leila cecxlaZeleila cecxlaZe mcire biznesis organizaciisa ... · saqarTveloSi mcire sawarmoTa funqcionirebis Seswavla da maTi formi- rebisa da ganviTarebis efeqturi mimarTulebebis

bbbbaTumisaTumisaTumisaTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetiSoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetiSoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetiSoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti

socialur mecnierebaTasocialur mecnierebaTasocialur mecnierebaTasocialur mecnierebaTa,,,, biznesisa da samarTalmcodneobisbiznesisa da samarTalmcodneobisbiznesisa da samarTalmcodneobisbiznesisa da samarTalmcodneobis

fakultetifakultetifakultetifakulteti

ekonomikuri politikisa da biznesis administrirebis ekonomikuri politikisa da biznesis administrirebis ekonomikuri politikisa da biznesis administrirebis ekonomikuri politikisa da biznesis administrirebis

departamentidepartamentidepartamentidepartamenti

leila cecxlaZeleila cecxlaZeleila cecxlaZeleila cecxlaZe

mcire biznesis organizaciisa da marTvis strategiamcire biznesis organizaciisa da marTvis strategiamcire biznesis organizaciisa da marTvis strategiamcire biznesis organizaciisa da marTvis strategia

TanamedroTanamedroTanamedroTanamedrove sabazro sistemave sabazro sistemave sabazro sistemave sabazro sistemaSiSiSiSi

(biznesis administrirebis akademiuri doqtoris xarisxis

mosapoveblad wardgenili)

d i s e r t a c i ad i s e r t a c i ad i s e r t a c i ad i s e r t a c i a

specialoba: biznesis administrireba

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: samecniero xelmZRvaneli: samecniero xelmZRvaneli: samecniero xelmZRvaneli: ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori rezo manveliZeprofesori rezo manveliZeprofesori rezo manveliZeprofesori rezo manveliZe

baTumbaTumbaTumbaTumiiii

2012201220122012

2

SesavaliSesavaliSesavaliSesavali - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3

Tavi I.Tavi I.Tavi I.Tavi I. mcire biznesi Tanamedrove sabazro sismcire biznesi Tanamedrove sabazro sismcire biznesi Tanamedrove sabazro sismcire biznesi Tanamedrove sabazro sistemaSitemaSitemaSitemaSi - - - - - 10

1.1. biznesis arsi da adgili ekonomikaSi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -10

1.2. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis ekonomikuri da socialuri

aspeqtebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 25

1.3. mcire biznesi sazRvargareTis qveynebSi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -34

Tavi II.Tavi II.Tavi II.Tavi II. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis ekonomikuri da mcire biznesis ganviTarebis ekonomikuri da mcire biznesis ganviTarebis ekonomikuri da mcire biznesis ganviTarebis ekonomikuri da

samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi saqarTveloSisamarTlebrivi safuZvlebi saqarTveloSisamarTlebrivi safuZvlebi saqarTveloSisamarTlebrivi safuZvlebi saqarTveloSi ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----53

2.1. biznesgaremo saqarTveloSi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 53

2.2. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis etapebi saqarTveloSi - - - - - - - - - 70

2.3. mcire biznesis struqtura da ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebi saqarTv-

eloSi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 89

TTTTavi III. avi III. avi III. avi III. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi da mcire biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi da mcire biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi da mcire biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi da

tendenciebi saqarTveloSitendenciebi saqarTveloSitendenciebi saqarTveloSitendenciebi saqarTveloSi ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- 108

3.1. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis strategia da saxelmwifos roli - 108

3.2. mcire biznesis regionuli ganviTarebis problemebi da maTi

gadawyvetris gzebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -127

3.3. mcire biznesis finansuri uzrunvelyofis SesaZleblobebi da

sainvesticio garemos gaumjobesebis RonisZiebebi - - - - - - - - - -143

daskvnebi da winadadebebidaskvnebi da winadadebebidaskvnebi da winadadebebidaskvnebi da winadadebebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 160

gamoyenebuli literatura gamoyenebuli literatura gamoyenebuli literatura gamoyenebuli literatura - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -170

danarTebidanarTebidanarTebidanarTebi ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----179

3

SesavaliSesavaliSesavaliSesavali

Temis aqtualobTemis aqtualobTemis aqtualobTemis aqtualoba. a. a. a. ekonomikur da socialur mecnierebaSi sayovelTaod

aRiarebulia, rom mcire biznesi samewarmeo saqmianobis erT-erTi uZvele-

si da yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa.

Tanamedrove msoflios wamyvan saxelmwifoTa gamocdileba naTlad am-

tkicebs nebismier ekonomikaSi maRalganviTarebuli da efeqtiani mcire

da saSualo mewarmeobis arsebobis aucileblobas. ekonomikis es seqtori

warmoadgens im mZlavr rgols, romelsac SemdgomSi mniSvnelovnad efuZ-

neba sazogadoebis ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTareba.

zogierT qveynaSi mcire da saSualo biznesis sawarmoebi awarmoeben

mSp-is naxevarze mets. aSS-sa da germaniaSi mcire biznesis sferoSi iqmne-

ba mSp-is 50-52%, iaponiaSi – 52-55%, safrangeTSi – 55-62%, did britaneTSi

– 50-53%, italiaSi - 57-60%, evrokavSiris qveynebSi – 63-67%; am seqtorSi

awarmoeben rogorc sawarmoo daniSnulebis, ise farTo moxmarebis mra-

valferovan produqcias, asruleben momsaxurebasTan dakavSirebul samu-

Saoebs da a.S. aRniSnul qveynebSi mcire da saSualo sawarmoebze modis

mrewvelobis produqciis gayidvaTa saerTo moculobis 50%, momsaxurebis

sferos 67%, mSeneblobisa da vaWrobis – 90%. aranakleb sayuradReboa,

rom mcire biznesis sferoSi dasaqmebulia mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani na-

wili. germaniaSi mcire sawarmoebSi muSaobs samuSao Zalis 46%, did bri-

taneTSi – 49%, safrangeTsa da aSS-Si -54%, italiaSi – 73%, iaponiaSi –

78,8%.

saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri reformebis umniSvnelovanes mimarTulebas

warmoadgens mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa ganviTareba. swored am seqto-

ris efeqtian funqcionirebazea damokidebuli sabazro konkurencia, samo-

mxmareblo bazris gajerebis xarisxi, axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna.

saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo biznesis daCqarebuli ganviTarebis au-

cileblobas is garemoebac ganapirobebs, rom mcire biznesi avlens moqni-

lobas, sicocxlisunarianobas, radganac xasiaTdeba ra bazris moTxovna-

ze swrafi reagirebis unariT, specializaciis maRali xarisxiT, resurse-

bis mobilizaciis meti SesaZleblobebiT. is warmoadgens sagadasaxado

SemosulobaTa mniSvnelovan wyaros, aseve gansakuTrebuli roli akisria

inovaciuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT.

4

Cven migvaCnia, rom sakvlevi Temis aqtualoba ganpirobebulia mcire

da saSualo biznesis iseTi socialur-ekonomikuri xasiaTis funqciebiT,

rogoricaa:

- mesakuTreTa ricxvis zrda, rac ganapirobebs saSualo klasis formi-

rebas da warmoadgens demokratiul sazogadoebaSi politikuri sta-

bilurobis umTavres garants;

- ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxvis gazrda, rac zrdis moqa-

laqeTa Semosavlebs da aTanabrebs sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebis

keTildReobaSi arsebul disproporciebs;

- yvelaze energiuli, saqmis SemZle individTa warmoCena, romelTaTvis-

ac mcire biznesi xdeba TviTrealizaciis pirveli safexuri;

- SedarebiT dabali danaxarjebiT axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna, ga-

nsakuTrebiT momsaxurebis sferoSi;

- profesiaTa SeTavsebis uzrunvelyofa;

- saxelmwifo seqtoridan gamoTavisuflebuli, aseve socialurad sxve-

bze damokidebuli mosaxleobis jgufebis (ltolvilebi, invalidebi,

axalgazrdebi, qalebi) warmomadgenelTa dasaqmebis masStaburi SesaZ-

lebloba.

aseve Seswavlas saWiroebs mcire biznesis seqtoris roli saqarTvel-

os ekonomikaSi, erovnul meurneobaSi, sazogadoebis keTildReobis amaR-

lebaSi sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi, romlis formirebis procesSic

imyofeba saqarTvelo.

sakvlevi Temis aqtualobas zrdis isic, rom miuxedavad mcire mewarme-

obis, rogorc umniSvnelovanesi seqtoris msoflio aRiarebisa, saqarTve-

loSi misi srulyofilad ganviTarebisaTvis jer kidev ar gamoiyeneba yve-

la SesaZlebloba. amas mowmobs mSp-Si misi xvedriTi wili, romelic bo-

lo aTwleulSi 10%-s ar aRemateba. aseve mcire biznesSi dasaqmebulTa

raodenoba, romelic 2000-2010 wlebis ganmavlobaSi mTliani dasaqmebule-

bis mxolod 18-25%-s Seadgens.

saqarTveloSi ekonomikis mocemuli seqtori jer kidev ver axdens sis-

temur zegavlenas rogorc regionul ise erovnuli ekonomikis struqtur-

ul cvlilebebze, rac ganapirobebs mcire mewarmeobis ganviTarebis pro-

cesis gaaqtiurebisaken mimarTuli axali politikis SemuSavebis aucileb-

lobas.

5

Cvenis azriT, mcire biznesis efeqtianobis RonisZiebaTa SemuSaveba da

realizacia aris erovnuli da regionuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis, soci-

aluri garemos gaumjobesebis, politikuri xasiaTis problemebis gadaWr-

is instrumenti. aseve, vTvliT, rom sameurneo subieqtebis xelmZRvanele

bs, biznesis ”mkeTeblebs” esaWiroebaT ganviTarebis perspeqtivis xedvisa

da strategiuli mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis meqanizmebze

xelmisawvdomoba. es meqanizmebi pirvel rigSi unda efuZnebodes komple-

qsur da sistemur midgomebs, Sida da gare garemos faqtorTa analizs,

miswrafebas imisken, rom miRweul iqnas `mcire mewarmeobis”, rogorc er-

Tiani ekonomikuri sistemis Semadgenlisa da konkurentunariani ekonomi-

kis uzrunvelmyofis ganviTareba.

kvlevis mizani da amkvlevis mizani da amkvlevis mizani da amkvlevis mizani da amocanebi.ocanebi.ocanebi.ocanebi. winamdebare gamokvlevis mTavari mizania

saqarTveloSi mcire sawarmoTa funqcionirebis Seswavla da maTi formi-

rebisa da ganviTarebis efeqturi mimarTulebebis SemuSaveba.

sakvalifikacio naSromis gamokvlevis ZiriTadi amocanebia:

_ mcire biznesis ekonomikuri arsisa da gagebis Taobaze arsebuli Sex-

edulebebis analizi;

_ mcire biznesis ganviTarebis etapebis dadgena da maTi Taviseburebeb-

is gamovlena;

_ mcire biznesis adgilis gansazRvra Tanamedrove sabazro sistemaSi;

_ sabazro ekonomikis garemos faqtorTa zegavlenis analizi mcire bi-

znesis mdgomareobasa da ganviTarebaze;

_ mcire biznesis winapirobebis, mdgomareobis, ganviTarebis tendencie-

bisa da maTi gamovlenis Taviseburebebis Seswavla erovnul da region-

ul WrilSi;

_ mcire sawarmoTa ZiriTadi parametrebis Seswavla da maTi Sedarebi-

Ti analizi, upiratesobaTa dadgena;

_ mcire biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebisa da ZiriTadi maxasia-

Teblebis SemuSaveba axlo da uaxles perspeqtivaSi;

_ mcire biznesis saxelmwifo mxardaWeris Tanamedrove formebisa da me-

Todebis Teoriuli aspeqtebis Seswavla. mcire biznesis saxelmwifo mxa-

rdaWeris sistemis koncefciis SemuSavebis mcdeloba.

6

problemis Seswavlis mdgomareoba. problemis Seswavlis mdgomareoba. problemis Seswavlis mdgomareoba. problemis Seswavlis mdgomareoba. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis prob-

lemas ikvleven rogorc qarTveli, ise sazRvargareTis cnobili mecnier

ekonomistebi, praqtikosebi, warmatebuli biznesmenebi.

ucxoel mecnierTagan aRsaniSnavia v. iakovlevi, e. buxvaldi, l. abalk-

ini, a. blinovi, a. orlovi, i. xakamanda, o. zvereva, l. starostini, e. utk-

ini, n.k. siropolisi, a. lapusta, p. beltoni, f xeiki, d. haldi, p. besoni,

p. drukeri, v. niqsoni, d. filipsi, f. xeiki, r. fosteri, i. Sumpeteri, v.

defi, s. noibaueri, d. halli da sxvebi.

mcire biznesis sferos kvlevis saqmeSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitan-

es aseve qarTvelma ekonomistebma da profesorebma r. gvelesianma, T. Sen-

geliam, n. WiTanavam, a. CuTlaSvilma, g. erqomaiSvilma, r. asaTianma, r.

abesaZem, e. kakuliam, o. SurRaiam da sxvebma.

miuxedavad araerTi mecnieruli midgomisa da koncefciisa, saqarTve-

loSi mcire da saSualo biznesi, rogorc qveynis erovnuli meurneobis

mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawili, jer kidev saWiroebs gamokvlevas.

migvaCnia, rom Tanamedrove SromebSi, mcire biznesis efeqtianobis Se-

fasebis meTodologiuri problemebi samewarmeo saqmianobasTan zogad ko-

nteqstSi ganixileba; misi efeqtianoba xSirad fasdeba mikrodoneze, nak-

lebad aris mocemuli mcire biznesis efeqtianobisadmi kompleqsuri mi-

dgoma makro da mezo doneze. swored mcire biznesis problematuri saki-

Txebis gaazrebisa da misi ganviTarebis strategiis optimaluri variante-

bis SemuSavebisadmi miswrafebam gansazRvra sakvlevi Temis miznebi da

amocanebi. masStaburad gamoviyenebT arsebul gamokvlevebsa da Sefaseb-

ebs, romlebic safuZvlad daedeba Cvens koncefcias.

kvlevis Teoriuli da meTodologiuri safuZvlebi. kvlevis Teoriuli da meTodologiuri safuZvlebi. kvlevis Teoriuli da meTodologiuri safuZvlebi. kvlevis Teoriuli da meTodologiuri safuZvlebi. kvlevis Teoriul

safuZvels warmoadgens ekonomikuri Teoria, sabazro ekonomikis, biznesi-

sa da mcire biznesis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva avtorTa samecniero gamokvleve-

bi da gamoyenebiTi xasiaTis naSromebi, samTavrobo programuli dokumen-

tebi da mcire biznesis ganviTarebis koncefciebi, sakanonmdeblo aqtebi.

sadisertacio naSromSi gamoyenebulia mcire biznesis sferoSi arse-

buli mecnieruli gamokvlevebi da publikaciebi, mecnier-ekonomistTa ko-

nferenciebisa da samecniero sesiebis mier miRebuli praqtikuli rekomen-

daciebi.

7

kvlevis dros gamoyenebuli iqna ekonomikur kvlevaTa sxvadasxva meTo-

debi: abstraqtul-logikuri, funqcionaluri da SedarebiTi analizi, me-

Todebi, mecnieruli klasifikaciis, statistikuri, eqspertuli da grafi-

kuli, aseve maTematikuri, dajgufebis, analizis da a.S. meTodebi.

sadisertacio naSromis informaciuli wyaroa saqarTvelos ekonomiku-

ri ganviTarebis saministros monacemebi, statistikis erovnuli samsaxu-

ris statistikuri krebulebi, publikaciebi, biznesis sferoSi momuSave

samecniero-kvleviTi institutebis samecniero Sromebi, meToduri miTiTe-

bebi da rekomendaciebi, gamokiTxvis masalebi, biznessubieqtebis angariSe-

bi.

kvlevis mecnieruli siaxle. kvlevis mecnieruli siaxle. kvlevis mecnieruli siaxle. kvlevis mecnieruli siaxle. naSromi warmoadgens mcire biznesis ga-

nviTarebis tendenciebis axlebur kompleqsur gamokvlevas sabazro eko-

nomikis pirobebSi. siaxleTa Soris aRsaniSnavia Semdegi:

_ gansazRvrulia biznesis saqmianobis, rogorc urTierTobaTa erTob-

liobis arsi, individis materialuri da sulieri moTxovnilebebis dakma-

yofilebisaTvis garkveuli Semosavlis wyaro, saSualeba. biznesurTier-

Tobebi ganxilulia, rogorc sazogadoebis ekonomikuri progresis, ganvi-

Tarebis wyaro;

_ warmodgenilia Cveni mosazreba mewarmeobisa da biznesis, mewarmisa

da biznesmenis ZiriTadi Taviseburebebisa da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis Se-

saxeb;

_ mocemulia rekomendaciebi mcire sawarmos, rogorc ekonomikuri

subieqtis parametrebis gansazRvris xarisxobrivi da raodenobrivi kri-

teriumebis Taobaze;

_ naCvenebia mcire biznesis rolisa da efeqtianobis ZiriTadi maxasia-

Teblebi qveyanaSi arsebuli potencialis racionalurad gamoyenebaSi,

sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis gadawyvetaSi.

_ dadgenilia saqarTveloSi mcire biznesis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi

etapebi. aseve ekonomikuri, samarTlebrivi da socialur-kulturuli

faqtorebis Taviseburebebis zegavlena Tanamedrove ekonomikuri sistemis

formirebaze;

_ Seswavlilia mcire biznesis gavrcelebis masStabebi da dargobrivi

struqtura. gamovlenilia saqmianobis sferoebi, romlebSic mcire mewar-

8

meobas aqvs zrdis mniSvnelovani tempebi. aseve dargebi, romlebSic am

seqtors potenciuri SesaZleblobebi gaaCnia;

_ dadgenilia makroekonomikuri faqtorebi, romlebic niSvnelovan

gavlenas axdens mcire mewarmeobis ganviTarebaze saqarTveloSi;

_ samamulo da ucxouri gamocdilebis SedarebiTi analizis

safuZvelze SemuSavebulia konkretuli rekomendaciebi mcire sawarmoTa

inovaciuri ganviTarebisa da sainformacio uzrunvelyofis, mcire biznes-

is saxelmwifo mxardaWeris efeqturi meTodebisa da instrumentebis Semu-

Savebis mimarTulebiT, kerZod, klasterebis, biznes-inkubatorebis, teqno-

logiuri centrebis da sxvaTa saxiT;

_ SemuSavebulia mcire mewarmeobis saxelmwifo mxardaWerisa da reg-

ulirebis Cveneuli koncefcia centralur da regionul doneze. meTodu-

ri rekomendaciebi mcire biznesis maregulirebeli sakanonmdeblo, aRmas-

rulebeli da normatiuli aqtebis SemuSavebisaTvis.

_ warmodgenilia safinanso-sakredito da sainvesticio mxardaWeris,

eqsportis regulirebis, samecniero kvlevebis waxalisebis, sakadro mxar-

daWeris aprobirebuli modelebi da meqanizmebi;

_ gamokiTxvis meTodiT gamovlenilia mcire biznesis ganviTarebi-

saTvis Semaferxebeli faqtorebi;

_ SemuSavebulia RonisZiebaTa kompleqsuri sistema, romelTa realiza-

cia daaCqarebs mcire mewarmeobis ganviTarebas, gazrdis masStabebs da aa-

maRlebs efeqtianobas.

_ gaangariSebulia mcire biznesis mosalodneli ganviTarebis ZiriTa-

di prognozebi axlo da Soreul perspeqtivaSi. kerZod, produqciis war-

moebis, dasaqmebulTa raodenobis, erT dasaqmebulze warmoebuli produq-

ciis xvedriTi wilis, aseve mosalodneli fiskaluri efeqtis Sesaxeb da

a.S.

naSromis Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba. naSromis Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba. naSromis Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba. naSromis Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba. kvlevis Sedegebi da

rekomendaciebi SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnas sferos ganviTarebis axa-

li koncefciis SemuSavebisas saxelmwifo struqturebis mier, romlebic

aqtiurad monawileoben am seqtoris mxardaWeris saqmeSi. kvlevis Sedege-

bi saintersoa aseve mewarmeebisaTvis, romlebic dainteresebulni arian

TavianTi saqmianobis efeqtianobis amaRlebaSi.

9

gamokvlevis masalebi da meTodologiuri midgomebi gamoiyeneba rsu-s

socialur mecnierebaTa, biznesisa da samarTalmcodneobis fakultetis

ekonomikuri politikisa da biznesis administirebis departamentSi disc-

iplinis `biznesis safuZvlebi~ swavlebisas.

naSromis aprobacianaSromis aprobacianaSromis aprobacianaSromis aprobacia. . . . sadisertacio kvlevis ZiriTadi debulebebi, wina-

dadebebi da rekomendaciebi gamoqveynebulia referirebad Jurnalebsa da

samecniero-praqtikuli konferenciis masalebSi. rekomendaciebis mniSvne-

lovani nawili miewoda da ganxilul iqna samecniero-praqtikul konfere-

nciebsa da biznesforumebze.

naSromis struqturanaSromis struqturanaSromis struqturanaSromis struqtura da Sinaarsida Sinaarsida Sinaarsida Sinaarsi. . . . sadisertacio naSromi moicavs nabeWd

180 gverds. Sedgeba sami Tavis, cxra qveTavisa da daskvniTi nawilisagan;

naSroms Tan erTvis gamoyenebuli literaturis sia da danarTebi.

10

Tavi I.Tavi I.Tavi I.Tavi I. mcire biznesi mcire biznesi mcire biznesi mcire biznesi TanamedTanamedTanamedTanamedrove rove rove rove sabazro sistemasabazro sistemasabazro sistemasabazro sistemaSiSiSiSi

1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1. mcire biznesis arsi da adgili ekonomikaSimcire biznesis arsi da adgili ekonomikaSimcire biznesis arsi da adgili ekonomikaSimcire biznesis arsi da adgili ekonomikaSi

msoflio globalizaciis mimdinare procesebis fonze, calkeuli qvey-

nebis samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi gansakuTrebuli interesi gamoiwvia ada-

mianis socialur-ekonomikurma problemebma da misi gadawyvetisaTvis aq-

tivobis gamovlenis formebma. erT-erT aseT formas warmoadgens adamian-

is SromiTi saqmianoba, sadac is erTdroulad axdens sakuTari Tavis

realizebas rogorc subieqti da rogorc marTvis obieqti.

jer kidev uZvelesi droidan adamianebis marTvაs miiCnevdnen yvelaze

rTul da amaRlebul xelovnebad. marTlac dReisaTvis mewarmisa da biz-

nesmenis profesia metad rTuli saqmea. am profesias uwodeben kompleqsu-

rs, imitom rom is adamianisagan moiTxovs mravali da gansxvavebuli siax-

leebis SemuSavebisa da winaswarxedvis unaris flobas. warmatebuli biz-

nesis Seqmnis ambiciis mqone adamianma unda icodes TiTqmis yvelaferi _

dawyebuli marketingisa da menejmentis saidumloebebidan _ finansuri me-

cnierebis niuansebamde, Tanamedrove warmoebis organizaciis meTodebidan

- adamianis fsiqologiis saidumloebebamde.

adamianTa yoveldRiur yofaSi damkvidrda sityva `biznesi~, romelsac

aqvs mravali saintereso etimologiuri ganmarteba.

`biznesis~ısamSoblod aRiarebulia amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi. dRe-

isaTvis am terminma mTeli msoflio moicva da Cvenis azriT, uamrav mona-

Tesave terminTa mniSvneloba SeiTavsa; is aris profesia, saqme, mewarmeo-

ba, garigeba, saqmiani wreebi, saqmiani cxovreba, ubralod Semosavlis wya-

ro da a.S. amdenadĐ`biznesi~ (business) niSnavs saqmianobas, romelic efu-

Zneba mravalmxriv urTierTobebs da iZleva mogebas, Semosavals.

samamulo da sazRvargareTul ekonomikur literaturaSi ımocemulia

biznesis sxvadasxvagvari interpretacia. KzogierTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad:

_ biznesi, es aris Semosavlis miRebis mizniT adamianis saqmianoba, ri-

sTvisac iyenebs Tavis codnas, gamocdilebas da Tavis kapitals. Ees aris

adamianis potencialis realizacia ekonomikur aspeqtSi.Bbiznesmenis saq-

mianobis ZiriTadi motivia mogebis miReba, romlis miRwevac SeiZleba mom-

11

saxurebis gaweviT, samuSaos SesrulebiT, produqciis warmoebiT. mogeba

gviCvenebs biznesmenis saqmianobis efeqtianobas.

sxva mosazrebaTa Tanaxmad:

_ biznesi _ es aris saqmis gaZRolis sistema da adamianebisaTvis saWi-

ro produqciisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba.

_ biznesi _ es aris warmoebis sistema, romelic Cven SevqmeniT Cveni

moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad.

_ biznesi es aris fulisagan fulis keTebis unari, magram aucilebl-

ad sasargeblo mwarmoebluri Sromis gamoyenebis meSveobiT.

_ biznesi - sxva araferia, Tu ara samrewvelo, sasoflo-sameurneo, va-

Wrobis, sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebis, sabanko, iuridiuli konsultaci-

is, samecniero kvleviT da sacdel-sakonstruqturo dawesebulebis, saga-

momcemlo, saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo da sxva saxis sawarmos Tu dawesebu-

lebis Seqmna.

_ `biznesi aris saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba (ganawileba, gacv-

la, moxmareba) mogebis miRebis mizniT~. (oTinaSvili 2010:133).

_ `biznesi aris saqmianoba, romelic mimarTulia garkveuli samomxma-

reblo Tvisebebis mqone saqonlis warmoebasa da realizaciaze mogebis

miRebis mizniT. biznesi ukavSirdeba or ZiriTad stimulsa da motivacias:

adamianis Tavisuflebasa da damoukidebel saqmianobas da mogebis miRe-

bas. biznesi warmoebis organizaciis, marTvisa da analizis axali safexu-

ria, warmoebis organizaciis uaxlesi stadiaa, romelic dakavSirebulia

kerZo sakuTrebis arsebobasTan, xorcieldeba konkurenciis pirobebSi da

dakavSirebulia riskTan~. (erqomaiSvili 2007: 14).

_ `biznesi aris sameurneo saqmianoba, romlis Sedegad dovlaTi an

misi nawili iwarmoeba ara sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis, aramed gasacvle-

lad da am gziT raime sargeblis miRebisaTvis. ufro mokled, biznesi fa-

rTo gagebiT aris saqonelwarmoeba~. (samadaSvili 2009: 19).

_ `biznesi aris individis, individTa jgufis an saxelmwifos mxridan

iseTi individualuri an jgufuri samewarmeo (komerciuli) saqmianoba,

romelic efuZneba Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis principebs, sakuTreb-

isa da meurneobriobis formebis mravalgvarobas, xorcieldeba ekonomi-

kuri saqmianobis sxvadasxva sferoSi, uzrunvelyofs mravalferovan pro-

duqciaze sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas da calkeuli

12

individis, individTa jgufis an saxelmwifosaTvis mogebis miRebis wyar-

os warmoadgens.~ (SurRaia 2010: 23).

_ `biznesi aris damoukidebeli, sakuTari riskiT ganxorcielebuli sa-

qmianoba, romelic mimarTulia mogebis sistematiur miRebaze qonebis

gamoyenebis, saqonlis gayidvis, samuSaos Sesrulebis an momsaxurebis ga-

wevis gziT im pirebis mier, romlebic daregistrirebulni arian dadgeni-

li wesis Tanaxmad.”(mesxia 2011:21).

Cven migvaCnia, rom biznesi aris winaswar gaazrebuli saqmianoba, urTi-

erTobaTa erToblioba, romelsac moaqvs individis materialuri da sul-

ieriı moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisaTvis garkveuli Semosavali, is

amavdroulad sazogadoebrivi sargeblianobis Tvisebis matarebelicaa,

radganac yoveli ıindividis kanonieri interesebis dakmayofileba aucil-

eblad iTvaliswinebs sazogadoebis interesebsac. am process Tan axlavs

winaaRmdegobebi, romlebic SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc sazogadoebis

ekonomikuri progresis, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis safuZveli.

biznesi myari garantiaa imisa, rom misi mflobelisaTvis, dasaqmebuli-

saTvis, mTeli sazogadoebis arsebobisaTvis Seqmnas Rirseuli cxovrebis

pirobebi.

biznesi sabazro ekonomikis arsebiT da ganuyofel nawils warmoadg-

ens. `biznesi~ da èkonomika~ urTierT dakavSirebuli cnebebia. ekonomiku-

ri subieqtebi amavdroulad gvevlineba saqmiani urTierTobebis subieqte-

badac. amasTan bevri mkvlevaris msgavsad Cvenc vfiqrobT, rom `biznessa~

da èkonomikas~ Soris aris safuZvliani gansxvaveba.

èkonomika~ ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre é”biznesi”, is moicavs mikro,

makro, mezo da megaekonomikur doneebs, moTxovna-miwodebis mikroekonomi-

kur, erToblivi moTxovnisa da erToblivi miwodebis makroekonomikur

koncefciebs. `biznesi~ aris ekonomikur urTierTobaTa ufro konkretuli

forma, romelic viTardeba gansazRvrul subieqtebs Soris, individualu-

ri da jgufuri konkurenciis safuZvelze.

èkonomikisaTvis~ ara aqvs mniSvneloba konkurentul urTierTobaSi

myofi subieqtebis xasiaTs. igi yuradRebas afiqsirebs am urTierTobaTa

mxolod arsebobaze, SemoisazRvreba miTiTebebiT konkurenciis aucileb-

lobaze. “biznesisaTvis” ki mniSvnelovania konkurenciaSi gasamarjveblad

konkretuli brZolis meTodebis gamoyeneba. “ekonomika” mxolod afiq-

13

sirebs samarTlebrivi normebis arsebobas, “biznesisaTvis” isini warmoad-

genen moqmedebis ZiriTad faqtors.

bizness gaaCnia strategia da taqtika. biznesis strategia mdgomareobs

mogebis maqsimizaciaSi, misi eTikuri da samarTlebrivi normebis dacvis

gziT. taqtikuri mizania strategiuli mimarTulebis realizacia TiToe-

ul kontragentTan mimarTebaSi, konkretuli xerxebis da meTodebis gamo-

yenebiT.

Cven veTanxmebiT azrs imis Taobaze, rom bizness, mravalsaxeobis miux-

edavad, gaaCnia is saerTo niSnebi, romlebic mJRavndeba saqmian urTierT-

obebSi. kerZod: interesTa dacvis aucilebloba; ekonomikis subieqtebs

Soris saqmianobis sferoebis dacva; monawileTa mxridan TavianTi intere-

sebis Sesabamisi qmedeba; monawileTa iniciativianoba; personaluri risk-

is gaTaviseba; garigebaTa albaTuri da realuri Sedegebis Sefasebis una-

ri; saqmiani urTierTobebis damyarebis SesaZlebloba; maqsimaluri mogeb-

is miRebis mizniT, molaparakebaTa momgebiani warmoebis unari; priorite-

tebisa da saqmiani urTierTobebis logikis dadgenis unari; saqmiani ur-

TierTobebis monawileTa interesebis realizaciis SesaZlebloba sxva

monawileTa interesebisagan damoukideblad. (Sengelia 2008: 32).

biznesSi yvelaze mniSvnelovan komponentebs Seadgenen misi subieqtebi,

romlebSic, iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, igulisxmebian biznesis uflebebi-

sa da movaleobebis matareblebi:

_ mewarmeebi, anu is pirebi, romlebic axorcieleben iniciativian-inov-

aciur saqmianobas, TavianTi riskiT, iuridiuli da ekonomikuri pasuxism-

geblobiT;

_ samewarmeo asociaciebi da mewarmeobrivi koleqtivebi;

_ produqciisa da momsaxurebis individualuri da koleqtiuri momxma-

reblebi, momxmarebelTa kavSirebi da asociaciebi;

_ saxelmwifos is struqturebi, romlebic biznesis procesSi SemkveT-

is rolSi gamodian. (Sengelia 2008:32)

unda aRiniSnos, rom terminebi “biznesi” da “mewarmeoba” Sinaarsobriv-

ad erTmaneTTan axlos dganan. AamasTan, cneba “biznesi” gacilebiT ufro

farToa, vidre “mewarmeoba”. biznesis amosavali wertilia mewarmeoba. dR-

eisaTvis Zalzed rTulia da TiTqmis arc arsebobs mewarmeobis aRiareb-

uli gansazRvreba. zogadad ki mewarmeoba aris raRac axlis Seqmnis pro-

14

cesi, romelsac aqvs Rirebuleba, xolo mewarme ki aris adamiani romel-

ic amisaTvis xarjavs dros da energias, TavisTavze iRebs finansur,

fsiqologiur da socialur risks, jildos iRebs fulis saxiT da miRwe-

uliT kmayofildeba. Sumpeteris azriT ìyo mewarme niSnavs akeTo is, ra-

sac sxvebi akeTeben da ara ise, rogorc sxvebi akeTeben, aramed, mewarme

aris Semoqmedi, mngreveli, romelic amsxvrevs Zvel wesebs, magram amavd-

roulad qmnis axals.~ (Sumpeteri 2007: 48)

Tanamedrove menejmentis mamis p. drukeris azriT mewarmeoba araa arc

mecniereba da arc xelovneba. esaa konkretuli saqmianoba, romlis mizan-

ia mogebasTan erTad siaxleebis danergva, misi moRvaweobis yvela sfero-

Si. (drukeri 1992:36). Mman gamijna erTmaneTisagan cnebebi mewarmeoba da

biznesi. Tu pirvels man miakuTvna SemoqmedebiTi, siaxleebis matarebeli

saqmianoba, meores miakuTvna Sablonuri rutinuli saqmianoba.

mewarmeoba, marTalia adamianebis saqmianobaa, magram ramdenadme SezRu-

duli formiT, romelic materialuri dovlaTis warmoebis, gacvlis, ga-

nawilebisa da moxmarebis process gulisxmobs.

biznesi adamianis saqmianobis farTo sferos moicavs. is gulisxmobs

ekonomikis yvela subieqts Soris urTierTobebs, ara marto mewarmeebs,

aramed momxmareblebsac, daqiravebul muSakebs, saxelmwifo struqtur-

ebs. biznesi moicavs rogorc samewarmeo bizness, ise samomxmareblo biz-

ness da biznesis sxva saxeobebs.

zogierT qveyanaSi (germania, ruseTi da sxva) terminebi “biznesi” da

”mewarmeoba” gaigivebulia. asevea saqarTveloSic. saqarTvelos kanonmdeb-

lobaSi ar arsebobs cneba biznesis Sesaxeb da mis nacvlad gamoyenebul-

ia termini é”mewarmeoba”, romlis Tanaxmadac “mewarmeoba” aris marTlzo-

mieri da araerTjeradi saqmianoba, romelic xorcieldeba mogebis miReb-

is mizniT, organizebulad da damoukideblad. (Wanturia. . . 1998: 22).

Cveni azriT `biznesisa~ da `mewarmeobis~ arsobrivi gaTanabreba ar Se-

iZleba maT Soris arsebul Semdeg gansxvavebaTa gamo:

1. mewarmeoba interesiani, damoukidebeli, SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobaa,

romelic mimarTulia axali saqonlis da momsaxureobis warmoebasa da

realizaciisaken an ukve arsebulis gaumjobesebisaken. mewarmeoba inovac-

iuri saqmianobacaa.

15

biznesis qveS moiazreba mogebis miRebis mizniT rutinuli, erTgvari

saqmianoba nebismier sferoSi. qalaqis nebismier adgilas savaWro jixur-

is saqmianoba, produqciis Sesyidva da realizacia aris biznesi magram

ara mewarmeoba.

2. biznesmeni sakuTari firmisaTvis qiraobs specialistebs, maT Soris

menejerebsac, firmis prezidentis CaTvliT, mewarme TviTon warmarTavs

sakuTar saqmes, asrulebs menejeris funqciebs, amdenad igi aris misi

uSualo Semoqmedi. Yyvela mewarme biznesmenia, magram yvela biznesmeni me-

warme ar aris.

zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvaveT mewarme-

obis da biznesis, samewarmeo unaris da menejeris ZiriTadi Taviseburebe-

bi, romelic warmovadgineT Semdeg sqemaSi (cxrili #1 da #2.)

cxrilicxrilicxrilicxrili #1. mewarmeobisa da biznesis ZiriTadi#1. mewarmeobisa da biznesis ZiriTadi#1. mewarmeobisa da biznesis ZiriTadi#1. mewarmeobisa da biznesis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebimaxasiaTeblebimaxasiaTeblebimaxasiaTeblebi

Mmewarmeoba Bbiznesi

iniciativiani, SemoqmedebiTi

inovaciuri saqmianoba.

winaswar gaazrebuli saqmianoba,

romelsac individis, qveynis, zogad-

sakacobrio moTxovnebis dakma-

yofilebis meSveobiT moaqvs Semo-

savali da arsebobs erovnuli meur-

neobis TiTqmis yvela dargSi.

mewarme TviTon warmarTavs

sakuTar saqmes.

biznesmeni qiraobs sakuTari fir-

misaTvis specialistebs, maT Soris

menejerebsac firmis prezidentis

CaTvliT da uxdis maT xelfass.

mewarmeoba araerTjeradi (siste-

maturi) saqmianobaa.

biznesi SeiZleba iyos nebismieri

erTjeradi komerciuli garigeba.

mewarmeoba aris aqtiuri ekon-

omikuri saqmianobis forma, rom-

lis drosac adgili aqvs produq-

tis materialur-nivTobrivi for-

miT Seqmnas.

biznesi SeiZleba ganaxorcielos

pasiurma mesakuTremac, kerZod ijar-

iT gasces qoneba, Tavisu-fali saxs-

rebi ganaTavsos bankSi angariSebSi,

aqtivebSi da miiRos saijaro gad-

asaxadi, sargebeli, dividendi.

mewarmeoba Tavisi arsiT aris

ara marto biznesi, aramed Semoq-

medebiTi biznesic.

yvela biznesmeni mewarme ar aris,

radgan is eweva rutinul-erTgvarov-

an saqmianobas.

Mmewarmeoba biznesis erT-erTi

sferoa.

B biznesis sferoebia:

1. samewarmeo saqmianoba;

16

2. samomsaxureblo saqmianoba; 3. inteleqtualuri saqmianoba

(nawarmoebebi an naSromebi, garigeb-

ebi, komerciuli ideebi, savaWro da

komerciuli saidumloebebi da a.S.)

cxrilicxrilicxrilicxrili #2. samewarmeo unarisa da menejeris#2. samewarmeo unarisa da menejeris#2. samewarmeo unarisa da menejeris#2. samewarmeo unarisa da menejeris ZiriTadiZiriTadiZiriTadiZiriTadi maxasiTeblebimaxasiTeblebimaxasiTeblebimaxasiTeblebi

samewarmeo unari menejeri

mewarme axali ideebis Semoqmedi,

biznesis strategiuli miznebis dam-

saxvelia, e.i. mewarme-mesakuTre, rom-

elic dasaxul miznebs ara marto

axorcielebs, aramed mis organizac-

iaSi (dagegmva organizeba, motivac-

ia, kontroli) aqtiurad monawile-

obs.

menejeri profesionalur mmar-

Tvels niSnavs, menejeri eweva mma-

rTvelobiT funqcias, e.i. biznesis

strategiuli mimarTulebebis rea-

lizatoria.

Mmewarmis anazRaureba moicavs:

a) mewarmis sazRaurs, romelic

mas eZleva mogebis miRebis mizniT

momavali moTxovnaTa sworad organ-

izebisaTvis. Ees aris wminda ekonom-

ikuri mogeba.

b) samewarmeo procents anu Semo-

savals sakuTrebidan.

g) mewarmis normalur mogebas.

menejeris Sromis sazRauria

xelfasi.

mewarme warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi

midis kapitalis (qonebis) dakargvis

riskze

menejeri warumateblobis SemTx-

vevaSi midis Tanamdebobis dakarg-

vis riskze.

mewarmes damoukidebeli saqmianobi-

saTvis garkveuli kapitali esaWiro-

eba.

menejers damoukidebeli saqmiano-

bisaTvis kapitali ar esaWiroeba.

mewarme damoukidebeli meurnea menejeri mewarmis mier daqirave-

buli xelmZRvaneli muSakia.

