Balai FELDA, Jalan Gurney 1, 54000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

fresh fruit bunch processed. Its recovery process involves cracking of nuts and separating it from shells and other particles. Good and efficient re-covery process will result in optimum kernel ex-traction rate (KER) as well as consistent quality of the palm kernel.

This requires good and reliable nut crackers that are able to achieve consistent high cracking efficiency and quality cracked mixtures for ef-ficient separation of kernel and shell. Realizing these needs, FELDA Palm Industries Sdn Bhd (FPISB), has adopted Rolek Palm Nut Cracker (Rolek) as a main cracking unit in its kernel recovery station. Commercial trials of Rolek in FPISB mills were started back in year 2004 in collaboration with Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB).

To date, more than 140 units of Rolek have been installed in more than 60 mills of FPISB. From the performance evaluation of Rolek, it shows that Rolek has consistently achieved high cracking efficiency of palm nuts (>98%) includ-ing tenera and dura for a comparatively long

alm kernel is a secondary product of the palm oil milling process contrib-uting to about 5%–7% of the total

duration of time. The cracked mixtures produced from Rolek are small and uniform in sizes with low percentage of broken kernel. This superior quality of cracked mixture facilitates an efficient dry separation of shell and kernel via winnowing column which later improve KER of mills. The use of Rolek also contributes to the significant reduction in maintenance cost and down time. This article describes the technical perform-ance and economic benefits of Rolek operated in FPISB mills.

INTRODUCTION

Over the years, the palm nut cracker has departed from its original principle of cen-trifugal throwing machines to a concept of squeezing and rubbing effect, i.e. ripple mill. Due to the highly abrasive nature associated with cracking materials such as stones, for-eign metals and variation in shell thickness, many crackers are not able to sustain and perform as expected for a long duration. The cracking becomes more difficult due to vari-ation in nut sizes especially when the palm estate practices progressive replanting.

The experience with Rolek started when MPOB approached FELDA to conduct com-mercial trial for the newly developed nut cracker. For FELDA, the most suitable place to try out this new product is at Tenggaroh Palm Oil Mill. This mill has the toughest nut cracking job due to the presence of thick

ABSTRACT

PALM OIL ENGINEERING BULLETIN NO. 89�0

Feature Article

shell dura nuts, which constitute up to 25% of the total nuts produced.

DESIGN AND WORKING PRINCIPLE OF ROLEK CRACKER

The first version of Rolek cracker is shown in Figure 1, where each of rotor and stator assembly has three and two concentric rods fitted. The stator is lined with wear plate made of high wear resistance material. The small and medium size nuts are cracked between the rods while the bigger ones may hit the body liner before cracking. However, the rotor is too heavy while components are subject to very fast wear and tear.

The final version of Rolek is shown in Figure 2. Its rotor is now fitted with sleeved rods while the body is also fitted with wear liner plates. When nuts enter the cracker, it will line up between the sleeved rods and cracking will take place when the rotor and stator interact.

Expectation and Performance Bench-marking

The commercial trials conducted on Rolek were made with the following expec-tations:

• the cracker must be able to perform consistently at above 98% cracking ef-ficiency for long durations;

• must be able to facilitate good sepa-ration process, capable of producing kernel with acceptable dirt content and minimum losses;

• ease of maintenance and able to reduce the labour as well as its cost;

• improvement in kernel extraction rate;

• consistent throughput with acceptable reliability and durability; and

• kernel breakage below 10%.

For comparison and evaluation purpos-es, the following performance parameters have been set for monitoring and bench-marking (Table 1).

Trial Run and Monitoring Activities

The implementation and monitoring ac-tivities carried out during the trial run pro-gramme are summarized in Table 2.

Test Result and Analysis

Summary of the performance data col-lected from January to June 2005 from Teng-garoh Palm Oil Mill is shown in Table 3 while the performance of other cracker for the pe-riod of July to December 2004 is shown in Table 4.

The results of both nut cracker perform-ances can be summerized as follows:

• the cracking efficiencies for both crack-ers are good being consistently above 98%. However, performance by the Rolek is slightly higher at an average

Figure 1. First version of Rolek.

Figure 2. Final version of Rolek.


Feature Article

TABLE 2. TRIAL RUN OF ROLEK CRACKER AT TENGGAROH PALM OIL MILL

Date Activities Supervision

Early December 2004

MPOB introduced Rolex Nut Cracker to FELDA

MPOB, Technical Services Dept., mill and contractor

December 2004 First machine installed in Line A, Tenggaroh Palm Oil Mill


January 2005 Second Machine installed in Line B, Tenggaroh Palm Oil Mill


February 2005 Data collected for 3 months MPOB, Technical Services Dept., mill and contractor

TABLE 1. PERFORMANCE BENCH-MARKING

Parameter Existing cracker Rolek cracker

Cracking efficiency >98% >98%

Broken kernel 15% - 22% <10%

Uncracked nut 0.5% - 1.5% <1.2%

Half cracked nut 1% - 2.5% <2%

Throughput 2.3 tph 4 - 5 tph

Component life span (min) 200 hr 400 hr

Note: tph – tonnes per hour.

TABLE 3. PERFORMANCE OF ROLEK CRACKER

Parameter Year 2005

Limit Jan Feb Mar Apr May June Ave

Losses LPTS (by line) < 2.5 0.31 1.31 0.95 0.36 1.05 0.94 0.82

Broken < 10 8.42 8.26 8.7 11.17 9.12 8.15 8.97

Half crack nut (%) < 2% 1.00 1.20 1.07 0.94 1.05 1.80 1.18

Whole kernel (%) 30-48 32.04 32.82 32.87 34.12 32.67 33.16 32.95

Cracking efficiency (%) > 98 98.52 98.61 98.61 98.65 98.95 98.20 98.59

Feature Article


of 98.59% compared to the existing cracker at an average of 98.19%;

• the good cracking efficiency achieved by Rolek is also reflected in the low partially cracked nut at 1.18%;

• in terms of whole kernel percentage, the average figure achieved by Rolek at 32.95% is within the target limit and this is also slightly better than that achieved by the existing cracker at 30.57%; and

• the kernel loss in the winnower is well below the limit of 0.82%.

Latest survey on the performances of Rolek cracker installed in other four mills namely Maokil Palm Oil Mill (Segamat), Lepar Hilir Palm Oil Mill (Kuantan), Umas Palm Oil Mill (Tawau), and Keratong 9 Palm Oil Mill (Muazam Shah) on the cracking ef-ficiencies and percentage of kernel breakage which use final version of Rolek are shown in Figures 3 and 4.

Results show that the cracking effi-ciency and percentage of broken kernel are all within the targeted limits and are very consistent. The quality of cracked mixtures produced by the Rolek crackers also met the performance bench-marks set earlier.