Mmewarme SeiZleba ar flobdes

menejmentis funqciebs

Pprofesionali menejeri unda

flobdes menejmentis funqciebs

(dagegmva, organizeba, motivacia,

kontroli);

samewarmeo unariT dajildoebu-

lia ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxle-

obis 6_8%.

samewarmeo unariT dajildoeb-

ul adamianebTan SedarebiT prof-

esionali menejerebi gacilebiT

metni arian.

Ööççççç

17

biznesis cnebis mravalferovnebasa da misi araerTgvarovani ganmarte-

bebis simravles ganapirobebs TviT biznesis araerTgvarovneba sididis

da parametrebis mixedviT.

ekonomikur literaturaSi ganixileba biznesis sami ZiriTadi zoma: mc-

ire, saSualo da msxvili, Tumca msoflio ekonomikis globalizaciam Se-

qmna biznesis sruliad axali forma, saerTaSoriso, anu globaluri biz-

nesi. amdenad, dRes sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi biznesi funqcionirebs

mcire, saSualo, msxvili da globaluri biznesis formiT. biznesis Aam

formebs Seesabameba mcire, saSualo, msxvili sawarmoebi da transnacion-

aluri korporaciebi. (abesaZe . . .2008: 9)

biznesis mocemul formaTagan mcire biznesi Tavisi moculobiT ekono-

mikis erT-erT umsxviles seqtors warmoadgens. Đigi rogorc biznessiste-

mis, aseve mTeli ekonomikuri sistemis formirebis, ganviTarebisa da sta-

bilurobis erT-erTi pirvelwyaroa.

Tanamedrove msoflios saxelmwifoTa gamocdileba naTlad amtkicebs

nebismier ekonomikaSi maRalganviTarebuli da efeqtiani mcire samewarmeo

seqtoris arsebobis aucileblobas. Aamitomac nebismieri qveynis aRorZi-

neba SaeuZlebelia ekonomikis mocemuli seqtoris Sesabamisi ganviTarebis

gareSe, radganac mcire mewarmeoba warmoadgens im mZlavr segments, rome-

lic SemdgomSi iwvevs qveynis ekonomikur da socialur ganviTarebas.

mcire biznesis ganviTareba pasuxobs moqnili Sereuli ekonomikis fo-

rmirebis zogadmsoflio tendenciebs, sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formebisa

da maTi adekvaturi meurneobis modelebis SeTanawyobas, romlebSic rea-

lizdeba konkurenciuli sabazro meqanizmisa da msxvili, saSualo da

mcire sawarmoebis saxelmwifo regulirebis rTuli sinTezi. “Tuki msxvi-

li biznesi _ es aris ConCxi, Tanamedrove ekonomikis RerZi, maSin mTeli

mravalsaxeoba mcire da saSualo biznesisa warmoadgens kunTebs, sameur-

neo organizmis cocxal qsovils.” (siropolisi 1996:35).

mcire biznesi, rogorc termini, warmodgeba ara iqidan, rom mcire biz-

nesi erTobliobaSi produqciis mcire raodenobas qmnis, aramed iqidan,

rom mis organizaciul formas warmoadgens mcire sawarmo. ganviTarebu-

li qveynebis monacemebi mowmobs, rom mcire biznesSi iwarmoeba am qveyneb-

is mSp-is naxevarze meti. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom amJamad aSS-sa da ger-

maniaSi mcire biznesis sferoSi iqmneba mTliani Sida produqtis 50-52%,

18

iaponiaSi – 52-55%, safrangeTSi – 55-62%, did britaneTSi – 50-53%, itali-

aSi _ 57-60%, evrokavSiris qveynebSi – 63-67%; am seqtorSi mzaddeba da

realizdeba didi moculobis rogorc sawarmoo daniSnulebis, ise farTo

moxmarebis mravalferovani produqcia, sruldeba sxvadasxvagvari saxeob-

is momsaxurebasTan dakavSirebuli samuSaoebi da a. S. kerZod, mcire da

saSualo sawarmoebze modis mrewvelobis gayidvaTa saerTo moculobis

50%, momsaxurebis sferoSi 67%, mSeneblobasa da vaWrobaSi – 90%. aranak-

leb sayuradReboa, rom mcire biznesis sferoSi dasaqmebulia mosaxleob-

is sagrZnobi nawili. kerZod germaniaSi mcire sawarmoebSi muSaobs samuS-

ao Zalis 46%, did britaneTSi – 49%, safrangeTsa da aSS-Si -54%, ital-

iaSi – 73%, iaponiaSi – 78,8%. (SurRaia 2010:141).

pirveli werilobiTi wyaro mcire biznesis Sesaxeb gaCnda 4000 wlis

win. es iyo imis aRwera, Tu rogor iZleodnen bankirebi sesxs procentiT.

am droidan moyolebuli mewarmeebma uTvalavi dro daxarjes, raTa Tavia-

nTi produqcia da momsaxureba miewodebinaT momxmareblisaTvis. (siropo-

lisi 1996: 37)

mcire biznesi TiTqmis yvela uZveles kulturaSi yvaoda. arabebi, babi-

lonelebi, egviptelebi, ebraelebi, berZnebi, finikielebi da romaelebi

gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeodnen am saqmeSi.

1980-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi mcire biznesis prestiJma mTels msofl-

ioSi daiwyo amaRleba, rac gamowveuli iyo mis mier axali teqnologiebi-

sa da axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis unariT. amis Sedegad ki ukanaskn-

el wlebSi sul ufro metad daiwyes yuradRebis miqceva mis miRwevebsa

da SesaZleblobebze, perspeqtivebsa da problemebze.

mcire sawarmo aris warmoebis uZvelesi forma, “magram rogorc kateg-

oria, pirvelad gamoiyena britaneTis finansTa ministrma – m. milanma 1931

wels didi britaneTis samrewvelo da safinanso mdgomareobis Sesaxeb

moxsenebiT gamosvlisas. xolo aSS-Si mcire sawarmos pirveli ganmarteba

gamoCnda 1948 wels kanonSi “garkveuli saxeobis momsaxurebis Sesaxeb” da

1953 wels kanonSi `mcire biznesis Sesaxeb~. (abesaZe 2008: 10).

sworedAaRniSnul kanonSi ganisazRvra mcire biznesisaTvis sawarmoTa

mikuTvnebis Semdegi kriteriumebi: sawarmoSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba;

warmoebis wliuri moculoba; aqtivebis saboloo sabalanso Rirebuleba;

sawarmos wili bazarze.

19

zogadad SesaZlebelia mcire biznesis gansazRvrisadmi raodenobrivi,

xarisxobrivi da kombinirebuli midgomebi.

raodenobrivi gansazRvrisas xSirad iyeneben iseT advilad misaRwev

kriteriumebs, rogoricaa dasaqmebulTa raodenoba, brunva da aqtivebis

sabalanso Rirebuleba. miuxedavad imisa, rom raodenobrivi parametrebiT

mcire biznesis gansazRvra farTodaa gavrcelebuli, misi cvlileba sak-

maod xSiria erTi qveynis farglebSic ki. es aixsneba rogorc amocanaTa

farTo speqtriT, romelTaTvisac gamoiyeneba formaluri gansazRvrebebi,

ise sxvadasxva qveynebsa da regionebSi ekonomikis ganviTarebis sxvadasx-

va doniTac. am obieqtur faqtorebs SeiZleba daematos ama Tu im mkvleva-

rTa an politikosTa subieqturi warmodgenebi mcire biznesze. raodenob-

rivi kriteriumebis mTavari dadebiTi mxare aris maTi gamoyenebis simar-

tive. uaryofiTi mxarea Teoriuli bazis arqona, romelic gansazRvravs

ama Tu im kriteriumis arCevisa da misi gazomvis sazRvrebs. amasTan daka-

vSirebiT rTuldeba maTi SedarebiTi analizi.

mcire biznesis gansazRvris xarisxobriv maCveneblebs SeiZleba mivaku-

TvnoT: warmoebuli produqciis (teqnologiis, momsaxurebis, nou-hau) Se-

darebiT mcire raodenoba; SedarebiT SezRuduli resursebi da simZlav-

reebi (kapitali, adamianuri resursebi da a.S.); marTvis SedarebiT nakleb-

ad ganviTarebuli sistemebi, administraciuli procedurebi da teqnolo-

giebi, rac aucilebelia kompaniis strategiuli Sefasebisa da kontroli-

saTvis; ara sistemuri menejmenti. am midgomis dadebiTi mxareebia misi Te-

oriuli dasabuTebuloba da sxvadasxva xarisxobrivi kriteriumebis mxed-

velobaSi miRebis SesaZlebloba. uaryofiTi mxare praqtikaSi gamoyeneb-

is sirTules ukavSirdeba, rac Sidasafirmo informaciis miRebis sirTu-

leebiTaa gamowveuli.

kombinirebuli midgomis damaxasiaTebel magaliTs warmoadgensDmcire

firmebis gansazRvra, romelic did britaneTSi 1971 wels SemoTavazebul

iqna boltonis komitetis mier.am angariSSi mocemuli iyo mcire firmebis

gansazRvris pirveli seriozuli mcdeloba. komitetis Tanaxmad mcire

firmebs unda daekmayofilebinaT Semdegi pirobebi: saqmianobis sferoTi

bazarze unda daekavebinaT SedarebiT mcire wili; firmis marTva unda ga-

nxorcielebuliyo misi mflobelis mier piradad; firma unda yofiliyo

damoukidebeli da ara msxvili sawarmos nawili.

20

siZneleebi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom mrewvelobaSi miRebuli kriteri-

umis, kerZod, dasaqmebulTa raodenobis gamoyeneba SeuZlebeli iqneboda

sxva dargebSi, vTqvaT sacalo vaWrobaSi sadac savsebiT gansxvavebuli

kriteriumebia saWiro. `boltonis angariSis~ mixedviT, mcire sawarmos

gansazRvrisaTvis Semdegi kriteriumebi iqna miRebuli: mrewvelobaSi, mSe-

neblobasa da samTo saqme/damuSavebaSi _ dasaqmebulTa raodenoba; sac-

alo vaWrobaSi, sabiTumo vaWrobaSi, avtomobilebiT vaWrobasa da momsa-

xurebaSi _ brunvis moculoba; sagzao transportSi _ satransporto saS-

ualebaTa raodenoba. (abesaZe . . . 2008:11).

mcire sawarmos gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gadaWris

kidev erTi mcdelobaa amerikeli mkvlevarebis mier SemoTavazebuli mci-

re sawarmos ganmarteba, romlis mixedviTac, isini ar unda warmoadgendn-

en dominants TavianT sferoSi, amasTan maTi wliuri realizaciis mocu-

loba da dasaqmebulTa raodenoba unda iyos mcire amave dargis sxva

firmebTan mimarTebaSi. aSS-Si ganasxvaveben ori tipis mcire sawarmos:

mcire sawarmoebs, romelTac gafarToebis SesaZlebloba ar gaaCniaT da

romelTac `sicocxlis uzrunvelmyof~ sawarmoebs uwodeben, da mcire sa-

warmoebs, romlebic sawyis etapze iqmneba mcire kapitalis dabandebiT,

Semdgom misi gafarToebis mizniT. Ees ukanasknelni miekuTvnebian “swraf-

ad ganviTarebad~ sawarmoebs.

amJamad aSS-Si `mcire biznesis Sesaxeb~ federaluri kanonis Tanaxmad

mcire sawarmo aris firma, romelsac erTi an ramdenime mepatrone hyavs,

dasaqmebulTa raodenoba ar aRemateba 500 kacs, aqtivebis moculoba 5

mln aSS dolars da wliuri mogeba 2 mln aSS dolars. dasaqmebulTa ra-

odenobis mixedviT sawarmoebi Semdegnairad iyofa:

1 _ 24 dasaqmebuli _ umciresi;

25 _ 99 dasaqmebuli _ mcire;

100 _ 499 dasaqmebuli _ Sualeduri;

500 _999 dasaqmebuli _ msxvili;

1000 da meti dasaqmebuli _ umsxvilesi. (CuTlaSvili 2006:3)

unda aRiniSnos, rom amerikaSi zogierT dargSi mcire biznesis zomis

ganmsazRvreli parametria dasaqmebulTa raodenoba, xolo zogierTisaTv-

is brunvis moculoba. magaliTad, aseTi dargebia mSenebloba, vaWroba,

momsaxurebis sfero.

21

germaniaSi federaluri klasifikatoris mixedviT mcire sawarmod iTv-

leba firma, romelsac marTavs iuridiulad damoukidebeli mepatrone da

romelic uSualod monawileobs warmoebis procesSi, mTlianad iRebs Ta-

vis Tavze ekonomikur riskebs da TviTonve afinansebs Tavis saqmianobas

kreditebis mozidvis gareSe.

gaerTianebul samefoSi mcire biznesis subieqtad sawarmos mikuTvnebis

sakiTxi efuZneba brunvisa da dasaqmebulTa maCveneblebs. umcires sawar-

mod iTvleba firma, sadac dasaqmebulTa raodenoba 1-25 adamiania;Mmcire

sawarmod ki iTvleba firma 25-50 dasaqmebuliT. amasTan gadamamuSavebel

warmoebaSi mcired iTvleba sawarmo, sadac 200-ze naklebi kaci muSaobs,

maSin roca vaWrobaSi mcire bizness miekuTvneba 400 aTas funtze

naklebi moculobis brunvis mqone subieqti. `kompaniebis Sesaxeb~ kanonis

Tanaxmad mcire sawarmo unda akmayofilebdes qvemoT CamoTvlil krite-

riumTagan 2-s mainc:

• brunva wlis ganmavlobaSi;

• aqtivebi _ araumetes 1,5 mln funti;

• dasaqmebulTa raodenoba _ 50-ze naklebi.

ruseTis federaciaSi mcire sawarmos cnebam garkveuli ganviTareba ga-

iara. Aaq mcire mewarmeoba nebadarTuli gaxda 1988 wlidan da maSin mci-

re sawarmod iTvleboda saxelmwifo sawarmo, sadac dasaqmebulTa saSua-

lo wliuri maCvenebeli ar aRemateboda 100 adamians. SemdgomSi mcire

biznesis subieqtad mikuTvnebis kriteriumebi araerTxel Seicvala da am-

Jamad mcire sawarmos kriteriumad aRebulia dasaqmebulTa raodenoba:

mrewvelobaSi, transportsa da mSeneblobaSi _ 100; soflis meurneobaSi

_ 60; sabiTumo vaWrobaSi _ 50; sacalo vaWrobasa da sayofacxovrebo mom-

saxurebaSi _ 30 kacamde. AamasTan mcire biznesis subieqtad iTvlebian

komerciuli organizaciebi, romelTa:

1. sawesdebo kapitalSi ruseTis federaciis, federaciis subieqteb-

is, sazogadoebrivi da religiuri organizaciebis, saqvelmoqmedo orga-

nizaciebis da sxvaTa xvedriTi wili ar aRemateba 25%-s.

2. sawesdebo kapitalSi erTi an ramdenime iuridiuli piris sakuTre-

baSi arsebuli sawarmos (ar warmoadgens mcire biznesis subieqts) xved-

riTi wili ar aRemateba 25%-s.

22

3. momuSaveebis raodenoba saangariSo periodSi ar aRemateba Semdeg

zRvrul parametrebs:

• 100 adamiani _ mrewveloba, mSenebloba da transporti;

• 60 adamiani _ soflis meurneoba da samecniero-teqnikuri

sfero;

• 50 adamiani _ sabiTumo vaWroba;

• 30 adamiani _ vaWroba da momsaxureba;

• 50 adamiani _ sxva dargebi da saqmianoba. (CuTlaSvili

2006:4).

ruseTis federaluri kanonis “mcire mewarmeobis mxardaWeris Sesaxeb”

mixedviT mcire biznesis subieqtad iTvleba agreTve is fizikuri piric,

romelic samewarmeo saqmianobas eweva iuridiul pirad dafuZnebis gare-

Se.

saqarTveloSi 2002 wlis 4 ivliss miRebuli kanoniT `mcire sawarmoTa

mxardaWeris Sesaxeb~ mcire sawarmod iTvleboda yvela saxis organizaci-

ul-samarTlebrivi formis sawarmo, romelSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba ar

aRemateboda 20 kacs da wliuri brunva Seadgenda 500 000 lars. aRniSnu-

li kanoni gauqmda 2006 wels da 2011 wlamde saqarTveloSi ar moqmedebda

normatiuli aqti, romelic gaiTvaliswinebda mcire biznesis ganviTareb-

is xelSewyobas. TumcaRa kanonSi `saqarTvelos erovnuli sainvesticio

saagentos Sesaxeb~ mocemuli iyo mxolod mcire biznesis definicia.

2011 wlis pirveli ianvridan saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsSi Se-

tanili cvlilebebis Tanaxmad, mcire bizness miekuTvneba fizikuri piris

saqmianoba, romlis wliuri brunvac ar aRemateba 100 aTas lars.

rogorc msoflio da samamulo praqtika mowmobs ZiriTad kriterial-

ur maCvenebels, ris safuZvelzec warmoebs sxvadsxva organizaciuli fo-

rmis sawarmoTa mcire mewarmeobis subieqtebze mikuTvneba aris saangari-

So periodSi dasaqmebulTa saerTo raodenoba. TumcaRa arsebobs sxva

zogadi maCveneblebi, romelTa mixedviTac sameurneo saqmianobis subieq-

tebi miekuTvnebian mcire mewarmeobis subieqtebs. Eesenia: personalis rao-

denoba, sawesdebo kapitalis odenoba, aqtivebis sidide, brunvis moculo-

ba.

msoflio bankis monacemebiT maCvenebelTa saerTo ricxvi, romelTa mi-

xedviTac xdeba sawarmoebis mcire sameurneo subieqtebze mikuTvneba,

23

aWarbebs 50-s. Tumca yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebul kriteriums warmoadge-

ns Semdegi: sawarmoSi dasaqmebulTa saerTo ricxvi, yovelwliuri brunva

da aqtivebis sidide. (lapusta . . .1998:5), magram yvela ganviTarebul qveya-

naSi mcire sameurneo subieqtad sawarmos mikuTvnebis ZiriTad kriteriu-

ms warmoadgens momuSaveTa raodenoba. 2003 wlis 6 maiss evrokomisiam mii-

Ro mikro, mcire da saSualo biznesis garCevis axali kriteriumebi, rom-

lebic ZalaSi 2005 wlis 1 ianvridan Sevida da romlis Tanaxmadac Camo-

yalibda Semdegnairi klasifikacia:

saSualo sawarmo _ dasaqmebulTa zRvari 50-249 adamiani, brunva 50

mln evromde weliwadSi; balansi 43 mln evromde;

mcire sawarmo _ dasaqmebulTa zRvari 10-49 adamiani; brunva 10 mln

evromde weliwadSi; balansi 10 mln evromde;

mikro sawarmo _ dasaqmebulTa raodenoba 10 kacze naklebi; brunva 2

mln evromde weliwadSi; balansi 2 mln evro.

rogorc Cans mcire biznesis kriteriumebis da am kriteriumebis raod-

enobrivi sididis sworad gansazRvra metad rTulia. Cven veTanxmebiT

profesorebis r. abesaZisa da e. Kkakulias Sexedulebas imis Taobaze,

rom mcire biznesze sawarmoebis mikuTvnebisas unda vixelmZRvaneloT ara

romelime sxva qveynis maCveneblebiT, aramed aucilebelia gaviTvaliswin-

oT qveynis masStabebi da misi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done, aseve darg-

obrivi Taviseburebebi. `kerZod, unda gamoviangariSoT erT sawarmoze mo-

sul maCvenebelTa _ dasaqmebulTa raodenoba, realizebuli produqciis

wliuri moculoba _ sidideebi. saSualoze naklebi sididis mqone sawar-

moebi unda mivakuTvnoT mcire sawarmoebs, saSualo maCveneblebis mqone

sawarmoebi – saSualo sawarmoebs, xolo saSualoze maRali maCveneble-

bis mqone sawarmoebi _msxvil sawarmoebs. Mmcire biznesisadmi sawarmoTa

mikuTvnebis kriteriumebis sididis gadamowmeba unda xdebodes qveynis

ekonomikis ganviTarebis, qveyanaSi mimdinare socialur-ekonomikuri cvli-

lebebis Sesabamisad, igi SeiZleba moicavdes 5-10 wlian intervals.~ (abe-

saZe. . . 2008:16).

amasTan migvaCnia, rom saqarTveloSi dReisaTvis ekonomikuri ganviTa-

rebisa da socialuri mdgomareobis arsebuli donidan gamomdinare, dag-

vianebulic ki iyo `mikro sawarmos~ cnebis SemoReba. Cveni SexedulebiT

saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da ekonomikuri zrdis

24

donidan gamomdinare umjobesi iqneboda mikro sawarmos daekmayofilebina

Semdegi kriteriumebi: dasaqmebulTa raodenoba 1-5 adamiani da wliuri

brunva 100-150 aTasi lari. Ees saxelmwifos daexmareboda mcire biznesTan

dakavSirebiT swori ekonomikuri politikisa da mxardamWer RonisZiebaTa

kompleqsis gatarebaSi, raTa mcire biznesma realurad SeZlos Tavisi wv-

lilis Setana qveynis mTliani Sida produqtis struqturaSi.

erovnul ekonomikaSi mcire biznesis adgili ganisazRvreba mis mier

arCeuli da ganxorcielebuli strategiiT. strategia aris organizaciis

saqmianobis mTavari mimarTuleba, romelic uzrunvelyofs dasaxuli miz-

nebis miRwevas. biznesis strategia aris im wesebis erToblioba, romlis

mixedviTac yalibdeba sawarmos damokidebuleba mis gareT arsebul gare-

mosTan, romelic ganapirobebs, Tu ra saxis produqciasa da teqnologias

daamuSavebs, sad da visTan gaasaRebs Tavis produqcias, rogor miaRwevs

konkurentul upiratesobas.

gamoyofen mcire sawarmoTa ekonomikuri strategiis sxvadasxva tipe-

bs.Eesenia: violenturi, patienturi (niSis Semqmneli), komutanturi (Semgu-

ebluri), eqsplerentuli (pioneruli). (abesaZe . . . 2008: 24).

violenturi strategia eyrdnoba konkurencias dabali warmoebis dana-

xarjebis safuZvelze; am dros iwarmoeba saSualo xarisxis standartuli

produqcia.

patientur strategias irCeven mcire sawarmoebi, romlebsac gadawyve-

tili aqvT maRali xarisxis produqciis warmoebaze daspecialeba, romel-

ic orientirebulia specifikur moTxovnaze da dominirebs bazris viwro

segmentze.

komutaturi strategiis SerCevisas mcire firmebi orientacias iReben

mcire moculobis xanmokle moTxovnebis dakmayofilebaze. amdenad maT

moTxovnilebis cvlilebis Sesabamisad, xSirad uwevT saqmianobis saxeeb-

is Secvla.

eqsplerentuli strategia damaxasiaTebelia inovaciuri firmebisaT-

vis. mcire sawarmoebi aseTi strategiiT orientirebulni arian axali pr-

oduqciisa da teqnologiis SemuSavebaze, maT danergvasa da amis safuZve-

lze maRali mogebis miRebaze.

Tuki gaerTiandebian mcire sawarmoebi, romlebic icaven zemoT dasa-

xelebuli oTxi tipis strategias erTi bazris SigniT, maSin konkurent-

25

ul garemos eqneba Semdegi saxe: dargis safuZvels warmoadgens mcire sa-

warmoebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen moTxovnis ZiriTad nawils, saSualo

xarisxis standartizebuli produqciis warmoebiT. diferencirebuli

moTxovnis sabazro niSebi Seivseba mcire sawarmoebiT, romelTa strateg-

ia patienturia. dargis ekonomikur dinamikas uzrunvelyofs mcire sawar-

moebi eqsplerentuli strategiiT, romlebic SeimuSaveben produqciisa da

teqnologiis axal saxeobas; aJiotaJuri moTxovnisa da moTxovna-miwodeb-

is droebiTi daubalanseblobisas dargSi gamoCndeba mcire sawarmoebi

komutanturi strategiiT, romlebic upiratesad savaWro-saSuamavlo fir-

mebia da romelTac izidavs bazarze damatebiTi mogebis SesaZlebloba.

amdenad, dargis dabalanseba sxvadasxva strategiebis mqone mcire sawa-

rmoebiT, qmnis jansaR konkurenciul garemos. Kkonkurencia ki aris eko-

nomikis zrdisa da ganviTarebis umZlavresi faqtori. Aamgvarad mcire fi-

rmebs SeswevT unari dargSi jansaRi konkurenciuli garemos Seqmnisa.

sabazro meqanizmis sferoSi mcire biznesis roli imaSi vlindeba, rom

igi axerxebs brZolas monopoliasTan, rasac aRwevs cvalebad sazogado-

ebriv moTxovnaze swrafi reagirebis SesaZleblobiT.

mcire biznesis amocanaa, xeli Seuwyos saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

srulyofili bazris Camoyalibebas. igi uyaris sabazro sistemis pirvel-

wyaro, romelic funqcionirebs ekonomikis nebismier seqtorSi da mniSvne-

lovnad gansazRvravs ekonomikuri zrdis tempebs, mTliani erovnuli pro-

duqtis struqturas, dasaqmebis zrdas, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis axali

saxeebis warmoSobasa da momxmarebelze miwodebas.

1.2.1.2.1.2.1.2. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis ekonomikuri damcire biznesis ganviTarebis ekonomikuri damcire biznesis ganviTarebis ekonomikuri damcire biznesis ganviTarebis ekonomikuri da

socialuri aspeqtebisocialuri aspeqtebisocialuri aspeqtebisocialuri aspeqtebi

Cvens qveyanaSi jer kidev araerTi problemaa, romlebic vlindeba sa-

zogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoebSi, maT Soris ekonomikaSi.

ekonomikuri reformebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes mimarTulebas warm-

oadgens mcire sawarmoTa ganviTareba, rac ganapirobebs sabazro konkure-

nciuli garemos ganviTarebas, samomxmareblo bazris Sevsebas saqonliTa

26

da momsaxurebiT, axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas, mesakuTreTa farTo

wris formirebas.

mcire biznesis sameurneo praqtika imyofeba mizez-Sedegobriv damoki-

debulebaSi Tanamedrove warmoebis specializaciasa da saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis diferenciaciasTan. Eekonomikuri manevrireba, gadawyvetile-

bis miRebis moqniloba, teritoriul-sivrciTi mobiluroba mcire biz-

nesis arsebobas aucilebels xdis Tanamedrove postindustrialur sazo-

gadoebaSi.

mcire bizness aqvs imdenad sasicocxlo mniSvneloba, rom ekonomikis

mxolod umniSvnelo nawils SeuZlia misi produqciisa da momsaxurebis

gareSe arseboba. G

mcire biznesi axorcielebs rig ekonomikur da socialur amocanebs.

sxvadasxva donis biujetebSi gadasaxadebis Caricxvis garda, mcire bizne-

si aviTarebs ekonomikur seqtors, qmnis damatebiT samuSao adgilebs, ga-

napirobebs konkurencias.

mcire mewarmeobis adgili da roli civilizebul sabazro ekonomikaSi

ganisazRvreba Semdegi funqciebiT:

• mcire biznesi gvevlineba ekonomikis mniSvnelovan seqtorad.

mcire biznesis sawarmoebi ufro mdgradia gare cvlilebebTan. 90-iani

wlebis dasawyisSi ekonomikis saerTo dacemis periodSi swored mcire

biznesisagan iqna gaweuli mxardaWera qveynis ekonomikisaTvis, rodesac

saWiro iyo axal sabazro pirobebTan adaptacia. Mmsxvilma saxelmwifo

sawarmoebma ver gauZles konkurencias, moxda maTi daSla da privatizeba.

amdenad mcire biznesi avlens Tavis moqnilobas, sicocxlisunarianobas,

axasiaTebs ra bazris moTxovnaze swrafi reagirebis unari, specializa-

ciis maRali xarisxi, perspeqtiuli mimarTulebiT resursebis mobilizac-

iis SesaZlebloba.

• mcire biznesi warmoadgens sagadasaxado SemosulobaTa

erT-erT umniSvnelovanes wyaros; mcire biznesi monawileobs yvela donis

biujetebis formirebaSi. Ggarda imisa, rom mcire sawarmoebi TavianTi Se-

mosavlebidan biujetSi ricxaven Tanxebs, axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmn-

iT, rac warmoadgens mosaxleobis Semosavlis wyaros, xels uwyoben fi-

zikuri pirebidanac gadasaxadebis amoRebas.

27

• Bmcire biznesi mniSvnelovania organizaciuli kulturisa da

unar-Cvevebis dauflebis TvalsazrisiT. mcire sawarmoSi yalibdeba fas-

eulobaTa sistema, rac biznesis filosofiisa da mrwamsis safuZvelia.

socialuri faqtorebi, principebi, tradiciebi, samuSao procedurebi mima-

rTulia organizaciis miznebis ganxorcielebisa da strategiis realiz-

aciisaken.

• Mmcire biznesi metad mniSvnelovan funqcias asrulebs ekono-

mikis inovaciuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. Tanamedrove pirobebSi ino-

vaciebi miCneulia ekonomikis ganviTarebis strategiis erT-erT umTavres

elementad, rogorc nacionalur, ise saerTaSoriso doneze.

saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisad inovacia aris investirebis

Sedegi axal gamogonebebsa da codnis miRebaSi, romelic adre ar gamoi-

yeneboda adamianTa cxovrebis sferoebis gasaaxleblad da misi Semdgomi

danergvis procesi, romelsac moaqvs damatebiTi faseuloba mogebis, wins-

vlis, prioritetis, Zireuli gaumjobesebis, xarisxobrivi amaRlebis an

progresis saxiT. inovaciebi gulisxmobs ara mxolod teqnikur-teqnolo-

giur siaxleebs, aramed siaxleebs sociumis arsebobis organizaciul

formebSi, rogoricaa: ganaTleba, marTva, Sromis organizacia, momsaxure-

ba, informatizacia, mecniereba da sxva.

Tanamedrove sabazro procesebi xasiaTdeba segmentaciis maRali xaris-

xiT, rac mcire sawarmoTa inovaciur aqtivobas gansakuTrebiT aqtiurs

xdis. Mmasiuri bazrebis epoqa ukan ixevs da dReisaTvis biznesis tendenc-

iaTa ganmsazrvreli faqtorebi xdeba momxmarebelTa moTxovnebis mraval-

ferovneba da cvalebadoba. iqmneba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis axali baz-

rebi, romelTa tevadobac umniSvneloa. Mmcire swarmoebs SeuZliaT swra-

fad da moqnilad reagireba momxmarebelTa moTxovnaze, axdenen wvrilse-

riuli, unikaluri da specifikuri produqciis miwodebas calkeul sabaz-

ro segmentebze. sabazro ekonomikisa da konkurenciis pirobebSi mcire bi-

znesis sawarmoebs uxdebaT siaxleebis danergva, raTa gazardon Semosav-

lebi da mogeba. mewarmeebi yovelTvis miiswrafvian individualobisaken

da swored es miswrafeba ganapirobebs maTi codnis farglebis gafarToe-

bas. yvela sawarmos ar SeuZlia fuladi saSualebebis dabandeba inovaci-

ur saqmianobaSi, amitomac TviTon cdiloben Semdgomi ganviTarebis SesaZ-

28

leblobebisa da perspeqtivebis SemuSavebas. ideebi warmoadgens maT “sasa-

qonlo maragebs”.

aseTi SemuSavebebis ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebelia kompaniis Semo-

qmedebiT potencialze dayrdnoba, aseve klientis moTxovnilebaTa codna

da gamocnobac ki.

mcire biznesi SemTxveviT ar aris arCeuli inovaciuri ganviTarebis

fundamentad, amas ganapirobebs Semdegi mizezebi:

- mecnieruli damuSavebebi mcire firmebSi warmoebs maqsimaluri inten-

sivobiT, vinaidan yvela Zalisxmeva mimarTulia erTi proeqtisaken;

- mcire firmebSi marTvis aparati mcirea, rac amcirebs zednadeb xarj-

ebs da Tavidan icilebs iseT biurokratiul momentebsa da SeTanxmebebs,

romlebic amcireben mecnierul-kvleviT samuSaoTa efeqtianobas msxvil

kompaniebSi;

- mcire firmebi, Cveulebriv, ukeTesad xedaven bazris ganviTarebis te-

ndenciebs, romlebic axloa momxmarebelTa moTxovnebTan, rac warmoebas

xdis ufro moqnils.

• Mmcire bizness aqvs didi socialur-ekonomikuri roli.

am mxriv SeiZleba gamovyoT misi Semdegi upiratesobebi:

- mesakuTreTa ricxvis zrda, rac ganapirobebs saSualo klasis formi-

rebas da rac warmoadgens demokratiul sazogadoebaSi politikuri

stabilurobis umTavres garants;

- ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxvis gazrda, rac adidebs mo-

qalaqeTa Semosavlebs da aTanabrebs sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebis

keTildReobaSi arsebul disproporciebs;

- yvelaze energiul, saqmis SemZle individTa warmoCena, romlebisTvis-

ac mcire biznesi xdeba TviTrealizaciis pirveli safexuri;

- SedarebiT dabali danaxarjebiT axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna; ga-

nsakuTrebiT momsaxurebis sferoSi;

- profesiaTa SeTavsebis uzrunvelyofa;

- saxelmwifo seqtoridan gamoTavisuflebuli, aseve socialurad sxve-

bze damokidebuli mosaxleobis jgufebis (ltolvilebi, invalidebi,

axalgazrdebi, qalebi) warmomadgenelTa samuSaoze mowyoba.

Cvenis azriT mcire biznesis sawarmoebSi SedarebiT mcire personali

ganapirobebs msxvil kompaniebTan SedarebiT SromiTi koleqtivis did

29

erTsulovnebas. es kidev ufro aZlierebs motivacias da dadebiTad aisa-

xeba kompaniis Sromis Sedegebze.Uunda aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad mcire

biznesSi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis SedarebiT maRali tempebisa, Sromis

anazRaurebis done msxvil sawarmoebTan SedarebiT dabalia, rac gamowve-

ulia mewarmeTa ekonomiurobiTa da SedarebiT dabali SemosavlianobiT.

mcire sawarmoTa mesakuTreebi ufro iltvian fulis Senaxvisa da inves-

tirebisaken, maT yovelTvis aqvT motivaciis maRali done warmatebis miR-

wevaSi.

TumcaRa, rogorc praqtika gviCvenebs, mcire sawarmoTaTvis damaxasia-

Tebelia naklovanebebic, romelTagan SeiZleba gamoiyos Semdegi:

- riskis maRali done, ris gamoc maRalia bazarze aramdgradi mdgoma-

reobis xarisxi;

- msxvil kompaniebze damokidebuleba;

- sakuTari saqmis marTvaSi naklovanebebi;

- xelmZRvanelTa susti kompetenturoba;

- meurneobriobis pirobebis cvlilebebze maRali mgrZnobeloba;

- siZneleebi damatebiTi finansuri saSualebebisa da kreditebis mire-

baSi;

- xelSekrulebaTa dadebisas sameurneo partniorebis daurwmunebloba

da gaufrTxilebloba da a.S.

mcire biznesiT dakavebul sawarmoTa dayofa SesaZlebelia or jguf-

ad, romelTac aqvT sxvadasxva funqciebi da Sesabamisi Sedegebi. es aris

sawarmoebi, romelTa saqmianobac mimarTulia ekonomikis intensiur da

eqstensiur ganviTarebaze.

intensiuri mimarTulebis mcire sawarmoebi mZlavr impulss aZleven

msxvil sawarmoTa ganviTarebas, swored aq yalibdeba globaluri struq-

turuli cvlilebebis safuZveli.

saxelmwifos mier mizanmimarTulad arCeul prioritetul sferoebSi

mcire sainovacio sawarmoTa gafarToeba mowodebulia mecnierul-teqniku-

ri garRvevis momzadebisaTvis, gasaRebis bazrebze produqciis axali sax-

eebis aprobirebisaTvis, teqnologiuri procesebis gamarTvisaTvis, msxvi-

li sawarmoebisaTvis kadrebis gadamzadebis ZiriTadi sakiTxebis SemuSa-

vebisaTvis. Đintensiuri mcire ekonomika aris poligoni mecnierul-teqni-

kuri politikis yvela aspeqtis damuSavebisaTvis. G

30

globaluri cvlilebebisas ekonomikaSi ver xerxdeba yvela wvrilmanis

gaTvaliswineba. am naklis Sevsebas uzrunvelyofs eqstensiuri mimarTu-

lebis mcire sawarmoebi. mocemuli mimarTulebis mcire sawarmoebi axor-

cieleben patara dasaxlebuli punqtebis, Soreuli raionebis bazrebis

axali saqonliT Sevsebas.

yovel msxvil struqturul cvlilebas ekonomikaSi Tan axlavs sawar-

moebidan TanamSromelTa masiuri gaTavisufleba, maTi gadamzadeba da ax-

al samuSao adgilebze mozidva. Aam periodSi socialuri saxis konfliq-

tebis tvirTis mniSvnel;ovani nawili, droebiTi dasaqmebis uzrunvelyo-

fa, eqstensiuri tipis mcire sawarmoTa prerogativaa. Aam SemTxvevaSi isi-

ni gvevlinebian sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis stabilizatoris funqciis

Semsruleblebad.

unda aRiniSnos, rom msxvili warmoeba ar upirispirdeba mcire mewar-

meebs, rac warmoadgens ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi mci-

re biznesis warmatebulad ganviTarebis erT-erT mizezs. ganviTarebul

qveynebSi moqmedebs msxvil da mcire sawarmoTa kooperirebis principis

kultivireba, amasTan msxvili sawarmoebi ar Trgunaven mcire firmebs,

ufro metic isini erTmaneTs avseben, gansakuTrebiT calkeuli warmoebe-

bisa da inovaciur SemuSavebaTa specializaciis sferoSi. SemTxveviTi ar

aris, rom magaliTad aSS-Si 10 axali gamogonebidan 9 ibadeba mcire fir-

mebSi. (siropolisi 1997: 65).

unda aRiniSnos. rom msxvili da mcire warmoeba Tundac erTi terito-

riis an dargis farglebSi, rogorc wesi ar aris urTierTSemcvleli.

romelime maTganis gareSe arseboba niSnavs ekonomikis garkveuli ujred-

is sicarieles, rac aisaxeba warmoebis efeqtianobis daqveiTebaze. msxvi-

li, saSualo da mcire sawarmoebi avseben erTmaneTs da qmnian ekonomikis

erT mTlian organizms.

Cvenis azriT rTulia gavTvaloT ekonomikis ganviTarebis mdgradoba,

Tuki masSi ar SeuZliaT ganviTareba konkurenciul sawyisebs, an msxvili

da mcire biznesis arsebobas paralelurad. Amas mcire biznesi mihyavs

raRac savaWro-saSuamavlo operaciebis Semsruleblamde, rac dRevandeli

saqarTvelosTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, xolo msxvili biznesi ki praqtiku-

lad wydeba erovnuli ekonomikis moTxovnebs da gadadis msoflio baz-

ris moTxovnilebaTa momsaxurebaze.