PALM KERNEL EXTRACTION RATE AND QUALITY OF PRODUCTION

The achievement of kernel extraction rates by various mills using Rolek cracker are considered good, which are in the range of 5% to 6% as shown in Figure 5. The cracker has helped to improve kernel quality in our mills especially the dirt content. Figure 6 shows that the dirt content has been main-tained at an average of 4.31% for the year 2007 with more introduction of Rolek. Maintenance of Rolek Cracker

Another aspect of monitoring conducted during the trial period is on the wear rate of the Rolek components to determine the eco-nomical life span, maintenance workload and its costs.

The results show that the carbon steel ro-tor rod sleeves of the Rolek cracker had a life span of more than 700 hr as compared to the similar part of the other cracker of 200 hr. The body liners lasted up to 400 hr equal to that of the jaw plate achieved in other cracker. With the lower wearing rate of its components, Rolek has able to achieve a lower maintenance cost at RM 0.10 t-1 FFB which is RM 0.04 cheaper than the existing cracker.

TABLE 4. PERFORMANCE OF EXISTING CRACKER (2004)

Parameter Year 2004

Limit July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Ave

Losses LPTS <2.5 1.36 1.21 1.31 0.99 0.86 0.95 1.11

Broken <10 10.01 9.21 9.75 8.05 9.36 9.11 9.25

Half crack nut (%) <2% 2.45 1.49 1.94 1.84 1.42 0.92 1.68

Whole kernel (%) 30-48 30.06 29.2 31.74 30.53 29.88 32.01 30.57

Cracking efficiency (%) >98 98.08 98.51 98.06 98.16 98.09 98.23 98.19

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Various mills

Figure 3. Cracking efficiency of Rolek crackersfor various mills (2008).

Various mills

Figure 4. Whole kernel percentage of Rolek crackers for various mills (2008).

The longer life span of the components has reduced the work-load of the main-tenance staff up to certain extent. This re-flected by the lesser need to open up the cracker not like before which was on every three days or whenever the performance deteriorated. When Rolek was installed this has been reduced and only arises after two weeks or more of operation.

The annual maintenance cost for various mills shown in Table 6 indicate that the cost achieved by Rolek at RM 0.13 t-1 FFB is com-paratively lower than the other cracker at RM 0.19 t-1 FFB.

COMMERCIAL BENEFITS OF ROLEK CRACKER

• The prominent benefits of this cracker are the consistency in the cracking efficien-cy, reduction in the percentage of kernel

breakage, increase in the whole kernel percentage and uniformity in the cracked mixture produced. These have led to eas-ier and better control of the separation process resulting in losses being kept to minimum, contributing to a better kernel extraction rate. The reduction in kernel loss of up to 0.29% at the winnower sys-tem obtained during this commercial trial is definitely giving some positive effects on mill kernel extraction rate.

• Longer life span of the rotor part which last up to 400 hr has helped lessen the burden of the maintenance crew as the maintenance interval now could be ex-tended by double. Maintenance works are much easier, as for example, there is no need to carry out rebuilding of stator surface since the body liner life span is quite lasting and much faster to replace.

Figure 5. Kernel extraction rates for various mills 2008.

Figure 6. Palm kernel quality (2007).

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Bro

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Ker

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Kernel Quality 2007-Dirt

Various mills


• The reduction in wear and tear of the ma-chine parts not only reduces the mainte-nance cost up to RM 0.05 t-1 FFB but also help the cracker to sustain its perform-ance for a longer period.

OPERATIONAL ASPECT OF ROLEK CRACKER

Rolek cracker has shown its reliability and good performance during the trial or after being fully commercialized as shown by the

marked increase of units installed in FELDA mills. However, certain aspects of the Rolek cracker need to be understood so that when any mill wants to install and use, it will get maximum result.

• The rotor stator clearance is fixed in this cracker, which may create a problem when dealing with highly variable sizes of nuts especially with size below 8 mm. Optimi-zation can be made by selecting a correct pulley size to vary the cracker speed. For

TABLE 5. MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES FOR THE ROLEK CRACKER AT TENGGA-ROH PALM OIL MILL

Maintenance activity Rolek nut cracker Other nut crackers

Change inlet chute liner 200 hr Not applicable

1st body liner 400 hr Not applicable

2nd body liner 600 hr Not applicable

Carbon steel sleeves 700-1 000 hr 200 hr

Remove fibre (magnetic trap) Every 2 hr Every 2 hr

Jaw plate Not applicable 400 hr

Housing Every month Every month

Bar rod Not applicable 200 hr

Maintenance cost RM 0.10 t-1 FFB RM 0.14 t-1 FFB

TABLE 6. THE ANNUAL MAINTENANCE COST OF NUT CRACKERS FOR VARIOUS MILLS

Palm oil mills Rolek (RM t-1)

Other cracker (RM t-1)

Penggeli 0.19 0.52

Tenggaroh 0.23 -

Belitung 0.04 0.06

Wa Ha - 0.15

Maokil 0.05 0.03

Average 0.13 0.19

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mills having big size nuts of above 15 mm or having dura of 25% to 50% the best pul-ley size to use is either 160 mm or 180 mm (6.5 or 7 inches). Rolek also has models suitable for variable nut sizes provided there is nut grading screen available.

• The machine needs initial running of 100 hr to smoothen the internal surfaces be-fore final adjustment for throughput and cracking efficiency can be properly car-ried out.

• For milling operation up to 30 t FFB hr-1, one unit Rolek is able to cope with

the quantity of nut produced. Basing on nut to FFB of 15%, this translates into 4 - 5 t hr-1. However, this might be reduced if operated for efficiency above 98% and the breakage below 10%.

• Proper sterilization and digestion is need-ed to ensure clean and well polished nut. This is to prevent fibre from going into the cracker which gives the cushioning effect leading reduced throughput and may cause chokage.

• The cracker is supplied with rotary air-lock and magnetic trap at the feeding chute. Cleaning of this chute and trap should be done regularly at 1 hr to 2 hr interval.

• Regular maintenance of the air-lock, inlet chute and other components to be carried out according to the supplier’s recom-mendation. Rebuilding and resurfacing of the wearing parts are not recommended as this will affect its performance badly.

CONCLUSION

The results obtained during the trial period as well as for the units currently in operation show that Rolek machines are found to be the most reliable machines so far for the nut cracking job in FELDA mills. The machines are not only reliable in term of performances but also highly durable. It does not require rigorous maintenance, which means lesser work-load and cheaper maintenance. There is no doubt that the cracker has contributed to improvement of our kernel quality and helps to optimize the kernel recovery in our mills. However, to ensure uninterrupted op-eration and longer life span of the machine components, proper destoner system and magnetic trapping are needed.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This paper was presented in the MPOB Na-tional Seminar 2008. We would like to thank the management of FELDA Palm Industries Sdn Bhd for permission to publish this pa-per in this bulletin.

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A bout 400 participants attended this seminar, half of whom were form the industry. A total of 59

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2008 National Seminar on Palm Oil Milling, Refining Technology, Quality and

Environment HighlightsN Ravi Menon*

* Malaysian Palm Oil Board, P. O. Box 10620, 50720 Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia.

exhibition booths were taken up by 48 com-panies. There were 28 oral presentations and 24 poster presentations. Speakers were from the industry and MPOB.

This article gives a brief review of the papers presented by experts in their respective fields. The seminar managed to cover all relevant areas of activities. There were eight different sessions:

• palm oil milling;• quality assurance and palm kernel

technologies;• refining technology;• environment and sustainability;• renewable energy; and • biomass utilization.

LATEST DEVELOPMENT IN PALM OIL MILLING TECHNOLOGY

The first paper on milling by Mr Lee Keong Hoe has given us an overview of almost all developments that had taken place in the processing sector in recent times.

Continuous Sterilizer

The convention batch type sterilization system seems to have been subjected to severe hammering judging by the types of sterilizers that have emerged in recent years. The starting point was the continuous sterilization system developed by MPOB. Probably that set the ball rolling. Already more than 45 units have been installed in many mills in Malaysia as well as overseas markets and judging by the sales figures, this seem to be performing well.

Vertical Sterilizer

This was followed by the vertical sterilizers that operates in a partial vacuum chamber created by the drainage of water from the bottom of the sterilizer, thus, enhancing good heat transfer to bunches within the vacuum chamber. It is a novel concept developed by Mongana in the fifties but with a fundamental difference that in this, sterilization is done in a partial vacuum, something Mongana researchers could not accomplish. In this invention, CHD Engineering, managed to effectively address the impact of Dalton’s Law of partial pressures on heat transfer to FFB that


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has been plaguing millers for a few decades. Here again a number of units have been in installed both in Malaysia and overseas.

Spherical Sterilizer

The spherical sterilizer also has made its debut more recently with a few units already in operation. The basic concept is the same as vertical sterilizers except the shape and the system of loading and unloading. Automated Sterilizer System

The automated sterilizer system also penetrated the market and probably will become popular when labour shortage be-comes more acute than what it is now. In this system, mutually facing sterilizers share a common tipper placed in the middle and the cages are marshaled to opposite direc-tions after the unloading operation. Some units are in operation and the popularity of this system is slowly gaining momentum.

Indexing System

Another interesting presentation was the indexing system introduced to the industry by Boustead that uses the conventional sterilizers but the cage movement in and out of the sterilizers are executed by hooks mounted on a conveyor chain laid between rails close to the sterilizers so that manual labour is not required for marshalling cages.

Decanters

Have come back to the industry after a hibernation period of nearly three decades. Now we have 434 units in operation in 198 mills. The new design detailed in this seminar is capable of recovering oil from undiluted palm oil, thus reducing effluent production to below 30% from the current 65%.

Multistage Winnowing System

Another entry was the multistage stage winnowing system invented by Rohaya Mohamed Halim of MPOB for separating the kernel from the shell after cracking.

An Assessment of Palm Oil Mills Using the Continuous Sterilization Process

In this paper, a detailed report of the status of the continuous sterilization plants installed in many locations together with relevant data were presented by Dr Sivasothy Kandiah of MPOB. Dr Sivasothy discussed all relevant research findings in order to facilitate the industry to make an unbiased judgment about its performance.

CDM PROjECTS IN THE PALM OIL INDUSTRY – ISSUES, CHALLENGES

AND OPPORTUNITIES

This paper will serve as a good guide for those potential developers of RE projects as many developers are still not well informed on the proper procedure on how to proceed.

IMPROVED WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM BY NALCO

Nalco presented an improved version of the water treatment technology now available for millers. The paper also discuses issues related to the design of the water treatment plant.

VERTICAL STERILIzERS

This has generated much excitement in the industry along with the continuous sterilizer and many units have been installed in Malaysia as well as Indonesia. In this paper, CHD Engineering describes the hurdles faced by the company to iron out problems and furnishes some important performance data that the industry had been seeking.


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PALM OIL MEMBRANE FILTRATION SYSTEM

This paper by Dr Li Dong of Hylux gives an insight into the newly evolved revolution-ary and sustainable palm oil processing sys-tem. The use of the membrane system com-bines vacuum drum filter technology and Hyflus’s proprietary membrane technology. The encouraging fact is this system works without the need for dilution. High quality oil is flittered by the system. The advantage is a much reduced effluent production rate and good quality palm oil. The industry will be pleased to have a system of this nature to reduce their effluent production rate.

PALM PRESSED FIBRE OIL EXTRACTION AND DE-OILED FIBRE

APPLICATION TECHNOLOGY

This report by Mr Goh of Eonchem Rechnology Sdn Bhd explains the progress made by his company in recovering some of the oil retained by the press fibre after pressing, using hexane as the solvent. He claims a recovery of 0.6% to fresh fruit bunch (FFB), which is indeed impressive.

SOVEREIGN PALM OIL MILL EXTRACTOR

In this paper, Dr Thava explains his novel technology to extract the residual oil from the out-going wastewater by using nano-technology, which he has tried out in some mills and the results are promising based on the data presented. If economically viable, this technology can help the mill to improve the oil extraction rate.

QUALITY ASSURANCE

Quality assurance has now become a vital factor for market accessibility and our industry appears to be still not able to visualize it in the right perspective. In order to draw the attention of the relevant parties to this important issue, MPOB together with the industry have developed a number

of codes of practice (COP) to make the industry more aware of the present market sentiments before they are caught off-guard. How they can be implemented was also presented in detail. This paper gives a comprehensive treatise on COPs in general by Dr Ainie Kuntom of MPOB.

METAL CONTAMINATION

Although metal contamination can be considered as part of the COP, it is also treated separately in another paper. It suggests the possibility of using ICS-MS for rapid determination of trace metals contamination and its reduction during refining palm oil.

ROLEK NUT CRACKER – FELDA’S EXPERIENCE

Rolek designed by Rohaya Mohamed Halim of MPOB has been in operation in many mills since it was invented about two years ago. Many such units were installed and they are successfully operating without many problems. This paper by Mokhtar Mat Min describes his experience with this cracker in FELDA’s mills.

PREDICTION ON THE QUALITY OF RBD PALM OIL USING ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE TECHNIQUE

In this study, 21 parameters were selected by the University of Malaya team led by Norhashimah Murad and used as input into an artificial neutral networks, Fuzzy Artmap (FAM) to predict the quality of the RBDPO in the palm oil refinery. Actual data were collected form the refinery. The results were encouraging with 80% accuracy.