31

sul sxvanairi situaciaa qveynebSi, sadac Camoyalibebulia msxvili da

mcire biznesis myari kavSirebi. sainteresoa msxvil kompaniaTa mcire sa-

warmoebad danawevrebisadmi Sigasafirmo midgomebi.Aamis magaliTad xSi-

rad moyavT germaniis saavtomobilo mrewveloba, msxvili iaponuri konce-

rnebi, romelTac hyavT submonardeebis ganviTarebuli qseli, romelSic

Sedian aTasobiT mcire da uwvrilesi sawarmoebi. ase magaliTad iaponiis

damamuSavebel mrewvelobaSi 750 aTasi qarxanaa, maTgan 70% - mcire sawar-

moebia, romlebSic 1-dan 9-mde kaci muSaobs, xolo 10%-Si ki 10-dan 20-mde

TanamSromelia. (samadaSvili al 2009: 142).

iaponiis saavtomobilo gigantebSi Togota-s da honda-s markis avto-

mobilebs awyoben, maTTvis saWiro detalebisa da kvanZebis damzadeba ki

aTeul aTasobiT mcire da saSualo sawarmoSi xdeba. magaliTad im sa-

warmoSi, romelSic hondasaTvis saWiro plastmasis detalebi mzaddeba,

sul 9 adamiani amzadebs, romelsac Sesabamisi sawarmo sakuTar saxlSi

aqvs mowyobili. igi misi mepatronecaa da erTdroulad erTaderTi mudmi-

vi muSakic. miuxadavad imisa, rom igi sul or Carxs flobs, iseT pres-

formebs uSvebs, romlebic srulad pasuxobs `hondas~ yvela moTxovnebs.

es SesaZlebelia vinaidan dasamzadeblad saWiro umaRlesi xarisxis masa-

lebis miwodeba xdeba Sveciidan, sadac mas ufro msxvili qarxnebi uSveb-

en. (samadaSvili a. 2009: 145).

rogorc gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, ZiriTadi gamogonebebi erTnairi six-

SiriT xdeba rogorc mcire sawarmoebSi da calkeuli pirebis mier, aseve

msxvil sawarmoebSi. sawarmoTa zomebi nakleb gavlenas axdens gamokvle-

vaTa intensiurobaze. magaliTad msoflioSi sayofacxovrebo eleqtro

mowyobilobaTa umsxvilesi mwarmoebeli `jeneral eleqtriki~ mcire saw-

armoebs miakuTvnebs mraval ideas, maT Soris eleqtrotosterebis, samza-

reulos qurebis, macivrebis, WurWlis sarecxi manqanis, mtversasrutis

gamogonebas. Mmcire sawarmoebma da calkeulma pirebma Seqmnes persona-

luri kompiuteri, uJangavi foladis saparsi saSualeba, tranzistoruli

mimRebi, fotomakopirebeli manqana, reaqtiuli Zrava, momentaluri foto-

grafia. maTma gamogonebebma mogvca Cven vertmfremi, kondicioneri, celo-

fani da burTuliani kalamic ki.(siropolisi 1996: 27).

msxvili sawarmoebi iSviaTad iTviseben gamogonebebsa da siaxleebs. is-

ini aRiareben maT, magram ar SeuZliaT yoveli axali gamogonebis danerg-

32

va sawarmoSi mxolod imitom, rom is arsebulze ukeTesia. Đisini cdilo-

ben daicadon manamde sanam axali xerxebi da produqcia ar gamoiwvevs

fasebis mkveTr zrdas. maTTvis ufro misaRebia fundamenturi kvleva-dam-

uSavebebi axali teqnologiebis sferoSi, originaluri ideebis materia-

luri xorcSesxma ki SedarebiT momcro novatori firmebis saqme ufroa.

sayovelTao tendencias warmoadgens is, rom siaxleTa raodenobis Sefar-

deba danaxarjebisadmi samecniero kvlevebze mcire da saSualo firmebSi

3-4-jer ufro maRalia, vidre msxvil firmebSi. xSirad siaxleebi, romle-

bsac iyeneben msxvili sawarmoebi aris wvrili da saSualo, maT Soris

inJiniringuli, venCuruli da damnergavi firmebis inovaciuri saqmianobis

Sedegi. (masuraSvili 2008:23)

Mmcire bizness SeuZlia samecniero-kvleviT samuSaoTa Sedegebis dan-

ergva maRali riskis fonze. Pperspeqtiul teqnologiebze sakuTrebis uf-

lebis wyalobiT mcire mewarmeebs SeuZliaT am uflebis miyidva msxvil

daintersebul kompaniebze, an SeTanxmebis Sedegad maTTan Serwyma. moqni-

lobisa da cvalebad pirobebTan adaptirebis unaris wyalobiT maT SeuZ-

liaT inovaciuri procesis sawyisi etapis aTviseba da msxvili biznesisa-

Tvis, romelsac gaaCnia finansuri da sawarmoo SesaZleblobebi, axali

inovaciebis dasanergad niadagis momzadeba.

yvelaferi es erTis mxriv, qmnis msxvili da mcire biznesis SeTanaw-

yobis pirobebs, meores mxriv, ki mcire sawarmoebs uyalibebs imis rwmen-

as, rom maTi produqcia, maTi nou-hau aucileblad iqneba moxmarebu-

li.Dda ramdenadac msxvili kompaniebi warmoadgenen msoflio bazris ope-

ratorebs, bunebrivia isini Rebuloben inovaciur impulsebsa da cdilob-

en maT translirebas. Aamdenad mcire bizness uCndeba imis moTxovnileba,

rom drois moTxovnebis Sesabamisad gamarTuli nabiji SeinarCunos, gana-

axlos Tavisi teqnologiebi da a.S.

sameurneo praqtikasa da mecnierebaSi aRiarebulia, rom msxvili sameu-

rneo struqturebis transformaciis rTulma procesma, romelic arsebiT-

ad gamowveuli iyo konkurenciis zrdiT, bevri axali organizaciuli da

ekonomikuri problema daayena. aseT viTarebaSi msxvili struqturebi iZu-

lebulni arian eZebon situaciur moTxovnebze srulad morgebisa da ada-

ptirebis gzebi. Bgaurkveveloba da bazrebis fragmentaciis gaZliereba

maT aiZulebs moqnili sameurneo meqanizmebiT moqmedebas.

33

sabazro subieqtebis “TamaSis wesebSi” seriozuli koreqtivebi, rac

gamowveulia samomxmareblo interesebis gafarToebiT, momxmarebelTa

individualizaciis procesis gaZlierebiT, amaRlebs bazarze mcire fir-

maTa moqmedebis SesaZleblobebs. maT aqvT manevrirebis saSualeba, rac

gamoixateba produqciis axali wvrilseriuli tipebis aTvisebaSi, moZrav,

mravalfunqciur samuSao ZalaSi, marketingSi da a.S. magram aseT situaci-

aSi mcire sawarmoTa moqmedebis masStabebi izRudeba izolirebul mdgo-

mareobaSi funqcionirebiT. Điqmneba situacia, roca mcire sawarmo mzad

aris moergos `wertilovan~ moTxovnas, magram moqmedebis traeqtoria da

resursebi amis saSualebas ar aZlevs. Aamitom igi cdilobs koordinaci-

is wesiT urTierTobis damyarebas bazarze myarad damkvidrebul msxvil

firmebTan.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi mcire biznesis ganviTareba uSualod ukavSir-

deba msoflio ekonomikaSi mimdinare globalur procesebs. mcire biznes-

is iseTi upiratesobebi, rogoricaa moqniloba, Semguebloba, socialuri

stabilurobis SenarCuneba da sxva, mxolod Sida bazarTan organul kav-

SirSi ganixileba, dReisaTvis ki globalizaciis procesis gaZlierebam

mcire biznesis moqmedebis areali gaafarTova. Sesabamisi ekonomikuri po-

litikis wyalobiT mcire sawarmoebisaTvis misawvdomi gaxda Tanamedrove

informaciebi, axali teqnologiebi da kreditebi, Seiqmna mcire sawarmoe-

bisaTvis Sida bazarze muSaobisa da konkurentunariani produqciis warm-

oebis xelsayreli garemo.

globalizaciis pirobebSi msxvili struqtura, bazarze stabilizaci-

is SenarCunebis mizniT, iZulebulia uari Tqvas iafi muSaxelis gamoye-

nebis dRemde Camoyalibebul tradiciebze. aseTi ormxrivi interesebis ga-

dakveTaze Camoyalibda msxvili da mcire subieqtebis urTierTqmedebis

winamZRvrebi. Mmsxvili sameurneo struqturebi mcire bizness integraci-

ul procesebSi gzas ukvalaven da qmnian misi SesaZleblobebis gamoyene-

bis xelsayrel pirobebs. (WiTanava. .L.2008:434).

msxvili da mcire sawarmoebis koordinaciis sistemis funqcionireba

SesaZlebelia “mewarmeobiTi qselebiT”, romlebic firmebs Soris urTier-

Tqmedebisas gamoirCevian organizaciul-mmarTvelobiTi principebis erTo-

bliobiT. Qqseluri modelis gamoyenebisas SeTanxmebis niadagze gamoiyo-

fa da ganisazRvreba xelmZRvaneli rgoli. TumcaRa pasuxismgebloba ga-

34

danawildeba yvela rgols Soris. xalmZRvaneli rgoli axorcielebs

partniorTa saqmianobis koordinacias. `mewarmeobiTi qselebis~ funqcio-

nirebis es forma xels uwyobs, erTis mxriv, masSi CarTul subieqtebs

Soris konkurencias, meores mxriv, ki Zlierdeba yvela monawilis saqmia-

nobis koordinacia, raTa amaRldes sistemis saerTo konkurentunarianoba

gare firmebTan SedarebiT. Sesabamisad aseTi qselebis upiratesobebia:

axal bazrebze gasvla, garigebebTan dakavSirebuli danaxarjebis Semci-

reba, sawarmoo danaxarjebis Semcireba gadamwyvet operaciaze speciali-

zaciiTa da koncentraciiT.

msoflio meurneobis praqtikaSi msxvili da mcire biznesis urTierTo-

bis ZiriTadi formebia: lizingi, subarenda, franCaizingi; licenziuri Se-

Tanxmebani da venCuruli dafinansebebi.

amdenad, mcire sawarmoebi xels uwyoben msxvili sawarmoebis konkure-

ntunarianobis gaZlierebas da amiT mTeli qveynis konkurentunarianobis

amaRlebas saerTaSoriso arenaze. Mmcire firmaTa didi ricxvi imiTac

aris ganpirobebuli, rom isini akmayofileben momxmarebelTa moTxovni-

lebebs iseT specializebul saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze, romelTa msxvi-

lseriuli warmoeba ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT gaumarTlebelia. aseTi

saqonlis bazari didi ar aris, magram unikaluri saxis saqonlis mimwo-

deblebi pouloben TavianT niSas biznesis samyaroSi da TavianTi wvlili

SeaqvT jansaRi ekonomikuri sistemis Camoyalibebis saerTo saqmeSi.

1.3. mcire biznesi sazRvargareTis qveynebSi3. mcire biznesi sazRvargareTis qveynebSi3. mcire biznesi sazRvargareTis qveynebSi3. mcire biznesi sazRvargareTis qveynebSi

mcire biznesis mxardaWeris farTo qselis Seqmna, misi saxelmwifoeb-

rivi ganviTareba, misi CarTva ekonomikis Semadgenel da ganuyofel nawi-

lad - yvela es problema ukve ramdenime aTeuli welia warmatebiT wyde-

ba ganviTarebul qveynebSi.

mcire biznesi ganviTarebul qveynebSi mniSvnelovan socialur-ekonomi-

kur funqcias asrulebs. kerZod, dasaqmebis uzrunvelyofa, konkurentuli

garemos formireba, inovaciuri aqtivobis mxardaWera, socialuri uTanas-

worobis Serbileba da sxva.

35

dasavleTSi mcire biznesis ganviTarebis done gansazRvravs saxelmwi-

foSi ekonomikis ganviTarebis xarisxs. mcire biznesis ganviTareba mimdi-

nareobs swrafi tempebiT, radganac ganviTarebuli qveynebis xelisufleba

did mniSvnelobas aniWebs mcire sawarmoebs da mxars uWers federalur

doneze. mcire biznesi dasavleTSi ganapirobebs saSualo klasis arsebob-

as, romelic amavdroulad warmoadgens bazas ekonomikis stabiluri gan-

viTarebisaTvis. ufro metic, yofilma ganviTarebadma qveynebma (taivani,

singapuri, indonezia) mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebiT moaxdines

didi ekonomikuri naxtomi.

mcire biznesis sawarmoebi ZiriTadad sabiTumo vaWrobaSi (firmebis

saerTo raodenobis 17%), kompiuteruli teqnikis momsaxurebasa (firmebis

saerTo raodenobis 17%) da vaWrobaSi (firmebis saerTo raodenobis 12 %)

specializdebian. yvelaze dinamiurad ganviTarebad seqtorad transporti

da kavSirgabmulobaa miCneuli.

mcire mewarmeobis ganviTarebas biZgi misca 1974-1975 wlebis ekonomiku-

rma krizisma, ramac ganapiroba ekonomikis ganviTarebis paradigmebis cv-

lileba, sawarmos raodenobrivi maCveneblebidan xarisxobriv maCvenebleb-

ze gadasvlis prioritetuloba, rac axasiaTebda produqts, momsaxurebas,

siaxles. aseT pirobebSi industriuli gigantebis mkacri struqturebi

wagebuli darCnen mcire sawarmoTa moqnilobasTan SedarebiT, romlebsac

SeeZloT reagireba koniunqturis, momxmarebelTa moTxovnis mcire cvli-

lebebzec ki.

70-80-ian wlebSi mcire biznesis ganviTarebis safuZvels warmoadgenda

aseve mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis momdevno etapis gafarToeba. moxda

cvlilebebi sawarmoo ZalebSi, romlebic pirvel rigSi ukavSirdeba sain-

formacio kompleqsebis Seqmnas. gaCnda teqnika _ mikroprocesorebi, mini-

mowyobilobebi, kompiuteri da a.S., romlebic iyo mcire firmaTa adekvat-

uri. warmoiSva dargebi sadac arsebiT rols mcire firmebi TamaSobdnen.

es dargebia: bioteqnologia, akvakultura, energiis alternatiuli wya-

roebis aTviseba da a.S.

mcire biznesis sawarmoTa rolisa da adgilis zrdis mniSvnelovani

faqtoria momxmareblis da samuSao Zalis fsiqologiis cvlileba, ramac

ganapiroba orientaciis aReba momsaxurebis sferoebze, masiuri warmoebis

saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze moTxovnis Semcireba da piriqiT, moTxovnis

36

zrda individualuri Taviseburebebis mqone produqciaze. da bolos,

mcire sawarmoTa funqcionirebis SesaZleblobebze msjelobisas unda

aRiniSnos, rom misi mcire zomebi, sadac ar aris marTvis biurokratiuli

struqturebi adamianuri potencialis optimaluri gamoyenebis SesaZleb-

lobebs iZleva. sameurneo erTeulebis siaxleebze, organizaciul inova-

ciebze orientaciis pirobebSi adamianis rolis zrda iwvevs mcire sawar-

moTa ganviTarebis gansakuTrebul perspeqtivebs.

mcire sawarmoebs yovelTvis eWiraT dominirebuli mdgomareoba ekono-

mikaSi, miuxedavad warmoebaSi mimdinare koncentraciisa da gamsxvilebis

procesebisa. (ix. cxrili 1.3.1.).

cxrili 1.3.1. samrewvelo sawarmoTa jgufebi 1902-1907 wlebSi.

sawarmoTa zomebi

sawarmoTa raodenoba dasaqmebulTa raodenoba

Aabsol. %-Si saw. mTel raod.

Aabsol. %-Si dasaq. mTel raod.

MmcireMmcireMmcireMmcire

Ggermania 1907w. 1 822 234 90.0 3 166 731 29.1

safrangeTi 1906w. 531 958 87.4 916 441 24.9

Aavstria 1902w. 913 472 94.2 1 552 065 46.8

Sveicaria 1905w. 176 618 92.7 285 985 39.9

saSualosaSualosaSualosaSualo

Ggermania 1907w. 176 103 8.7 2 526 135 23.2

safrangeTi 1906w. 72 209 11.9 1 291 348 35.1

Aavstria 1902w. 53 392 5.5 840 354 25.4

Sveicaria 1905w. 12 177 6.4 167 424 23.3

msxvilimsxvilimsxvilimsxvili

Ggermania 1907w. 27 205 1.3 5 180 831 47.6

safrangeTi 1906w. 4 485 0.7 1 471 999 40.0

Aavstria 1902w. 3 140 0.3 920 877 27.8

Sveicaria 1905w. 1 819 1.0 264 052 36.8

wyaro: g. n. franovskaia “mcire biznesi” voroneJis saxelmwifo un. gamomc. 2007w.

XX s-is dasawyisSi germaniaSi, safrangeTSi, avstriasa da SveicariaSi

sawarmoTa 80-90%-s Seadgendnen mcire sawarmoebi, Tumca dasaqmebulTa

raodenobiT msxvili biznesi gamoirCeoda. mcire sawarmoebSi saSualod

dasaqmebuli iyo 2 adamiani. saSualoSi – 14, xolo msxvilSi _ 190 adamia-

37

ni. miuxedavad amisa SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erTi saukunis winaTac mcire

mewarmeoba ekonomikis mniSvnelovan seqtorad gvevlineboda, dasaqme-

bulTa mTliani raodenobis 30-40% ekonomikis mcire seqtorze modioda

evropis aRniSnul qveynebSi. momdevno 70-80 wlis manZilze situacia mci-

rediTac ar Secvlila, piriqiT SeiniSneba mcire sawarmoTa ganuxreli

zrda. magaliTad, aSS-Si 1960 wels iyo 5 mln mcire sawarmo, 1970 wels -

10 milioni, 1980 wels-14 milioni, xolo 1990 wels ki maTma ricxvma miaRw-

ia 20 milions.

2004 wlisaTvis evrokavSiris qveynebSi moqmedebda 20 mln-ze meti mci-

re da saSualo sawarmo, romelSic 122 milioni adamiani iyo dasaqmebuli.

mcire sawarmoebSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba 65 milions aRwevs. sawarmoTa

90%-Si dasaqmebulTa raodenoba 250 kacs ar aRemateba.

evropis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciisa

da evropis Tanamegobrobis qveynebSi mcire biznesis gazrdilma rolma is

gamoiwvia, rom bevr ganviTarebul qveyanaSi aRiarebul iqna specialuri

politikis SemuSavebis aucilebloba, romlis ZiriTad miznebadac iqcnen:

- erovnuli mcire sawarmoebis saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis ga-

nviTareba;

- axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna;

- ucxouri kompaniebisa da investiciebis mozidva;

- warmoebis modernizacia;

- inovaciuri moRvaweoba;

- teqnologiebis transferti.

evropaSi mcire biznesi warmoadgens evrokavSiris socialur-ekonomik-

uri ganviTarebis safuZvels. evrokavSirSi arsebuli 20 milionze meti

mcire da saSualo sawarmo iZleva mTliani brunvisa da damatebuli Ri-

rebulebis naxevars. mcire biznesis sawarmoTa umravlesoba Seqmnilia

vaWrobis, mSeneblobisa da kvebis mrewvelobis sferoebSi. evropaSi mcire

biznesi astimulirebs konkurenciis ganviTarebas, “aiZulebs” msxvil kom-

paniebs axali teqnologiebis danergvasa da warmoebis efeqtianobis gaum-

jobesebas. evrokavSiris mTeli ekonomikis efeqtianoba damokidebulia

mcire mewarmeobis mxardamWeri politikis gatarebaze, romlis drosac

balansirdeba saxelmwifosa da biznesis interesebi, iqmneba optimaluri

pirobebi samewarmeo saqmianobisaTvis, izrdeba konkurentunarianoba.

38

evrokavSiris umetes qveynebSi mcire biznesis mimarT politikis Semu-

Saveba warmoadgens federaluri xelisuflebis prerogativas, xolo konk-

retuli RonisZiebebi realizdeba regionuli xelisuflebis doneze.

evropaSi mcire biznesis regulirebisa da mxardaWeris ZiriTad mizn-

ebs warmoadgens:

- evrokavSiris erTiani Sida bazris gamyareba;

- administraciuli barierebis aRmofxvra;

- sakanonmdeblo bazis unifikacia, evrokavSiris qveynebis urTierTqme-

debis gaZliereba ufro Rrma ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisaTvis.

mcire biznesis regulirebisa da mxardaWeris sistema evropaSi Camoya-

libda gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi. mcire da saSualo biznesis stimu-

lirebisaTvis evropaSi SemuSavda RonisZiebebi, romlebic xels uwyobda

mcire biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis administraciuli barierebis aRmofxvr-

as. pirvel rigSi cvlilebebi Seexo gadasaxadebsa da damatebul Rirebu-

lebas, koreqtirebebs finansirebis pirobebSi da saxelmwifos socialur

RonisZiebaTa sakiTxebSi.

garda amisa SemuSavebul iqna evropis mcire biznesisaTvis evropuli

qartia. mocemul dokumentSi evropis qveynebis mTavrobebma aRiares mcire

sawarmoTa mniSvnelovani potenciali da xazi gausves mcire biznesisaTv-

is keTilsasurveli pirobebis Seqmnis mniSvnelobas, aseve pirobebis Seqm-

nas sakuTari biznesis Seqmnis ganmeorebiTi mcdelobisas. evropuli qar-

tiis debulebebi mxedvelobaSi iqna miRebuli mravalwlian programaSi

da pirvelive wels Seiqmna da gaiSva 11 proeqti maT dasanergavad.

mcire biznesis saxelmwifo regulireba evropaSi ZiriTadad xorcie-

ldeba finansuri, teqnologiuri, sainformacio da sakadro miznobrivi

programebis SemuSavebiTa da realizaciiT. mcire biznesis stimulirebi-

saTvis SemuSavebul iqna axali iuridiuli modelebi (evropuli aqcione-

ruli kompania), romlebic sxvadasxva qveynis samarTlebriv sistemebs mis-

cems saSualebas gadaWran problemebi sxvadasxva qveynis samarTlebriv

sistemebs Soris SexedulebaTa gansxvavebulobisas.

evropaSi mcire biznesis mxardaWera xorcieldeba saxelmwifos da ev-

rokavSiris egidiT. mcire biznesis finansuri mxardaWera xorcieldeba

evrokavSiris iseTi struqturuli fondebidan, rogoricaa regionaluri

ganviTarebis fondi, socialuri fondi da sxva. krizisul pirobebs evro-

39

puli mcire biznesi ufro kargad da efeqtianad Seegua misi bazarze mane-

vrirebis SesaZleblobis gamo. mcire sawarmoebma sakmarisi operatiulob-

iT daiwyes iseTi niSebis dakaveba, romlebiTac msxvili biznesi ar iyo

dainteresebuli. aman mniSvnelovanwilad xeli Seuwyo evropul qveynebs

daeZliaT ekonomikis sferoSi stagnaciis movlenebi.

saqarTvelosaTvis gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa mcire mewarmeobis gan-

viTarebis singapuruli gamocdileba. singapuri warmoadgens navTobprod-

uqtebis gadamuSavebisa da naxevargamtarebis warmoebis msoflio centrs.

bevri specialisti fiqrobs, rom singapuri warmoadgens samewarmeo saqmia-

nobis ganxorcielebisaTvis saukeTeso adgils. es aris qveyana ganviTare-

buli sabazro ekonomikiTa da finansuri infrastruqturiT, romelSic

ganTavsebulia msoflios 3000 umsxvilesi kompaniis warmomadgenlobebi.

singapurSi mcire mewarmeobis safuZvels warmoadgens momsaxurebis sx-

vadasxva saxeebis arseboba. esenia: savaWro, sakomunikacio, safinanso, tu-

ristuli da sxva saxis momsaxureobebi. es sferoebi sTavazoben samuSao

adgilebs qveynis mosaxleobis 70-80%-s. singapuris mcxovrebTa umravles-

oba eweva individualur samewarmeo saqmianobas, zogi flobs aqciebsa da

sxvadasxva kompaniaTa fasian qaRaldebs. amdenad singapuris mosaxleobis

80% miekuTvneba saSualo klass.

am qveyanaSi Seqmnilia pirobebi mcire mewarmeobisaTvis, romlebic aRw-

erilia sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi. gansakuTrebuli SeRavaTebi gaiweva damwy-

ebi mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis mimarT.

singapurSi mcire da saSualo mewarmeoba erT jgufSia gaerTianebuli,

romelic Tavis mxriv iyofa or kategoriad. pirveli kategoria moicavs

sarestorne, sastumro, turistuli, samSeneblo da sxva servisis organi-

zaciasa da ganviTarebas, xolo meore kategoriaSi Semavali subieqtebi ki

dakavebuli arian warmoebis sferoTi da sainovacio SemuSavebebiTa da ma-

Ti danergviT. singapuris ekonomika mimarTulia sawarmoebs Soris TanamS-

romlobaze da maT gaerTianebaze specialur kavSirebSi, romlis mizanic-

aa Sromis efeqtiani ganawileba saukeTeso Sedegis miRweva axali teqno-

logiebisa da produqciis axali saxeebis danergvisas. singapurSi funqc-

ionirebs 140 aTasamde mcire da saSualo firma, rac Seadgens mTeli sawa-

rmoebis 90%-s.

40

mcire mewarmeobis aseTi ganviTareba SeuZlebeli iqneboda, rom ara

saxelmwifos mxardaWera. singapuris xelisufleba dainteresebulia misi

ganviTarebiT da xels uwyobs misi konkurentunarianobis amaRlebas saer-

TaSoriso bazarze. mcire biznesis mxardasaWerad specialurad Seqmnilia

saagento “Spring”, romelic SeimuSavebs mcire mewarmeobisaTvis dasaxmare-

bel mimarTulebebsa da programebs. es mimarTulebebia:

- mewarmeobrivi unaris ganviTareba mcire biznesis subieqtebisaTvis;

- sakonsultacio, saburaltro da konsaltinguri momsaxurebis gaweva;

- warmoebuli produqciisa da gaweuli momsaxurebis xarixze

kontroli;

- mcire mewarmeobis struqturis srulyofa;

- mcire sawarmoebis marTvisaTvis kadrebis momzadeba.

rac Seexeba dakreditebas, inergeba SeRavaTiani dakreditebis mravaln-

airi programa, romlebic moicavs specialur sesxebs, sakredito riskebis

dazRvevas, subsidiebis gacemas. iseTi mcire sawarmoebi, romlebSic das-

aqmebulTa raodenoba ar aRemateba 10 kacs, sargebloben kreditis miReb-

is specialuri SeRavaTiani pirobebiT. zogadad sabanko dakreditebis si-

stema singapurSi sargeblobs saxelmwifos mxridan mxardaWeriT, amasTan

mudmivad xdeba sakredito ganakveTebis Semcireba.

singapuris xelisufleba zrunavs mcire sawarmoebSi dasaqmebuli kad-

rebis kvalifikaciis amaRlebaze, risTvisac Seqmnilia saxelmwifo da ke-

rZo saswavlo dawesebulebebi.

samxreT koreaSi ekonomikis ganviTarebis istoria naTlad gviCvenebs

masSi mcire mewarmeobis wvlils. 50-ian wlebSi samxreT korea iyo yvela-

ze CamorCenili qveyana msoflioSi. es ganapiroba omma da koreis gayofam

or nawilad, romlis CrdiloeT nawilSic aRmoCnda samrewvelo da samec-

niero-teqnikur organizaciaTa mniSvnelovani nawili. qveynis biujeti Zi-

riTadad soflis meurneobis xarjze ivseboda da mcire sawarmoebic swo-

red am dargSi funqcionirebda. warmoiSva mcire fermerul meurneobaTa

didi raodenoba, romlebic ganuxrelad viTardebodnen da uzrunvelyof-

dnen rogorc adgilobriv ise sagareo bazrebis moTxovnilebebsac. 60-ian

wlebSi warmoiSva qveynis ganviTarebis axali politika, romelic aSS-Tan

TanamSromlobas efuZneboda. Seiqmna udidesi korporaciebi da koncerne-

bi, gaizarda eqsporti, ramac gamoiwvia produqciis gamoSvebisa da brunv-

41

is zrda da qveyanac male ganviTarebulTa rigebSi Caewera. xelisufleba

mfarvelobda msxvil bizness. kreditebic Sesabamisad gaicemoda msxvil

sawarmoebze, xolo mcire sawarmoebi ki aranairi SeRavaTebiT ar sargeb-

lobdnen da idevnebodnen msxvili biznesis mxridan.

msxvili biznesis ganuxrelma zrdam gamoiwvia finansuri krizisi. 1997

wels bankebma Sewyvites msxvil sawarmoTa dakrediteba davalianebaTa

gadauxdelobis gamo, ramac bevri sawarmos dabankrotebac ki gamoiwvia.

1998 wels finansuri krizisis damTavrebis Semdgom gaamaxvila xelisuf-

lebam yuradReba mcire biznesze, Seigno ra misi didi roli ekonomikis

ganviTarebaSi. bankebma aqtiurad daiwyes mcire biznes-subieqtebis dakre-

diteba. Seicvala mcire sawarmoTa saqmianobis mimarTulebac da agraru-

li sferodan gadmovida inovaciur da mecnierebatevad dargebSi. mcire

sawarmoTa ricxvis zrdam Seamcira umuSevroba, gazarda biujetSi Senat-

anebi da mTliani Sida produqtis odenoba.

dRes samxreT koreaSi 1 milionze meti mcire sawarmoa1, rac warmoebis

98,6%-s Seadgens. am sferoSi dasaqmebulia momuSaveTa 62%. qveynis mTlia-

ni Sida produqtis naxevari da eqsportis 43% am sawarmoebze modis.

aq dRes moqmedebs mcire biznesis ganviTarebis 10 wliani programa,

romlis ZiriTadi miznebia:

- mosaxleobis dasaqmebis gazrda 70-78%-mde;

- dabali saprocento ganakveTebis uzrunvelyofa mozidul (nasesxeb)

kapitalze;

- konkurentunariani kompaniebis stimulireba.

espaneTSi mcire mewarmeobis ganviTareba saTaves Rebulobs gasuli

saukunis 70-iani wlebidan. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis maRali done gan-

apirobebda qveynis ekonomikis maRal dones. misi meSveobiT aRmoifxvra

umuSevroba da gaumjobesda ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. espaneTSi mcire sa-

warmoTa didi nawili, 80%-mde _ Tavmoyrilia soflis meurneobaSi. 25-30%

ki iseT dargebSi, rogoricaa mSenebloba, mrewveloba, gemTmSenebloba.

espaneTSi moqmedebs araerTi programa, romlebic mimarTulia mewarme-

obis ganviTarebasa da mxardaWeraze. qveynis mTavroba did yuradRebas am-

axvilebs mcire biznesis im subieqtebze, romlebic ganapirobeben dabali

1 samxreT koreaSi aseTad iTvleba mrewvelobis, transportisa da mSeneblobis sferos sawarmo, Tu iq muSaobs 20 an naklebi adamiani da vaWrobis da momsaxurebis sferos sawarmo, Tu iq muSaobs 5 an naklebi adamiani.

42

ekonomikuri maCveneblebis mqone regionebis ganviTarebas da romlebic aq-

tiur monawileobas Rebuloben qveynis socialur politikaSi damatebiTi

samuSao adgilebis SeqmniT socialurad daucveli moqalaqeebisaTvis,

rogorebic arian studentebi, qalebi, imigrantebi da a.S.

espaneTis xelisufleba aseve did yuradRebas amaxvilebs mecnierebate-

vadi dargebis ganviTarebaze da mecnierul miRwevebze. mcire mewarmeobis

ganviTarebis programebi eyrdnoba evropul programebs, romlebic gavr-

celebulia evropis qveynebSi: germaniaSi, safrangeTSi, did britaneTsa da

sxva.

saxelmwifo mcire biznesis mxardaWerisaTvis qmnis didi raodenobis

fondebsa da organizaciebs, romlebic iyofa or jgufad, romlebSic Se-

dian aseve evrokavSiris teritoriaze arsebuli mcire biznesis mxardamWe-

ri organizaciebi.

pirvel jgufs miekuTvneba urTierTgarantiis sazogadoebebi, romlebic

mcire biznesis ganviTarebis mizniT TavianT qonebas deben garantad gira-

os saxiT an kidev xdebian Tavdebebi.

meore jgufSi Sedian urTierTdafinansebis sazogadoebebi, romlebic

axorcieleben mcire mewarmeobis dafinansebas, investirebas da subsidire-

bas. am jgufSi Sedis espaneTis dakreditebis saxelmwifo instituti.

garda amisa espaneTSi aris mcire biznesis interesTa dacvis bevri

organizacia. magaliTis saxiT SeiZleba moviyvanoT mcire biznesis asoc-

iacia da savaWro-samrewvelo palata, romelTa filialebic ganTavsebul-

ia yvela qalaqSi.

aSS-Si mcire biznesis sferoSi politikis SemuSaveba xangrZlivi

procesis Sedegia. misi sawyisebi jer kidev XIX saukunidan momdinareobs

rigi antimonopoliuri sakanonmdeblo aqtebis miRebiT.2 maTi Seqmna moam-

zada ekonomikuri da samarTlebrivi xasiaTis mizezebma. ekonomikuri Tva-

2 pirveli kanoni, romelic aSS-Si monopoliur gaerTianebebs krZalavda warmoadgenda

Sermanis kanoni (1890w.), romelmac “ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis qartiis” saxeli moipova.

1914 wels miRebul iqna kleitonisa da federaluri savaWro komisiis kanoni, romelic

upiratesad orientirebuli iyo msxvili firmebis diqtatisagan mcire firmebis dacvaze.

1950 wels Setanil iqna cvlilebebi kleitonis kanonSi Serwymisa da STanTqmis Taobaze,

romelic mimarTuli iyo msxvil da mcire bizness Soris keTilsindisieri

konkurenciis mxardaWeraze.

43

lsazrisiT antimonopoliuri (antitrestuli, konkurenciuli) kanonmdeb-

lobis warmoqmna ganapiroba kapitalisturi meurneobis ganviTarebaSi

momxdarma xarisxobrivma cvlilebam - Tavisufali konkurenciis epoqis

monopoliuriT Secvlam. monopoliuri gaerTianebebis _ trestebis Seqm-

nisa da saqmianobis dasawyisSi cxadi gaxda maTi damangreveli zemoqme-

deba, rogorc ekonomikaze, ise sazogadoebis politikur mdgomareobaze.

kanoni aSS-s kongresma miiRo amerikuli sazogadoebriobis da upirveles

yovlisa fermerebisa da mcire biznesis warmomadgenelTa mxridan Zlieri

zewolis Sedegad, romelTac gauCndaT safuZvliani SiSi kompaniaTa mci-

re jgufis xelSi sabazro Zalauflebis koncentraciis gaZlierebis mima-

rT, raSic xedavdnen safrTxes mewarmeobisa da saerTod demokratiisaTv-

is. (gogiaSvili 2009:18).

mcire biznesis mxardaWeris filosofia da principebi aSS-Si Camoyali-

bda didi depresiis (1929-1932ww.) da meore msoflio omis dros. bevri

programa, romlebic sxvadasxva qveynebSi axla SeimuSaveba aSS-Si 1932 we-

ls iqna danergili. im droisaTvis mTavroba subsidiebs aZlevda omiT

dazaralebul mcire biznesis subieqtebs. mcire sawarmoebSi iqmneboda

samuSao adgilebi, rac amtkicebda mis did socialur mniSvnelobas.

1953 wels kongresma miiRo mcire biznesis mxardamWeri federaluri

kanoni, romelmac gansazRvra saxelmwifos prioritetebi mcire mewarmeo-

bis mxardaWeris saqmeSi. am kanonis Tanaxmad Camoyalibda mcire biznesis

administracia. igi Tavisi statusiT aSS-s mTavrobis federaluri saagen-

toa, romlis xelmZRvanels Tanamdebobaze niSnavs prezidenti da amtkice-

bs senati. administraciis valdebulebaa daexmaros mcire bizness, aRmou-

Cinos mas mxardaWera samTavrobo doneze, yovelmxriv ganaviTaros Tavi-

sufali sabazro ekonomika.

mcire biznesis interesebis samarTlebrivi dacvis mizniT Seqmnilia

advokaturis ganyofileba, romlis Tanxmobis gareSec ar miiReba arc er-

Ti samarTlebrivi norma mcire sawarmoebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. faqt-

obrivad aRniSnuli samsaxuri mcire mewarmeebis interesebs warmoadgens

sasamarTloSi da kongresSi, romelic samarTlebrivi zewolisagan icavs

maT.

amJamad mcire biznesis saqmeTa administracia iTvlis 3700 TanamSro-

mels. TiToeul StatSi moqmedebs misi regionuli ganyofileba 30-40 ka-

44

cis SemadgenlobiT. administracias Tavisi ganyofilebebi gaaCnia 90 did

qalaqSi, romlebic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia erTiani mkompiuteruli

qseliT.

mniSvnelovania mcire biznesis administraciis gamocdileba sxvadasxva

programebis realizaciis da efeqtianobis dadgenaSi. aRniSnuli program-

ebi yovelwliurad viTardeba da iqmneba axali mimarTulebebi. dResdReo-

biT maTi raodenoba TiTqmis 50-s aRwevs. yovel programas konkretuli

miznebi, klientebi, ganxorcielebis segmenti da monawileobis pirobebi

aqvs.

qveyanaSi moqmed mraval programaTagan aRsaniSnavia programa “7a”,

romlis mixedviTac mewarmes SeuZlia miiRos garantiebi kreditis aRebis

uzrunvelsayofad. Tu Tanxa 750 aTas aSS dolars ar aRemateba, garantia

sesxis 75%-ze gaicema, Tu Tanxa 100 aTass ar aRemateba, garantia sesxis

80%-ze gaicema. garantiis gacemis vadebia: sabrunav saSualebebze-10 wlam-

de, xolo ZiriTad kapitalze - 25 wlamde.

meore programa “504”-is mixedviT xorcieldeba ukve moqmedi

sawarmoebis gafarToeba da modernizacia. am sawarmoebis saqmianobis

analizis Semdgom programa gascems grZelvadian kredits uZravi qonebis,

teqnologiebis da danadgarebis SesaZenad. garantia gaicema sesxis 40%-

ze, xolo Tanxis maqsimaluri odenoba 1 milions ar aRemateba.

mcire biznesis administraciis erT-erT mniSvnelovan saqmianobas war-

moadgens sainformacio mxardaWera da gadamzadeba. am mizniT yofil da

axlandel mcire mewarmeebs utardebaT treiningebi, konsultaciebi. ase-

ve aRniSvnis Rirsia qal mewarmeTaTvis centrebis funqcionireba, sadac

muSaobis tradiciuli mimarTulebaa biznes-ledis momzadeba da gadamza-

deba. es programa aRmoCnda metad Sedegiani _ 9 milionze meti adamiania

dakavebuli sawarmoebSi, romlebsac qalvbatonebi floben, maTi wvlili

ekonomikaSi 1,15 trilions Seadgens, xolo ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi aq

ufro maRalia vidre saSualod qveyanaSi.

aRsaniSnavia eqsportis xelSewyobis centrebi, romlebic vaWrobis sami-

nistros daxmarebiT Seiqmna. aRniSnuli centrebi arCeven eqsportze orie-

ntirebuli proeqtebis damfinansebelTa kandidaturebs, aseve awarmoeben

mcire biznesis sagareo vaWrobis dakreditebas.

45

aRsaniSnavia mcire biznesis mxardaWeris xerxi saxelmwifo dakveTebis

saxiT. umsxviles damkveTs warmoadgens aSS-s saxelmwifo mTavroba. maga-

liTad 2003 wels maT SeiZines 247 miliardi dolaris saqoneli, maT So-

ris mcire biznesma miiRo 62,7 miliard dolarze meti Semosavali. (abesa-

Ze. . . 2008:37).

amerikis kanonmdeblobiT mcire da msxvil bizness Soris arsebobs sub-

arenduli urTierToba. mcire biznesis administraciaSi arsebobs ganyo-

fileba, romelic awarmoebs potenciuri momwodebeli firmebis reestrs,

is iZleva Sesabamis serTifikatebs, romliTac mcire sawarmos ufleba eZ-

leva saxelmwifo SekveTis Sesrulebisa. mcire biznesis wili saxelmwifo

SekveTebis saerTo moculobaSi Seadgens 15-20%-s.

aSS-Si Tvlian, rom mcire biznesze daxmareba aucilebelia, radgan is

qmnis axal samuSao adgilebs da gadasaxadebs ixdis Sesabamis biujeteb-

Si. mcire biznesi xSirad gadaizrdeba didSi, rac eris ekonomikur sico-

cxlisunarianobas zrdis. amerikis teqnikur siaxleTa 55% mcire da saSu-

alo biznesis mieraa Seqmnili. is Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobiT, axlis

ZiebiT da konkurentunarianobiT axal Zalas matebs amerikis ekonomikas.