CHALLENGES AND ISSUES RELATED TO REACH

Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH), the European Un-ions’s chemical regulating legislation came into force in June 2007. This regulation will


have far reaching significance to the indus-tries. The challenges and issues it has to overcome is described in this paper.

ALTERNATIVE APPROACH IN ENzYMATIC INTERESTERIFICATION OF

LIPIDS

In this research, effort was made for the interesterification in lipase system in a batch and continuous reactors by using a mixture of palm stearin and coconut oil blend. The results appear to be encouraging.

REFINING TECHNOLOGY, QUALITY AND ENVIRONMENT

This paper highlighted the current evolutions on process conceptual designs of palm oil mills like the rising cost of raw materials, increased awareness of safety, neutraceutical approach in marketing, increased cost of energy and the growing concern about environment.

NEW OIL COMPOSITIONS FOR COLD STABILITY AND HEALTH

REQUIREMENTS

This paper highlighted on production of palm oleins with high iodine values as high as 86 - 92 appears to be very promising in terms of cold stability. The current values of 56 and 67 produced during the fractionation of crude palm oil are unable to meet the cold stability specifications.

LATEST DEVELOPMENT IN REGULATIONS ON ENVIRONMENT

WITH REFERENCE TO PALM OIL MILL AND REFINERY

This paper, describing the rules and regulations related to environment, was presented by the Environment Institute of Malaysia under the Department of Environment. Some of the important issues were highlighted.

EFFECT OF VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS CONCENTRATION IN SOLUBILIzED PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT DURING

THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PROCESS

This paper highlighted the findings of the concentration of volatile fatty acids in solubilized palm oil mill effluent.

ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY

This issue was also well represented in the seminar by Dr Chan Kook Weng of MPOB. Climate change and carbon foot print im-pact on sustainability was also given a wide coverage for guiding the industry along the right approach on how to tackle such issues. MPOB viewed this seriously and a great deal of attention has been given to issues related to carbon foot print and climate change. This will also help to educate the developers and the stakeholders on how development can be implemented based on sustainability of the industry. The method of measuring the carbon foot prints is also explained. Various departments in MPOB are actively working in life cycle analyses and related issues.

RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN TERTIARY TREATMENT OF PALM OIL MILL

EFFLUENT

The tertiary treatment of palm oil mill effluent has been a topic of MPOB research for some time and the findings were explained in detail by Mohamad Sulong.

RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN POME BIOGAS RECOVERY AND

UTILIzATION

This paper by Dr Tong details his vast experience in the recovery of biogas and its utilization for power generation. He has set up a number of plants in Malaysia and Indonesia. Dr Tong explained the method of seeking carbon credits.

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See page 37


RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ON PALM BIOFUEL IN MALAYSIA

Biofuel had been receiving a great deal of attention in recent times. This is natural as we are all concerned about the depletion of fossil fuels. In this paper, Dato’ Dr Choo Yuen May, the Deputy Director-General (R&D) of MPOB explained the development of the technology associated with biofuel.

ELECTRICITY GENERATION WITH BIOGAS

This paper explains the successful operation of the biogas recovery (renewable energy) plant and the associated power plant at Asian Palm Oil Mill in Thailand that began operation in December 2001. It now produces 10 MW power and the power is sold to the provincial authorities since 2006. This is something that can encourage the local developers.

CHALLENGES IN UTILIzING OIL PALM BIOMASS AS A RAW MATERIAL FOR

BIO-COMPOSITE PRODUCTS

In utilizing oil palm biomass for the production of bio-composite products, it has to face a number of challenges and how they were overcome. The challenges are highlighted in this paper together by Dr Anis Mokhtar of MPOB together with what was done to overcome them.

GENERATION POWER FROM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH AND PALM OIL MILL

EFFLUENT

PTM’s UNDP-based biogas project gave a glimpse of the two PTM collaborated project details, one using empty fruit bunch as the source fuel for producing gas for fueling a water tube boiler and another from palm oil mill effluent biogas. Perhaps it is a little premature to have sufficient data for the public as both of them are yet to be commissioned.

A NOVEL PALM BIOMASS GASIFICATION PROCESS FOR

PRODUCING TAR-FREE PRODUCER GAS

Gasification is a better way to convert the biomass into a more efficient fuel that can be used in IC engines to produce power. With this in view, MPOB undertook the project on biomass gasification. This paper was based on an on-going MPOB research project which was initiated to find alternate sources of fuel. This is a pilot scale gasification plant and was able to produce tar-free producer gas paving the way for a full size plant in the near future. If successful, this gas can be used in internal combustion engines.

DEVELOPMENT OF PALM BIOMASS SOUND DEADENERS ASPHALTIC MELT

PADS

Another on-going research work in MPOB for some time now is making automotive components from empty fruit bunches. Of particular interest has been the manufacture of plastic composites for the automobile in-dustry. MPOB has been successful in pro-ducing value-added products like fillers and damping sheets for sound proofing sheets that are acceptable to the industry. Research is still on-going.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN BIODIESEL

In this paper, Dato’ Dr Choo Yuen May, the Deputy Director-General (R&D) of MPOB, has presented a comprehensive paper on the history of the development of biodiesel by MPOB. The first generation biofuel took birth in 1981, when the normal grade biodiesel made its debut in Malaysia followed by the biodiesel produced from recycled frying oil and also the oil recovered from spent bleaching earth in 1999, the winter-grade biodiesel in 2001. The other developments had been potential cracked hydro carbon from palm stearin and palm fatty acid distillate (1983), palm derived aviation fuel

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from page 32


(1987), crude palm oil/medium grade fuel blends as boiler blends (2000) and the RBD palm oil petroleum diesel blends such as diesel substitute in 2001.

The technology development started, when the idea was conceived in 1981 by MPOB and it was translated into a large scale R&D project in 1982 in collaboration with PETRONAS and later a continuous plant capable of producing 3000 TPA was commissioned in 1985. The pilot plant produces palm biodiesel for stationary engine testing during which exhaustive field trials were conducted from 1985 to 1995 with Mercedes Benz engines. The field trial showed that no modification was necessary for the engine and yet the overall performance of the engine was good in every respect compared to normal diesel oil. It is interesting to note that palm biodiesel is used as a fuel for passenger trains in Europe.

The first commercial scale plant, Caroti-no Sdn Bhd that started production by Au-gust 2002 with an initial capacity of 3000 TPA that was subsequently scaled up in stages to 60 000 TPA in 2005 and 120 000 TPA in 2006. The world’s first integrated commercial normal and winter-grade biodiesel plant at Carotino Sdn Bhd was launched in Au-gust 2006. The other biodiesel plants were Enertech in South Korea, MPOB-Sime Darby plant in Malaysia, New Biodiesel Co. Ltd, in Surat Thani, Thailand. In addition, MPOB also provides other services like process control and setting up of quality control lab-oratories. Palm biodiesel is indeed poised to make an impact in the Malaysian palm oil industry as well as globally. Millers are in-vited to get hold of this paper to gain some insight into how far Malaysia has penetrat-ed into palm biodiesel technology develop-ment.

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* Malaysian Palm Oil Board, P. O. Box 10620, 50720 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

** Continued from p. 33 of Palm Oil Engineering Bulletin Issue No. 88.

Mongana Basics: Part 14 - Study of the Quality and Characteristics of Oil**

N Ravi Menon*

Iexamined. Other criteria make it possible to assess the quality of crude palm oil. The following may be listed among others:

• free fatty acid (FFA) content;• degree of oxidation;• bleachability;• refining loss;• transparency;• mucilages which precipitate of settling

(particularly in the presence of water);• heavy metal content;• unsaponifiable matter content;• saponification value;• plasticity at various temperature levels

below melting point;• unsaturated acids content; and• flash and flammability points.

Before going further into the detailed study of these criteria, some typical values are given below for average oil of good quality:

• FFA content: as low as possible. Nor-mally between 1% and 2% except for oil used in metallurgy for which the optimum value seems to lie within the range 4% to 8%;

• degree of oxidation: as low as possible. In terms of peroxide value, lower than 2;

n the preceding chapters, the conditions required to produce a pure oil, that is free impurities and moisture were

• bleachibility: residual colour very faint. No green of grey blue;

• refining loss: as low as possible. It is governed by the FFA and the mucilage content;

• heavy metal content: as low as possi-ble;

• unsaponifiable matter: as low as possi-ble in the case of oil used in tin plating;

• saponification value: as high as possi-ble for oil used in cold rolling of metal;

• transparency: as high as possible; • products of maturation content: as low

as possible.• plasticity: primarily must be consist-

ent.• unsaturated fatty acids: low for oil

used in thin plating; and• flash and flammability points: very

high for oil used in thin plating.

Finally, the point forcefully made by most users is the need for consistency in physical and chemical properties. Very often, the absolute value of one criterion or the other such as plasticity or saponification value is of little importance by the producer must be in a position to guarantee that these characteristics will remain more or less similar from one shipment to another.

It should be pointed out again that the impurities content should be lower than the sensitivity threshold of the determination, that is 0.01% and that the moisture content should be appreciably lower than 0.10%.


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FREE FATTY ACID (FFA) CONTENT

Acidification During Processing

Oil contained in the unbruised, ripe and fresh fruit has an FFA as low as 0.25%. Industrial scale processing of such crop lead to oil with FFA 0.35%. Through sterilization of bunches, it is possible to produce, industrially, oil at 0.8% or 0.9% FFA provided handling of crop is reduced to the minimum.

Processing itself accounts but for a very small increase in FFA. The spontaneous auto-catalytic hydrolysis which will be studied in a further section permits to calculate the magnitude of the FFA increase during storage at high temperature. In the most unfavourable conditions during processing, the oil is maintained at 140°C for 1 hr (sterilization) and at 100°C during 24 hr (batch clarification). On the assumption that the value of the rate of the hydrolysis reaction which will be discussed later for a 1% FFA oil is 0.11% during sterilization and 0.16% for the subsequent treatment, the total increase in FFA will be 0.27%.

Composition of the Free Fatty Acids

The characteristics of the free and combined acids have been determined for oils with FFA 4%, 9% and 44% respectively. No significant difference was found as regards iodine value, molecular weight and melting point. The inference is that FFA have roughly the same composition as the fatty acids combined to the glycerides. The hydrolysis which takes place in the fruit as well as during the storage of the oil itself is therefore not a selective process.

Furthermore, these results show that FFA are solely the end products of a non- oxidative hydrolysis without molecular chain splitting. Many authors yet regards the reaction as an oxidative process.

It is worthy of note that for naturally

acidified oil there is a close correlation between the acid value and the hydroxyl value. It may be observed as shown in the hydrolysis representation given in Figure 1 that the formation of OH ions is concomitant to that of COCH. In the case of fresh fruits, the hydroxyl value is higher than the acid value because of the presence, at the moment of ripeness, of small amounts of mono and diglycerides. On the contrary, oil with high FFA contains a certain amount of free glycerol, which therefore explains an excess of acid value over the hydroxyl value. The ratio of the acid to hydroxyl value for three types of oil is given in Table 1.

FORMATION OF FREE FATTY ACIDS (FFA)

Natural Acidification

General. Several years ago it was observed that the FFA content of oil increases on stor-age after production. The mechanism had never been studied and most authors who had dealt with this question had ascribed it to the effect of lipolytic enzymes either present in the fruit pericarp or produced by micro organisms or to the action of rancid evolution of hydrolytic origin.

Other researchers mentioned however, hydrolytic reactions due to the presence of impurities such as flour, products of cellu-lar decay, mucilages and also water, these products being culture media is for the de-velopment of lipolytic microorganisms. As will be seen in a further section dealing with biochemical acidification, the hydrolysis has been investigated and elucidated.

In an investigation Vanneck and Loncin had concluded that the hydrolysis observed in practice was neither of enzymatic nor of bacterial origin and that availability of water is indispensable, also that the FFA content affects the velocity of the hydrolysis (Table 1). The study was continued in detail to show that the reaction may be described


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TABLE 1. RATIO OF ACID VALUE TO HYDROXYL FOR VARIOUS OILS

% FFA Acid value Hydroxyl value

CO2HOH

Low FFA oil from fresh fruit or bruised fruit processed without delay

Average FFA oil or oil obtained from bruised fruit processed 10 min to 30 min after bruisingHigh FFA oil

0.7

6.0

35.0

1.5

13.2

79.6

4.9

14.3

30.0

<1

± 1

> 1

by the following equation:dA (100 – A)dt (100)

or in simplified form: dA dt where:

A = % FFA content;T = time (generally expressed in number of periods of 10 days each); andK = reaction constantBy integration the formula becomes: K (t2 – t1) = log A2 2.3 A1

The synthetic oil used in the experiments

described hereafter had an FFA of 0.05% and a hydroxyl value of 3.5.

Experiments on Natural Oil

The effect of the following factors has been studied:

• origin of the oil;• the concentration of hydrogen ions in

the aqueous phase;• the presence if various impurities in

the oil;• the initial acidity;• the addition of alcohols;

• the addition of various inhibitors; and• the moisture content.

Experimental on Synthetic Oil

The effect of the following factors has been studied:

• the addition of lecithins;• the addition of soap of metals;• the addition of palm oil unsaponifiable

matter;• the addition of surfactants;• the addition of various organic sub-

stances (pectin, filter paper, casein);• the addition of various mineral salts;• the carotenoids;• the initial acidity;• the nature of the FFA; and• the oxidized fatty acids.