(amerikis 1998:75.)

aSS-s praqtika adasturebs, rom saxelmwifo politika biznesis sfero-

Si efeqturia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mas aqvs saerTo erovnuli

xasiaTi da pasuxobs mTeli sazogadoebis interesebs da ara mxolod ama

Tu im socialuri jgufisas, rogori mZlavri da gavlenianic ar unda iy-

os is, e.i. Tu daculia jansaRi konkurenciis principebi.

statistika mcire biznesis administraciis saqmianobis Sesaxeb aCvenebs,

rom saagentos klientebis 85% erTi wlis Semdeg kotrdeba, magram `gad-

arCenilTa~ warmatebebi mravaljer faravs yvela danaxarjs.

aSS-Si mcire biznesi ekonomikisaTvis axali samuSao adgilebis 75%-ze

mets uzrunvelyofs, maTSi Warbobs axalgazrdaTa da xandazmulTa ricx-

vi, rac kidev erTxel usvams xazs mcire biznesis socialur mniSvnelo-

bas. dRes mcire biznesi aSS-Si mTliani erovnuli produqtis 40,9%-s

uzrunvelyofs, es 22,9 mln. sawarmoa da eqsportiori firmebis 97%.

iaponia omis Semdgom periodSi teqnikur sferoSi didi miRwevebisa da

ekonomikis zrdis gamo Sevida yvelaze ganviTarebul qveyanaTa sameulSi.

es ganapiroba saxelmwifos mxridan mcire biznesis didma mxardaWeram. mi-

46

uxedavad qveyanaSi arsebuli mravalricxovani msxvili samecniero korpo-

raciebisa da msxvili koncernebisa, romlebic uSveben avtomobilebs, au-

dio da videoteqnikasa da sxva saxis produqcias, mcire mewarmeobis wili

iaponiis ekonomikaSi Seadgens daaxloebiT 40%-s. unda aRiniSnos, rom

mecnierebatevadi produqciis damzadebiTa da inovaciuri teqnologiebis

SemuSavebiT dakavebulia umTavresad msxvili sawarmoebi, xolo mcire sa-

warmoebi ki funqcionireben mSeneblobis, msubuqi mrewvelobisa da momsa-

xurebis sferoebSi. amitomac iaponiis ekonomikuri politika mimarTulia

mcire mewarmeobaSi mecnierebatevadi da teqnikuri warmoebis ganviTarebi-

saken.

samewarmeo saqmianoba iaponiaSi regulirdeba mTavrobis mier, is aniW-

ebs mcire sawarmos statuss da saqmianobis saxeebis mixedviT gansazRvr-

avs SeRavaTebs. mcire biznesis saqmianobas uSualod aregulirebs mcire

sawarmoTa sammarTvelo, romelic eqvemdebareba iaponiis vaWrobisa da

mrewvelobis saministros. is akontrolebs antimonopoliuri kanonmdeb-

lobis Sesrulebas, mcire mewarmeobis interesTa saxelmwifoebriv dacv-

as, momwodeblebisa da damkveTebis pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvras maT So-

ris saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebisas da a.S.

mcire mewarme subieqtebisaTvis sesxebis miRebis gamartivebis mizniT

iaponiaSi, msgavsad aSS-s, CineTisa da sxva qveynebisa, Seiqmna mcire da sa-

Sualo sawarmoTa mxardaWeris saxelmwifo organizaciebi. aseTia magali-

Tad, mcire biznesis safinanso korporacia, romelic mcire sawarmoebs Zi-

riTadi da sabrunavi kapitalis gasazrdelad sTavazobs grZelvadian ses-

xebs SeRavaTiani pirobebiT. aseve, iaponiis nacionaluri safinanso kor-

poracia yovelwliurad 500 miliard ienze mets gascems mcire sawarmoTa

dasakrediteblad. banki “soko-Cukini” afinansebs mcire da saSualo sawa-

rmoebis kooperativebis saqmianobebs. amasTan, iaponiis saxelmwifo mcire

da saSualo sawarmoebisaTvis uzrunvelyofs komerciuli safinanso

kompaniebidan kreditebis aRebis garantiasa da dazRvevas “damatebiTi sa-

zogadoebrivi dakreditebis sistemis meSveobiT. es sistema uzrunvelyofs

kapitalis gadadinebas komerciuli safinanso institutebidan mcire da

saSualo kompaniebisaken. (abesaZe. . .2008:47).

subsidiebis, SeRavaTiani kreditebisa da sxva saxis SeRavaTebis gaweva

xorcieldeba Semdegi ZiriTadi mizezebis gamo:

47

- mecnierebatevadi dargebis sawarmoTa modernizacia da srulyofa;

- samecniero dawesebulebebTan erTad SemuSavebuli inovaciuri teqno-

logiebis danergva;

- msubuqi da kvebis mrewvelobis mxardaRera;

- produqciis axali saxeebis SemuSaveba da danergva;

- iaponiis SedarebiT cudad ganviTarebul regionebSi axali mcire me-

warmeobis subieqtebis Seqmna da ganviTareba.

unda aRiniSnos, rom iaponiaSi Seqmnilia sawarmoTa erTgvari struq-

tura `mcire plus msxvili~. iaponuri supergigantebi emyarebian aTasobiT

saojaxo sawarmosa da mikrofirmas, romlebic specializebuli arian

calkeuli detalebis warmoebasa da sawarmoo operaciebis Sesrulebaze.

(SurRaia 2010:141.). qveyanaSi 9 mln-mde wvrili sawarmoa, romelTagan 6

mln-ze meti funqcionirebs gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobaSi, sadac dasaqme-

bulia mrewvelobaSi momuSaveTa saerTo raodenobis 75%-ze meti, saerT-

od ki qveynis Sromisunariani mosaxleobis sami meoTxedi mcire biznesis

sferoSi muSaobs.

iaponiaSi sakanonmdeblo aqtebis umravlesoba aregulirebs antimono-

poliur saqmianobas, mkacrad aregulirebs gamoSvebuli produqciis saba-

zro fasebs da dausabuTebeli fasdaklebis an spekulaciuri fasebis Sem-

TxvevaSi mcire mewarmeobis subieqtebs uwydebaT saqmianobis ganxorciel-

ebis ufleba. amiT iaponiis mTavrobas fasebis zrdisa da inflaciis war-

moSobis gakontrolebis saSualeba eZleva. zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdi-

nare SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iaponiaSi arsebobs kargi pirobebi mcire me-

warmeobis ganviTarebisaTvis.

germaniaSi mcire da saSualo biznesze mTliani Sida produqtis 50%-

ze meti modis. aq 3,5 mln. mcire da saSualo sawarmoa, isini gadasaxadis

gadamxdeli firmebis 99%-s Seadgenen. es sawarmoebi samuSao adgilebis

80%, brunvis gadasaxadis 45% da eqsportis 30% uzrunvelyofen. (CuTlaS-

vili 2005:16) germaniis ekonomikisa da teqnologiebis federaluri samini-

stros monacemebiT mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis TanamSromlebi da Ta-

visufali profesiebis warmomadgenelTa (eqimebis, farmacevtebis, advoka-

tebis) erToblioba ganekuTvnebian germaniis saSualo klass. es aris ger-

maniis sazogadoebis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawili saSualo Semosavlebi-

Ta da kerZo sakuTrebis flobiT.

48

mcire da saSualo biznesTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebi federa-

lur doneze ganixileba. sakiTxis yuaradRebiT Seswavlis Semdeg, speci-

alizebuli kvleviTi centrebis rekomendaciiT miiReba sakanonmdeblo ga-

dawyvetileba. investiciebs mcire biznesSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba,

radganac misi simcire aferxebs axali sawarmoebis Seqmnas da arsebuli

sawarmoebis adaptirebas msoflio ekonomikis cvalebad garemosTan.

funqciebis didi nawili gadacemuli aqvs specializebul bankebs. sabanko

jgufi umsxvilesia maT Soris. mis mier dafinansebuli programebi sxva-

dasxvaa, misi muSaobis Sedegebi da informacia ki uaxloesi gegmebis Se-

saxeb xelmisawvdomia yvela dainteresebuli pirisaTvis. specializebul

JurnalebSi regularulad qveyndeba mcire biznesSi ganxorcielebuli

investiciebis efeqtianobis SedarebiTi analizi.

germaniis mTavroba SeRavaTian kreditebs gascems Semdeg obieqtebze:

• mcire da saSualo biznesis sawarmoebze, romlebic dakavebulni

arian samecniero gamogonebaTa sferoSi;

• sawarmoebze, romlebic SeimuSaveben proeqtebs, mimarTulT gar-

emo pirobebisa da ekologiuri situaciis gafrTxilebisaken.

• sawarmoebze, romlebic monawileoben ekonomikuri Tvalsazris-

iT sustad ganviTarebuli regionebis ganviTarebis gaumjobese-

baSi;

• sawarmoebze, romlebic saqmianoben mSeneblobis sferoSi da wy-

veten sacxovrebeli pirobebis sakiTxebs.

• mcire sawarmoebze, romlebic muSaoben warmoebis pirobebis ga-

saumjobesebel proeqtebze.

mTlianobaSi mcire biznesis ganviTarebis masStabebi sazRvargareTis

qveynebSi Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:

rogorc Cans (ix. 1.3.2 cxrili) mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa ricxvi

sameurneo erTeulTa mTel raodenobidan sxvadasxva qveyanaSi Seadgens

40%-dan 99,9%-mde. mSp-is maCvenebelic meryeobs 12-60%-is farglebSi. am

seqtorSi dasaqmebulia Sromisunariani mosaxleobis 80%, brunva Seadgens

20-80%-s da mcire firmebze modis eqsportis mesamedi. arsebobs mcire da

saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi regionebis mixedviT. yve-

laze metad is ganviTarebulia CrdiloeT amerikasa da dasavleT evropa-

49

Si. es tendencia Cvenis azriT dakavSirebulia regionebis istoriul, ku-

lturul, bunebriv da demografiul TaviseburebebTan.

cxrili 1.3.2. mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis ganviTarebis masStabebi

sazRvargareTis zogierT qveyanaSi (XX s-is dasasruli da XXI s-is dasawyisi).

qveyana

Mmss wili sawarmoTa mTel

raod. %

Mmss wili mSp-Si, %

Mmss wili investiciaTa moculobaSi %

mss dasaqmeb. wili, %

mss wili eqsportSi

%

mss raodenoba 1000 mcx. (erTeul)

belgia 99.0 46 55.0

didi brit 75.8 50-53 36-49.0 46.0

ungreTi 99.0 50 65.0 20.0 80.0

germania 99.0 50-54 46.0 70.0 30.0 37.0

indoeTi 70-85,0

espaneTi 98.0 68

italia 84.0 57-60 73 68

kanada 99.0 37-80

yirgizeTi 83.3 76.0

CineTi 15,4 9.0

korea 62 43

aSS 99.9 50-52 50.0 65 30 72.2

taivani 98.0 78.0 20.0

uzbekeTi 12.6

safrangeTi 99.9 55-62 50.0 65 35

estoneTi 98.6

iaponia 99.2 52-55 80.6 50

ruseTi 87.5 10-11 10 6

wyaro: g. n. franovskaia “mcire biznesi” voroneJis saxelmwifo un. gamomc. 2007w

.

amrigad, sazRvargareTis qveynebSi mcire biznesis ganviTarebis tenden-

ciebis Seswavlidan gamomdinare SeiZleba ganvazogadoT mcire mewarmeob-

is ganmapirobebeli faqtorebi, romelic 1.3.3. cxrilis saxiT aris mocemu-

li.

cxrili 1.3.3. sazRvargareTis qveynebSi mcire mewarmeobis ganviTarebis

ZiriTadi faqtorebi

faqtorebi Sinaarsi

1. safinanso-sakredito da sainves-

ticio mxardaWera

1. saxelmwifos mxridan finansuri

mxardaWera moqmed sawarmoTa gafa-

rToeba modernizaciisaTvis;

2. axalgazrda biznesmenTaTvis pre-

50

miebis gadaxda warmatebuli bizn-

esmenebis mier, aseve msxvili kompa-

niebis mxridan finansuri daxmareba;

3. kreditebze fiqsirebuli dabali

saprocento ganakveTebi. dakredite-

bis 10-12 wliani vadebi.

4. kreditebis 60-80%-ze saxelmwif-

os an specializebuli finansuri

institutebis mxridan garantiis aR-

eba;

5. urTierTTavdebobis, urTierTdax-

marebis sazogadoebebis Seqmna.

axalgazrda mewarmeebsa da studen-

tebze venCuruli kapitalis SeTava-

zeba.

2. sagadasaxado mxardaWera

1. funqcionirebis pirveli 2-4 wlis

ganmavlobaSi rigi gadasaxadebisag-

an gaTavisufleba;

2. sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Semci-

reba mcire sawarmoebisaTvis 2-jer

sxva samewarmeo subieqtebTan Seda-

rebiT.

3. mcire firmebis mozidva

saxelmwifo dakveTebis Sesasruleb-

lad

1. gansazRvruli saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis Sesasrulebeli samuS-

aoebis CamonaTvali, romelTa Ses-

rulebasac kanonmdebloba akisrebs

mcire sawarmoebs.

4. saeqsporto saqmianobis mxarda-

Wera

1. sxva qveynebis bazrebze mcire

sawarmoTa produqciisaTvis rekla-

mirebis gaweva;

2. ucxoeTis bazrebze gamavali

firmebisaTvis sxvadasxva saxis SeR-

avaTebi;

3. msoflio bazrebze gasvlisaTvis

Tanmdevi sainformacio teqnolo-

giebiT aRWurvisaTvis dafinanseba.

5. mcire firmaTa samecniero kvle-

vebis mxardaWera

1. mxardaWeris specialuri prog-

ramis SemuSaveba mcire mewarmee-

bisaTvis, reomlebic ewevian samec-

niero, kvleviT da sacdel-sakonst-

ruqtoro samuSaoebs, maTTvis SeRa-

vaTebisa da dabali sakredito gana-

kveTebis didi vadebis SeTavazeba;

2. mecnierebatevadi mcire sawarmo-

51

ebisaTvis sawarmoo, savaWro Senoba-

nagebobaTa SeTavazeba.

3. “teqnoparkebis”. “biznes-inkubato-

rebis” Seqmna.

6. mcire biznesis sakadro mxarda-

Wera

1. biznes-ganaTlebis ganviTarebuli

qseli;

2. im mcire mewarmeebisaTvis saxel-

mwifo premiebis gacema, romlebic

zrdian momuSaveTa ricxvs;

3. momzadebis, gadamzadebisa da mu-

SakTa kvalifikaciis amaRlebis

programaTa amoqmedeba mcire bizne-

sisaTvis;

4. axali teqnologiebis aTvisebas-

Tan dakavSirebuli profesionalu-

ri swavleba.

7. mcire biznesis regionuli ganvi-

Tareba

1. depresiuli regionebisaTvis sain-

vesticio mxardaWera;

2. depresiul regionebSi mcire mewa-

rmeobisaTvis sagadasaxado SeRava-

Tebis daweseba an muSaobis pirvel

wlebSi maTgan gaTavisufleba;

3. regionuli premiebi sawarmoebisa

da samuSao adgilebis SeqmnisaTvis. cxrili Sedgenilia avtoris mier.

zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare SesaZlebelia daskvnebis gakeTeba, rom-

lebic asaxavs mcire biznesis ganviTarebis tendenciebs:

1. mcire biznesis saxelmwifo mxardaWera unda warmoadgendes ekonomi-

kuri politikis prioritets. saqarTvelos SeuZlia am kuTxiT dagrovili

msoflio gamocdilebis gamoyeneba, mcire biznesis ganviTarebisa da mxar-

daWeris warmatebuli modelebis gaanalizeba da maTi transformacia er-

ovnuli, teritoriuli, klimaturi, sawarmoo, aseve dagrovili codnis

TaviseburabaTa mxedvelobaSi miRebiT.

2. saqarTvelosaTvis gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa ganviTarebul qveyne-

bSi mcire biznesis evoluciis etapebis Seswavla;

3. Cvens qveyanaSi mcire biznesis mxardaWeris prioritetuli mimarTule-

bebi unda gaxdes:

_ mcire, saSualo da msxvili biznesis integraciaSi Tanamonawileoba.

lizingis, franCaizingisa da submenardeobis ganviTareba;

52

_ mcire sawarmoTa daintereseba sainovacio da mecnieruli kvlevebis

gansaxorcieleblad. maTTvis SeRavaTiani kreditebis SeTavazeba;

_ mcire biznesis sferoSi saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba. saganmanaTleblo

qselebis Seqmna, rogorc saxelmwifo aseve komerciul saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebebTan erTad;

_ mcire mewarmeobis dafinansebis alternatiuli wyaroebis danergvisaTv-

is pirobebis Seqmna;

_ Tanamedrove sainformacio teqnologiebis ganviTareba zogad monacemTa

bazebis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelsayofad.

_ mcire biznesis regionuli mxardaWera, maTi Taviseburebebisa da prio-

ritetebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

53

Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi IIIIIIII. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis ekonomik. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis ekonomik. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis ekonomik. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis ekonomikuri dauri dauri dauri da

samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi saqarTveloSisamarTlebrivi safuZvlebi saqarTveloSisamarTlebrivi safuZvlebi saqarTveloSisamarTlebrivi safuZvlebi saqarTveloSi

2.1.B biznes2.1.B biznes2.1.B biznes2.1.B biznesgaremo saqarTveloSigaremo saqarTveloSigaremo saqarTveloSigaremo saqarTveloSi

saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi sabazro principebis masStabebTan erTad iz-

rdeba bazris monawileTa pragmatizmi. icvleba biznesis ZiriTadi subi-

eqtebis saxelmwifosTan, sazogadoebasTan, safinanso-sakredito sistemasa

da biznes kontragentebTan urTierT damokidebulebaTa sistemis xasiaTi.

wina planze iwevs civilur sabazro urTierTobebsa da jansaR konkuren-

ciaze damyarebuli biznesis organizacia-ganviTarebis codnis saWiroeba.

izrdeba biznes subieqtebis ekonomikuri saqmianobis Sedegebis Sesaxeb

informaciiT rogorc gare, ise Sida momxmarebelTa daintereseba.

ekonomikuri reformebis pirobebSi biznesis efeqtiani funqcionirebis

erT-erTi fundamenturi sakiTxia TiToeuli biznessubieqtis sabazro ur-

TierTobebis adekvaturi strategiuli miznebis formireba da misi finans-

ur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis analizis safuZvelze marTvis srulyofa.

miznis miRwevis SemecnebiTi saSualebaa biznes sistemis funqcionirebis

kanonzomierebaTa gamokvleva, rac biznes garemosa da misi marTvis SesaZ-

leblobebis SeswavliT iwyeba.MmniSvnelovania garemos sirTulisa da fa-

qtorTa urTierTkavSiris gansazRvra, maTi zemoqmedebis Sefaseba.B

sameurneo saqmianobis ganxorcielebis dros yoveli firma awydeba

mraval ekonomikuri xasiaTis problemas, romelTa Soris Cvenis azriT

ZiriTadia: bazris mdgomareobis Seswavlis sirTule, sakuTari sameurneo

adgilis moZebna, SesaZlo winaaaRmdegobebisa da SezRudvebis gaTvalis-

wineba, biznesis masStabebis adekvaturi finansuri resursebis formireba

da sxva.

Cven vTvliT, rom yovelma subieqtma, bazris moTxovnebis Sesabamisad

unda gamoZebnos Tavisi ganviTarebis mimarTuleba, risTvisac aucilebel-

ia kapitalis gamoyenebis axali formebis, warmoebis ekonomikurad efeq-

turi teqnologiebis, produqciiT bazris uzrunvelyofis axali formeb-

is danergva, rac moiTxovs bazris koniunqturis kargad codnas da orga-

nizaciis mier Tavisi ganviTarebis adekvaturi ekonomikuri strategiis

Camoyalibebas.

54

ekonomikuri strategia gulisxmobs firmis miznebis formirebas da

maTi miRwevisaTvis Sesabamisi politikis SemuSavebas. igi unda pasuxobd-

es Semdeg moTxovnebs:

a) ra mewarmeobrivi potenciali gaaCnia;

b) ra unda awarmoos firmam, ra raodenobiTa da rogori xarisxiT;

g) romel bazrebze unda imuSaos;

d) vin airCios partniorebad;

e) ra da rogor unda ganxorcieldes pirvel rigSi;

potenciuri biznes-subieqtis mier konkretuli organizaciul-samarT-

lebrivi formis arCevisas gasaTvaliswinebelia remdenime faqtor-garemo-

eba, kerZod: a) ekonomikis romel dargSi da sferoSi unda moaxdinos saq-

mianobis koncentracias; b) ekonomikis romel seqtorSi aqvs gadawyvetili

saqmianobis wamowyeba; g) rogori iqneba biznesis ganTavsebis areali da

funqcionirebis masStabebi; d) vin iqnebian biznesis damfuZnebeli part-

niorebi samewarmeo-samarTlebrivi statusis mixedviT; e) rogoria poten-

ciur mewarmeTa biznes gamocdileba; v) Tu arsebobs SeRavaTiani sagada-

saxado reJimebi an sainvesticio meqanizmebi biznesis calkeuli organi-

zaciuli formebis mimarT da sxva.

mewarmes gaaCnia sabazro Tavisufleba, romlis xarisxic ganisazRvre-

ba sami garemoebiT:

_ bazris moTxovniT;

_ sakuTari mewarmeobiTi unaris arsebobiT;

_ im SesaZleblobebiT, romelsac qmnis biznes-garemo.

biznesis garemo, es aris im faqtorebis erToblioba, romlebic gansa-

zRvraven subieqtebis qcevis wesebs bazarze. biznesis garemoze zemoqmede-

bis TvalsazrisiT, SesaZlebelia gamovyoT gansxvavebul faqtorTa nusxa,

romlebic erTiandebian biznesis mikro, makro da saerTaSoriso faqtore-

bSi. (Sengelia 2008:57)

biznesis garemo ornawiliania da moicavs Sida garemosa da gareTa ga-

remos, romelTa marTvis SesaZleblobebi sakmaod gansxvavebulia. nebismi-

eri biznesi, rogorc wesi, misi Sida garemos SemecnebiT, daproeqtebiTa

da SeqmniT iwyeba, rac biznesmenisagan Sesabamis codnasa da gamocdileb-

as moiTxovs. am problemis efeqturad gadawyvetis ZiriTad gzas proble-

misadmi sistemuri midgoma warmoadgens, rac gulisxmobs firmis Siga siv-

55

rcis erTian cocxal organmizmad warmodgenas, sadac ganixileba misi

yvela ZiriTadi Semadgeneli elementi, aseve procesebi maT Soris arsebu-

li kavSirebiTa da kanonzomierebebiT.

ekonomikur literaturaSi biznesis Sida garemos elementebTan dakavS-

irebiT ar arsebobs azrTa erTianoba. “mecnier-ekonomistTa erTi jgufis

SexedulebiT Sida garemoSi Sedis kapitalis mesakuTreebi, menejerebi, vi-

sac gadaecema qoneba samarTavad da daqiravebuli uSualo mwarmoeblebi.

meore jgufi Sida garemoSi aerTianebs: mewarmes, kapitals, materialur-

teqnikuri uzrunvelyofis samsaxurs, adamianuri resursebis samsaxurs,

finansuri menejmentis samsaxurs, marketingul samsaxurs da sxvas.” (sama-

daSvili 2009:121)

m. meskonis mixedviT Sida garemo moicavs Semdeg elementebs: miznebi,

struqtura, amocanebi, teqnologia da adamianebi. masSi mocemulia firmis

rogorc mizani, ise misi miRwevis saSualebebi. (meskoni. . . 2002:45).

Sida garemos marTva erTi SexedviT rTuli ar unda iyos, magram “mka-

cri realoba sul sxvaze metyvelebs, radgan igi Tavisi bunebiT sakmaod

paradoqsulia. (ix. sqema 2.1.1.)

sqema 2.1.1. biznesis Sida garemos faqtorebis urTierTdamokidebuleba

sawarmo

kerZod, miuxedavad imisa, rom mesakuTreebi firmis Sida garemos Tavi-

si Sexedulebebisamebr TviTonve qmnian, masSi Tavs iCens maTi survile-

teqnologia

adamianebi struqtura

Mmizani

(perspeqtiuli

xedva)

amocanebi mesakuTreebi

finansebi

56

bisagan damoukideblad moqmedi obieqturi faqtorebi da kanonzomiereb-

ani, maT Soris sakmaod saSiSi riskebi, romlebic Tavidan gaTvaliswineb-

uli ar iyo. am ukanasknelTa ignorirebas SeuZlia biznesis sruli katas-

trofa gamoiwvios. amdenad, firmis Sida garemos struqturis da funqci-

onirebis kanonzomierebaTa codnas rogorc biznesis wamowyebis wina sta-

diaze, ise misi Semdgomi momgebiani warmarTvisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvne-

loba aqvs”. (sisvaZe 2009: 34).

yoveli sameurneo subieqti, rogorc socialur-ekonomikuri sistema

dinamiur urTierTkavSirSia gare garemosTan, romelic uSualod zemoqme-

debs masze da TviTonac eqceva misi gavlenis qveS. sawarmos Ria sistemad

warmodgenis idea ekuTvnis C. bernards (1930w.), romelic ganviTarda speci-

alistebis Tanmimdevrul kvlevebSi.(baraTaSvili 2010:184)

organizaciis, rogorc marTvis Ria sistemis funqcionirebis modeli

SesaZlebels xdis gamoiyos Semdegi parametrebi: (sqema 2.1.2.)

• Semavali resursebi;

• saqonlad gadaqcevis procesi;

• gamomavali resursebi;

• ukukavSiri;

• Sida da gare garemo.

nebismieri sameurneo subieqtis Semavali resursebia gare garemodan

aRebuli nedleuli, finansebi, adamianebi, informacia da sxva resursebi,

romlebic aucilebelia sawarmos sacocxlisunarianobisa da arCeuli mi-

siis SesrulebisaTvis.

sameurneo subieqtis SigniT adgili aqvs resursebis warmoqmnas da maT

gardaqmnas sistemis saqmianobis saboloo produqtad, mmarTvelobiTi da

saSemsruleblo zemoqmedebis Sedegad samuSao teqnologiis da meTodeb-

is gamoyenebas. amis gamo yalibdeba gamomavali resursebi: sawarmo aZlevs

garemos produqcias, informacias, aRwevs finansur Sedegebs, ayalibebs

imijs, iTavisebs da moipovebs bazris gansazRvrul wils. Ria sistemebi

ar aris TviTuzrunvelyofili. sameurneo subieqtis marTvis sistema, str-

uqtura da funqcionireba ganisazRvreba ara marto Sida gadawyvetilebeb-

iT, aramed mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia gare garemos cvalebad

faqtorebze. mdgradi funqcionirebisaTvis saWiro resursebs sawarmo Re-

bulobs gare garemodan. aseTi damokidebuleba ganapirobebs mudmivi adap-

57

tirebis aucileblobas cvalebadi bazris koniunqturis mimarT. garemosa-

dmi adaptirebisaTvis biznessubieqtma Tavad unda gansazRvros romeli

faqtorebi da ra zomiT imoqmedeben misi saqmianobis Sedegebze amJamad da

perspeqtivaSi da ra zomebia misaRebi biznesis warmatebisaTvis.

sqema 2.1.2. organizaciis funqcionirebis modeli.

sameurneo subieqtis Sida dinamika yalibdeba gare garemoebebis zemo-

qmedebiT, amitom sawarmos warmatebis ZiriTadi potenciali gare garemo-

Si imyofeba. sawarmos gare garemo moicavs faqtorebis erTianobas, rome-

lic gavlenas axdens mis saqmianobaze garedan. aRniSnuli faqtorebi uwy-

vetad ganicdian cvlilebebs. biznesis Sida cvladebTan SedarebiT isini

gacilebiT mravalferovania, ar gamomdinareoben mmarTvelobiTi gadawyve-

tilebebis Sedegebidan da amitom ar eqvemdebarebian arsebiT koreqtireb-

as sawarmos mxridan. miuxedavad amisa, maTi gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia

biznesis efeqtiani warmarTvisaTvis. biznesis mesakuTreebi TavianTi saq-

mianobis wamowyebisa Tu ganviTarebisas unda gansazRvravdnen gare samya-

ros yvelaze mniSvnelovan faqtorebs, iTvaliswinebdnen maT cvlilebebs

da axdendnen maTdami adaptirebas.

gare garemo

Sesvla (resursebi)

• materialuri

• teqnikuri

• sakadro

• finansuri

• informaciuli

organizacia adamianebi struqtura

resursebis gardaqmnis procesi

teqnologia amocanebi

gamosvla

• produqcia

• momsaxureba

• informacia

• mogeba

• bazris wili

58

gare garemos, biznesze zemoqmedebis siswrafisa da uSualobis mixedv-

iT yofen biznesze pirdapiri da arapirdapiri zemoqmedebis faqtorebad.

ekonomikuri resursebis (nedleuli, masalebi, kapitali, samuSao Zala)

momwodeblebi, momxmareblebi, konkurentebi, bazarze arsebuli koniunq-

tura, kanonebi da saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis organoebi es is cvla-

debia, romlebic ayalibeben biznesis pirdapiri zemoqmedebis garemos anu

gare mikro garemos. aRniSnuli faqtorebi zemoqmedeben biznesis ganviTa-

rebaze da TviTonac pirdapir ganicdian misgan zegavlenas.

biznesis gare makro garemos, anu arapirdapiri zemoqmedebis garemos

ayalibeben Semdegi faqtorebi: politikuri da samarTlebrivi garemo; so-

cialur-kulturuli garemo; samecniero-teqnikuri progresi; bunebriv-ge-

ografiuli garemo. CamoTvlili faqtorebi ar axdenen organizaciaze pi-

rdapir da dauyovnebliv zemoqmedebas, magram miuxedavad amisa, garkveuli

Sualeduri rgolebis meSveobiT mniSvnelovnad zemoqmedeben mis funqcio-

nirebaze.

biznesis gare garemo SeiZleba davaxasiaToT Semdegi TaviseburebebiT:

• faqtorebis urTierTdamokidebuleba – erTi faqtoris mcire cvli-

lebamac ki SeiZleba gamoiwvios urTierTdakavSirebuli cvlilebeb-

is talRa da Secvalos biznesze maTi zemoqmedebis xasiaTi, swored

amitom saWiroa biznesis sistemuri anu Rrma da yovelmxrivi xedva;

• sirTule – faqtorTa simravlisa da mravalferovnebis gamo maTze

reagireba rTuldeba. swored amitom unda gamoiyos ufro mniSvne-

lovani faqtorebi da maTze moxdes reagireba;

• dinamiuroba – garemos cvlilebebis SefardebiTi siCqare. am SemTx-

vevaSi warmatebuli biznesis aucilebel pirobad SeiZleba iqces

moqnili sawarmoo sistemisa da situaciuri marTvis danergva, rome-

lic uzrunvelyofs mudmivad cvalebadi garemosadmi Seguebas;

• gaurkvevloba, anu garemos Sesaxeb informaciis raodenobisa da sa-

imedoobis arasakmarisoba. am SemTxvevaSi riskebis Semcirebis kargi

saSualebaa dazRveva. (samadaSvili 2009:131).

Cvenis azriT, swrafad cvalebadi saqmiani garemo gansakuTrebiT dama-

xasiaTebeli xdeba XXI saukunisaTvis. globalizaciam Seqmna pirobebi

ufro intensiuri kavSirebisa da TanamSromlobisaTvis. globalizaciisa

da teqnologiuri progresis maRalma tempebma fundamenturad Secvales

59

bazrisa da konkurentuli strategiebis pirobebi, aseve Seicvala saerTa-

Soriso da Siga bazrebis struqturebi, biznesisa da warmoebis sistemebi.

dReisaTvis biznesis potenciali damokidebulia produqciis xarisxze,

teqnikur upiratesobasa da gansakuTrebiT momxmarebelTa orientaciaze.

ekonomikurma liberalizaciam da daregulirebam Siga da sagareo bazreb-

is kidev ufro mWidro integraciamde migviyvana. amis Sedegad organizaci-

ebs uwevT konkurenciasTan gamklaveba ara marto saerTaSoriso, aramed

erovnul bazrebzec.

konkurentunarianobis Tema mTel msoflioSi, maT Soris saqarTvel-

oSic, gansakuTrebuli aqtualurobiT gamoirCeva, radgan igi aris qvey-

nebis ekonomikuri zrdisa da socialuri ganviTarebis sasicocxlo gza.

qveynisa da biznesis konkurentunarianoba mniSvnelovanwilad samTavr-

obo politikasa da sabazro Zalebis Sedegs warmoadgens. axalma indust-

riulma qveynebma, gansakuTrebiT samxreT aRmosavleT aziaSi, aCvena, rom

konkurentunarianoba SeiZleba miRweul iqnas SezRuduli regulirebis

gziT, sainvesticio stimulebiT, vaWrobis ganviTarebiT, finansebze xel-

misawvdomobis gamartivebiT, saganmanaTleblo valdebulebebis aRebisa

da adamianuri resursebis ganviTarebiT. saxelmwifos mier Sesabamisi po-

litikis gatarebam SesaZloa arsebiTi gavlena iqonios biznesis ganviTa-

rebaze.

saxelmwifom, pirvel rigSi, unda ganaxorcielos aucilebeli struq-

turuli adaptaciebi da gamoiyenos stabilizaciis politika, raTa Tavid-

an aicilos inflacia, moaxdinos vaWrobis liberalizacia da ekonomikis

daregulireba. amasTan erTad aucilebelia Seiqmnas sabazro operaciaTa

gatarebis uzrunvelmyofi institutebis mTeli qseli, romelSic moiazre-

ba safinanso da iuridiuli organizaciebi, ganaTlebis sistema, efeqtur-

ad moqmedi Sromis bazrebi, kerZo sakuTrebis instituti da sxva.

bolo ori aTeuli wlis manZilze konkurentuli biznesis ganviTareb-

is erovnuli strategiisaTvis Zireul komponents warmoadgens teq-

nologiebi. axal teqnologias SeuZlia Saemciros danakargebi da daaCqa-

ros momxmarebelTa moTxovnebze reaqciis gamovlenis dro. axali teqno-

logiebi amaRleben mobilurobas da xels uwyoben produqtebisa da mom-

saxurebis mravalferovnebis Seqmnas.

60

arsebobs azri, rom bunebrivi resursebiT Raribma qveyanam, romelsac

amavdroulad, dabali teqnologiuri done aqvs, mzard da konkurentul

ekonomikas liberaluri biznes-garemos SeqmniT unda Cauyaros safuZveli.

am mimarTebiT saqarTvelos ekonomikuri garemo yovelwliurad fasdeba

sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso da adgilobrivi organizaciebis mier.

biznes garemos ganviTarebis Sesaxeb rekomendaciebs amzadeben sxvada-

sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebi. maT qvT sakuTari xedva imasTan dakav-

SirebiT Tu rogor SeiZleba ganviTardes biznesi saqarTveloSi. globa-

lur konkurentunarianobas ikvleven avtoritetuli saerTaSoriso orga-

nizaciebi _ msoflio ekonomikuri forumi, msoflio banki, ganviTarebisa

da menejmentis saerTaSoriso instituti, harvardis universitetTan arse-

buli strategiisa da konkurentunarianobis instituti; am organizaciebi-

sadmi sazogadoebis ndobis faqtori dRiTi dRe izrdeba maT mier warmo-

dgenili daskvnebi efuZneba realur informacias (politikaSi, ekonomika-

sa da socialur sferoSi), gamoirCeva saimedoobis maRali xarisxiT, ata-

rebs sarekomendacio xasiaTs da erovnuli saxelmwifoebi warmatebiT

iyeneben ekonomikuri politikis SemuSavebis procesSi.

yovel wels msoflio banki afasebs ekonomikas biznes garemos mixed-

viT. msoflio bankis 2011-2012 ww. angariSis mixedviT, Duing Business-Si sa-

qarTvelos biznes garemo msoflioSi me-16 adgilzea. am mxriv is region-

ul konkurentebze bevrad warmatebulia. magaliTad somxeTs 183 qveynidan

55-e adgili ukavia, azerbaijans – 66-e, xolo ruseTi ki 120-e adgilzea.

Duing Business-Si warmodgenili maCvebneblebi afaseben biznesis regu-

lirebas, qonebis uflebebis dacvasa da maT mniSvnelobas biznesze,

gansakuTrebiT mcire da saSualo zomis sawarmoebze.

mTliani rangirebisaTvis msoflio banki 10 sxvadasxva indikators eyr-

dnoba. esenia: biznesis dawyeba, mSeneblobis nebarTvebi, qonebis regist-

racia, dakrediteba, gadasaxadebis gadaxda, vaWroba sazRvrebs Soris,

kontraqtireba, biznesis daxurvis procedura, TanamSromelTa daqiraveba,

investorTa uflebebis dacva.

im kriteriumebis mixedviT, romelic axali biznesis dasawyebad saWi-

ro dros, procedurebs, xarjebsa da minimalur sawesdebo kapitals exe-

ba, saqarTvelos 183 qveyanas Soris me-7 adgili ukavia. samSeneblo nebar-

Tvebis asaRebad saWiro procedurebis, drois, xarjebisa da Semowmebebis

61

mixedviT meoTxe, xolo sakuTrebis daregistrirebis – komerciuli uZra-

vi qonebis gadacemasTan dakavSirebuli procedurebis, droisa da xarjeb-

is mixedviT pirveli. investorTa dacvis kategoriaSi saqarTvelo me-17

poziciazea, kreditis aRebis kriteriumSi ki me-8–ze. „biznesis keTeba

2011“-is Sefasebis aTi kriteriumidan yvelaze dabali Sefaseba saqarTve-

lom „biznesis daxurvis“ kategoriaSi miiRo da 183 qveyanas Soris 105-e

adgili daikava.

diagrama 2.1.1. saqarTvelo msoflio bankis “biznesis keTebis” reitingis

mixedviT, 2011w.

1

2

3

16

21

24

27

55

66

71

120

152

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

სინგაპურისინგაპურისინგაპურისინგაპური

ჰონგჰონგჰონგჰონგ-კონგიკონგიკონგიკონგი

ახალიახალიახალიახალი ზელანდიაზელანდიაზელანდიაზელანდია

საქართველოსაქართველოსაქართველოსაქართველო

ლატვიალატვიალატვიალატვია

ესტონეთიესტონეთიესტონეთიესტონეთი

ლიტვალიტვალიტვალიტვა

სომხეთისომხეთისომხეთისომხეთი

აზერბაიჯანიაზერბაიჯანიაზერბაიჯანიაზერბაიჯანი

თურქეთითურქეთითურქეთითურქეთი

რუსეთირუსეთირუსეთირუსეთი

უკრაინაუკრაინაუკრაინაუკრაინა

wyaro: “saqarTvelo saerTaSoriso reitingebSi” 2011. saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da

mdgradi ganviTarebis saministro. (www.economy.ge)

igi afasebs regulirebis Sedegebs, rogoricaa:

• dro da danaxarjebi kontraqtebis ganxorcielebisa da sazRvrebs

Soris vaWrobisaTvis;

• sakuTrebis samarTlebrivi dacvis xarisxi;

• dasaqmebis regulirebis gazomva;

• maCveneblebi, romlebic awesrigeben gadasaxadebis simZimes

biznesze.

62

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsis maCvenebeli `freize-

ris~ reitingis mixedviT 27-e adgilzea.

`freizeris instituti~ warmoadgens msoflio ekonomikuri Tavisuf-

lebis mimoxilvas, is efuZneba mxolod obieqtur, mesame mxaris mier wa-

rmodgenil monacemebsa da damoukidebel kvlevas 141 qveynisaTvis. am kvl-

evis (kvleva 2009 wlis statistikur monacemebs eyrdnoba) Tanaxmad, eko-

nomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsis 5 parametridan saqarTvelom oris gaum-

jobeseba SeZlo, sami ki gauaresda. 2008-2009 wlebSi reitingis cvlileba

Semdegi saxisaa:

_ mTavrobis zoma – 15 (gaumjobesda 11 poziciiT);

_ samarTlebrivi struqturisa da sakuTrebis uflebaTa dacva – 86

(gaumjobesda 2 poziciiT);

_ saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Tavisufleba – 24 (gauaresda 8 poziciiT);

_ kreditebis. SromiTi da biznesis regulireba – 56 (gauaresda 33 pozi-

ciiT).