Result from the tests showed that in the presence of an excess of water and at a given temperature, the FFA already in the oil constitute by far the most important factor in the hydrolysis of the oil. The reaction proceeds as an auto-catalytic process, that is at any time in the range of low acidity, the instantaneous rate of the hydrolysis reaction (as measured by the amount of fatty acid appearing per unit of time) is more or less proportional to the concentration in FFA at that very moment.

= KA

= kA



The hydrolysis reaction takes place in the homogeneous phase using the water dissolved in oil.

None of the compounds subjected to test possesses a catalytic action comparable to that of the FFA. Only the soap of heavy metals and particularly that of chromium appears to exhibit the ability to speed up slightly the process of acidification of the oil which already contains FFA.

The various fatty acids with 16 and 18 atoms of carbon affect the hydrolysis proc-ess virtually in the same manner whatever their degree of unsaturation or even if they possess hydroxyl radicals (ricinoleic acid). For short chain fatty acids (with 12 and par-ticularly 4 carbon atoms) the intensity of the catalytic effect is intermediary between that which may be calculated in percentage by weight and in molar percentage respective-ly.

Unlike fatty acids, mineral acids do not possess an acidifying affect. This is probably due to the almost total insolubility of these compounds in oil at the temperature of the test (60°C). The naphtyl β sulphonic acid which is soluble in oil has, on the contrary, a marked catalytic action (more marked than that of the fatty acids evolved from the oil).

It is generally believed that palm oil un-dergoes hydrolysis more readily than other oils before as well as after extraction. In or-der to ascertain this point, other oils were

placed in the same conditions as palm oil. The experiments showed that the hydroly-sis of coconut oil, ground nut oil and castor oil are very similar to that of palm oil and re-tains their auto-catalytic characteristics. In the specific case of coconut oil, with shorter molecular chains, the reaction constant k is slightly higher than that of palm oil.

On the contrary, methyl esters of palm oil subjected to storage are hydrolysed according to a different law. The mount of FFA formed in the course of time is simply proportional to time and is no longer governed by the FFA content (Figure 2).

Kinetics of Spontaneous Hydrolysis

Tests have shown that the reaction con-tents k is highly affected by temperature. It may be accepted that its value approximate-ly doubles for every 10°C increase. The av-erage of several hundred determinations is given in Table 2.

These results are plotted in Figure 3.

The above values of k are valid over the whole range of temperatures by only for relatively low acidities. This is due to the fact that the formula:

dA dt

applies only for low values of A.

TABLE 2. EVOLUTION OF ACID AND HYDROXYL VALUES IN THE COURSE OF HYDROLYSIS

Time (in day) 0 6 20 35 61 82 92 100 115

FFA % 4.46 5.24 7.42 10.7 18.6 26.4 31.1 35.8 40.6

Acid value 9.2 10.9 15.4 22.2 38.6 54.8 64.5 74.2 83.3

Hydroxyl value

8.3 10.2 15.6 22.2 39.7 52.25 58.2 60.1 60.0

= kA



TABLE 2. VALUE OF THE VELOCITY CONSTANT vs. TEMPERATURE

k °C k log. k

37 0.025 2.39

50 0.051 2.707

60 0.125 1.097

70 0.288 1.370

80 0.505 1.703

100 1.48 0.17

Figure 1. Variation of the constituents of oil during hydrolysis at 70°C.


Figure 3. Value of k in relation to temperature.

Figure 2. Hydrolysis of palm oil at 37°C and 60°C of methyl esters of palm oil.

Feature Article


If the hydrolysis is allowed to proceed, that is if A is allowed to increase, an S shaped curve typical of equilibrium reac-tions is obtained.

Such a curve is plotted in Figure 2 and applied to oil stored at 60°C. In principle, it is admitted that as long as the FFA content does not exceed about 15%, the law is verified satisfactorily. An analogy exists between the reactions described above and the industrial hydrolytic splitting of fats at high temperature.

Evolution of the Glycerides during Hydrolysis

Numerous authors have studied that evolution during the industrial fat splitting process by hydrolysis proceeds as follows:

Triglycerides➞Diglycerides + fatty acidsDiglycerides➞Monoglycerides + fatty acidsMonoglycerides➞Glycerol + fatty acids

Spontaneous hydrolysis takes place in a similar manner at low temperature. It has been investigated at 70°C. Monoglycerides are titrated with periodic acid, the hydroxyl value by the international producer and moisture by the Fisher reagent in Figure 1. It may be observed that the amount of monoglycerides becomes significant only when acidity exceeds 10%, also that there is no important release of glycerol until the acidity of oil reaches some 20% FFA. At around 30% FFA, the concentration of diglycerides ceases to increase; this is indicative that the speed at which they are formed becomes equal to that at which they hydrolyse into monoglycerides and fatty acids.

Feature Article


Milling Dialogue

Question 55/ 89

We notice that there had been significant im-provements in the processing technology for FFB weighing, FFB sterilization, pressing, nut recovery, waste treatment etc. but absolutely no change in the design of the stripper, which has virtually remained unchanged during the past five decades. Can MPOB undertake some re-search work to modify the stripper so that some of the problems associated with the safety of per-sonnel, who carry out maintenance on the ma-chine, can be eliminated?

- Shawaludin et al., Sime Darby.

This is indeed a very good suggestion. The only change that we can observe is the conveyor under thresher that in some mills is mounted on pulleys, enabling it to have a lateral movement. With this, it is possible to clear the accumulated trash from the thresh-er. MPOB could not do much research in this area as it had severe limitations in car-rying out research activities associated with major machinery modifications when the mills had to operate on commercial scale. Now with the POMTEC at its disposal, the situation has changed somewhat, but full scale research exploitation is still limited during peak crop period as processing often take precedence over research. As a result of the innumerable hurdles, the Milling Group under the Engineering and Processing Di-vision could not proceed as fast as it wished to move in the direction of development of new processing techniques.

Nevertheless, there are a number of potential possibilities in this area, some of which are given below. MPOB did not get

the opportunity to try them out in a mill due to many limitations but the commercial mills may do so without much problem. I do not claim that all of them are better than the existing machines but they are worth in-vestigating.

• The present thresher makes six drops per bunch with a forward movement of about 0.3 m per fall and it drops when a bunch is lifted three-quarter way, giving an approximate drop of 1.2 m. Based on the above assumptions, total vertical distance traversed by the bunch is about 6 m. If we can lift up the sterilized bunch by 6 m and allow them to drop in a zigzag manner to hit an obstacle in the cylindrical horizontal stripping chamber (Figure 1), six times we can achieve the same objective as the conventional thresher; and

• Alternatively (Figure 2) the bunch can land on circular plates mounted on to a rotating shaft with staggered discharge outlets on each plate to strip bunches. The rotating speed can be kept low but the height must be close to 6 m. The stripped fruits can pass through a per-forated trough and bunches conveyed out by a scraper bar conveyor. This unit will be easy to clean and maintain.