Cvenis azriT aRniSnuli kvlevebi Zalzed mniSvnelovania, magram bizne-

sgaremos gaumjobesebis miRweuli Sedegebi, romelic faqtiurad biznesis

dawyebis simartives da ara biznesis Semdgomi gafarToebis SesaZleblob-

ebs asaxavs, qveynis winsvlis saqmeSi gasatarebel RonisZiebaTa mxolod

nawilia da is azri, rom biznesis warmoebis sakiTxi mogvarebulia gada-

Warbebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. miuxedavad saerTaSoriso organizacieb-

is mier zemoT aRniSnuli biznesgaremos gaumjobesebis tendenciebisa, sa-

qarTvelos biznesklimati kvlavac mravali mniSvnelovani gamowvevis wi-

naSe dgas. magaliTad, “globaluri konkurentunarianobis” 2011 wlis anga-

riSis mixedviT, saqarTvelos 139 qveyanas Soris 88-e adgili ukavia, xolo

misi sareitingo qula Seadgens 3,95 (zomieri maCvenebeli), Aazerbaijani

55-e poziciazea, ruseTi – 66-e, ukraina – 82-e, TurqeTi 59-e, xolo somxeTi

saqarTvelos CamorCa oTxi poziciiT da 92-e adgilzea.

msoflio ekonomikuri forumi 1979 wlidan ikvlevs qveynebis konku-

rentunarianobas. es samuSaoebi mimarTulia qveynebis dasaxmareblad, ra-

Ta maT kargad gaaanalizon is mizezebi Tu ratom viTardeba zogi qveyana

warmatebulad, xolo zogierTi ki CamorCeba. is zomavs makroekonomikuri

garemos xarisxs, qveynis sajaro institutebis mdgomareobas da teqnolo-

giuri mzaobis dones. reitingi eyrdnoba sajarod xelmisawvdom (stati-

63

stikur) monacemebsa da msoflio ekonomikuri forumis aRmasrulebel

pirTa mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebs. aRniSnuli yovelwliuri kvle-

va xorcieldeba partniori institutebis xelSewyobiT (samecniero inst-

itutebi da biznes-organizaciebi).

diagrama 2.1.2 zogierTi qveyana “globaluri konkurentunarianobis an-

gariSis” reitingSi

1

33

44

55

59

64

66

82

88

92

93

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

შვეიცარიაშვეიცარიაშვეიცარიაშვეიცარია{5,65}

ესტონეთიესტონეთიესტონეთიესტონეთი {4,62}

ლიტვალიტვალიტვალიტვა {4,41

აზერბაიჯანიაზერბაიჯანიაზერბაიჯანიაზერბაიჯანი{4,31}

თურქეთითურქეთითურქეთითურქეთი{4,28

ლატვიალატვიალატვიალატვია {4,24}

რუსეთირუსეთირუსეთირუსეთი {4,21}

უკრაინაუკრაინაუკრაინაუკრაინა{4,00}

საქართველოსაქართველოსაქართველოსაქართველო{3,95}

სომხეთისომხეთისომხეთისომხეთი{3,89}

მოლდოვამოლდოვამოლდოვამოლდოვა{3,89}

wyaro: ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministro. publikacia “globaluri konk-

urentunarianobis angariSi” 2011. (www.economy.ge)

es indeqsi axdens im faqtorebis analizs, romlebic mniSvnelovan ro-

ls asruleben qveyanaSi biznes-klimatis SeqmnisaTvis da mniSvnelovania

mwarmoeblurobisa da konkurentunarianobis TvalsazrisiT. aseve ganixi-

lavs qveynis Zlier da sust mxareebs, axdens prioritetebis identifici-

rebas politikuri reformebis ganxorcielebis xelSewyobisaTvis.

„saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis angariSSi“ saqarTvelos 111 kom-

ponentidan SedarebiTi upiratesoba aqvs 23-Si, xolo SedarebiT araxel-

sayreli mdgomareoba 88-Si. makroekonomikuri stabilurobis mixedviT sa-

qarTvelo 137-e adgilzea, infrastruqturis mixedviT – 68-ze, instituteb-

is ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT me-60-e adgili uWiravs.

64

am kvlevaSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis doniT saqarTvelo 88-e adgilzea,

finansuri bazris ganviTarebis doniT ki 99-ze. teqnologiuri mzaobis

kriteriumSi saqarTvelos me-100 adgili ukavia. gansakuTrebiT arasaxar-

bieloa saqarTvelos reitingi iseT kriteriumebSi, rogoricaa: bazris si-

didie - 106-e, biznesis ganviTareba-100 da inovaciebis mxriv ki-117.

msoflio ekonomikuri forumis `globaluri konkurentunarianobis

angariSis~ mixedviT, saqarTveloSi biznesis keTebisa da ganviTarebisaTv-

is yvelaze xelisSemSlel faqtorebad dasaxelda finansebze xelmisawv-

domoba, arakvalificiuri samuSao Zala, inflacia, susti samuSao eTika

erovnul samuSao ZalaSi, sagadasaxado regulaciebi, xelisuflebis ara-

stabiluroba, gaumarTavi infrastruqtura, sagadasaxado ganakveTebi, po-

litikuri arastabiluroba.

msoflio ekonomikuri forumis rekomendaciiT, gardamavali ekonomikis

statusis mqone qveynebma, maT Soris saqarTvelomac, sawarmos doneze

unda gaaumjobesos sawarmoo procesebi axali teqnologiebis danergvis,

marketinguli kvlevebis gaaqtiurebisa da grZelvadiani dagegmvis sruly-

ofis gziT; makrodoneze ki saqarTvelos sWirdeba ekonomikuri politiki-

sa da infrastruqturis srulyofa;

Cven viziarebT im mecnierTa (n. xaduri, d. iakobiZe, b. aladaSvili, n.

kvaracxelia da sxvebi) Sexedulebebs, romlebic Tvlian, rom saqarTvel-

om unda daamuSaos konkurentunarianobis erovnuli modelebi msoflio

ekonomikuri forumisa da msoflio bankis reitingebis, rekomendaciebisa

da daskvnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, (globaluri konkurentunarianobisa da

biznesis konkurentunarianobis modelebis analogiuri erovnuli modele-

bi), romelTa gaumjobesebisaken swrafvac gamoiwvevs saqarTveloSi arse-

buli biznes klimatis gaumjobesebas, srulyofasa da Sesabamisad biznes

subieqtebisaTvis xelsayreli saqmini pirobebis Seqmnas.

erovnuli saxelmwifoebis ganviTarebis SedarebiTi analizi saqarTve-

los ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis tendenciebisa da social-

ur sferoSi arsebuli problemebis obieqturi Sefasebis SesaZleblobas

iZleva. kerZod, saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis amaRlebiT Cvens qve-

65

yanas SeuZlia miaRwios stabilur ekonomikur zrdas, dasaqmebis donis

zrdas, umuSevrobis, siRaribis donis Semcirebas.

saerTaSoriso organizaciebis Sefasebebi ZiriTadad efuZneba angariS-

ebs, axal kanonebsa da sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis analizs. am Sefasebe-

bis ukan ar dgas uSualod mewarmeebis mosazrebebi da konkretuli prob-

lemebi, romelTa Sesaxeb yvelaze zust da mniSvnelovan informacias sw-

ored isini floben. biznes-garemos aqtualuri problemebis mosagvarebl-

ad da gamowvevebis warmatebiT gansaxorcieleblad, aucilebelia gamar-

Tuli dialogis praqtikis danergva saxelmwifosa da kerZo seqtors So-

ris. mniSvnelovania, rom saxelmwifo programebi, biujeti da biznesgare-

mosTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri gadawyvetileba miRebul iqnas Sesabami-

si biznesis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

2009 wels statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis mier Catarda kvleva

`mcire da saSualo biznesi saqarTveloSi~, romlis mizansac warmoadgen-

da biznes garemos jerovnad daxasiaTeba, maTi saqmianobis tendenciebis

Sesaxeb monacemebis mopoveba.

gamokvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT 2008 wlis meoTxe kvartalSi mcire da

saSualo sawarmoTa udidesi nawili 25,5% samewarmeo saqmianobas eweva 10

welze metia, 5-dan 10 wlamde _ 28,2%, 3-dan 5 wlamde _ 25,7%, 1-dan 3

wlamde _ 12,7%, erT welze naklebi vadiT 5,6%. (diagrama 2.1.3.)

დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 2.1.3. სამეწარმეოსამეწარმეოსამეწარმეოსამეწარმეო საქმიანობითსაქმიანობითსაქმიანობითსაქმიანობით დაკავებულდაკავებულდაკავებულდაკავებულ საწარმოთასაწარმოთასაწარმოთასაწარმოთა დაჯგუფებადაჯგუფებადაჯგუფებადაჯგუფება საქმიანობისსაქმიანობისსაქმიანობისსაქმიანობის ხანგრძლივობისხანგრძლივობისხანგრძლივობისხანგრძლივობის მიხედვითმიხედვითმიხედვითმიხედვით

25,70%

28,20%

25,50%

12,60%

5,60%2,30%

ერთერთერთერთ წელზეწელზეწელზეწელზენაკლებინაკლებინაკლებინაკლები1-დანდანდანდან 3 წლამდეწლამდეწლამდეწლამდე

3-დანდანდანდან 5წლამდეწლამდეწლამდეწლამდე

5-დანდანდანდან 10 წლამდეწლამდეწლამდეწლამდე

10 წელზეწელზეწელზეწელზე მეტიმეტიმეტიმეტი

უარიუარიუარიუარი პასუხზეპასუხზეპასუხზეპასუხზე

wyaro: “mcire da saSualo biznesi saqarTveloSi”. statistikuri publikacia 2009.

imave periodisaTvis gamokiTxulTa 36,0% Tvlis, rom ukanaskneli 1

wlis ganmavlobaSi samewarmeo garemo umniSvnelod gaumjobesda, 15,4%-is

66

azriT mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda, xolo 10,4%-mde aRwevs im mewarmeTa

wili, romlebic miiCneven, rom samewarmeo garemo mniSvnelovnad gaumjob-

esda. (diagrama. 2.1.4.)

დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 2.1.4. სამეწარმეოსამეწარმეოსამეწარმეოსამეწარმეო გარემოსგარემოსგარემოსგარემოს ცვლილებაცვლილებაცვლილებაცვლილება საქართველოშისაქართველოშისაქართველოშისაქართველოში ბოლობოლობოლობოლო 2005-2008 წლებისწლებისწლებისწლების

გამნავლობაშიგამნავლობაშიგამნავლობაშიგამნავლობაში

10,40%

12,60%

18,40%

36,00%

15,40%7,20%

მნიშვნელოვნადმნიშვნელოვნადმნიშვნელოვნადმნიშვნელოვნადგაუმჯობესდაგაუმჯობესდაგაუმჯობესდაგაუმჯობესდა

უმნიშვნელოდუმნიშვნელოდუმნიშვნელოდუმნიშვნელოდგაუმჯობესდაგაუმჯობესდაგაუმჯობესდაგაუმჯობესდაარარარარ შეცვლილაშეცვლილაშეცვლილაშეცვლილა

უმნიშვნელოდუმნიშვნელოდუმნიშვნელოდუმნიშვნელოდგაუარესდაგაუარესდაგაუარესდაგაუარესდა

მნიშვნელოვნადმნიშვნელოვნადმნიშვნელოვნადმნიშვნელოვნადგაუარესდაგაუარესდაგაუარესდაგაუარესდა


wyaro: “mcire da saSualo biznesi saqarTveloSi” statistikuri publikacia, 2009.

miuxedavad zemoT aRniSnulisa sawarmoTa 85,1% mainc apirebda saqmia-

nobis gagrZelebas, Tumca biznesis Semaferxebel faqtorebad asaxeleben

saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze fasebis momatebas, sabanko kreditis maRal

saprocento ganakveTsa da maRal sagadasaxado ganakveTebs. isini saqmia-

nobis gafarToebas ar gegmaven, magram Tu daapireben, maSin mewarmeTa

63,8% finansuri saxsrebis mopovebas sakuTari an partniorebis danazogeb-

is xarjze apirebs.

დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 2.1.5. საწარმოსსაწარმოსსაწარმოსსაწარმოს ფუნქციონირებისფუნქციონირებისფუნქციონირებისფუნქციონირების წყაროებიწყაროებიწყაროებიწყაროები

17,50%

3,80%

2,70%

11,70%

63,30%

მთლიანადმთლიანადმთლიანადმთლიანად საკუთარისაკუთარისაკუთარისაკუთარისახსრებისსახსრებისსახსრებისსახსრების ხარჯზეხარჯზეხარჯზეხარჯზე

ძირითადადძირითადადძირითადადძირითადად საკუთარისაკუთარისაკუთარისაკუთარისახსრებისსახსრებისსახსრებისსახსრების ხარჯზეხარჯზეხარჯზეხარჯზე

ძირითადადძირითადადძირითადადძირითადად კრედიტებისკრედიტებისკრედიტებისკრედიტებისხარჯზეხარჯზეხარჯზეხარჯზე

სხვასხვასხვასხვა


wyaro: “mcire da saSualo biznesi saqarTveloSi” statistikuri publikacia 2009.

67

rogorc Cans, mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa umravlesoba (63,3%)

mTlianad sakuTari saxsrebis xarjze funqcionirebs. aRniSnuli maCvene-

beli SedarebiT maRali iyo operaciebi uZravi qonebiT, ijara da momxma-

reblisaTvis momsaxurebis gawevis dargSi (71,3%), sastumroebisa da res-

tornebis dargSi (70,0%), vaWrobis, avtomobilebis, sayofacxovrebo nawar-

misa da piradi moxmarebis sagnebis remontis dargSi – (66,3%).

unda aRiniSnos, rom sabanko kreditiT sargeblobda Semdeg dargebSi

moRvawe mcire sawarmoebi: samTomopovebiTi mrewveloba – 40,6%, sastumr-

oebi da restornebi – 23,1%, vaWroba; avtomobilebis, sayofacxovrebo na-

warmisa da piradi moxmarebis sagnebis remonti – 25,7%, damamuSavebeli

mrewveloba – 23,4%, mSenebloba 22,8% da a.S.

samrewvelo sawarmoTa mier warmoebuli produqciis 73,5% saRdeba mT-

lianad adgilobriv bazarze, 10,7% Tavis saqonels asaRebs ZiriTadad ad-

gilobriv bazarze, 1,7% -ZiriTadad sagareo bazarze, 1,7%-s ki uWirs gasa-

Rebis bazrebis povna. (mcire da 2008: 212)

biznes seqtoris warmomadgenelTa azriT mniSvnelovania gatardes er-

Tiani politika rogorc saxelmwifos aseve saerTaSoriso seqtoris mxri-

dan, raTa realurad moxdes biznesis winaSe mdgari problemebis mogvare-

ba. mizanmimarTuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebisaTvis ki aucilebelia,

zustad moxdes aRniSnuli problemebis identifikacia da ranJireba.

saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociaciis mier, saerTaSoriso

eqspertTa korpusisa da USAID-is dafinansebiT Catarebuli kvlevebis Se-

degad gamovlinda is problemebi, romlTa winaSec dgas mcire biznesi.

gamokiTxuli kompaniebis 60% biznesis saqmianobis procesSi xelisSemSl-

el faqtorad bazarze gayidvebs anu produqciis realizaciis SesaZleb-

lobebs asaxelebs. meore msxvil problemas warmoadgens finansur saxsr-

ebze xelmisawvdomoba. xolo rac Seexeba saxelmwifos an mesame pirebis

mxridan biznesSi Carevas respodentebis TiTqmis sruli umravlesobis mi-

er dasaxelda rogorc yvelaze naklebad problematuri sakiTxi. es miani-

Snebs or mniSvnelovan sakiTxze: saxelmwifos Careva kompaniebis yoveld-

Riur saqmianobaSi Semcirda an Cajda kanonis farglebSi. (axlgazrda . .

.2008)

mcire biznesis ganviTarebis tendenciebisa da arsebul biznes garemo-

ze mewarmeTa Sexedulebebis SefasebisaTvis Cvens mier Catarda kvleva,

68

romelmac moicva aWaris regionis 200-mde mcire sawarmo. maT ricxvSic

Sedioda, rogorc sawarmoo ise momsaxurebis sferoSi funqcionirebadi

sawarmoebi, TumcaRa unda aRiniSnos meores upiratesoba (80%) pirvelTan

(20%) SedarebiT.

SevecadeT mewarmeTa yuradReba gagvemaxvilebina Semdeg sakiTxebze:

a) samewarmeo saqmianobis gamocdileba;

b) samewarmeo saqmianobis arCevis motivi;

g) biznes garemos Sefaseba;

d) finansebis xelmisawvdomobis pirobebi;

e) gasaRebis bazrebi;

v) mcire biznesidan miRebuli Semosavlebis wili saojaxo biujetSi;

z) mcire biznesis Semaferxebeli faqtorebi.

kvlevis Sedegebi cxadyofs, rom gamokiTxul sawarmoTa 8,5% funqcio-

nirebs erT welze naklebi vadiT, 3-dan 5 wlamde – 47,2%, xolo 5-dan 10

wlamde ki – 44,3%, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom mxolod sawarmoTa dafuZne-

bis simartivem ver gadawyvita biznes subieqtTa raodenobrivi da samewar-

meo saqmianobaSi mosaxleobis CarTulobis zrdis sakiTxi.

rac Seexeba biznesgaremos mimzidvelobas, unda aRiniSnos, rom

mewarmeTa 15,3% Tvlis, rom bolo erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi samewarmeo

SesaZleblobebi umniSvnelod gauaresda, 42,3% Tvlis rom umniSvnelod

gaumjobesda mewarmis sasargeblod, mewarmeTa 19,2% Tvlis, rom

samewarmeo SesaZleblobebi gaizarda, xolo 23,2%-is azriT biznes garemo

mniSvnelovnad gauaresda.

unda aRiniSnos, rom saintereso gansxvavebebi arsebobs sazRvargareT-

is qveynebSi mcire mewarmeobis arCevis motivebsa da saqarTvelosa da yo-

fil postsabWoTa qveynebSi arsebul imave sakiTxs Soris. sabazro ekono-

mikis qveynebSi umuSevroba ar aris ZiriTadi, gadamwyveti faqtori indivi-

dualuri biznesis sferosaken adamianebis ltolvisa. es ufro nakarnaxev-

ia grZelvadiani, myari motivebiT, SromiTi faseulobebis ufro axlebur-

ad gaazrebiT. ganviTarebul qveynebSi sul ufro izrdeba wvril, arakor-

porirebul fermaTa ricxvi, romlebSic Sromis anazRaurebis gareSe mom-

uSave ojaxis wevrebTan, an daqiravebul muSakTa gverdiT TviTon mesak-

uTreebic muSaoben, romelTa mier miRebuli Semosavali am sawarmoebSi

dabandebuli kapitalis meSveobiT, zogjer ki mxolod sakuTari Sromisa

69

da mewarmeobrivi niWis ukugebiT miiReba. Tu ganviTarebul qveynebSi Sro-

mis motivacia ZiriTadad `mimzidveli~ faqtorebiT ganisazRvreba, ganvi-

Tarebad qveynebSi gadamwyvetia ìZulebiTi~ faqtorebi, romelTa mixedvi-

Tac mcire biznesiT Tavis dasaqmebis motivia samuSaos ver povna, an kidev

ojaxis rCenis mizniT meti Semosavlis miReba.

msgavsi suraTi miviReT Cvens mier Catarebuli gamokiTxvis SedegebiT:

mewarmeTa 19,9%-s undoda, rom meti Semosavali hqonoda, 35,7%- ma samuSao

ver iSova, 32,5%-s surda Tavisi saqmisa da sakuTari ideebis ganxorcie-

leba, xolo 11,9% Tvlis, rom misi winandeli saqmianoba uperspeqtivo

iyo. amasTan mewarmeebis ZiriTadi nawili saqmianobis im saxes irCevs,

romelSic aqvs gamocdileba.

mcire biznesis rolisa da adgilis SefasebisaTvis mniSvnelovnad mi-

viCnieT mcire biznesidan miRebuli Semosavlebis wilis dadgena ojaxis

biujetSi. gamokvlevebma gviCvena, rom mcire biznesiT dakavebuli mewarme-

ebis 28,8%-is ojaxebis rCenis erTaderTi gza (100%) mcire biznesSi dasaq-

mebiT miRebuli Semosavlebia, mewarmeTa 21,1%-i saojaxo biujetis 75%-s

avsebs aseve sakuTari mcire biznes saqmianobidan miRebuli finansuri

saxsrebiT, 19,2 %-isaTvis mcire biznesi uzrunvelyofs saojaxo biujetis

50%-s, xolo 23,3%-isaTvis 30%-s. (ix. diagrama 2.1.6.).

aRniSnuli kidev erTxel miuTiTebs mcire biznesis did socialur

mniSvnelobaze, miTumetes Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom erTi biznes-subieqti

an am sferoSi dasaqmebuli TiToeuli pirovneba arCens ojaxis 4-6 wevrs.

დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 2.1. 6. მცირემცირემცირემცირე ბიზნესიდანბიზნესიდანბიზნესიდანბიზნესიდან მიღებულიმიღებულიმიღებულიმიღებული შემოსავლებისშემოსავლებისშემოსავლებისშემოსავლების წილიწილიწილიწილი საოჯახოსაოჯახოსაოჯახოსაოჯახო ბიუჯეტშიბიუჯეტშიბიუჯეტშიბიუჯეტში

28,80%

21,10%19,20%

23,30%

7,60%

100%75%50%30%სხვასხვასხვასხვა

wyaro: Cveni kvlevebi

70

miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovani warmatebebia

biznesis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT da xelisuflebac etapobrivad

SeimuSavebs mcire mewarmeobis mxardaWeris meqanizmebs, mewarmeebi kvlav

samewarmeo garemos gaumjobesebis molodinSi arian. maTi umravlesoba -

80,2% ar fiqrobs saqmianobis gafarToebaze, Tumca 19,8% mopovebuli aqvs

resursebi kidev ufro masStaburi saqmianobisaTvis.

gamokvlevebiT Cans, rom mewarmeebisaTvis dResac aqtualuria iseTi

xelisSemSleli faqtorebi, rogoricaa: finansebze xelmisawvdomoba, kre-

ditis maRali saprocento ganakveTi, maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTebi.

mtkivneul sakiTxs warmoadgens aseve falsificirebuli produqciisagan

bazrisa da sakuTrebis uflebis daucveloba. mewarmeebi Tvlian, rom ma-

Ti biznesis warmatebuli ganviTarebisaTvis zemoT aRniSnul problemeb-

Tan erTad aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs mosaxleobis msyidvelobiTunari-

anobas. aqedan gamomdinare zogadad biznesisaTvis mniSvnelovania mosax-

leobis keTildReoba, romelzec jaWvurad aris mibmuli biznesis gafar-

Toebis SesaZleblobebi.

amrigad, qveyanaSi warmatebuli biznes garemos formirebisaTvis auci-

lebelia Zlieri institutebis, stabiluri sakanonmdeblo regulirebisa

da biznesis operirebis Zlieri kulturisa da tradiciebis arseboba. grZ-

elvadian perspeqtivaSi aucilebelia stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa, rac

msxvili finansuri resursebis mozidvis mTavari winapirobaa. ramdenad

dabalic ar unda iyos gadasaxadebis ganakveTi, Tu qveyanaSi ar iqneba

stabiluri sakanonmdeblo da politikuri garemo, SeuZlebeli iqneba gan-

viTarebul da mimzidvel ekonomikaze saubari.

2.2. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis e2.2. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis e2.2. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis e2.2. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis etapebi saqarTveloSitapebi saqarTveloSitapebi saqarTveloSitapebi saqarTveloSi

biznesi, rogorc realuri ekonomikuri movlena, kavSirSia sabazro

ekonomikur sistemasTan da misi subieqtebis saqmianobasTan. sityva “bizne-

sis” sameurneo da samecniero gageba swored sabazro ekonomikaze gadasv-

lasTan erTad Semovida da amave periodidan daiwyo misi Tavdapirveli

Teoriuli gaazreba. Tumca, Cvenis azriT biznesis mxolod sabazro eko-

71

nomikur movlenad aRiarebiT, mniSvnelovanwilad Raribdeba misi Sinaarsi

da xelovnurad izRudeba rogorc misi moqmedebis istoriuli areali, as-

eve ekonomikuri arsi, rac mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT miuRebelia.

am TvalsazrisiT biznesis warmoSoba saqonelgacvlis warmoSobas uka-

vSirdeba da SeiZleba CaiTvalos kacobriobis mTeli istoriis Tanmdevad,

yvela ekonomikuri sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebel movlenad. mas vxvdebiT

im epoqidan, roca gvarebsa da tomebs Soris daiwyo urTierTxelsayreli

barteruli gacvlebi da vaWroba.

biznesis ganviTarebas kidev ufro Seuwyo xeli xelosnobisa da vaWro-

bis calke dargad Camoyalibebam. monaTmflobeluri da feodaluri wes-

is wiaRSi biznesis arsebobaze metyvelebs wvrili glexebisa da xelosne-

bis mier nameti produqciiT, naturaluri da fuladi feodaluri rentiT

vaWroba, mevaxSeoba, monebiT vaWroba da sxva.

amdenad dasabamidan hqonda adgili Sromis danawilebas. sxvadasxva

profesiebis gamoCena ganpirobebuli iyo siZneleebis warmoSobiT, axali

pirobebiTa da axali moTxovnilebebiT.

Tavisi ganviTarebis Tvisebrivad axal safexurs biznesma miaRwia kapi-

talizmis pirobebSi, rodesac warmoebis yvela faqtori miwa, Sroma da

kapitali yidva-gayidvis obieqtia da produqcia iwarmoeba gasayidad mog-

ebis miRebis mizniT. (samadaSvili 2009: 20)

vinaidan biznesis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis istoria mravalsau-

kunovania, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom is Tavdapirvelad mcire zomebiT Sem-

oifargleboda, radganac im droisaTvis ar hqonda adgili masiur warmoe-

bas. amdenad mcire biznesis ganviTarebis winamZRvrebi swored im periodi-

dan iwyeba, romelic zemoT iyo aRniSnuli. im periodisaTvis ganviTarebu-

li iyo manufaqturuli warmoeba da wroduqciis damzadebis teqnologia

xeliT Sromas eyrdnoboda. ufro gviandeli kapitalizmisaTvis damaxasia-

Tebelia teqnologiuri procesebis srulyofa-ganviTareba, manqanuri war-

moebis gafarToeba da msxvilseriuli warmoebis danergva, ramac ramdena-

dme Seamcira mcire mewarmeobis masStabebi.

istoriuli wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom saqarTveloSi mewarmeoba saTav-

es monaTmflobeluri wyobilebidan iRebs da iseve rogorc sxva qveyneb-

Si, aqac vaWrobiT iwyeba.

72

feodaluri wyobis dros mamulebSi iqmneboda miwaTmoqmedebis damate-

biTi produqcia, rac vaWrobis ganviTarebasTan erTad xels uwyobda xel-

osnobis ganviTarebas.

xelosnuri warmoebis pirveli da uZvelesi forma iyo ojaxuri mrew-

veloba, romlisganac Semdeg sxva formebic ganviTarda. amzadebdnen sxva-

dasxva saxis xelosnur produqts, qsovilebsa da tanisamoss, nedleulad

ki iyenebdnen glexebisagan gadasaxadebis saxiT miRebul matyls, bambas,

sels, kanafs, abreSums. ganviTarebuli iyo rkinis, spilenZis, vercxlis,

oqros mWedloba. (erqomaiSvili 2007: 33).

arsebobda xelosnuri produqtis gasaRebis iseTi formebi, rogoricaa:

1. saqonels, xelosnobisa da saojaxo meurneobis nawarms yiddnen

duqnebsa da saxelosnoebSi. maT gverdiT glexobasac gamohqonda

gasayidad Tavisi Warbi produqcia;

2. soflad xelze vaWroba, rasac mxolod mamakacebi misdevdnen;

3. yovelkvireuli da wliuri bazrobebi.

Sromis danawilebis gaRrmavebasTan erTad sul ufro meti Sinameurne-

oba farTovdeboda da erTveboda savaWro brunvaSi. saukeTeso saqoneli

sazRvargareTac gadioda. XII-XIII saukunebSi saqarTvelo iTvleboda evr-

opa-aziis udides saxelmwifod, romelsac gaaCnda savaWro urTierTobebi

bizantiasTan, egviptesTan, erayTan, siriasTan, iranTan, indoeTTan, ruseT-

Tan da a. S. saeqsporto saqonels Seadgenda maSindeli sayofacxovrebo

nivTebi, agreTve bamba, abreSumi, Zvirfasi samoseli, Rvino, Tafli da a.S.

XIII saukunis dasawyisSi ekonomikuri urTierTobebi imdenad ganviTar-

ebuli iyo, rom `Seiqmna pirobebi sabazro urTierTobebisa da samoqala-

qo sazogadoebis institutebis CasaxvisaTvis, maSin rodesac dasavleT ev-

ropaSi aRniSnuli urTierTobebi mkvidrdeba oTxi saukunis Semdeg, XVII

s-dan. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi sabazro urTierTobebis formirebas xe-

li SeuSala monRolebis Semosevebma. mtrebis Semosevebi anadgurebda ku-

lturul memkvidreobas, asustebda qveynas ekonomiurad da amcirebda mos-

axleobis raodenobas.~ (oTinaSvili 2010: 149).

miuxedavad aRniSnulisa mosaxleobaSi mainc xdeboda im unar-Cvevebis

SenarCuneba, rasac meurneobriobisa da saqonelwarmoebis qarTuli tra-

diciebi hqvia da romelic mSvidobianobis droSi kvlav vlindeboda meur-

neobis marTvis Tandayolili Cvevebis saxiT.

73

mewarmeobis ganviTarebis axali etapi saqarTveloSi XIX s-is 30-iani

wlebis Semdgomi periodidan iwyeba. am procesSi didi roli Seasrula

1821 wels samxreT kavkasiaSi SeRavaTiani sagareo-savaWro tarifebis daw-

esebam, amiT sruli Tavisufleba mieniWa evropuli kapitalis Semosvlas

regionSi. dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis qveynebisaTvis saqarTvelo iqca

satranzito gzad. `1822-1826 wlebSi, saqarTvelos gavliT dasavleTis

qveynebidan iranSi Sesula 5,5 mln maneTis, xolo 1827-1831 wlebSi ki 11

mln maneTis Rirebulebis produqcia. aseve mniSvnelovani odenobiT saqo-

neli gadioda iranidan da Sua aziis qveynebidan saqarTvelos gavliT ev-

ropul saxelmwifoebSi. savaWro urTierTobebSi bunebrivia, monawileob-

da qarTuli mxarec – kerZod, Tbiliseli, goreli da quTaiseli vaWrebi.~

(liparteliani. . . 2009:6) saxelmwifoTaSoris savaWro urTierTobebSi saq-

arTvelos CarTva da kapitalis Semodineba xels uwyobda saSinao vaWro-

bis tvirTbrunvis gafarToebas da amzadebda niadags savaWro kapitalis

warmoebaSi dabandebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT iseT dargebSi, romlebic dam-

yarebuli iyvnen adgilobrivi nedleulis, kerZod sasoflo sameurneo ne-

dleulis gadamuSavebaze da amzadebdnen iseT produqtebs, romelTac di-

di gasavali hqondaT ruseTis bazrebze.

saqonlis eqsport-importis xelSewyobis mizniT 1831 wels Camoyalibda

`kavkasiis savaWro depo~, 1833 wels `soflis meurneobis manufaqturuli

mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis waxalisebis sazogadoeba~, 1836 wels daarsda

`qarTuli Rvinis kompania~, 1847 wels Seiqmna àmierkavkasiis sabiTumo

vaWrobis sazogadoeba~, manufaqturuli saqonlis maRazia.

rogorc mTlianad saqarTveloSi, ise mis qalaqebSi did rols TamaSo-

bda xelosnuri warmoeba. xelosnuri warmoebis maRali done ar iyo SemT-

xveviTi movlena. mas ganapirobebda pirvelxarsixovani nedleulis siuxve.

TiTqmis yvela regionSi uxvad moipoveboda maRalxarisxovani Sali, abre-

Sumi, seli, xis jiSebi, giSeri, vercxli, spilenZi, Tixa da sxva.

XIX s-is 40-ian wlebSi Tbilisi iqca xelosnuri warmoebis centrad.

`1845 wels aq saqmianobda 2000-ze meti xelosani, 4000-mde qargali da Seg-

irdi; 1853 wels xelosanTa raodenoba 4846 kaci iyo, 1912 wlisaTvis igi 2-

jer gaizarda~. (erqomaiSvili 2007: 35). sxvadasxva dargis Tbilisel xel-

osnebs sakuTari gaerTianebebi hqondaT Seqmnili da maTi saqmianobis or-

ganizebas àmqrebi “ ewodeboda. sxvadasxva xelosnur warmoebaSi Cabmuli

74

muSaTa saerTo raodenoba sxvadasxva dros qalaqis mTeli mosaxleobis

5-7% Seadgenda. msgavsad xelosnobisa, amqrebSi gaerTianebuli iyvnen wvr-

ili vaWrebic. kerZod, siraji, bayali, TuluxCi da sxva.

TbilisSi jer kidev 1850-ian wlebSi sxvadasxva amqrul xelobaTa rao-

denoba 40-s aRemateboda. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia: vercxlis da oqromWed-

loba, Tof-iaraRis xelosnoba, zeinkloba, mebrilianteoba, mequdeoba, fe-

iqroba, mrTveloba, TerZaoba, meCeqmeoba, xarazoba, dalaqoba, durgloba,

sigarebis keTeba, mepureoba, meTuneoba, meRvineoba da sxva. (erqomaiSvili

2007: 34).

qveyanaSi sawarmoTa umravlesoba mcire sawarmoebs warmoadgenda. xel-

osnobis yvela jgufidan dasaqmebul muSaTa raodenobis mixedviT pirvel

adgilze iyo gemo-kvebis mrewveloba, Semdeg tyavisa da xis damamuSavebe-

li industria, qvisa da Tixis damuSaveba da a.S.

XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi Seqmnilma garkveulma poli-

tikurma stabilurobam xeli Seuwyo mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis

mTeli rigi dargebis ganviTarebas. am procesebs xels uwyobda ucxoeTi-

dan Semotanili gaumjobesebuli manqana-iaraRebi, ucxoeli specialisteb-

is daqiraveba da maT mier adgilobrivi kadrebis momzadeba. yalibdeboda

kapitalistur yaidaze mowyobili manufaqturuli tipis sawarmoebi.

cvlilebaTa kvaldakval aRiniSneboda cvlilebebi SinamrewvelobaSic.

Sinamrewveloba anu saojaxo mrewveloba warmoadgenda gadamamuSavebeli

mrewvelobis erT-erT formas. am dros xdeboda nedli masalis gadamuSa-

veba imave meurneobaSi, romelic mas moipovebs. warmatebuli mewarmeobis

ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi Sinamrewveli male gadioda bazarze, muSaobda

bazrisaTvis da yalibdeboda kapitalisturi Sinamrewveloba. Sinamrewve-

lebs Soris iyvnen rogorc ucxoeTidan mowveuli Tu sakuTari surviliT

gadmosaxlebuli wvrili xelosnebi, ise qarTveli Sinamrewvelebi. Sinam-

rewvelobis sxvadasxva dargTa Soris erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi adgili

eWira safeiqro mrewvelobas, sxvadasxva Saleulis, abreSumis, noxebis,

fardagebis warmoebas, agreTve qsovas, qargvas da sxva. Sinamrewvelobis

ganviTarebaSi garkveul rols TamaSobda bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebi.

mTian raionebSi, sadac ganviTarebuli iyo mecxvareoba, misdevdnen ma-

tylis Sinamrewvelur damuSavebas, xolo barSi, miwaTmoqmedebis raioneb-

Si _ abreSumis da sxva boWkovani mcenareebis – bambis, selis, kanafis ga-

75

damuSavebas. saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli iyo agreTve xis damamuSavebe-

li Sinamrewveloba, wnulebis warmoeba, mekasreoba, menaxSireoba, rZis

produqtebis gadamamuSavebeli Sinawarmoebebi da sxva.

XIX saukunis bolos mniSvnelovnad dawinaurda xelosnobis erT-erTi

dargi mekasreoba, rac ganpirobebuli iyo Rvinis eqsportis gafarToebiT.

soflad mcxovrebi Sinamrewvelebi saRvine kasrebis dasamzadeblad mux-

is, xolo cimbiris karaqisaTvis wiflis sakasre tkeCebs amuSavebdnen. as-

eT kasrebSi moTavsebuli karaqi sakmaod Soreul qveynebSi _ inglissa da

daniaSic igzavneboda. “wiflis tkeCisagan damzadebuli kasri jdeboda 3

man 50 kap, xolo muxisa 2-jer Zviri. 1900-ian wlebSi mekasreobis saxelos-

noebSi dasaqmebuli iyo 200 kacze meti. saistorio wyaroebi cxadyofs,

rom 1909 wels rkinigziT saqarTvelodan sxva saxelmwifoebSi 200 000, xo-

lo 1912-1913 wlebSi 450 000 sakasre tkeCi gaigzavna.” (liparteliani . . .

2009: 14).

axalcixisa da axalqalaqis mazrebSi me-19 saukunis bolos ganviTarebu-

li yofila noxebis damamzadebeli Sinamrewveloba, romelic glexs misi

yovelwliuri Semosavlis 40,9%-iT uzrunvelyofda. Sinamrewvelobis erT-

erTi dargi giSris nakeTobaTa warmoebac, aseve amzadebda produqcias

sazRvargareT gasayidad.

am periodSi Sinamrewvelobis umniSvnelovanesi dargi gaxldaT samReb-

roebi da Rebvis saqme. es saqme `yvelaze adrindeli formaa kapitalistu-

ri Sinamrewvelobisa. adreul saukuneebSi es saqmianoba saeklesio da

samefo ojaxebis Semosavlebis mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgenda. me-19

saukunis 60-ian wlebSi sofel loWinSi gaaSenes endros plantaciebi, ro-

melmac saeqsporto mniSvneloba SeiZina.~ (liparteliani . . .2009: 16).

1867 wlis 5 aprilis debulebis Sesabamisad TbilisSi warmoiqmna xel-

osnobis gamgebloba. igi emyareboda `wodebrivi gamgeblobis sawyisebs~.

gamgeoba ixilavda xelosanTa Soris warmoSobil sadao sakiTxebs, agreT-

ve xelosanTa winaaRmdeg `qalaqis mcxovrebTagan~ aRZrul sarCels `samu-

Saos gafuWebisa da SekveTis vadaze adre SeusruleblobisaTvis~. gamgeb-

loba damnaSaves adebda jarimas da saxdels dazaralebulis sasargeb-

lod. (oTinaSvili 2010:153).

xelosanTa saerTo gamgebloba zrunavda xelosnuri warmoebis xaris-

xobrivi maCveneblebis gaumjobesebisaTvis, raTa ganemtkicebina xelosa-

76

nTa keTildReoba, magram TandaTanobiT 1870-1880-iani wlebidan zRvisa da

rkinigzis iafi transportiT Semodioda ruseTisa da evropis fabrikul-

qarxnuli nawarmi, romelmac Seaviwrova rogorc ojaxuri ise Sinamrew-

veloba, TumcaRa Camoayaliba mewarmeobis axali tradiciebi, damzadebis

teqnologia, riTac miuaxlova isini evropul standartebs.

me-20 saukunis dasawyisisaTvis wvrilmrewvelur sawarmoTa Soris

momravldnen axali dargebi, kerZod sakeravi manqanebis SemkeTebeli, opt-

ikur-manqanuri, fitulebis, limonaTis, saZexve, samsxmelo, samrecxao da

sxva saxelosnoebi. 1880-ian wlebSi wvrilxelosnur sawarmoTa saxiT ukve

saqme gvaqvs gamsxvilebasTan. e.i. Cndebian iseTi saxelosnoebi. sadac 2-3

kacis nacvlad muSaobs xuTi, eqvsi da meti muSa. xelosnuri warmoebis

aseTi dargebi iyo mekasreoba, meagureoba, meZexveoba, mkeraoba, mrecxaoba,

zeinkloba, durgloba da sxva. amgvarad, aq Sedis rogorc kvebis, ise mSe-

neblobis, tansacmlis warmoebisa da sxva dargebi.