Another method would be to have thresher drum which is about 0.6 m diam-eter (Figure 3) but rotation speed increased from 22 rpm to say 60 rpm or the optimum speed at which stripping is satisfactory. This is worth investigating if millers prefer to have a compact unit. If initially it does not give a satisfactory result do not give up as


additional lifting bar or a change in rpm would overcome the shortfall caused by the reduced vertical drop.

If the above two methods do not appeal to some millers, why not try the chicken de-feathering machine (Figure 4) that need no description here. This is bound to strip and at the right speed optimum performance could be achieved. In this, another version will be to use crushed bunches to improve stripping performance.

Figure 1. Figure 2.

If all the above methods do not excite some discerning millers, who are energy conscious why not have a deep slope (Fig-ure 5) of about 10°C- 20oC to the vertical and let bunches slide on it to hit obstacles placed at every metre on the path. This will require a 6 m high ramp that can probably be built along with the FFB hopper but the bunch is likely to loose heat during this operation. If height is not available, then a two tier ramp with intermediate fruit elevation could be equally effective.

Milling Dialogue


Figure 3.

The above mentioned methods are by no means complete. We have a few hundred engineers in the palm oil industry and if at least 10% of them put on their thinking caps, they may be able to come up with brilliant

ideas on how to improve our threshing op-eration. Are you ready to think on our own or do we need to call engineers from the de-veloped nations to think for us?

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Milling Dialogue


Datasheet

Palm Oil Milling Tips

To be at mill engineer’s finger tips and not in thumb drive.

No. Area Parameter Value

1. Ripe fruit Mesocarp content Oil: 49%, water: 35%, NOS: 16%.

2. Unripe Mesocarp content Oil: 87.38 – 1.08 x % water content.

3. Fruits Enzymes-deactivation Heating FFB at 55o C.

4. FFB Bruised FFB-FFA rise Complete rise: 1 hr, ¾ rise: 15 min.

5. FFB For storing a week Do not sterilize as it causes mould growth.

6. Sterilization Objectives a) Inactivate lipolytic enzymes.b) Facilitate mechanical stripping.c) Imparts physico-chemical changes in pericarp to aid

in pressing and de-oiling of solids.d) Pre-conditioning of nuts to minimize kernel

breakage during pressing and nut cracking. Also helps the kernel to detach from the shell.

7. Sterilizer Main issue a) Difficult to release all air as it will be generated during sterilization.

b) If one-quarter volume occupied by air and water at 50oC, the saturation pressure will drop from 143oC to 133oC (Dalton’s Law of partial pressure) impairing heat transfer.

8. Sterilizer condensate

Drain pipe a) Provide 2 bypass valves in series; 1 fully open or shut and the other with the optimum opening.

b) Maintain continuous bleeding to release all air and some steam.

9. Sterilization High oil loss in EFB a) Prolonged sterilization.b) Delay between sterilization and stripping.

10. Digestion Characteristics a) Poor digestion increases oil loss in fibre.b) Stirring arms - manganese silicon.c) Speed of rotation: 26 rpm.d) Heating about 100oC at discharge to reduce oil loss

and nut breakage by increasing the shell elasticity.e) Retention time about: 20 min.


MODELLING FLOWERING AND SEASONAL YIELD CYCLES OF OIL PALM

Simulation models for teaching and research

OPFLSIM 3.0

RM 52/USD 30 per copy

#Please rush me/us: Qty RM/USD

Technical Manual and x RM 52/USD 30 =Users’ Guide OPFLSIM3.0 Total:

To:Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB)P. O. Box 10620, 50720 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia(Attn:PublicationSection)or Fax: 603-89223564 E-mail: [email protected]

Name/Company

Address

Tel. No. Fax No. E-mail

Contact person

Pleasetick(3)whereappropriate

Cheque No. (make your cheque payable to the Malaysian Palm Oil Board)

Charge my account in: Master Card Visa

Card Number Expiry Date Name as printed on card

Signature (required)

Developed primarily as an aid to research and teaching, the OPFLSIM (Oil Palm Flowering Simulator) version � software package has been developed under funding by the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) as a tool to investigate the complex processes underlying flowering and yield cycles in oil palm. The software is accompanied by a Technical Manual and Users’ Guide which provides full details of the basis for the model and its construction, together with numerous examples of program output.

A CD-ROM containing the software is supplied with each copy of the Manual while the program may also be downloaded at no extra charge by subscribers to the MPOB Palmoilis website (http://palmoilis.mpob.gov.my).

This new version is an update of two previous models, all of which are based on endogenous feedback loops postulated to regulate inflorescence and fruit bunch production. The new model includes several extra features including inbuilt interactions between bunch number and mean bunch weight, and optional responses to external stress factors, and is contained in a C# program within a main Windows-compatible interface.

You may opt to be a:SPEAKER, POSTER PRESENTER or PARTICIPANT

9–12 November 2009KLCC, Malaysia

or your organization is invited to:• EXHIBIT your products and/or services• ADVERTISE in Souvenir Programme of the Congress• ADVERTISE in Business Directory

PIPOC 2009 features 5 concurrent Conferences, namely:• Agriculture, Biotechnology & Sustainability• Chemistry & Technology• Product Development & Nutrition• Oleo & Specialty Chemicals• Economics & Marketing

(An Evening Forum will also be organized)

IT’S COMING AGAIN! The grand Congress with five concurrent Conferences which examines and discusses the many aspects of the palm oil industry. Mark your calendar and make it known to your friends and associates.

Since 1987, the event is held biannually and the last PIPOC in 2007 attracted more than 2000 participants from 58 countries.

* Ecologics meansapplying appropriate technologies towards

facilitating sustainable livelihoods

The event will chart the way forward for the industry in the world’s oils and fats economy. It will also be a platform for participants to interact and share information in all areas pertaining to the oil palm industry.

The Congress will also showcase a grand exhibition of the palm oil industry. With a total floor space of more than 2000 m2 and 200 booths, you can expect to see a charade of new technologies and information to increase the productivity of your business.

Technical tours to plantation, palm oil mill, refinery, oleochemical plant and R & D facilities will also be arranged. A golf tournament is also in store for participants and golfing enthusiasts.