1883 wels baTum-samtrediis sarkinigzo xazis gayvanam baTumi daakav-

Sira baqosTan, ramac Zalzed gazarda saporto-samrewvelo qalaqis zrdi-

sa da ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi. am procesebs aseve xeli Seuwyo berli-

nis samSvidobo kongresma da baTumis `porto-frankod~ gamocxadebam. ba-

TumSi koncentrirdeboda nobelebis, rotSildebis, inglisuri Tu german-

uli kapitali. `1899 wlisaTvis baTumis navsadgurSi eqsport-importis sa-

qonlis brunvam 91 100 000 maneTi Seadgina. am wlis ganmavlobaSi baTumis

portSi Semosula 1309 gemi.~ (liparteliani. . . 2009:22) baTumidan navTob-

is eqsportis garda gahqondaT simindi, Tambaqo, Rvino, bewveuli, matyli,

abreSumi, bamba, kaklis xe, kaklis zeTi, muxis tkeCi, palmis xe, kvercxi,

keramikuli nawarmi da sxva. (ix. danarTi 2.2.1).

1898 wels inglisSi gatanil iqna 2447 fuTi kaklis xe, safrangeTSi 5-

7 aTasi fuTi kaklis zeTi, 200 000 palmis xe, 60 vagoni kvercxi da sxva.

baTumis portSi SemohqondaT rkina, foladi, cementi, marselis kramiti,

cecxlgamZle aguri, puris fqvili, Cai, samrewvelo saqoneli da sxva. (l-

iparteliani. . . 2009:25).

baTumis rogorc saporto qalaqis mniSvnelobis gazrdam gamoiwvia mi-

si samrewvelo centrad gadaqceva. 1902 wlisaTvis baTumSi iricxeboda

366 sawarmo, romelTa Soris iyo Tunuqis damamzadebeli qarxnebi, Tambaq-

os, surinjis da gogirdis qarxnebi, spilenZis nakeTobaTa damamzadebeli

77

sawarmoebi, mekasreobis saxelosnoebi, karetebis aRkazmulbis damamzadeb-

eli sawarmoebi, tipografiis da liTografiis damamzadebeli saxelosno-

ebi, yabalaxis mwarmoebeli saxelosnoebi, oqro-vercxlis damamzadebeli,

tyavis damamuSavebeli saxelosnoebi da sxva. unda aRiniSnos, rom am saw-

armoTa damfuZneblebs Soris ucxoelebi maRali xvedriTi woniT arian

warmodgenilni.

2.2.1 cxrilSi moyvanili monacemebi adasturebs im azrs, rom saqarTve-

loSi XIX s-is bolosa da XX s-is dasawyisSi aqtiurad Semodioda ucxo-

uri investiciebi. samewarmeo saqmianobas eweodnen somxebi, rusebi, berZne-

bi, Turqebi, ebraelebi, germanelebi, ingliselebi da sxva erovnebis warm-

omadgenlebi. magaliTad, baTumSi msxvili

cxrili 2.2.1. baTumSi arsebuli msxvili, saSualo da mcire

sawarmoebis damfuZneblebi erovnebis mixedviT, 1902w

wyaro: n. liparteliani, m. jolbordi “qarTveli da ucxoeli mewarmeebi da maTi saqmianoba saqarTveloSi” Tb. 2009, gv.27.

warmoebiT dainteresebulni iyvnen germanelebi (4 sawarmo), berZnebi (4 sa-

warmo), frangebi (4 sawarmo), ebraelebi (5 sawarmo), somxebi (7 sawarmo),

qarTveli damfuZnebliT ki warmodgenilia 1 msxvili sawarmo. qarTveli

erovneba

SedarebiT msxvili sawarmoebi

saSualo sididis sawarmoebi

mcire sawarmoebi

qarTvelebis sakuTreba 1 62 232

somxebis sakuTreba 7 61 257

rusebis sakuTreba 1 13 66

berZnebis sakuTreba 4 54 184

Turqebis sakuTreba - 4 123

ebraelebis sakuTreba 5 22 51

sparselebis sakuTreba 1 5 65

polonelebis sakuTreba - 5 3

ingliselebis sakuTreba 2 2 -

germanelebis sakuTreba 4 5 10

italielebis sakuTreba - - 3

serbebis sakuTreba - 1 1

frangebis sakuTreba 4 2 -

holandielebis sakuTreba - 1 -

78

mesakuTreebis mflobelobaSi ZiriTadad mcire sawarmoebi iyo (232 sawar-

mo), Tumca am seqtorSic uxvad iyvnen berZeni, ebraeli, Turqi, sparsi, ru-

si da gansakuTrebiT somexi (257 sawarmo) mewarmeebi.

ucxoelTa aseTi aqtiuroba gamowveuli iyo baTumis, rogorc saporto

qalaqis mniSvnelobiT, aseve sarkinigzo infrastruqturis, iafi nedleu-

lisa da muSaxelis arsebobiT. vfiqrobT, rom im periodisaTvis saqarTve-

loSi ganxorcielebulma ucxourma investiciebma udavod dadebiTi Sede-

gebi moutana erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebas. ganviTarda warmoebis

sxvadasxva dargebi, Semovida teqnologiebi, rasac mohyva fabrika-qarxneb-

is mSenebloba, muSakTa kvalifikaciis amaRleba, cxovrebis pirobebis

gaumjobeseba da rac mTavaria sazogadoebis azrovnebis transformacia

ufro progresulisaken.

XIX saukunisa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi baTumSi moqmed fabrikebsa

da qarxnebs Soris mwarmoeblurobisa da dasaqmebuli muSaxelis mxriv

xisa da Tunuqis yuTebis damamzadebel qarxnebs pirveli adgili ekava.

produqcia mzaddeboda specialuri dazgebiT, romelic moZraobaSi mohya-

vdaT orTqlis Zravebs. `1886 wlamde eqsportiorebis didi nawili yuT-

ebs yidulobda wvrili mewarmeebisagan, romlebic mxolod xeliT Sromas

iyenebdnen. orTqliT momuSave Zravebis gamoyeneba yuTebis dasamzadeblad

pirvelad SeZlo 1882 wels palaSovskisa da bunges qarxanam, romelic

ganTavsebuli iyo baTumis centrSi, qarxana amzadebda xisa da Tunuqis

yuTebs navTisaTvis. yuTebis dasamzadebeli Tunuqi Semodioda inglisid-

an, mavTuli da lursmani – rigidan, tyvia safrangeTidan, inglisidan da

espaneTidan, kala inglisidan da safrangeTidan, TuTia ki odesid-

an.~(liparteliani 2009:28).

ekonomikuri mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda aseve quTaisSi.

`1804 wlisaTvis aq 262 savaWro duqani da saxelosno sawarmo yofila.~

(lipartiani 2009: 39). am periodSi quTaisSi aqtiurad misdevdnen giSris,

minis, almasis, tilos, narmis, Salis qsovilebis damzadebas. aseve mzad-

deboda sxvadasxva iaraRi: Tofebi, xmal-satevrebi, danebi, xanjlebi. aq

adnobdnen saukeTeso foladsac. `quTaisis guberniaSi sxvadasxva dargis

xelosanTa damzadebuli produqciis saerTo Rirebuleba Seadgenda

137 000 maneTs. Tanxis yvelaze didi odenoba modioda tansacmlis nawarm-

ze _ 13 300 maneTi, fexsacmlis nawarmze -11200 maneTi, liTonis nakeTobeb-

79

ze _ 20 175 maneTi, pureulze _ 23 300 maneTi, sakonditro nawarmze -6300

maneTi, tyaveulze -1100 maneTi~ (lipartiani. . . 2009: 40).

rac Seexeba msxvili warmoebis ganviTarebas, igi saqarTveloSi XIX s-

is meore naxevridan daiwyo. `manufaqturuli, e.i. xeliT Sromaze damyare-

buli warmoeba nel-nela qreboda da fabrikul-qarxnul warmoebad iqceo-

da~. (erqomaiSvili 2007:36).

im droindeli msxvili sawarmoebidan aRsaniSnavia qvanaxSirisa da ma-

rganecis warmoebebi. am produqciaze gazrdili moTxovna izidavda ucxo-

ur kapitals. madneulis mopoveba xdeboda adgilobrivi wvrili mewarmee-

bis mier, magram fuladi kapitalis simciris gamo ver axerxebdnen msof-

lio bazarze am produqciis gatanas, aman gamoiwvia ucxoeli eqsportio-

rebis gabatoneba adgilobriv bazarze da fasebis karnaxic.

XIXs-is miwurulidan marganecis mrewvelobaSi Zlierdeboda koncent-

raciis procesi. wvrili mewarmeebi TandaTan Ratakdebodnen. 1914 wels

wvril mewarmeebze modioda marganecis mTliani mopovebis 15,1%, xolo

umsxviles mrewvelebze – mTliani mopovebis 41,1%. am droisaTvis iq did

rols TamaSobs dasavleT evropis sabanko kapitali, romelic miiswrafo-

da Seeqmna TavisTvis monopoliuri mdgomareoba marganecis eqsportis,

aseve mopovebis sferoSic. XX s-is dasawyisSi mopovebuli madnis raode-

nobis mixedviT, marganecis msoflio mompovebeli qveynebis sia ase gamoi-

yureboda: saqarTveloze modioda marganecis mTliani mopovebis yvelaze

didi wili - 35,72%, xolo espaneTze, uralispireTze, britaneTsa da germ-

aniaze Sesabamisad 9,34%, 7,96%, 7,60% da 6,09%. (liparteliani 2009:116).

1904 wels sawarmoTa saerTo raodenobaSi yvelaze meti xvedriTi

woniT gamoirCeoda sawarmoebi, sadac dasaqmebuli iyo 20-mde da 21-dan 50-

mde muSa, Sesabamisad aseTi sawarmoebis raodenoba iyo 36-34, 50-dan 100-

mde da 100-dan 500-mde muSiT dasaqmebuli sawarmo iyo 10-11, xolo 500-dan

1000-mde da 1000-ze meti muSiT dasaqmebuli iyo Sesabamisad 3 da 2.

momdevno wlebSi aRiniSneba mcire sawarmoTa xvedri wonis kidev

ufro gazrda sawarmoTa saerTo raodeobaSi, sadac dasaqmebuli iyo 20-

mde da 21-dan 50-mde muSa. ufro meti dasaqmebuli muSebiT warmodgenili

sawarmoebi aRar arsebobda. moxda maTi daSla da saSualo sawarmoebad

transformacia. (erqomaiSvili 2007:38).

80

unda aRiniSnos isic, rom maSindel oficialur statistikas ar hqonda

SemuSavebuli `fabrika-qarxnebis~ cneba, ase rom, mravali wvrili, xelos-

nuri da Sinamrewveluri sawarmo aRiricxeboda rogorc fabrika-qarxana.

magaliTad, wisqvilebi ganixileboda rogorc qarxnuli sawarmo. saqarT-

veloSi sul aRiricxeboda 3161 wisqvili, sadac 3300 kaci muSaobda. saer-

Tod, wisqvilebi Seadgendnen “fabrika-qarxnebis” saerTo raodenobis

51,3%-s – 1899 wels, 1908 wels – 71,6%, 1911 wels- 61,3%. dros wisqvilebSi

saSualod 1 kaci. (erqomaiSvili 2007:39).

amave dros unda aRiniSnos, rom me-19 saukunis saqarTveloSic esmod-

aT inovaciis mniSvneloba maRali Semosavlis miRebis saqmeSi. magaliTad

realuri inovaciis magaliTia qarTul meRvineobaSi yifianis mier sami

jiSis yurZnisagan axali Rvinis damzadeba, romelic dRes `xvanWkaras~

saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.3

progresulad migvaCnia im droisaTvis mcire mewarmeebis mxardamWeri

saxelmwifo institutis `kustarTa komitetis~ arseboba, romelsac gaaCn-

da filialuri qseli da nergavda im droisaTvis mowinave sameurneo gam-

ocdilebas. misi mTavari saxelmwifo funqcia iyo adgilebze gamoevlina

axali produqciis warmoebis pirobebi, moemzadebina kadrebi da moewyo

warmoeba-realizaciis meqanizmi. am organizaciis mier SemuSavebul iqna

TuSuri windebis warmoebis kooperaciuli sistema.4

garda xelosnobisa wvrili mewarmeobis daxmarebisaTvis kavkasiis

kustaruli komiteti did saqmianobas eweoda. maTi meSveobiT Semoitanes

maRalmwarmoebluri franguli jiSis vaSlebi, romlebic gavrcelda saqa-

rTveloSi da saeqsportod iwarmoeboda. maT saqmianobas ukavSirdeboda

aseve maralmwarmoebluri jiSebis warmoeba imereTis regionSi, aseve ad-

gilobrivi yvelis warmoebis daraioneba da a.S

vfiqrobT, rom mcire mewarmeobis mxardaWeris aRniSnuli istoriuli

tradicia aRdgenas da Tanamedrove tendenciebze morgebas saWiroebs. is

resursebi. romlebic istoriulad gagvaCnia, saWiro Zalisxmevis Sedegad,

3 mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda saferavi 4%, mujureTuli 34% da aleqsandrouli 58%. 4 es iyo e.w. saojaxo kooperacia. SemdgomSi cnobili mxatvris i. stramuas ZalisxmeviT SemuSavebul iqna winda-paWiWebis dizaini, romelsac safuZvlad daedo gelaTis monasterSi SemorCenili CuqurTmisa da freskuli moxatulobis fragmentebi, agreTve yarabaRsa da vanis tbis niko maris eqspediciis mier mikvleuli arqeologiur gaTxrebSi napovni mxatvruli formebi. aseve aRsdga qarTuli mexaliCeoba. stramuas mier Sesrulebulma kedlis xaliCam 1904 wlis parizis gamofenaze oqros medali moipova.

81

Cveni mewarmeebis aqtivobiT SeiZleba gaxdes inovaciebis safuZveli, rac

garantias Seqmnis ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis gaZlierebisaTvis.

amrigad, XIX saukunis meore naxevridan saqarTveloSi winaaRmdegobri-

vad, magram TandaTanobiT fexs ikidebs sabazro urTierTobebi. amas xeli

Seuwyo 60-ian wlebSi batonymobis gauqmebam da saglexo reformam. kapita-

lizmis aRmocenebam feodaluri cxovrebiT dabeCavebuli glexi cxovreb-

is axal sarbielze gamoiyvana. amas xeli mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo rkinigzis

ganviTarebam. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dakavSirebam dasavleT saqarTve-

losTan dinamiuri gaxada savaWro-samrewvelo procesebi da iafi nedleu-

liTa da sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT mdidar mxareSi aRorZineba daiwyo

warmoebam.

Seicvala qveynis ekonomikuri struqtura, romlis mizezic iyo saqar-

Tvelos ekonomikaSi gabatonebuli sazRvargareTuli kapitali. magaliT-

ad, `TbilisSi qarTuli kapitalis wili warmoebasa da vaWrobaSi mxol-

od 13,5%-s Seadgenda~ (asaTiani 2009:24). aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT did

wuxils gamoTqvamda ila WavWavaZe. mas qveynis gamdidrebis wyarod warmo-

ebis ganviTareba miaCnda da Tvlida, rom es SesaZlebeli iqneboda kapita-

ldabandebaTa gaZlierebis gziT, romelsac Cveni SeZlebuli adamianebi

gverds uvlian, `gviCveneT, rom erT vinme maTgans TiTi gaenZrios qveynis

simdidris wasamateblad. am yovlad da mravalgvarad mdidar qveyanaSi

saca aTasgvari fabrika, qarxana da erTob amis magvari mrewveloba dids

xels miscems mrewvelobasac da qveyanasac gaamdidrebs, rac erT fulian

kacs gunebaSic ar gautarebia, azradac ar mosvlia, rom SeiZleba kacma

TviTonac ixeiros da qveyanasac argos rame. . . fuls mxolod mevaxSeobi-

saTvis iyeneben da TviTon xeiroben cotaodeni sargebliT~ (xaritonaSvi-

li 1997:37). aqedan gamomdinare, qarTul burJuazias ar SeeZlo ekonomikis

ganviTarebisaTvis erovnuli elferi mieca. arsebuli ekonomikuri poli-

tika ar pasuxobda sakuTari resursebis xarjze erovnuli ekonomikis

Seqmnasa da ganviTarebas. Tumca SeuZlebelia mxedvelobidan gamogvrCes

iseTi warmatebuli qarTveli mewarmeebi, romelTa TiTze CamoTvla SeiZ-

leba, magram romelTac didi wvlili miuZRviT saqarTvelos ekonomikur

da sazogadoebriv-kulturuli cxovrebis ganviTarebaSi. eseni arian: da-

viT baqraZe, daviT sarajiSvili, Zmebi zubalaSvilebi, giorgi qarTveliS-

vili, mitrofane laRiZe, akaki xoStaria da sxvebi.

82

miuxedavad imisa rom, mewarmeoba garkveul doneze ganviTarebuli iyo

saqarTvelo mainc ekonomikurad CamorCenili qveyana iyo, romelsac calm-

xrivad ganviTarebuli mrewveloba da nakleb produqtiuli, wvrilglexu-

ri soflis meurneoba hqonda. is TandaTan erTveboda msoflio saqonel-

mimoqcevaSi, Tumca am process xeli SeuSala mbraZaneblur-sabWouri eko-

nomikuri sistemis damyarebam, romlis drosac araTu mcire biznesis win-

svla-ganviTarebaze, aramed saerTod `kerZo mewarmeobaze~ negatiuri war-

modgena damkvidrda. sabWoTa warmoebis zrdis tempebi 60-ian wlebamde

sakmaod warmatebuli iyo. man gaiara warmoebis ganviTarebis urTulesi

gza miwasTan gasworebuli qveynidan atomis mwarmoebel qveynamde, magram

sabolood mainc ver SeZlo globalizaciis pozitiur procesebTan adap-

tireba da civilizebuli samyarosagan rkinis fardiT izolirebuli qve-

yana daSlis gzaze dadga.

unda aRiniSnos, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi sWarbobda msxvili warmoeba,

magram mcire mewarmeobis efeqtianobaze kamaTi grZeldeboda. amas amtkic-

ebs cnobili sabWoTa mecnierebis gamosvlebi 1961 wlis 23-25 Tebervals

moskovSi mimdinare sakavSiro TaTbirze, romelic exeboda sabWoTa kavSi-

ris mrewvelobaSi sawarmoTa optimalur zomebs. mecnierebi aRniSnavdnen:

`zogierT SemTxvevaSi Tanamedrove pirobebSi naTlad igrZnoba sawarmoTa

uzomod gamsxvilebis naklovanebebi~. . . `safeiqro mrewvelobis gigantur

sawarmoebSi Sromis nayofiereba ufro dabalia, vidre SedarebiT

mcireebSi. . . amitomac mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi aranakleb efeqtur-

ia, vidre msxvilebi~. mecnierebi mrewvelobis koncentraciis problemas

Tvlidnen sabWoTa ekonomikis erT-erT aqtualur problemad, `saSualo

da mcire zomis sawarmoTa arseboba Cvens mrewvelobaSi warmoadgens kan-

onzomier process, romelic gamowveulia sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebis

obieqturi pirobebiT, warmoebis ganTavsebis obieqturi pirobebiT, Sromi-

Ti resursebis gamoyenebiT, Sromis danawilebiT, meqanizaciis, avtomati-

zaciisa da eleqtrifikaciis ganviTarebiT. mrewvelobis TiTqmis yvela

dargSi arsebobs SesaZlebloba mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis efeqtiani

ganviTarebisaTvis”; . . .msxvil sawarmoTa racionaluri organizacia gan-

sakuTrebiT specializacia, rTuldeba, Tuki maTi samuSaos romelime

nawili gadatanil ar iqna mcire mrewvelobaze.” (franovskaia 2007:43).…

83

80-iani wlebis meore naxevridan sabWoTa kavSirSi daiwyo e.w. `gardaqm-

na”. 1987 wels miRebuli kanoniT `saxelmwifo sawarmos Sesaxeb~ gza mieca

kerZo mewarmeobis ganviTarebas. Tavdapirvelad gavrcelda saijaro ur-

TierTobebi, soflis meurneobaSi – fermebze da brigadebze; sayofacxov-

rebo momsaxurebaSi – mcire savaWro sawarmoebze, kafeebze da a.S. imave

1987 wels ZalaSi Sevida kanoni “kooperaciis Sesaxeb”, riTac Seiqmna ko-

operativebis sameurneo damoukideblobisa da TviTmmarTvelobis iuridi-

uli pirobebi. maT SeeZloT xarjebis Sexedulebisamebr gaweva, hqondaT

angariSi bankSi da a.S. Sedegad kooperativebi maRali tempebiT izrdebo-

da. sameurneo efeqturobac 7-8-jer aremateboda analogiur dargSi saxe-

lmwifo seqtoris maCveneblebs. (oTinaSvili 2010:155).

amrigad me-XX s-is 80-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi miRebulma gadawyve-

tilebebma daaCqara mcire mewarmeobis farTod ganviTareba. amas xeli Se-

uwyo qarTul mosaxleobaSi arsebulma mewarmeobis ganviTarebis, rog-

orc moralur-fsiqologiurma, ise istoriulma SesaZleblobebma. saxelm-

wifo sakuTrebaze damyarebuli sawarmoebis resursebis bazaze masobri-

vad Camoyalibda mcire sawarmoebi. praqtikam daadastura, rom meurneobis

gaZRolis Cvevebsa da tradiciebze nakleb gavlenas axdens rogorc po-

litikuri ise sxva xasiaTis faqtorebi da isini axal socialur-ekonomi-

kur pirobebTan Seguebis maRali unariT gamoirCevian. swored amiT iyo

ganpirobebuli, rom socialisturi ekonomikis pirobebSic ki ar Camkvda-

ra mosaxleobaSi Tavisufali mewarmeobisaken, SemoqmedebiTi, individual-

luri meurneobisaken swrafva. saxelmwifo ekonomikaSi arsebuli siZnele-

ebi xels uwyobda mewarmeTa saqmiani aqtiurobis gazrdas. swored amitom

sagrZnoblad gaizarda Crdilovani ekonomikis masStabebi. mewarmeebi gan-

sakuTrebul pirobebSi aRmoCndnen; iafi nedleuli, masalebi, Sromis sa-

Sualebebi, SeRavaTiani satransporto tarifebi, iafi kreditebi, sagadasa-

xado meqanizmebis zegavlenidan gamosvla – yvelaferi es warmoadgenda

faqtorTa erTobliobas, romelmac gza gauxsna mewarmeobas da masTan er-

Tad kriminaluri ekonomikis Seqmnas. 3-4 weliwadSi dagrovda mniSvnelo-

vani kerZo kapitali. calmxrivad ganviTarda sacalo vaWroba, gansakuT-

rebiT sazogadoebrivi kveba. daCqarda mcire sawarmoebis stiqiurad Seqm-

nis procesi. (WiTanava. . . 2008:411).

84

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdgom mcire biznesis for-

mirebas gansakuTrebiT Seuwyo xeli im garemoebam, rom gansaxelmwifoeb-

riobisa da privatizaciis procesi pirvelad sabWouri mcire sawarmoebiT

daiwyo. mxolod 1993 wels privatizebuli sawarmoebis saerTo raodenobi-

dan mcire iyo 98,4%, sul 1993-2000 wlebSi privatizebul sawarmoTa saer-

To ricxvSi mcire sawarmoebis xvedriTma wilma Seadgina 92,7%. (welidw-

leuli 2001). miuxedavad raodenobrivi sididisa maTi mniSvnelovani nawi-

li (15-17%) umoqmedod iyo, xolo 40-45% umniSvnelo datvirTviT muSaob-

da. amis mizezi iyo Zveli kavSirurTierTobebis moSla, urTierT dapiris-

pirebeba, teritoriuli mTlianobisaTvis brZola, aseve ekonomikuri xasi-

aTis iseTi problemebi, rogoricaa finansuri saxsrebis ukmarisoba, konk-

urenciul brZolaSi CarTvis uunaroba, sabanko sferos ganuviTarebloba,

sasurveli sainvesticio garemos uqonloba, sawarmoTa marTvis saqmeSi

gamoucdeloba da sxva.

qveyanaSi arsebuli mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamo mosaxleoba

iZulebuli gaxda kvlav mibruneboda misTvis Zvel saqmianobas: ojaxur

warmoebas, xelosnobas, vaWrobas. maTma didma nawilma Tavi moiyara

centralur qalaqebSi, sadac xalxmraval adgilebSi momravlda savaWro

jixurebi, daxlebi, higienuri salonebi, wvrili savaWro maRaziebi, saxe-

losno warmoebebi da a.S.

amdenad, legaluri Tu aralegaluri formiT, mosaxleobis didma

nawilma xeli mohkida “sicocxlis uzrunvelmyof” mcire bizness. swored

am wlebSi vlindeba mcire biznesis unari, ekonomikuri krizisis dros

xeli Seuwyos socialuri da politikuri stabilizaciis damyarebas,

mosaxleobis dasaqmebas (kakulia . . . 2008:58).

miuxedavad qveyanaSi arsebuli arastabiluri ekonomikuri da politi-

kuri situaciisa mimdinareobda mewarmeobisa da kerZo seqtoris Camoyali-

bebisaTvis sakanonmdeblo bazis formireba. 1993 wlamde miRebul kano-

nebsa da dadgenilebebs Sorisaa kanoni “samewarmeo saqmianobis safuZvle-

bis Sesaxeb” (1991w), dadgenilebebi “saxelmwifo sawarmoTa Sesaxeb debu-

lebis damtkicebis Taobaze” (1992w), “fasiani qaRaldebis Sesaxeb droebi-

Ti debulebis damtkicebis Taobaze” (1992w), “adgilobrivi (municipaluri)

sawarmoebis Sesaxeb debulebis damtkicebis Taobaze” (1993w), “SezRudu-

li pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis Sesaxeb debulebis damtkicebis Tao-

85

baze” (1993w). 1993 wels miRebul iqna saxelmwifo meTauris brZanebuleba

“saqarTveloSi kerZo mewarmeobis ganviTarebis gadaudebeli RonisZiebe-

bis Sesaxeb”. 1993 wlis 6 agvistos ministrTa kabinetis dadgenilebiT “sa-

qarTvelos respublikaSi mcire sawarmoebis saqmianobis ganviTarebisa da

xelSewyobis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb” mcire sawarmoebs miekuTvneboda nebi-

smieri organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formis saarmo, romelsac gabatone-

buli mdgomareoba ar eWira dargSi, xolo momusaveTa saSualo siobrivi

ricxovnoba calkeuli dargebis mixedviT ar aRemateboda: mrewvelobasa

da mSeneblobaSi – 50 kacs, transportze- 40 kacs, mecnierebaSi, samecnie-

ro da samedicino momsaxurebaSi – 30 kacs, sxva dargebSi – 20 kacs. 1993

welsve ekonomikis saministros sistemaSi Seiqmna “mcire biznesis ganviTa-

rebis fondi”.

1994 wlis 28 oqtombers “mewarmeTa Sesaxeb” kanonis miRebiT zemoT

aRniSnuli debulebebi da kanonebi gauqmda. am kanonis moTxovnebis Sesa-

bamisad, kerZo samarTlebrivi wesiT Seqmnili sawarmoebi daeqvemdebara

xelaxal registracias 1996 wlis 1 ianvramde. mcired CaiTvala is sawar-

moebi, romelsac StatSi hyavda araumetes 20 TanamSromeli.

1994 wlidan daiwyo mcire sawarmoTa raodenobis zrda. 1994 wels –

registrirebuli iyo 12 aTasi sawarmo, 1995 wels- 17 aTasi, 2005 wels –

31136 erTeuli. (n. WiTanava).

wvrili mewarmeobis masStabebis gansazRvraSi mniSvnelovani cvlile-

bebi iqna Setanili 1999 wlis 23 ivliss saqarTvelos kanoniT “mcire sa-

warmoTa mxardaWeris Sesaxeb”, romlis mixedviT, mcire sawarmoebis Sefa-

sebis kriteriumad dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobasTan erTad, aRiarebul iqna

sawarmos wliuri brunvis maCvenebeli, romelTa ststistikuri sidide

dargobriv WrilSi ar aRemateboda Semdeg zRvrul odenobas: mrewvelo-

baSi _ 40 dasaqmebulsa da 500 aTas lars, mSeneblobaSi _ 20 dasaqmebu-

lsa da 300 aTas lars, transportsa da kavSirgabmulobaSi _ 20 dasaqme-

bulsa da 150 aTas lars, ganaTlebaSi, janmrTelobis dacvasa da kultu-

raSi _ 25 dasaqmbulsa da 60 aTas lars; sxva saxis ekonomikuri saqmiano-

bis ganxorcielebisas _ 15 dasaqmebulsa da 100 aTas lars. aRniSnul ka-

nonSi cvlilebebis Setanis Semdeg 2002 wlis 4 ivlisidan dasaqmebulTa

raodenoba ganisazRvra 20 kaciT, brunvis maCvenebeli ki _ Seadgenda 500

aTas lars. mcire sawarmoebs mocemuli kanoni uflebas aZlevda kerZo me-

86

warmeobisaTvis saxelmwifo mxardaWerasa da ganviTarebasTan dakavSire-

buli erToblivi amocanebis gadawyvetis mizniT SeeqmnaT kavSirebi da

fondebi.

saxelmwifos mxridan SeRavaTebi mcire mewarmeebs eZleodaT buRaltr-

uli aRricxvisa da angariSgebis gamartivebuli sistemis gamoyenebaSi.

amasTan, saxelmwifo SesyidvebSi monawileobisas sargeblobdnen kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebuli SeRavaTebiT.

mcire sawarmoebs SeeZloT balansisa da mogeba-zaralis angariSis

nacvlad inventarizaciis safuZvelze SeedginaT qonebisa da valdebuleb-

ebis CamonaTvali da Semosavlebis angariSi sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis

Sesabamisad. 2006 wlis 22 ivliss am kanonis gauqmebasTan erTad, aRniSnu-

li SeRavaTebi gauqmda. Sesabamisad aRar arsebobda mcire biznesis mxar-

damWeri arc sakanonmdeblo baza da arc sxva romelime struqtura. mci-

re, saSualo da msxvili biznesi Tanabar pirobebSi moeqca, ramac xeli

SeuSala mcire biznesis gafarToebas da mSp-Si misi wilis zrdas.

mewarmeobis masStabebis gansazRvras didi Teoriuli da praqtikuli

mniSvneloba aqvs maT mimarT diferencirebuli saxelmwifo mxardaWerisa

da regulirebis mizniT sakanonmdeblo bazis ganmtkicebis, agreTve sxva

organizaciul-samarTlebrivi xasiaTis RonisZiebaTa SesamuSaveblad.

2011 wlis 1 ianvridan mTavrobam mcire biznesis mxardaWeris motiviT

sagadasaxado kodeqsSi mikro da mcire biznesis cnebebi gansazRvra. mik-

ro biznesis statusi SeiZleba mieniWos fizikur pirs, romelic ar iye-

nebs daqiravebul pirTa Sromas da damoukideblad eweva ekonomikur saq-

mianobas, romlis mixedviTac mis mier kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi

misaRebi jamuri Semosavali ar aRemateba 30 000 lars. aseT SemTxvevaSi

is mTlianad Tavisufldeba gadasaxadebisagan. mikro biznesis warmomad-

genlebs ar evalebaT aseve salaros aparatis gamoyeneba da sabuRaltro

saqmianobis warmoeba.

axali kanoniT mcire biznesis statusi SeiZleba mieniWos mewarme fizi-

kur pirs, romlis jamuri Semosavali ar aRemateba 100 000 lars. mcire

biznesis dasabegri Semosavali ibegreba 5%-iT. mcire biznesis dasabegri

Semosavali ibegreba 3%-iT Tu:

a) mcire biznesis statusis mqone mewarme fizikur pirs aqvs

erToblivi Semosavlis miRebasTan dakavSirebuli erToblivi Semosavlis

87

60%-is odenobis xarjebis (garda daqiravebulze daricxuli xelfasis

xarjisa) damadasturebeli dokumentebi.

b) mcire biznesis statusis mqone fizikuri piri saqmianobs specialur

savaWro zonaSi. (saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi 2011w)

Cvens mier moZiebuli informaciis Tanaxmad saqarTveloSi 2011 wlis 1

ianvridan 9 dekembramde mikro biznesis statusi miniWebuli aqvs 17 149

gadamxdels, xolo mcire biznesis statusi _ 8 136 gadamxdels.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sagadasaxado kodeqsSi miRebuli cvlilebebi

`revoluciurad~ fasdeba, Cvenis azriT is ar aris dazRveuli naklovane-

bebisagan. uaryofiTi faqtoria isic, rom mikro biznesis mwarmoeblebs

ezRudebaT momxmarebelTa wre, vinaidan maTgan SeZenili saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis gamosaqviT xarjebad aRiarebis ufleba ara aqvT mcire da

msxvili biznesis subieqtebs. aseT pirobebSi, es ukanasknelni Tavs Seika-

veben mikro biznesis ststusis mqone pirisagan saqonlisa da momsaxureb-

is SeZenaze. aqedan gamomdinare mikro sawarmos moakldeba potenciuri

momxmarebeli. mcire biznesis SemTxvevaSi brunvis 5%-iani dabegvra gamo-

iwvevs mewarmeTa gadasaxadebis gazrdas da is ufro meti iqneba, vidre

gadasaxadi, romelsac ixdidnen wina wlebSi. 3%-iani dabegvris miRwevas

mewarmeebi ver axerxeben, radganac uWirT 60%-iani xarjis Cveneba.

2011 wlis 20 dekembers amoqmedda sagadasaxado kodeqsSi sesuli cvl-

ilebebi. aRniSnuli cvlilebebiT kodeqsSi ganisazRvra fiqsirebuli ga-

dasaxadis gadamxdelis statusi da masTan dakavSirebuli specialuri da-

begvris reJimi. 951 muxlis mixedviT fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxde-

li SeiZleba iyos piri, romelic ar aris dRg-s gadamxdeli da axorcie-

lebs fiqsirebuli gadasaxadiT dasabegr erT an erTze met saqmianobas.

mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT, pirvel rigSi amgvari gadasaxadi dauweses

Toneebs, romlebic Tvis ganmavlobaSi saSualod 100 lars gadaixdian. am

ukanasknelTaTvis fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis 50%-iT Semcirebis an gazrd-

is ufleba TviTmmarTvel organoebs aqvT. xolo mikrobizness, romelic

aqamde gadasaxadebisagan Tavisufali iyo fiqsirebuli gadasaxadi ar Se-

xebia.

bunebrivia zemoT aRniSnul sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebTan dakavSir-

ebiT interess iwvevda TviTon mcire mewarmeTa azri, amitom Cvens mier

Sedgenil kiTxvarSi SevitaneT am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli kiTxva:

88

`rogor SeafasebdiT 2011 wlis 1 ianvars sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobaSi

cvlilebebs mcire biznesis 3-5%-ian dabegvrasTan dakavSirebiT?~ gamokiT-

xulTa 17,3% dadebiTad afasebs am cvlilebas da Tvlis, rom gasul wle-

bTan SedarebiT ufro SeRavaTiani pirobebia; mcire mewarmeTa 28,8%-is

saqmianobaze odnav aisaxa mirebuli cvlileba; 17,3% am cvlilebis Sedeg-

ad ufro mets ixdis vidre adre ixdida; 21,1%-saTvis sagadasaxado tvir-

Ti autaneli gaxda, xolo gamokiTxulTa 15,5%-ma Tavi Seikava pasuxisagan

(diagrama 2.2.1.)

დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 2.2.1. მცირემცირემცირემცირე მეწარმეთამეწარმეთამეწარმეთამეწარმეთა აზრიაზრიაზრიაზრი 2011 წლისწლისწლისწლის 1 იანვრიდანიანვრიდანიანვრიდანიანვრიდან საგადასახადოსაგადასახადოსაგადასახადოსაგადასახადო კოდექსშიკოდექსშიკოდექსშიკოდექსში შეტანილშეტანილშეტანილშეტანილ ცვლილებებთანცვლილებებთანცვლილებებთანცვლილებებთან დაკავშირებითდაკავშირებითდაკავშირებითდაკავშირებით

17,30% 21,10% 28,80%

17,30% 15,50%

ცალსახადცალსახადცალსახადცალსახად დადებითადდადებითადდადებითადდადებითად - უფროუფროუფროუფრო შეღავათიანიშეღავათიანიშეღავათიანიშეღავათიანიპირობებიაპირობებიაპირობებიაპირობებია გასულგასულგასულგასულ წელთანწელთანწელთანწელთან შედარებითშედარებითშედარებითშედარებით.

საშუალოდსაშუალოდსაშუალოდსაშუალოდ - ცვლილებაცვლილებაცვლილებაცვლილება ოდნავოდნავოდნავოდნავ აისახააისახააისახააისახა ჩემსჩემსჩემსჩემსბიზნესზებიზნესზებიზნესზებიზნესზე.

უფროუფროუფროუფრო უარყოფითადუარყოფითადუარყოფითადუარყოფითად ვიდრევიდრევიდრევიდრე დადებითადდადებითადდადებითადდადებითად -საერთოსაერთოსაერთოსაერთო ჯამშიჯამშიჯამშიჯამში უფროუფროუფროუფრო მეტისმეტისმეტისმეტის გადახდაგადახდაგადახდაგადახდაგვიწევსგვიწევსგვიწევსგვიწევს.ცალსახადცალსახადცალსახადცალსახად უარყოფითადუარყოფითადუარყოფითადუარყოფითად - საგადასახადოსაგადასახადოსაგადასახადოსაგადასახადოტვირთიტვირთიტვირთიტვირთი აუტანელიაუტანელიაუტანელიაუტანელი გახდაგახდაგახდაგახდა.

პასუხიპასუხიპასუხიპასუხი არარარარ გასცაგასცაგასცაგასცა

wyaro: Cveni kvlevebi.

amrigad, kvlevaze dayrdnobiT Cven saqarTveloSi gamovyofT mcire

mewarmeobis ganviTarebis etapebs da maT ZiriTad Taviseburebebs:

1. monaTmflobeluri ekonomikuri formaciidan dawyebuli XIXsaukun-

emde, rodesac dasabami mieca wvril xelosnobas, vaWrobas, mevaxSeobas

da sxva;

2. XIX s-dan XX s-is 20-ian wlebamde, rodesac ganviTarda kapitalis-

turi mewarmeoba, gaRrmavda specializacia da manufaqturebi Seicvala

fabrika-qarxnebiT; rasac mohyva Sromis danawileba, saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebSi CarTva da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRleba.

3. 1921-1991 ww, roca sabWoTa ekonomikuri sistemis pirobebSi kerZo me-

warmeoba akrZaluli iyo, Tumca zogierT dargebSi “Crdilovani” formiT

arsebobas mainc ar wyvetda; me-20 s-is 80-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi

sabWoTa kavSirSi miRebulma kanonebma, romlebic Seexeboda mcire

mewarmeobis (kooperativebisa da sxva) ganviTarebas, ijaris principebis

gamoyenebas, daaCqara mcire sawarmoebis stiqiurad Seqmnis procesi.

89

4. 1991 - 1995 ww. gardamavali periodi, roca privatizaciisa da Sokuri

politikur-ekonomikuri reformebis fonze mcire biznesi winaaRmdegobri-

vad viTardeboda. miuxedavad amisa is socialur-ekonomikuri Tvalsazri-

siT mainc umniSvnelovanesi datvirTvis matarebeli iyo. Seicvala saqar-

Tvelos ganviTarebis kursi ara mxolod politikuri, aramed ekonomikuri

da ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT.

5. 1996-2003 ww. roca moxda sakuTrebis daregulireba; gaCnda mesakuTre-

Ta farTo wre; daiwyo saqarTvelos ekonomikis zrda; dafiqsirda infla-

ciis zomieri done; Seicvala fulad-sakredito sistema; gaizarda damoki-

debuleba msoflio safinanso organizaciebze; aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom

am periodSi umoqmedo sawarmoTa ricxvma miaRwia 80%-s. ar arsebobda sa-

Tanado resursebi ZiriTadi kapitalis ganaxlebisaTvis, Seiqmna sakmaod

mZime sainvesticio garemo. investiciebis wili ZiriTad kapitalSi 9,6%-s

Seadgenda. amavdroulad Seiqmna rigi kanonebi, romlebsac am sferoSi

saxelmwifo politikis SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba unda uzrunveleyo.

6. 2003 wlidan dRemde periodi, roca SesamCnevia ekonomikuri stabilu-

roba, Seiqmna erToblivi sawarmoebi; Rrmavdeba teqnologiuri kavSirebi.

amasTan mcire mewarmeobis mniSvnelovani potenciali kvlav gamouyenebel-

ia. is mSp-Si warmodgenilia dabali xvedriTi wiliT da wlebis ganmav-

lobaSi 10%-s ver gadaaWarba. (ix. danarTi 1.)

mcire biznesis ganviTarebis istoriis Seswavlas Cven mivyavarT daskvna-

mde, rom meurneobriobis mcire formebi ama Tu im saxiT yovelTvis asr-

ulebdnen SesamCnev rols qveynis ekonomikaSi, maTi efeqtianoba iyo maR-

ali, xolo raodenoba icvleboda qveynis politikaSi gatarebuli nacio-

nalizaciis an denacionalizaciis, meurneobis gamsxvilebis an dekonce-

ntraciis politikis mixedviT.

2.3 mcire biznesis struqtura da ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebi

saqarTveloSi

mcire biznesis Sida bazris TiTqmis yvela sferosadmi maRali Semgu-

ebloba da masiuri SeRwevadoba uzrunvelyofs Tanamedrove msoflios

bevri qveynis ekonomikis mdgrad ganviTarebas, aseve warmoadgens politi-

kuri mdgomareobis stabilizaciis xelSemwyob faqtors.

90

ekonomikuri saqmianobis xasiaTis mravalgvarobidan, agreTve, organi-

zaciul-samarTlebrivi da organizaciul-sakuTrebiTi formebidan da sx-

va niSnebidan gamomdinare, mcire mewarmeobis funqcionirebis sfero ar

SemoisazRvreba ekonomikis romelime dargiT da sakuTrebis ama Tu im fo-

rmiT. mcire sawarmoebi SeiZleba moqmedebdes nebismier dargsa da sfero-

Si; isini SeiZleba Seiqmnan rogorc kerZo, ise saxelmwifo seqtorSi da

emyarebodnen rogorc kerZo, ise saxelmwifo da komerciul, jgufur an

Sereul sakuTrebas.

zemoaRniSnulis safuZvelze, Cvenis azriT, mcire biznesis sistemuri

struqtura ganviTarebuli ekonomikis qveynebSi SeiZleba Semdegnairad

CamovayaliboT: zomis mixedviT _ uwvrilesi, wvrili, mcire da saSualo

sameurneo erTeulebi; ekonomikuri saqmianobis mixedviT _ sawarmoo, sava-

Wro, momsaxurebis, saSuamavlo safinanso-sakredito, sadazRvevo, mraval-

profiliani sawarmoebi, individTa jgufis sawarmo, saxelmwifo sawarmo,

Sereuli tipis sawarmo, municipaluri sawarmo, sazogadoebrivi organiza-

ciis sawarmo; ekonomikur-samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis mixedviT _

solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba, komandituri sazogadoe-

ba,aqcioneruli sazogadoeba, kooperativi da sxva.

saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc sxva postsabWour qveynebSi faqtiurad

jer kidev yalibdeba es seqtori; ixveweba mcire mewarmeobis rogorc

seqtoruli ise dargobrivi struqturac.

statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebiT saqarTveloSi 2008 we-

ls mcire sawarmoTa 5% saxelmwifo seqtorSi funqcionirebda, xolo

95% ki arasaxelmwifo seqtorze modioda. es ganpirobebulia privatiza-

ciis procesis etapobrivi ganxorcielebiT, romelic jer kidev ar das-

rulebula. sagulisxmoa isic, rom mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan

saxelmwifo da arasaxelmwifo seqtorebSi moqmed mcire sawarmoTa dar-

gobrivi struqtura (ix. cxr. 2.3.1.). saxelmwifo seqtorSi mcire sawarmoe-

bi SedarebiT Tanabarzomierad aris ganawilebuli ekonomikuri saqmia-

nobis saxeebis mixedviT, maSin rodesac arasaxelmwifo seqtorSi mcire

struqturebi ZiriTadad momsaxurebis sferoSia Tavmoyrili.

saxelmwifo seqtoris mcire sawarmoTa 37,7% funqcionirebs janmrTe-

lobis dacvisa da socialuri momsaxurebis sferoSi, 42,6% _ eleqtroene-

rgiis, airisa da wylis warmoeba-ganawilebis sferoSi, soflis meurneoba,

91

nadiroba da satyeo meurneoba ikavebs 9,5%-s, xolo saqmianobis sxva saxe-

ebze modis saxelmwifo sawarmoTa 15,8%; is yvelaze mcire raodenobiTaa

warmodgenili vaWrobaSi _ 0,3%, mSeneblobaSi _ 2,9%, sastumroebsa da

restornebSi _ 1,4% da a. S.

cxrili 2.3.1 mcire sawarmoTa struqtura ekonomikuri saqmianobis

saxeebis, sakuTrebis da samarTlebrii formebis mixedviT saqarTveloSi

2008 w.

ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxeebi

mcire sawarmoebi iuridiuli pirebi individual

uri sawarmoebi

sul saxel mwifo

%

arasa xelmwifo

%

sul %

mcire sawarmoebi sul: 7870 397 5,4 7473 94,6 10029 100

1. soflis meurneoba, nadiroba da satyeo meurneoba

126 12 9,5 114 90,5 134 1.3

2 TevzWera, meTevzeoba 21 1 4,8 20 95,2 3 0,03

3 samTomopovebiTi mrewveloba 55 2 3,6 53 96,4 14 0,14

4 gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba

994 35 3,5 959 96,5 1025 10,2

5 elenergiis, airis da wylis warmoeba-ganawileba

54 23 42,6 31 57,4 - -

6 mSenebloba 486 14 2,9 472 97,1 57 0,57

7 vaWroba, avtomobilebis, sayofacxovrebo nawarmis da piradi moxmarebis sagnebis remonti

2167 9 0,3 2158 99,6 6868 68,5

8 sastumroebi da restornebi 354 5 1,4 349 98,6 726 7,2

9 transporti da kavSirgabmuloba

583 18 3,1 565 96,9 417 4,2

10 operaciebi uZravi qonebiT, ijara da momxmareblisaTvis momsaxurebis gaweva

2131 67 3,1 2064 96,9 423 4,2

11 ganaTleba 214 6 2,8 208 97,2 11 0,1

12 jandacva da socdaxmareba 446 169 37,7 278 62,3 121 1,2

13 saqmianobis sxva danarCeni saxeebi

240 38 15,8 202 84,2 229 2,3

wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. statistikuri publikacia “mewarmeoba saqarTveloSi” 2009w.

rac Seexeba arasaxelmwifo seqtors, mcire sawarmoebidan maRali xve-

driTi wili uWiravs vaWrobis, avtomobilebis, sayofacxovrebo saqonlisa

da piradi moxmarebis sagnebis remontis sferos, romelzec modis 99,6%,

msgavsi viTarebaa sastumroebisa da restornebis sferoSi _ 98,6%, opera-

ciebi uZravi qonebiT, ijara da momxmareblisaTvis momsaxurebis gaweva _

96,9%, mSeneblobaSi _ 97,1%. arasaxelmwifo seqtori maRali xvedriTi wi-

92

liTaa warmodgenili soflis meurneobaSi (90,5%), samTomopovebiT (96,4%)

da gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobaSi (96,5%), transportsa da kavSirgabmulo-

baSi (96,9%) da sxva dargebSi.

saqarTveloSi biznesis dawyebis mxriv yvelaze xSirad irCeven SezRu-

duli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebas an individualur sawarmos. indivi-

dualuri mewarmis SemTxvevaSi daregistrirebis safasuri mxolod 20 la-

rs Seadgens da savaraudod sul 30 wuTi sWirdeba. amasTan sawarmo re-

gistrirdeba mxolod erT pirze da notariusisa da iuristis CarTvas ar

saWiroebs, Tumca momavalSi valdebulebebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi pasu-

xs agebs mTeli Tavisi qonebiT.

unda aRiniSnos, rom mcire sawarmoTa struqturaSi organizaciul- sa-

marTlebrivi formis mixedviT 2008 wels yvelaze didi xvedriTi woniT

iyo warmodgenili individualuri sawarmoebi, romelTa wili sawarmoTa

mTels raodenobaSi 46%,-s xolo mcire sawarmoTa mTels raodenobaSi

56,7%-s Seadgenda. regionebSi registrirebuli sawarmoebidan individua-

lur sawarmoTa maRali ricxviT yvela regioni gamoirCeva, magram gansa-

kuTrebiT maRalia maTi xvedriTi wili guriaSi, mcxeTa-TianeTSi, raWa-

leCxumSi, kaxeTSi. (ix. danarTi 2).

2010 wlisaTvis ki registrirebul biznes subieqtebis mTel raodeno-

baSi 74,0% Seadgendnen individualuri sawarmoebi. 2011 wlis mxolod iv-

nisis TveSi daregistrirebul individualur sawarmoTa raodenobam Sead-

gina 3515 erTeuli, rac 2010 wlis imave Tvis maCvenebels aRemateba 21%-iT,

anu 626 erTeuliT. (sajaro reestri).

rogorc cxrilidan Cans, miuxedavad imisa, rom mcire biznesis saqmian-

obis sferoebi metad farToa, misi didi nawili momsaxurebis sferoSi sa-

qmianobs. kerZod mcire sawarmoTa mTeli raodenobis 50,5% dakavebulia

vaWrobiT, avtomobilebis, sayofacxovrebo nawarmisa da piradi moxmareb-

is sagnebis remontiT, 14,3% _ operaciebi uZravi qonebiT, ijara da momx-

mareblisaTvis momsaxurebis gaweviT, 6,1% modis transportsa da kavSir-

gabmulobaze, 6,0% sastumroebsa da restornebze, xolo 3,2% _ jandacva-

sa da socdaxmarebaze. soflis meurneobaze, samTomopovebiT mrewveloba-

ze, gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobasa da mSeneblobaze modis Sesabamisad

1,4%, 0,4%, 11,3% da 5,8%. es monacemebi kidev erTxel adasturebs im sayo-

velTaod aRiarebul tendencias, rom saqarTvelo warmoadgens mom-

93

xmarebel qveyanas, arada swored warmoebis procesSi iqmneba realurad

axali Rirebuleba, rac warmoadgens ekonomikuri winsvlisa da qveynis

gamdidrebis safuZvels.

saqarTvelos regionebis mixedviT mcire sawarmoTa ganlageba 2008

wels aseTia: Tbilisze modis mcire sawarmoTa mTliani raodenobis 32%,

aWaraze - 11%, imereTze – 15%, kaxeTze – 9%, qvemo qarTlze – 10%,

samegrelo-zemo svaneTze – 9% da a. S. (diagrama 2.3.1.)

დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 2.3.1. მცირემცირემცირემცირე საწარმოებისაწარმოებისაწარმოებისაწარმოები საქართველოსსაქართველოსსაქართველოსსაქართველოს რეგიონებისრეგიონებისრეგიონებისრეგიონების მიხედვითმიხედვითმიხედვითმიხედვით, 2008წწწწ.

მცხეთამცხეთამცხეთამცხეთა-თიანეთითიანეთითიანეთითიანეთი; 2%

კახეთიკახეთიკახეთიკახეთი; 9%შიდაშიდაშიდაშიდა ქართლიქართლიქართლიქართლი; 4,50%

ქვემოქვემოქვემოქვემო ქართლიქართლიქართლიქართლი; 10%

სამცხესამცხესამცხესამცხე-ჯავახეთიჯავახეთიჯავახეთიჯავახეთი; 4%

იმერეთიიმერეთიიმერეთიიმერეთი; 15%

რაჭარაჭარაჭარაჭა-ლეჩხუმილეჩხუმილეჩხუმილეჩხუმი; 1%

ქვემოქვემოქვემოქვემო სვანეთისვანეთისვანეთისვანეთი; 9%

ქქქქ. თბილისითბილისითბილისითბილისი; 32%

სამეგრელოსამეგრელოსამეგრელოსამეგრელო-ზემოზემოზემოზემო სვანეთისვანეთისვანეთისვანეთი; 9%

აჭარააჭარააჭარააჭარა; 10,50%

გურიაგურიაგურიაგურია; 3%

wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. statistikuri publikacia

“mewarmeoba saqarTveloSi” 2009.

2009 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos regionebSi funqcionirebad sawarmoTa

85-dan 96%-mde modioda mcire sawarmoebze, xolo mcire sawarmoTa saer-

To raodenobis 34,6% modioda Tbilisze, rac wina wlis maCvenebels 2,6%-

iT aRemateba; aWaraSi es maCvenebeli 3,2%-iT Semcirda da Seadgina 7,8%;

imereTSi – 13,1%, kaxeTSi – 7,3%, qvemo qarTlSi - 9,5% da a.S. (ix. danarTi

3).

zogadad mcire biznesis roli qveynis ekonomikaSi ganisazRvreba iseTi

maCveneblebiT, rogoricaa: mcire biznesSi dasaqmebulTa wili, mSp-Si mci-

re biznesis wili, produqciis warmoebisa da brunvis maCveneblebi mcire

94

biznesSi, mcire sawarmoTa raodenoba 1000 mcxovrebze gaangariSebiT, mci-

re biznesis wili eqsportSi da a,. S.

aRniSnul maCvenebelTagan umniSvnelovanesia mcire biznesSi dasaqme-

bulTa xvedriTi wili. is iseve rogorc mcire biznesis ganlageba regio-

nebSi socialuri kategoriaa, romlis mniSvnelobas sul ufro zrdis

saSualo fenis Camoyalibebis funqcia.

dasaqmebulTa raodenobis mxriv 2008 wels mcire biznesSi dasaqmebul-

Ta 46,2% modioda q. Tbilisze, 12,9% - imereTze, 9,7% aWaris ar, 7,7% same-

grelo-zemo svaneTze da a.S.

saqarTveloSi ukanasknel wlebSi mcire mewarmeobis ganviTarebis maC-

veneblebidan (cxr. 2.3.2.) Cans, rom mcire sawarmoebSi dasaqmebuli iyo

mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili. kerZod, dasaqmebulTa yvelaze

maRali ricxvi SeiniSneboda 2000 wels _ 125 807 kaci, rac mTels biznes-

seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa 33,3% Seadgenda.

დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 2.3.2. მცირემცირემცირემცირე, საშუალოსაშუალოსაშუალოსაშუალო დადადადა მსხვილმსხვილმსხვილმსხვილ ბიზნესშიბიზნესშიბიზნესშიბიზნესში დასაქმებისდასაქმებისდასაქმებისდასაქმების დინამიკადინამიკადინამიკადინამიკა 1999-2010წწწწწწწწ.

050000

100000150000200000250000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

მცირემცირემცირემცირე ბიზნესიბიზნესიბიზნესიბიზნესი საშუალოსაშუალოსაშუალოსაშუალო ბიზნესიბიზნესიბიზნესიბიზნესი მსხვილიმსხვილიმსხვილიმსხვილი ბიზნესიბიზნესიბიზნესიბიზნესი

wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. www. statistics.ge

unda aRiniSnos, rom 2002-2006 wlebSi mcire biznesSi dasaqmebulTa

dinamika TiTqmis ucvleli iyo, Tumca 2007-2008 wlebSi es maCvenebeli mk-

veTrad daeca 18,7%-mde, rac aixsneba saqarTveloSi arastabiluri poli-

tikuri Tu ekonomikuri faqtorebiT, agvistos omiT, msoflio ekonomi-

kuri krizisiT da arastabiluri biznes garemoTi, ramac zogadad gazar-

da umuSevrobis foni saqarTveloSi. 2009-2010 wlebidan umuSevrobis do-

nis SemcirebasTan erTad, es maCvenebeli kvlav zrdis tendenciiT xasiaT-

deba da Sesabamisad utoldeba mTels biznes-seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa

22,2%-sa da 21,6%. 2009 wlisaTvis dasaqmebulTa raodenoba 86 aTasamde,

95

anu 2007 welTan SedarebiT 27%-iT gaizarda, xolo 2010 wels 2009 welT-

an SedarebiT Semcirda 9%-iT. rogorc analizis Sedegebi gviCvenebs din-

amikaSi mcire biznesis iseTi ekonomikuri maCveneblebi, rogoricaa pro-

duqciis gamoSveba, brunva, Sromis saSualoTviuri anazRaurebis done,

mcire biznesSi, iseve rogorc msxvil biznesSi zrdiT xasiaTdeba. kerZod

2010 wels 2000 welTan SedarebiT mcire biznesis brunvisa da produqciis

gamoSvebis maCveneblebi izrdeba Sesabamisad 41%-iTa da 115%-iT, 2005 wel-

Tan SedarebiT – 155%-iTa da 92%-iT, xolo 2009 welTan SedarebiT mxol-

od 22%-iTa da 20%-iT. izrdeba mcire biznesSi dasaqmebulTa saSualoTv-

iuri Sromis anazRaureba. ase magaliTad, 2010 wels 2000 welTan Sedareb-

iT aRniSnuli maCvenebeli gaizarda 561%-iT, 2005 welTan SedarebiT 42%-

iT. (ix.cxrili 2.3.2.)

cxrili 2.3.2. mcire biznesis ZiriTadi ekonomikuri maCveneblebi

saqarTveloSi 1999-2010 wlebSi

maCven wlebi

brunva (mln lari)

prod. gamoSveba (mln. lari)

dasaqmeba (kaci)

Srom.anazR. (lari)

sul

biznes

seqtori

mcire

biznesi

% mTlian

brunvasT

sul

biznes

seqtori

mcire

biznesi

%mTl.

produqc.

sul

biznes

seqtori

mcire

bizesi

% mT.

dasaqmeba

sul

biznesseq.

mcire

bizesi

1999 3111,3 1044,1 33.6 2091.0 424,3 20.3 379360 92202 24.3 73.6 55,9

2000 3781.4 1265,5 33.4 2388.9 493,7 20.7 373055 125807 33.3 82.2 51,1

2001 3975.2 1232,7 31.0 2625.4 537,6 20.4 313370 90159 28.8 108.4 66,2

2002 4595.6 584,4 12.7 3058.1 291,0 9.5 301310 73329 24.3 119.9 59,6

2003 5523.0 751,5 13.6 3492.6 326,8 6.4 297795 81166 27.3 139.4 58,3

2004 7248.4 859,6 11.9 4374.8 386,3 8.8 322779 82442 25.5 161.6 66,7

2005 10076.3 1155,8 11.5 5838.3 551,2 9.4 388946 100415 25.8 204.5 102,3

2006 13090.3 1079,3 8.2 7412.6 588,9 7.9 360987 84554 23.4 285.8 102,3

2007 17544.4 932,8 28.1 9645.4 513,3 5.3 361209 67677 18.7 381.6 163,2

2008 19650.7 967,6 4.9 10248.4 527,4 5.1 349250 65276 18.7 519.8 209,1

2009 20302.2 1464,1 7.2 11003.1 881,3 8.0 387463 86086 22.2 538.1 273,2

2010 23193.5 1793,4 7.7 12203.0 1060,1 8.7 366151 78772 21.6 670.3 389,0

2010 wel

s

2000w-Tan

+513 +41 +411 +115 -2 -38 +715 +561

2005w-Tan

+130 +155 +109 +92 -6 -22 +228 +281

2009w-Tan

+14 +22 +10 +20 -6 -9 +24 +42

wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. kvartaluri biuleteni 2011.I

96

yovelive es miuTiTebs mcire biznesis mzard rolze mosaxleobis da-

saqmebasa da maTi socialuri problemebis gadawyvetis saqmeSi.

Tuki gadavxedavT saqarTveloSi dasaqmebis zogad suraTs, SeiZleba

gamovitanoT Semdegi daskvnebi: saqarTveloSi 2010 wlisaTvis Sromisuna-

riani mosaxleobis raodenoba Seadgenda 1 912 817 kacs, maTgan biznesis

sferoSi dasaqmebuli iyo 366 151 kaci, rac mTeli Sromisunariani mosax-

leobis 19,1%-ia, Sromisunariani mosaxleobis 4,1% mcire biznesze modio-

da, rac Seadgens 78772 kacs. es maCvenebeli arasaxarbielod gamoiyureba

ganviTarebuli ekonomikis mqone qveynebis analogiuri maCveneblis fonze,

sadac is Seadgens 30-60%-s. 4,5%-s Seadgenda aseve 2009 wels Sromisunari-

an mosaxleobaSi mcire biznesis xvedriTi wili. aRniSnuli maCvenebeli

postsabWoTa qveynebSic ar aris maRali. “azerbaijanSi is Seadgens Sro-

misunariani mosaxleobis 13%, somxeTSi, belorusiaSi, yazaxeTsa da ukra-

inaSi 5%-mde, yirgizeTSi- 4%, TurqmeneTsa da uzbekeTSi – 3%-s

uaxlovdeba, xolo tajikeTSi is Seadgens araumetes 1%.” (lariCeva. .

.2003:56).

saqarTveloSi 1000 kacze gaangariSebiT mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa

raodenobis maCvenebeli Seadgens 4,5. analogiuri maCvenebeli gaerTianeb-

ul samefoSi aris 46, germaniaSi 37, italiaSi 68, safrangeTSi 35, aSS-Si

74,2, iaponiaSi 49,6, ruseTSi 5,6. saerTaSoriso praqtikidan gamomdinare,

normaluri konkurenciuli garemosaTvis mcire sawarmoTa simWidrovis

indikatorad miRebulia 30-50 mcxovrebze erTi mcire sawarmo, anu rac ig-

ivea, 20-30 mcire sawarmo yovel 1000 mcxovrebze. amdenad mcire sawarmoTa

simWidrovis maCvenebeli daaxloebiT 5-7-jer CamorCeba analogiur saer-

TaSoriso maCvenebels. amasTan ganviTarebuli qveynebis analogiur maCve-

nebelTan axlos dgas qveyanaSi funqcionirebadi sawarmoebis mTel rao-

denobaSi mcire sawarmoTa xvedriTi wiliT, romelic 82-85%-is farg-

lebSi meryeobs bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi. igive maCvenebeli “did

britaneTSi 75,8-is tolia, espaneTSi – 98,0%, italiaSi-84,0%, aSS-Si _

99,9%, taivanSi – 98%, ungreTSi -99%, iaponiaSi 99,2%, indoeTSi – 70%,

estoneTSi 98,6%, xolo yirgizeTSi – 38,3%” (franovskaia 2007:33)

ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi mcire biznesis rolis gansazRvrisaTvis di-

di mniSvneloba aqvs gamoSvebuli produqciis moculobas. 1999 wlidan

97

დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 2.3.3. პროდუქციისპროდუქციისპროდუქციისპროდუქციის გამოშვებისგამოშვებისგამოშვებისგამოშვების დინამიკადინამიკადინამიკადინამიკა საწარმოთასაწარმოთასაწარმოთასაწარმოთა ზომებისზომებისზომებისზომების მიხედვითმიხედვითმიხედვითმიხედვით საქართველოშისაქართველოშისაქართველოშისაქართველოში 2002-2010 წწწწწწწწ. (მლნმლნმლნმლნ.ლარილარილარილარი)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

მცირემცირემცირემცირე ბიზნესიბიზნესიბიზნესიბიზნესი საშუალოსაშუალოსაშუალოსაშუალო ბიზნესიბიზნესიბიზნესიბიზნესი მსხვილიმსხვილიმსხვილიმსხვილი ბიზნესიბიზნესიბიზნესიბიზნესი

wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. www. statistics.ge

moyolebuli mcire samewarmeo seqtoris mier warmoebuli produqciis ra-

odenobas aqvs klebadi xasiaTi. Tu 1999 wels is Seadgenda biznes-subieq-

tebis mier gamoSvebuli produqciis 20,3%, 2002 wlidan meryeobs 5,1-9,5%-

is farglebSi.

amis mizezad migvaCnia saxelmwifos mier mcire biznesisa da konkuren-

tuli garemos SenarCunebisadmi susti mxardaWera, msxvili biznesis xel-

Si monopoliuri uflebebis Tavmoyra, aseve investiciebis didi nakadebis

msxvili biznesisaken warmarTva. swored es faqtorebi axdens zegavlenas

mcire biznesis wilze mTlian Sida produqtSi miuxedavad msxvil da saS-

ualo sawarmoebTan SedarebiT raodenobrivad maRali ricxovnobisa mci-

re biznesis mier Setanili wvlili mTlian Sida produqtSi 10%-sac ar

aWarbebs, maSin roca germaniaSi, safrangeTSi, koreaSi da sxva qveynebSi

es maCvenebeli meryeobs 45-60%-is farglebSi. es imaze miuTiTebs, rom Cve-

nTan moqmed mcire sawarmoTa mTavari sazrunavi mesakuTreTa ojaxebis r-

Cenaa da maT gafarToebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro finansuri saxs-

rebi ar gaaCniaT.

garda amisa, mSp-Si mcire biznesis dabal xvedriT wils Cven vukavSi-

rebT saqarTveloSi mcire sawarmoebis gansazRvris kriteriumebs. maSin

98

roca, saqarTveloSi mcire sawarmoTa brunvis raodenoba Seadgens 100 aT-

as lars, evrokomisiis mier miRebuli klasifikaciiT mikro sawarmoTa

brunva 2 mln evros unda Seadgendes, xolo mcire sawarmosaTvis ki 10

mln evros. bunebrivia aseT gansxvavebaTa gamo mSp-Si Senatanis odenobac

Sesabamisi iqneba.

2.3.3. cxrilSi moyvanili monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom mcire sawarmoTa

mier gamoSvebuli produqciis wili biznes seqtoris mier warmoebul

mTels produqciaSi stabilur mdgomareobas inarCunebs da zrdis tenden-

ciiT ar xasiaTdeba. magaliTad mrewvelobaSi, transportsa da kavSirgab-

mulobaSi, sastumroebsa da restornebSi warmoebuli produqciis wili

mTliand qveynis masStabiT imave dargebSi warmoebul produqciaSi mniSv-

nelovnad ar izrdeba, Tumca Tu davakvirdebiT calkeuli dargebis farg-

lebSi mcire biznesis ganviTarebis dinamikas, TiTqmis yvela maTganSi

ekonomikur maCveneblebs zrdis tendencia aqvT

cxrili 2.3.3. produqciis gamoSveba ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxeebis

mixedviT 2002-2010ww

wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. mewarmeoba saqarTveloSi 2011

rogorc cxrili 2.3.4-dan Cans mrewvelobaSi brunvis maCvenebeli 2010

wels 2006 welTan SedarebiT gaizarda 79%-iT, produqciis gamoSveba 78%-

wlebi

mrewveloba mSenebloba vaWroba transp.orti da kavSirgabm.

sast. da restor.

sul

mcire sawarm.

%dargis prod

sul

mcire sawarm.

%dargis pr..

sul

mcire sawarm.

%dargis pr.

sul

mcire sawarm.

%dargis pr.

sul

mcire sawarm.

%dargis pr.

2002 1344.9 95.6 7.1 327.6 31.5 9.6 177.8 56.9 32.0 847.6 26.7 3.1 58.0 19.2 33.1

2003 1594.3 101.0 6.3 302.3 33.0 10.9 220.2 80.5 36.6 975.4 26.6 2.7 68.1 18.9 27.8

2004 1859.7 124.0 6.7 383.7 37.0 9.6 330.4 96.2 29.1 1278.3. 28.8 2.2 88.3 26.7 30.2

2005 2285.1 158.2 6.9 768.9 63.1 8.2 533.3 120.8 21.8 1475.2 27.5 1.9 134.6 47.3 35.1

2006 2779.0 161.3 5.8 1186.0 109.9 9.2 741.1 87.2 11.7 1806.7 42.9 2.3 177.4 56.6 31.9

2007 3583.3 144.4 4.0 1718.2 41.2 2.4 1150.5 83.4 7.2 1936.2 37.0 1.9 193.5 51.5 26.6

2008 3821.8 143.0 3.7 1434.7 44.6 3.1 1464.7 97.3 6.6 2043.6 41.4 2.0 225.7 51.9 23.0

2009 3797.1 229.5 5.0 1752.6 125.5 7.1 1603.7 166.8 10.4 2016.5 41.6 2.0 271.5 61.4 22.6

2010 4566.0 286.9 6.2 1482.5 185.2 12.4 2003.1 180.2 9.0 2324.0 55.6 2.4 313.5 62.7 20.0

99

iT, xolo dasaqmebulTa raodenoba umniSvnelod 3%-iT gaizarda. Cveni

azriT es ukavSirdeba sawarmoebSi menejmentis srulyofas, uaxlesi teq-

nologiebis danergvas, kvalifikaciis amaRlebisaken swrafvas da sxva.

cxrili 2.3.4. mcire biznesis ekonomikuri maCveneblebi saqmianobis saxeeb-

is mixedviT

mrewveloba maCveneblebi

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

% 2005 w. 2002w-Tan

% 2010 w. 2006w-Tan

brunva 98.7 104.1 125.1 159.7 164.8 145.0 138.1 229.7 295.8 +62 +79 produqciis gamoSveba

95.6 101.0 124.0 158.2 161.3 144.4 143.0 229.5 286.9 +65 +78

dasaqmebulTa raodenoba

14274 13520 14552 18083 15884 12501 11415 16904 16382 +27 +3

mSenebloba brunva 31.3 33.6 37.2 62.8 110.2 40.3 45.4 86.1 181.9 +100 +65 produqciis gamoSveba

31.5 33.0 37.0 63.1 109.9 41.2 44.6 125.5 185.2 +100 +68


3623 3525 3716 6452 8955 4031 3930 7182 7320 +78 -18

vaWroba brunva 355.7 511.9 572.3 733.2 557.7 490.2 525.3 781.5 864.1 +106 +54 produqciis gamoSveba

56.9 80.5 96.2 120.8 87.2 83.4 97.3 166.8 180.2 +112 +106


29370 38584 38793 39051

26542 20027 20227 25803 19787 +33 -26

sastumroebi da restornebi brunva 19.7 18.7 28.0 48.3 57.6 52.8 52.2 59.6 63.3 +145 +9 produqciis gamoSveba

19.2 18.9 26.7 47.3 56.6 51.5 51.9 61.4 62.7 +146 +10


3882 3704 4201 6374 6105 4887 4566 4702 3324 +64 -46

transporti da kavSirgabmuloba brunva 26.8 30.0 34.0 56.1 49.0 54.2 56.7 72.5 108.0 +109 +120 produqciis gamoSveba

26.6 28.8 27.5 42.9 37.0 41.4 41.6 55.6 69.1 +61 +84


4008 4005 3590 5522 4008 4175 4823 4685 4099 +37 +2

wyaro: cxrili Sedgenilia “saqstatis” monacemebisa da Cveni gaangariSebebis safuZve-

lze.

rac Seexeba mSeneblobas, miuxedavad imisa, rom am dargis mcire

sawarmoebSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba 2010 wels 2006 welTan SedarebiT

18%-iT, anu 1635 kaciT Semcirda, brunvis maCvenebeli 65%-iani zrdiT

xasiaTdeba, produqciis gamoSveba ki gaizarda 68%-iT

100

diagrama 2.3.4. mrewvelobis mcire sawarmoTa produqciis

gamoSvebis dinamika 2002-2010 ww.

050

100150200250300350

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

პროდუქციისპროდუქციისპროდუქციისპროდუქციის გამოშვებაგამოშვებაგამოშვებაგამოშვება

wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. www.statistics.ge

mSeneblobis sferos mcire sawarmoebSi dasaqmebulTa raodenobis

Semcirebas vukavSirebT amave dargis msxvil sawarmoebSi maT gadadinebas

SedarebiT maRali Sromis anazRaurebis gamo. brunvis moculobis zrda

ki dakavSirebulia qveyanaSi mSeneblobis tempebis zrdasTan, samSeneblo

obieqtebis simravlesTan. aseT pirobebSi dakveTebis simravlis gamo

mcire sawarmoebic sruli datvirTviT muSaoben.

დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 2.3.5. მშენებლობისმშენებლობისმშენებლობისმშენებლობის სფეროსსფეროსსფეროსსფეროს მცირემცირემცირემცირე საწარმოებისსაწარმოებისსაწარმოებისსაწარმოების მიერმიერმიერმიერ გამოშვებულიგამოშვებულიგამოშვებულიგამოშვებული პროდუქციაპროდუქციაპროდუქციაპროდუქცია 2002-2010 წწწწწწწწ.

050

100150200

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010



msgavsi suraTia vaWrobaSic. Sesadar periodSi dafiqsirda dasaqmebu-

lTa 26%-iani kleba, Tumca amas saerTodac ar umoqmedia brunvisa da

produqciis gamoSvebis maCveneblebze da isini gaizarda Sesabamisad 54%-

iTa da 106%-iT. mocemul dargSi am maCveneblis maRali mniSvneloba daka-

101

vSirebulia fasebis zrdasTan da inflaciuri procesebis zrdasTan, Tum-

ca ar unda gamoiricxos realizebuli produqciis zrdis albaTobac.

დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 2.3.6. ვაჭრობისვაჭრობისვაჭრობისვაჭრობის სფეროსსფეროსსფეროსსფეროს მცირემცირემცირემცირე საწარმოებისსაწარმოებისსაწარმოებისსაწარმოების მიერმიერმიერმიერ გამოშვებულიგამოშვებულიგამოშვებულიგამოშვებული პროდუქციაპროდუქციაპროდუქციაპროდუქცია 2002-2010 წწწწწწწწ.

050

100150200

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010



2010 wels 2006 welTan SedarebiT brunvis maCvenebeli 120 %-iT gaizar-

da transportisa da kavSirgabmulobis dargSi, rac aixsneba saqarTvelos

globalur procesebSi CarTviT, saerTSoriso mimosvlebisa da komunika-

ciebis masStabebis zrdiT, mezobel da evrokavSiris qveynebTan savaWro-

ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gafarToebiT. aseve gansakuTrebiT maRalia

turizmis xvedriTi wili, romlis ganviTareba bunebrivia zrdis transp-

ortisa da kavSirgabmulobis dargis mniSvnelobasa da saWiroebas. swo-

red amiT aixsneba, rom am dargebis momsaxurebis maCvenebeli gaizarda 84

procentiT. Tumca dasaqmebulTa raodenoba mxolod 2%-iT izrdeba, rac

ZiriTadad gamowveulia warmoebis organizaciuli struqturis srulyo-

fiT.

diagramadiagramadiagramadiagrama 2.3.7. ტრანსპორტისატრანსპორტისატრანსპორტისატრანსპორტისა დადადადა კავშირგაბულობისკავშირგაბულობისკავშირგაბულობისკავშირგაბულობის მცირემცირემცირემცირე საწარმოებისსაწარმოებისსაწარმოებისსაწარმოების მიერმიერმიერმიერ გამოშვებულიგამოშვებულიგამოშვებულიგამოშვებული პროდუქციაპროდუქციაპროდუქციაპროდუქცია 2002-2010 წწწწწწწწ.

020406080

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010



102

Tavisi mokrZalebuli wvlili SeaqvT ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi sastum-

roebis da restornebis sferos mcire sawarmoebs. turizmis ganviTareba

warmoadgens saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis prioritets. igegmeba

turizmis axali saxeobebis ekoturizmis, samTo turizmis, sasoflo tur-

izmis, samedicino turizmis da sxva saxeobaTa ganviTareba, rac samomavl-

od aucileblad gamoiwvevs Sesabamisi infrastruqturis Seqmnis aucileb-

lobas, romlis ganuyofel elemantsac warmoadgens mcire sastumroebi

da restornebi. es procesebi obieqturad gamoiwvevs am dargis mcire zo-

mis dawesebulebaTa gazrdas. dReisaTvis ki am sferoSi brunvisa da pro-

duqciis gamoSvebis maCveneblebi zemoT ganxilul saqmianobis saxeTa maC-

veneblebs ver Seedreba, magram mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom isinic zr-

dis tendenciiT xasiaTdebian da aRweven Sesabamisad 9 da 10%. aqve unda

aRiniSnos rom dasaqmebulTa raodenoba Semcirebulia 46%-iT.

mcire biznesis optimaluri sistemuri struqturis formireba am seq-

toris potencialis srulad amoqmedebis udides rezervebs Seicavs. swor-

ed am proceszea damokidebuli ara marto ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis

daCqareba, aramed socialuri problemebis gadaWrac. pirveli rigis amoc-

anad gvesaxeba ekonomikuri stimulirebis berketebis meSveobiT mcire me-

warmeobis sistemuri struqturis optimizacia. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs saqar-

TveloSi iseTi prioritetuli mimarTulebebis ganviTareba, rogoricaa

soflis meurneoba, turizmi da mrewveloba, am dargebSi mcire sawarmoTa

raodenobisa da maTSi dasaqmebulTa ricxvis zrda. amasTan erTad aseve,

umniSvnelovanes mimarTulebad migvaCnia wvrili mewarmeobis winmswrebi

tempebiT ganviTarebisaTvis yovelmxrivi saxelmwifoebrivi mxardaWeris

aRmoCena saqarTvelos im regionebSi, sadac mosaxleobis depopulacia

daiwyo da gansakuTrebiT didia rogorc dausaqmebeli muSaxeli, ise –

gamouyenebeli bunebrivi resursebi. saxelmwifom unda Seqmnas xelsayre-

li makroekonomikuri da biznesgaremo im produqciis sawarmoeblad, rom-

elic dReisaTvis ucxoeTidan Semodis da mis adgilze warmoebisaTvis sa-

Wiro bunebrivi pirobebi da saTanado adgilobrivi iafi resursebi arseb-

obs.

realurad ki soflis meurneobaSi dReisaTvis Semdegi mdgomareoba

gvaqvs. 2009 wels soflis meurneobis wilma mSp-Si 9,6% Seadgina. soflis

103

meurneobis dargis mwarmoeblurobis realuri zrda wina welTan Seda-

rebiT Semcirda 1,3%-iT.

saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis produqciis eqsportis didi potenci-

ali gaaCnia. amas adasturebs misi istoriul-meurneobrivi ganviTarebis

gza. Tumca dReisaTvis am dargSic srulad ar aris gamoyenebuli SesaZl-

eblobebi da mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba mezobel qveynebs, ris gamoc maTze

damokidebul poziciaSi imyofeba. amas adasturebs saqarTvelos ekonomi-

kuri ganviTarebis saministros mier 2009 wels Catarebuli `soflis meur-

neobis produqciis kvleva~, romlis Tanaxmadac 2009 wels soflis meur-

neobis produqciiT sagareo savaWro brunvam 5513 mln. aSS dolari Sead-

gina, rac wina welTan SedarebiT 29,3%-iT naklebia, magram es moxda ara

importis Semcirebis xarjze, aramed sakuTari ZalebiT warmoebuli saeq-

sporto produqciis Semcirebis xarjze.

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 2.3.8. სოფლისსოფლისსოფლისსოფლის მეურნეობაშიმეურნეობაშიმეურნეობაშიმეურნეობაში პროდუქციისპროდუქციისპროდუქციისპროდუქციის წარმოებაწარმოებაწარმოებაწარმოება 2003-2009წწწწწწწწ.

wyaro: “soflis meurneobis produqciis kvleva”. publikacia. saqarTvelos

ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministro. 2009.

2009 wlis monacemebiT agrosasursaTo produqciis eqsportma 340 mln.

aSS dolari Seadgina, rac mTliani eqsportis 30%-s Seadgens.

sasoflo sameurneo produqciis importma 818,5 mln. aSS dolari Sea-

dgina, rac mTliani importis 18,6%-ia. saqarTvelodan ZiriTadad xorcie-

ldeba Semdegi sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis eqsporti: Txili, eTilis

spiriti, mineraluri wylebi, Rvino, xili, marcvleuli, Tevzi, bostneu-

li. saimporto saqonelic igive dasaxelebebs moicavs: pur-burRuleuli,

xorci, zeTebi, Tevzi, rZis produqtebi da sxva.