For more information, please contact:[email protected]

PALM OILBalancing Ecologics*

with Economics

Congress Registration Fee RM EURO

Participants1. Early bird (before 30 June 2009) 2,200 4802. Normal (after 30 June 2009) 2,500 5503. Poster presenters & Students 1,250 275 MPOB Licensees1. Early bird (before 30 June 2009) 2,000 4402. Normal (after 30 June 2009) 2,200 480

5% discount for group registration of 6 andmore persons after the early bird period

Exhibition fee (varies with location) 10,500/ 2,310/11,500 2,530

Organized by: Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB)Ministry of Plantation Industries and Commodities Malaysia

www.mpob.gov.my


You may opt to be a:SPEAKER, POSTER PRESENTER or PARTICIPANT

9–12 November 2009KLCC, Malaysia

or your organization is invited to:• EXHIBIT your products and/or services• ADVERTISE in Souvenir Programme of the Congress• ADVERTISE in Business Directory

PIPOC 2009 features 5 concurrent Conferences, namely:• Agriculture, Biotechnology & Sustainability• Chemistry & Technology• Product Development & Nutrition• Oleo & Specialty Chemicals• Economics & Marketing

(An Evening Forum will also be organized)

IT’S COMING AGAIN! The grand Congress with five concurrent Conferences which examines and discusses the many aspects of the palm oil industry. Mark your calendar and make it known to your friends and associates.

Since 1987, the event is held biannually and the last PIPOC in 2007 attracted more than 2000 participants from 58 countries.

* Ecologics meansapplying appropriate technologies towards

facilitating sustainable livelihoods

The event will chart the way forward for the industry in the world’s oils and fats economy. It will also be a platform for participants to interact and share information in all areas pertaining to the oil palm industry.

The Congress will also showcase a grand exhibition of the palm oil industry. With a total floor space of more than 2000 m2 and 200 booths, you can expect to see a charade of new technologies and information to increase the productivity of your business.

Technical tours to plantation, palm oil mill, refinery, oleochemical plant and R & D facilities will also be arranged. A golf tournament is also in store for participants and golfing enthusiasts.

For more information, please contact:[email protected]

PALM OILBalancing Ecologics*

with Economics

Congress Registration Fee RM EURO

Participants1. Early bird (before 30 June 2009) 2,200 4802. Normal (after 30 June 2009) 2,500 5503. Poster presenters & Students 1,250 275 MPOB Licensees1. Early bird (before 30 June 2009) 2,000 4402. Normal (after 30 June 2009) 2,200 480

5% discount for group registration of 6 andmore persons after the early bird period

Exhibition fee (varies with location) 10,500/ 2,310/11,500 2,530

Organized by: Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB)Ministry of Plantation Industries and Commodities Malaysia

www.mpob.gov.my



ADVERTISEMENTue to the increased cost of printing, the advertisement rate for 2008 is RM 700 per issue for an A4 size page of black and white, whereas the cost for colour is RM 900. One year of complimentary vendor’s list advertisement is given for every one page A4-size colour or black & white advertisement. Advertisers are required to submit to us either their own black and white artwork or colour separation films. Cheque should be made payable to the ‘Malaysian Palm Oil Board’. If you have any queries, please contact the following at MPOB.

Tel: 0�-��00 Fax: 0�-��

Dr. Lim Weng Soon ext: ��0� • N. Ravi Menon ext: �� • Lim Soo Chin ext: �� E-mail: [email protected]

Advertising Schedule for MPOB Palm Oil Engineering Bulletin

Issue Quarter Deadline forRegistration

Deadline forSubmissionof Artwork

�0 Jan - Mar �00� �0 Jan �00� �� Feb �00�� Apr - June �00� �0 Apr �00� �0 May �00�� July - Sept �00� �0 July �00� �0 Aug �00�� Oct - Dec �00� �0 Oct �00� �0 Nov �00�

REPLY-SLIP

Dr. Lim Weng Soon/Ir. N. Ravi MenonEngineering and Processing Division Palm Oil Engineering BulletinMPOB�, Persiaran InstitusiBandar Baru Bangi��000 Kajang, Selangor

PALM OIL ENGINEERING BULLETIN ADVERTISEMENT – FULL PAGE ADVT.

�. We confirm our intention to advertise in the MPOB Palm Oil Engineering Bulletin.

Company:

Address:

E-mail: Tel. No.: Fax No.: Contact Person: Issue No.:

�. The artwork is attached/will be sent on for your further action.

�. Please find enclosed *crossed cheque No.: for RM ( ) being payment for the advertisement fee.

�. Thank you.

(Signature and Date) (Company chop)

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MPO

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ALM

OIL

EN

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BU

LLET

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FULL

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MPO

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ollowing a decision by the Editorial Board to further increase the role of Palm Oil Engineering Bulletin to serve the industry better, a new addition called Palm Oil Mill Vendor’s List has been introduced similar to Telekom Yellow Pages to assist mill engineers to know where to source materials or services pertaining to the industry. In order to make this useful, we need the co-operation of the mill engineers/managers to persuade their vendors to advertise in the Vendor’s List for a nominal fee of RM �00/year (four issues). If you have any queries, please contact the following at MPOB.

Tel: 0�-��00 Fax: 0�-��

Ir. Ravi Menon ext. �� or e-mail: [email protected] Ms. Lim Soo Chin ext. �� or e-mail: [email protected]

REPLY SLIP

Dr. Lim Weng Soon/Ir. N. Ravi MenonEngineering and Processing Division Palm Oil Engineering Bulletin AdvertisementMPOB, �, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, ��000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.

We wish to advertise in the MPOB Palm Oil Engineering Bulletin Vendor’s List

Company: Issue No.:

Contact Person: H/P:

Address:

E-mail: Tel: Fax:

Please find enclosed a crossed cheque No.: Bank:

for RM: (Ringgit Malaysia)

drawn in favour of MALAYSIAN PALM OIL BOARD

Please select the headings from the list given below (not more than five headings) under which you wish to advertise.

Air filters/dryersAir separatorsBoiler suppliersBearings/belts/bushesBoiler spares/control/othersBunch crushersBiomass/bio-compost/productsCastingsCleaning - generalCivil engineeringCondition monitoringControl/automation/sparesConveyors/chains/elevatorsConsultancy services/certificationDiesel eng./services/sparesDynamic balancing Electric motors/systemsExpansion jointsFansFabrication works

Signature:

Name:

Date: Company chop

ADVERTISEMENT

F

#

Filter press/materialsFluid control system/couplingsGaskets/packing materials/sealsGear boxesHardware Hydraulic systems/services/spares Laboratory analysisLaboratory equipmentLubricantsMill machinery/sparesMiscellaneousNut crackersOil recovery systemsPalm kernel oil crushing plantPollution control/safety systemsPressure vesselsPumps/services PurifiersRenewable energyScrew press/parts

ScrubbersSludge separators/decantersSteam turbines/generator/sparesSterilizer/partsStorage silosVacuum pumpsValves/seatsWater treatmentWaste water treatmentWelding equipmentsWeighing machines/sparesWheel loaders/spares


From:

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Documents

LEMBAGA MINYAK SAWIT MALAYSIA MALAYSIAN PALM OIL …palmoilis.mpob.gov.my/publications/POEB/poeb89.pdf · palm oil engineering bulletin no. 89 issue no. 89 (oct. - dec. 2008) lembaga