104

7054

35,4 34,220,1

1,2 4,5 2,60

10203040506070

კაკალიკაკალიკაკალიკაკალი ეთილისეთილისეთილისეთილის

სპირტისპირტისპირტისპირტი

მინმინმინმინ. წყალიწყალიწყალიწყალი ხილიხილიხილიხილი მარცვლეულიმარცვლეულიმარცვლეულიმარცვლეული თევზითევზითევზითევზი ბოსტნეულიბოსტნეულიბოსტნეულიბოსტნეული

დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 2.3.9. სოფლისსოფლისსოფლისსოფლის მეურნეობისმეურნეობისმეურნეობისმეურნეობის პროდუქციისპროდუქციისპროდუქციისპროდუქციის ექსპორტიექსპორტიექსპორტიექსპორტი 2009წწწწ.(მლნმლნმლნმლნ აშშაშშაშშაშშ დოლარიდოლარიდოლარიდოლარი)


ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministro. 2009

bostneulis realizacia sakmaod dabal fasebSi mimdinareobs zafxul-

Si, rac pirvel rigSi gamowveulia qveyanaSi nedli xilisa da bostneul-

is Sesanaxi simZlavreebis ar arsebobiT. mwarmoeblebi cdiloben swraf-

ad gauwion realizacia produqcias, raTa Tavidan aicilon misi xarisxis

gauareseba da danakargebi. sezonis damTavrebasTan erTad mkveTrad matu-

lobs xilisa da bostneulis sarealizacio fasi da iwyeba importi mezo-

beli qveynebidan, ZiriTadad TurqeTidan da azerbaijanidan, romlebsac

gaaCniaT sakmaod maRali teqnologiebiT aRWurvili xil-bostneulis Se-

sanaxi bazebi. saerTo moxmarebaSi Zalian maRalia importirebuli xaxvis,

nioris, stafilos, da kartofilis wili.

migvaCnia, rom importis Semcirebis sakiTxSi mniSvnelovani wvlilis

Setana SeuZliaT mcire fermerul meurneobebs. dasavleTis ganviTarebul

qveynebSi ojaxuri ferma aris soflis meurneobis safuZveli. magaliTad,

aSS-Si maTma raodenobam 2005 wels 2 milions gadaaWarba. yvelaze efeqt-

uria fermeruli biznesi holandiaSi, sadac erT fermers SeuZlia gamokv-

bos qveynis 180-200 moqalaqe. am qveyanaSi fermerebi imyofebian mTavrobis

xelSewyobisa da kontrolis qveS. gansakuTrebiT miwebis nayofierebis

SenarCunebaSi, kreditebis gamoyofaSi, dazRvevaSi da a.S. (oTinaSvili

2010: 167). am mxriv saqarTvelosac SeuZlia mniSvnelovani Sedegebis miRwe-

va, risTvisac Cvenis azriT, saWiroa soflis meurneobis materialur-teq-

nikuri bazis srulyofa. investiciebis ganxorcielebiT, saojaxo biznes-

is axleburi organizaciiT, Tanamedrove mcire teqnikisa da teqnologieb-

105

is dafuZnebiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mSp-Si misi Senatanis mniSvnelovnad

amaRleba da eqsportSi wilis gazrda.

erTi SexedviT, saqarTveloSi Seqmnilia mravali piroba imisaTvis,

rom mewarmem warmatebiT ganaxorcielos eqsporti _ Seicvala sabaJo kan-

onmdebloba da Sesabamisad administrireba, aseve saqarTvelo sargebl-

obs preferenciaTa ganzogadebuli sistemiT, rac marTlac mniSvnelova-

ni SeRavaTebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs qarTul bizness, kerZod ki sawar-

moebs SesaZlebloba aqvT, moaxdinon jamSi 9000-mde dasaxelebis produq-

tis SeRavaTiani pirobebiT (maT Soris 7200 produqtze nulovani ganakve-

TiT) eqsportireba 35-mde qveyanaSi. Tumca, sawarmoebis umravlesoba ara-

Tu saerTaSoriso bazrebze, adgilobriv bazrebzec ki ver axerxeben Ta-

vis damkvidrebasa da konkurirebas. amis erT-erTi mizezTagania infor-

mirebulobis dabali done, mewarmeTa mxridan bazrebis Seswavlisa da ma-

rketinguli RonisZiebebis gatarebis meqanizmebSi gaurkvevloba.

aRniSvnis Rirsia Cvens mier Catarebuli gamokiTxvebisas pasuxebi kiTx-

vaze: àxorcielebT Tu ara saqonlis eqsports?”. gamokiTxul mewarmeTa

17% eqsports ar axorcielebs, magram Tvlis, rom mis mier warmoebul

produqcias aqvs saeqsporto potenciali. es mewarmeebi warmoadgendnen

iseT dargebs rogoricaa avejis warmoeba, samSeneblo masalebis warmo-

eba, meTevzeoba, memcenareoba, mefutkreoba, mecxoveleoba, safeiqro war-

moeba. gamokiTxulTagan TiTqmis aravis ar ucdia saeqsporto bazrebis

Seswavla da miT umetes saqonlis ucxoeTSi gatana; mewarmeTa 25% Tvlis,

rom mis mier warmoebuli produqcia ucxoeTSi konkurentunariani ar iqn-

eba, xolo 48% ki Tvlis, rom awarmoebs iseT saqonels, romlis eqsport-

ic ver ganxorcieldeba.

amrigad, saqarTveloSi mudmivad aqtualuri problemis, mosaxleobis

dasaqmebis saukeTeso saSualebas warmoadgens mcire biznesi. miuxedavad

am sferos socialur-ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis aRiarebisa, is mainc ver

uaxlovdeba im maCveneblebs, romlebic ucxoeTis amave seqtorisTvisaa

damaxasiaTebeli, magram mas yovelTvis eqneba sakuTari adgili bazarze.

arsebobs biznesis mravali mimarTuleba, romlebSic masStaburi sawarmo-

ebi ubralod araa gamarTlebuli. biznesis es saxeebi SeiZleba iyos ro-

gorc warmoebaSi, ise momsaxurebaSi, vaWrobaSi da soflis meurneobaSi.

Cvens mier ganxiluli meurneobis sferoebSi mcire biznesis perspeqtiul-

106

oba damtkicebulia, radgan yvela maTganSi warmoebuli produqciis zrda

SeiniSneba.

Cvens mier ganxorcielebul kvlevebsa da statistikur monacemebze da-

yrdnobiT SegviZlia gavakeToT mcire biznesis ramdenime maCveneblis pro-

gnozi 2015-2020, 2020-2025 wlebisaTvis. amisaTvis gamoviyeneT saSualowli-

uri absoluturi matebis gaangariSebis Semdegi formula:

= yn – y1 / n-1

sadac, yn aris dinamikuri mwkrivis bolo done,

y1 – dinamikuri mwkrivis pirveli done,

n – wlebis raodenoba. (kbilaZe . . .2008: 293).

cxrili 2.3.5. saqarTveloSi mcire biznesis produqciis gamoSvebisa da

dasaqmebis maCveneblebis prognozi 2015-2025 wlebisaTvis

wyaro: prognozebi gakeTebulia statistikuri monacemebisa da Cveni gaangariSebebiT.

rogorc Cveni varaudidan Cans saTanado mxardaWeris SemTxvevaSi mosa-

lodnelia mcire biznesis ori umniSvnelovanesi maCveneblis, produqciis

moculobisa da dasaqmebulTa raodenobis mkveTri zrda. magaliTad, war-

moebuli produqciis moculoba 2015 wlisaTvis 2008 welTan SedarebiT

354 %-iT gaizrdeba, xolo 2010 welTan SedarebiT 126%-iT. 2020 wlisaTvis

2010 wlis Sesabamis maCvenebels gadaaWarbebs 2664 milioni lariT. xolo

dasaqmebulTa ricxvi ki gaizrdeba 67480 kaciT, rac 85%-s Seadgens. 2025

wels 2015 welTan SedarebiT produqciis gamoSveba gaizrdeba 116%-iT,

2020 welTan SedarebiT ki 36%-iT. rac Seexeba dasaqmebis maCvenebels Ses-

abamisad gaizrdeba 59%-iT da 23%-iT da 179992 kacs Seadgens, rac 2010

wlis maCvenebels 2,3-jer aRemateba. (cxr. 2.3.5.)

saqarTvelos realobaSi mcire biznesis ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebis

optimizaciisaTvis mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia:

maCven./ wlebi

faqtiuri prognozi

2015 w. %-T 2020w %-iT 2025w %-iT

2008 2009 2010 2015 2020 2025 2008w-Tan

2010w-Tan

2010w-Tan

2015w-Tan

2015w-Tan

2020wTan

prod warmoe. (mln lari)

527

881

1060

2392

3724

5056

+354

+126

+251

+56

+111

+36

dasaqm raod. (kaci)

65276

86086

78772

112512

146252

179992

+72

+42

+85

+29

+59

+23

107

• mcire sawarmoTa seqtoruli da dargobrivi struqturis srul-

yofa;

• damatebiT kvlevebis safuZvelze mcire biznesis gansazRvris

parametrebSi cvlilebebis Setana dargobrivi kuTvnilebis moxe-

dviT;

• mcire biznesis regionaluri struqturis srulyofa resursuli

upiratesobebis gaTvaliswinebiT;

• saxelmwifo srtategiis SemuSaveba, romelic orientirebuli iqn-

eba importis Semcirebaze da am kuTxiT mcire sawarmoTa wvlil-

is gafarToeba.

108

Tavi III. MTavi III. MTavi III. MTavi III. Mmmmmcire biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi da cire biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi da cire biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi da cire biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi da

tendenciebitendenciebitendenciebitendenciebi saqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSi

3.1. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis strategia da saxelmwifos roli3.1. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis strategia da saxelmwifos roli3.1. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis strategia da saxelmwifos roli3.1. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis strategia da saxelmwifos roli

msoflio ekonomikaSi mimdinare globalizaciis procesebi StambeWdav-

ia Tavisi masStabebiTa da dinamizmiT. eqspertebi globalizacias ganixi-

laven rogorc msoflio ekonomikis restruqturizacias, romelic xorci-

eldeba ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikur, politikur da socialur-

kulturul RonisZiebaTa nebayoflobiT gavrcelebiT. am procesSi gansak-

uTrebiT didia im qveynebis wvlili, romlebmac im qveynebis wvlili, rom-

lebmac miaRwies warmoebis kritikul odenobas da cdiloben globaluri

konkurentunarianobis SenarCunebas. aseT pirobebSi, erTi SexedviT, par-

adoqsuladac ki SeiZleba mogveCvenos mraval saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebi-

sa da saerTaSoriso organizaciaTa ucvleli interesi mcire sawarmoTa

zrdis SesaZleblobebisadmi. martivi xedva iqneboda Tu amis mizezad Cav-

TvlidiT bolo aTwleulebisaTvis tipiuri tendenciebis gagrZelebas,

roca socialur-ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynebis mier mcire ekono-

mikis mxardaWera aucileblobad miiCneoda.

mcire mewarmeobis Tanamedrove Sefaseba gansxvavebulia xarisxobrivi

aspeqtiT: mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi aRiarebulia sameurneo struqtu-

ris mniSvnelovan nawilad, romelic amaRlebs mis moqnilobas, adaptiu-

robas, sadac samuSao Zalis mniSvnelovani masis mozidva ganapirobebs

socialur stabilurobas. bolo periodamde Seiswaveboda mcire sawar-

moTa roli mxolod saSinao bazrebze, magram erovnul ekonomikaTa msof-

lio sameurneo procesebSi CarTulobis gaRrmaveba da maTi globalizac-

ia cvlis TamaSis wesebs misi yvela monawilesaTvis. qveynebisa da firmeb-

is doneze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi mZlavrad ganicdis sagareo zemoq-

medebas, roca SeuZlebelia im tendenciaTa ignorireba, romlebic yalib-

deba erovnul sazRvrebs gareT.

mcire biznesis ganviTarebis strategiasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi

mWidrod ukavSirdeba sameurneo saqmianobis axal filosofiasa da ekono-

mikis globalizaciis procesebs.

saqarTveloSi sabazro principebze gadasvlis sawyisi etapidan iwyeba

adamianuri kapitalisa da resursuli bazis adeqvatur ekonomikur urTi-

109

erTobaTa sistemis mSenebloba, strategiuli midgomebis Camoyalibeba.

globalizaciis urTules garemoSi saWiroa sakuTari ekonomikuri SesaZ-

leblobebis Sesabamisi konkurentunariani modelis Seqmna. `globalizac-

ia uCvenodac modis, magram modis rogorc uxeSi Zala da angariSs ar uw-

evs Cvens SesaZleblobebs, Cvens unikalurobas da Cvens gankargulebaSi

arsebuli resursebis gamoyenebis Cveneul xedvas. es obieqturi procesia

da xorcieldeba, rogorc aucilebloba. ise, rogorc zamTari ver gaiTva-

liswinebs Raribi an zarmaci kacis mier SeSis Tavis droze moutanlobis

faqts, ise globalizaciis Seuqcevadi procesic ver gaiTvaliswinebs sae-

rTo kanonzomierebaTa Seucnoblobis mizeziT calkeuli qveynebis moum-

zadeblobas am procesisadmi. amitom TiToeuli makroekonomikuri struq-

turis valia TviT wavides globalizaciisaken, SevTavazoT mas sakuTari

SesaZleblobebi da aqtiurad Caebas globaluri procesebis marTvis ar-

ealSi.~ (iakobiZe 2010: 22)

amdenad saqarTvelo, romelic sakuTar ganviTarebas ukavSirebs msof-

lio dinamizmis globalur kanonzomierebs, damoukideblad wyvets dasaq-

mebisa da ekonomikuri zrdis problemebs. kvlav aqtualuria iseTi ekono-

mikuri politikis SemuSaveba, romelic mimarTuli iqneba msoflio bazar-

ze misi konkurentunarianobis zrdisaken da qveyanaSi socialuri prob-

lemebis gadawyvetisaken.

saqarTvelo cdilobs Sevides evrokavSirSi da orientirebulia ekono-

mikis gaZRolis evropul sistemaze. CvenSi arsebuli msxvili sawarmoebi

àrsebiTad CarTuli arian msoflio Sromis danawilebaSi da isini asru-

leben regionaluri mniSvnelobis sawarmoo simZlavreTa rols. maTi mni-

Svneloba qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis arsebiTia, magram maT sa-

kuTari teqnologiuri SezRudulobisa da msoflio bazarze adgilidan

gamomdinare ar ZaluZT saqarTveloSi gadawyviton dasaqmebisa da ekonom-

ikuri zrdis problemebi. es obieqturi realoba gasagebia evropisTvisac

da evrokavSiris moqmedi erTiani ekonomikuri politika, siRaribis daZl-

evisa da dasaqmebis donis amaRlebis saqmeSi, mimarTulia ara msxvili sa-

warmoebisaken, aramed saSualo da mcire mewarmebisadmi. saqarTvelos,

iseve rogorc yvela sxva qveyanas globalizacia uqmnis konkurenciis ua-

Rresad mniSvnelovan pirobebs. konkurentuli brZola mZafrdeba da qveyn-

ebi iZulebulni xdebian damorCildnen msoflio bazris realobebs. am

110

TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania mcire sawarmoTa saxelmwifoebrivi xelSe-

wyoba~ (iakobiZe 2010: 32).

naTelia, rom msoflioSi konkurentuli brZolis gamwvavebis kvaloba-

ze mcire da saSualo biznesiT qveyanebis daintereseba izrdeba. saqarTve-

loSi mcire biznesis sferoSi strategiuli cvlilebebis gareSe SeuZle-

belia saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri integracia da erToblivi mewarmeoba,

aseve SeuZlebelia saSualo klasis arseboba da Sesabamisad pirobebi uk-

onfliqto saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri integraciisaTvis da sabazro pro-

cesebis globalizaciisaTvis.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi araerTi qveyana gamoiyenebs socialur-ekono-

mikuri mdgomareobis iseT maxasiaTeblebs, rogoricaa:

_ warmoebisa da bazrebis globalizacia; teqnologiuri ganviTarebisa

da modernizaciis maRali tempebi, bazarze maRalteqnologiuri produq-

ciis wilis gazrda;

_ saqonlisa da momsaxurebis xanmokle sasicocxlo cikli, diversifi-

kaciis maRali xarisxi, calkeuli saxis produqciaze moTxovnis mkveTri

cvlileba;

_ globalur ekonomikaSi aramaterialuri warmoebis “kreatiuli kapi-

talisa” da “codnis ekonomikis” mniSvnelobis gazrda;

_ materialuri resursebis SezRuduloba da ekologiurad usafrTxo

produqciis gamoSvebaze maRali moTxovnebi;

_ saqonelsa da momsaxurebis xarisxze gazrdili moTxovna, xarisxis

erTiani saerTaSoriso standartebis SemoReba.

mcire biznesis subieqtebi mudmivad cvalebad sabazro koniunqturaze

ufro moqnilad reagireben, uzrunvelyofen kapitaldabandebaTa maRal

efeqtianobas. ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxvis gazrda, romel-

Tac SeuZliaT sakuTari Tavis da ojaxebis uzrunvelyofa, iwvevs mosax-

leobis TviTgamorkvevis Camoyalibebas, amaRlebs sazogadoebis Semoqme-

debiTi potencials da socialuri TanamSromlobisaTvis mzadyofnas, am-

cirebs sabiujeto socialur datvirTvas, zrdis ra ganviTarebaSi daban-

debebis SesaZleblobebs.

mcire biznesi funqcionirebs gansakuTrebul garemoSi. Tuki sawyisi

produqcia an momsaxureba unikaluria mcire biznesSi, vidre msxvilSi,

Cndebian konkurentebi. swored konkurencia aiZulebT subieqtebs upirate-

111

sobebis mudmivad Ziebas sakuTar biznesSi. amdenad konkretul bazarze

saerTo standartebis arsebobisas yovelTvis moiZebneba gansxvavebuli

Tavisebureba, riTac SeiZleba gaumklavde konkurentebs.

mkvlevarTa didi nawili, mcire mewarmeobis problemaTa “fesvebs” eZeb-

en iseT gare faqtorebSi, rogoricaa administraciuli barierebi, saka-

nonmdeblo bazis arastabiluroba, finansebze SezRuduli xelmisawvdom-

oba. mcire biznesis TaviseburebaTa Soris mkvlevarebi gamoyofen damo-

ukideblobas da mcire sawarmoTa orientacias naxevradproduqtiul mo-

delze, mmarTvelobiTi teqnologiebis, aseve sainformacio konsaltingu-

ri da saganmanaTleblo uzrunvelyofisa da saerTo infrastruqturis ga-

nuviTareblobas. mcire biznesis arsebuli midgomebis problemebi imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom yuradReba gamaxvilebulia axali mcire sawarmoebis

stimulirebaze, maSin, roca ukve moqmed samewarmeo subieqtTa ganmtkice-

basa da ganviTarebis sakiTxs mcire yuradReba eTmoba. amave dros ZiriTa-

di problema mdgomareobs axlad Seqmnili mcire sawarmoebis konkurentu-

narianobasa da araefeqturobaSi, rac ver qmnis maTi grZelvadiani funq-

cionirebisa da mniSvnelovani efeqtebis miRebis safuZvels. yvela es faq-

tori sxvadasxva xarisxiT gavlenas axdens mcire biznesis Sedegianobaze,

magram isini sruliad xsnian zemoT aRweril problemis mizezebs, Tumca

SesaZlebelia faqtorebis warmoCenac, romelic avlens saqarTvelos eko-

nomikaSi mcire biznesis potencialis miuRwevlobis mizezebs. es aris

mcire biznesis susti integracia sabazro sferoSi. e.i. faqtiurad mcire

biznesi, romelsac aqvs moqnilobisa da sabazro garemosTan swrafi Segu-

ebis unari, saqarTvelos realobaSi praqtikulad ver pasuxobs sagareo

pirobebis cvlilebs, ris Sedegadac, bunebrivia uTmobs adgils da pozi-

ciebs saSualo da msxvil kompaniebs.

mcire biznesis ganviTarebis strategiis realizaciisaTvis aucilebel-

ia rogorc gare pirobebis uzrunvelyofa, ise zemoqmedeba Sida proble-

mebzec. mcire biznesis ZiriTad Sida problemas warmoadgens araefeqturi

menejmenti. magaliTad, aSS-Si yovelwliurad 600 aTasi axali sawarmo

iwyebs saqmianobas, magram maTgan mxolod naxevari aRwevs 18 Tvis asaks,

10 wels ki _ xuTidan erTi. specialistTa dakvirvebiT milionobiT fir-

mis saqmianobaSi erTi da igivea warumateblobis mizezebi: kerZod, gako-

trebis SemTxvevaSi 44% gamowveulia arakompetenturobiT, 17% _ sammarT-

112

velo gamocdilebis uqonlobiT, raSic igulisxmeba saqmis dawyebamde mu-

Sakebisa da sxva resursebis marTvis mcire gamocdileba an saerTod uq-

onloba, 16% _ gamocdilebis daubalanseblobiT, marketingis, finansebis,

momaragebisa da warmoebis sferoSi gamocdilebis uqonlobiT, 2% _ ga-

mowveulia sxva mizezebiT (siropolisi 1996:28). yovelive es imaze metyve-

lebs, rom sakuTri saqmis dawyebamde aucilebelia pirovnuli da saqmiani

Tvisebebis gadauWarbeblad da obieqturad TviTSefaseba da biznesSi Ca-

rTvaze gadawyvetilebis miReba.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi mcire biznesis ganviTarebis da bazarze pozi-

ciebis gamyarebisaTvis mniSvnelovan Sida faqtors warmoadgens marTvis

sistemis srulyofa. man unda moicvas prognozirebis, dagegmvis, aRricxv-

is, analizisa da kontrolis procesebi. Sida garemos monitoringis maCve-

neblebma unda misces sawarmos xelmZRvanelobas saSualeba miiRos stra-

tegiuli gadawyvetilebebi. amitomac mcire sawarmoebSi msgavsi sistemis

SemuSaveba da danergva warmoadgens sakmaod aqtualur sakiTxs.

nebismieri biznesi gulisxmobs warmoebis, marketingis, finansebisa da

personalis marTvas. msxvil kompaniebSi marTvis funqciebi delegirebul-

ia sxvadasxva doneebs Soris, xolo mcire sawarmoSi pasuxismgeblibas sa-

kuTar Tavze iRebs mewarme, radgan mxolod man icis marTvis yvela sfe-

roSi Tavisi upiratesobebis Sesaxeb. yoveli aseTi upiratesoba saboloo

jamSi saSualebas iZleva gazardos sxvaoba amonagebsa da danaxarjebs

Soris produqciis erTeulze, aseve saSualebas iZleva mcire biznesi gax-

des efeqtiani saqmianobis mcire masStabebisas. amitomac mewarmis mier un-

da iqnes ganxiluli marTvis yvela sferos upiratesobebi tipiur momen-

tebSi.

warmoebis procesis gansaxorcieleblad saWiroa mowyobilobebi, ned-

leuli da saTanado specialistebi. yvela mewarmes ara aqvs saSualeba

SeiZinos axali danadgarebi d aver iZens iafad makompleqtebel nawilebs.

magram saqmis Sinaarsianad da guldasmiT gaZRolisas SesaZlebelia Zve-

li mowyobilobebi da tradiciuli nedleuli gaxdes upiratesoba. ama-

sTan aucilebelia sawarmoo procesis yoveli momdevno elementis ganxi-

lva, raTa gamovlindes sakuTari biznesis realuri da potenciuri upira-

tesobebi. idealur SemTxvevad SeiZleba CaiTvalos warmoeba, romelic

efuZneba “nou-haus”, specialur mowyobilobebs, siaxleebsa da damkveTis

113

masalebis gamoyenebas. magram amasTan SesaZlebelia gaizardos xarjebi

marketingze, romelsac mewarmeebi damoukideblad ewevian.

marketinguli strategia aucilebelia realizaciis procesis marTvis-

aTvis. es aris SeTanxmebul gadawyvetilebaTa erToblioba bazris segmen-

tis arCevisas, am bazarze saqonlis pozicionirebisas, realizaciis fasis

gansazRvrisas, ganawilebis arxebze gadanawilebisas da gayidvaTa stimu-

lirebisas.

cxr. 3.1.1. dasaqmebis saagentos marketinguli strategia

bazris segmenti

produqti fasi gasaRebis arxebi

stimulebi

baTumSi mcxovrebi umuSevrebi

dasaqmeba saagentos mier dasaqmebulTa

wliuri Semosavlis 15

%

reklama da dasaqmebulebi

dasaqmebaze mzardi moTxovna.

dReisaTvis gamZafrebuli konkurenciis pirobebSi sawarmos warmate-

ba-warumatebloba didad aris damokidebuli marketingul kvlevaTa xari-

sxze. metad mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia aseTi kvlevebis Catareba ara mxol-

od sawarmos funqcionirebis dawyebamde, aramed muSaobis periodSic, ami-

saTvis ki aucilebelia bazris Seswavlis meTodebis floba. “bazris Ses-

wavla mosazrebebis nacvlad faqtebze dayrdnobis saSualebas iZleva,

rac didad amcirebs bazris cvlilebebTan dakavSirebul riskebs” (Sur-

Raia 2010:263).

mxedvelobaSi misaRebia isic, rom mcire biznesis calkeul subieqtebs

ar ZaluZT mudmivad hyavdeT dasaqmebuli marketingis specialisti. ami-

tom bazris gamokvlevasac TviTon unda axdendes, risTvisac SesaZlebel-

ia statistikuri informaciis gamoyeneba, romelsac iReben da avrceleben

savaWro palatebi, savaWro-samrewvelo asociaciebi, sxva uwyebebi. bazreb-

is Sesaxeb mopovebuli “TiToeuli wyaro SeiZleba umniSvnelo iyos

calk-calke, magram erTad Tavmoyrisa da ganzogadebisas, isini Zvirfas

informacias warmoadgenen sakvlevi bazris Sesaswavlad” (SurRaia

2010:264).

marketinguli strategiis SemuSavebisas yuradReba unda gamaxvildes

mcire mewarmis mTavar amocanaze, rac mdgomareobs efeqtianobis amaRle-

bisaTvis marketinguli upiratesobebis gamoyenebaSi. am TvalsazrisiT di-

di yuradReba unda gamaxvildes iseT momentebze, rogoricaa Sesabamisi

114

gadaxdisunariani klienturis SerCeva, maTTvis sruli da xarisxiani mom-

saxurebis da produqciis SeTavazeba. momxmareblis mosazidad SesaZlebe-

lia gamoyenebul iqnas specialuri fasdaklebebi, ganvadebebi, gadaxdis

formebi da vadebi. mcire biznesSi ZiriTad gamanawilebel arxs warmoad-

gens mewarmis pirdapiri kontaqti potenciur momxmarebelTan. am upirate-

sobaTa efeqtis gazrda SesaZlebelia imis xarjze, rom klientebi TviTon

gaavrceleben informacias saqonlisa da momsaxurebis dadebiTi maxasiaT-

eblebis Sesaxeb, rac stimuls aZlevs ara mxolod gasaRebis zrdas, aram-

ed sareklamo xarjebis dazogvasac moaxdens.

sakuTari saqmis dawyeba xdeba ideiT, siaxleebiT, gamocdilebiTa da

surviliT. rogorc wesi es exeba sawarmoo saqmianobis mxares, magram xSi-

rad damwyebi mewarme ar flobs buRaltrul aRricxvas, dabegvras, dakre-

ditebas. am SemTxvevaSi saWiro xdeba konsultantis momsaxureba, romel-

Tanac erTad xdeba finansuri sqemebis gamoZebna da SerCeva. metad mniSv-

nelovania sastarto kapitalis gamovlenasTan dakavSirebuli upirateso-

bebis (piradi saxsrebi, qonebis gayidva, partniorebis SerCeva, krediti,

lizingi, franCaizingi da a.S.), aseve mimdinare sawarmoo saqmianobasTan

dakavSirebuli upiratesobebis (ufro iafi nedleulis mopoveba, efeqtu-

ri teqnologiebis mopoveba da sxva) gamovlena.

finansuri upiratesobebi dakavSirebulia Semdegi Tanafardobebis

sworad SerCevaze:

_ ZiriTadi da sabrunavi kapitalis;

_ sakuTari da nasesxebi saSualebebis;

_ realizaciidan amonagebisa da mudmivi da cvalebadi danaxarjebis;

_ debitoruli da kreditoruli davalianebebis SesaZlo zomebis;

_ biznesis ganviTarebasa da mimdinare momsaxurebaze danaxarjebis

sididis.

aseve mniSvnelovania personalTan dakavSirebuli upiratesobebi:

_ marTvis aravrceli aparati;

_ TanamSromelTa urTierTSenacvlebis maRali done.

SezRuduli resursebi mcire bizness aiZulebs moizidos saukeTeso

specialistebi. maSinac ki Tu aseTi specialistebis naklebobaa mewarme

daiqiravebs mas, visac SeuZlia sawarmos siaxleebis swrafad gaTaviseba.

115

amrigad, strategiis Camoyalibebisas mniSvnelovania sakuTari upirate-

sobebis SerCeva, maTi Sefaseba grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, konkretul si-

tuaciebSi mcire sawarmoTa muSaobisaTvis marTvis sxva sferoebis upira-

tesobebis kombinireba.

msxvili sawarmoebi sakuTari strategiis SemuSavebisas cdiloben ga-

zardon TavianTi SezRuduli resursebi an Seamciron produqciis warmo-

ebisa da realizaciis xarjebi. mcire biznesi gacilebiT Tavisufalia sa-

kuTari strategiis SemuSavebisas, radganac SeuZlia amoirCios aucilebe-

li resursebi da sawarmoo mimarTulebebi. es saSualebas iZleva ar gaif-

langos ZiriTadi upiratesobebi da kompensirebul iqnas misi naklovane-

bebi.

biznesis upiratesobebisa da uaryofiTi Sedegebis gamovlenisaTvis Se-

saZlebelia gamoyenebuli iqnas SWOT –analizi. magaliTad, dasaqmebis sa-

agento (cxrili. 3.1.2.) mas Semdeg rac daadgens urTierTkavSirs upirate-

sobebsa da sust mxareebs Soris, SeimuSavebs RonisZiebebs, romliTac

kompensirdeba negatiuri Sedegebi da emateba calkeul upiratesobebs.

cxrili 3.1.2. upiratesobaTa SWOT analizi dasaqmebis saagentos magaliTze.

Zlieri mxareebi susti mxareebi SesaZleblobebi safrTxeebi

warmoeba klientis

moTxovnaze

individualuri

momsaxureba

naklebi

gamocdileba

mosaxleobis

dasaqmebis donis

zrda

msgavsi saagentoebis

warmoqmna

finansebi sakuTari saxsrebis

mniSvnelovani wilis

floba

sabanko kreditze

saprocento

gadasaxadi

dasaqmebulebidan

Semosavlis miReba

kreditebze

saprocento

ganakveTis zrda

marketingi samuSaos maZiebelTa

monacemTa bazis

floba. samomx-

mareblo bazris

kargad codna

socialuri

moumwifebloba

saagentos

momsaxurebaze

moTxovnis zrda,

momxmarebelTa

mozidva.

konkurentis ukeTesi

marketinguli

strategia

personali personalis saerTo

miznisaTvis brZola.

erTmoazrovneTa

jgufi

dabali

kvalifikacia

ukeTesi Sedegebis

miRwevis

SesaZlebloba.

siaxleebis swrafad

gaTaviseba.

damsaqmebelTan

saqmiani da piradi

kavSirebis simcire.

SeniSvna: cxrili Sedgenilia Cvens mier.

116

amrigad, biznesis warmateba damokidebulia imaze Tu rogor esmis sa-

kuTari saqme mewarmes. samewarmeo unari esaa resursi, romelsac yvela

adamiani ver flobs. “Tanamedrove samecniero gamokvlevebis mixedviT ga-

morCeuli mewarmeobrivi unariT dajildoebulia mosaxleobis mxolod

1%. rac maT saSualebas aZlevs aseve gansakuTrebul Sedegebs miaRwion

biznesSi, mecnierebaSi, xelovebaSi, sportSi da saerTod cxovrebaSi. 5-6%

flobs maRal SemoqmedebiT potencials da riskis pirobebSi SeuZlia sa-

qmis maRal profesiul doneze warmarTva. danarCeni 60-65% esaa Cveuleb-

rivi adamianebi, romlebic floben zomier SemoqmedebiT potencials, xo-

lo mosaxleobis 30%-s saerTod ar gaaCnia mewarmeobrivi monacemebi” (me-

lia 2005:329). am unaris realizaciisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba

pirobebs, romelsac qmnis saxelmwifo Sesabamisi ekonomikuri politikiT,

sadac gadamwyvetia jansaRi konkurenciis dacva. mewarmeobis ganviTareba

unda iqces Cveni erovnuli winsvlis erT-erT idead. swored aseTi ideo-

logia gaxda me-19 saukunis aSS-Si umZlavresi saxelmwifos aSenebis saf-

uZveli, romelsac axla aranaklebi warmatebiT adgas CineTi.

samewarmeo suliskveTebis aRzrdis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia

masiuri da swori piari mewaremeobis mxardasaWerad. aucilebelia mosax-

leobaSi samewarmeo saqmianobis prestiJis amaRleba da biznesSi social-

urad daucveli mosaxleobis CarTva. vfiqrobT, rom am mxriv didi rolis

Sesruleba SeuZliaT media saSualebebs. satelevizio gadacemebisa da Ju-

rnal-gazeTebis meSveobiT mosaxleobis waxaliseba samewarmeo saqmia-

nobis dawyebis mimarTulebiT. mudmivad unda iyos Sexvedrebi mewarmeeb-

Tan, asaxul unda iqnes maTi warmatebebi, mosaxleoba naTlad unda xedav-

des saxelmwifos mxardaWeras am mimarTulebiT da moiazrebdes mas part-

niorad. amgvarad SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mosaxleobaSi biznesis dawyebisas

warumateblobis SiSi. am da sxva SesaZlo meTodebiT gaizrdeba mewarmeTa

ricxvi. eqspertuli SefasebebiT “xelSemwyob saxelmwifo politikas Seu-

Zlia 20-30%-iT gazardos mosaxleobis samewarmeo potenciali” (rostiaS-

vili 2010:91).

sazRvargareTis qveynebSi damkvidrebulia samewarmeo unaris amaRlebi-

saTvis saxelmwifos mxridan mxardamWeri RonisZiebebis gatarebis tradi-

cia. aseTia magaliTad mmarTvelobiTi daxmarebis programebi, romlebic

mimarTulia saqmiani aqtiurobis gazrdisaken, mewarmeTa mmarTvelobiTi

117

kvalifikaciis amaRlebisaken, siZneleebTan gamklavebisaTvis mza-dyofni-

saken.

dReisaTvis aSS-Si aris dawesebulebaTa didi raodenoba, romlebic

mewarmeebs uwevs sakonsultacio da sxva mmarTvelobiT daxmarebebs ufas-

od an nawilobrivi Tanxobrivi TanamonawileobiT. es aris mcire biznesis

administracia, vaWrobis saministro, sagadasaxado samsaxuri, adgilobri-

vi xelisufleba, universitetebi da sxva saswavlo dawesebulebebi, mcire

biznesis ganviTarebis centrebi, adgilobrivi ganviTarebis korporacia,

sxvadasxva kerZo organizaciebi.

gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs aSS-Si farTod gamoyenebuli specia-

luri programebi mmarTvelobiTi momzadebisaTvis da konsultirebisaT-

vis SeRavaTiani pirobebiT, romlebic efuZneba gamocdili mmarTvelebisa

da mewarmeebis usasyidlo monawileobas. aseT pirobebSi moqmedebs mmarT-

vel pensionerTa sazogadoeba da moqmed mmarTvelTa sazogadoeba, rom-

lebSic muSaobs 12 aTasi konsultanti qveynis 400 punqtSi.

am mizniT gatarebul saxelmwifo politikaSi mcire mewarmeobis gan-

viTarebisaTvis adgilebze did rols TamaSoben mcire biznesis ganviTar-

ebis centrebi. isini axorcieleben sakonsultacio saqmianobas marTvis,

dagegmvis, miRebul gadawyvetilebaTa realizaciaSi, aseve kreditis gafo-

rmebaSi, personalis swavleba-momzadebaSi, teqnologiebis SemuSaveba-ga-

dacemaSi.

kanadaSi mrewvelobis, mecnierebisa da teqnologiis sministro da mi-

si regionaluri ganyofilebebi, aseve sxva saministroebi da uwyebebic

sTavazoben momsaxurebas mmarTvelobiT mxardaWeraSi (sainformacio, teq-

nikuri, marketinguli). saerTaSoriso vaWrobis centrebi mewarmeebs awvdi-

an sainformacio da sakonsultacio momsaxurebas. dasaqmebis centrebi

mcire firmebs exmarebian momuSaveTa arCevaSi, kadrebis dagegmvaSi, soci-

alur dazRvevaSi, awyoben seminarebs. aRniSnuli saministroebis regiona-

luri ganyofilebebi iZlevian SesaZleblobebs erovnuli da saerTaSori-

so sainformacio qselebiT sargeblobisaTvis, uzrunvelyofen patentebis,

saavtoro uflebebis, savaWro markebisa da nakeTobaTa konstruirebis sa-

kiTxebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis miwodebas.

wamyvan iaponur organizacias, romelic axorcielebs mmarTvelobiT

da teqnikur daxmarebas mcire mewarmeebze, aseve specialist-konsultante-

118

bisa da instruqtorebis momzadebas mcire da saSualo biznesis martvisa-

Tvis warmoadgens mcire biznesis instituti. misi saqmianoba finansirdeba

saxelmwifo biujetidan da nawilobriv swavlis safasuris gadaxdidan.

adgilebze sakonsultacio momsaxurebas da swavlebas axorcielebs sxva-

dasxva organizaciebi, upiratesad savaWro-samrewvelo palata. aseT orga-

nizaciaTa saerTo ricxvi Seadgens 3 aTasze mets. garda amisa teqnikur

maxardaWeras axorcielebs samecniero-kvleviTi organizaciebi da labo-

ratoriebi, romlebic adgilobrivi xelisuflebis gankargulebaSi imyof-

eba. teqnikuri mxardaWera gulisxmobs konsultaciebs, teqnikur swavleba-

sa da staJirebas, TanamSromlobasa da daxmarebas siaxleTa SemuSavebaSi,

teqnologiis gadacemaSi.

did britaneTSi mcire sawarmoTaTvis kadrebis momzadebas organize-

bas ukeTebs samuSao Zalis komisia. adgilobriv doneze saswavlo dawese-

bulebebisaTvis rigi programebisa xorcieldeba savaWro-samrewvelo pa-

latebis da mcire biznesis asociaciis mier. sakonsultacio momsaxureba

xorcieldeba xelisuflebis adgilobrivi organoebis mier.

klasikuri sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi mcire mewarmeoba warmoadgens

dinamiurobis, gaxsnilobis simbolos, yvela socialuri jgufisa da mo-

saxleobis fenebis Tanabar Sanss keTildReobisaTvis brZolaSi.

saqarTveloSi mcire biznesis mniSvnelovani funqciaa sabazro urTie-

rTobaTa Camoyalibebis daCqareba.

calkeuli ekonomistebi da mewarmeebi amtkiceben, rom Tavisufali sa-

bazro urTierTobebis mxardaWera gamoixateba maTTvis xelis ar SeSla-

Si, Tumca Cvens qveyanaSi mimdinare ekonomikuri movlenebidan gamomdinare

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saxelmwifos mizanmimarTuli mxardaWeris gareSe

SeuZlebelia mewarmeobis aRorZineba. saxelmwifos mxridan mcire biznes-

is regulireba ar gulisxmobs administraciul iZulebas, Tavisuflebisa

da damoukideblobis SezRudvas mewarmeebisaTvis. misi azri imaSi mdgoma-

reobs, rom saxelmwifom unda moaxdinos ganviTarebis inicireba, stimu-

lireba da mxardaWera im dargebSi, sadac warmoiSva an mosalodnelia

disproporciebi.

rogorc samecniero ise sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis sxvadasxva sfe-

roebSi myarad aris damkvidrebuli azri imis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTveloSi

aucileblobas warmoadgens mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebisa da

119

xelSemwyobi garemos Seqmna, rac efuZneba ucxouri gamocdilebis kargad

Seswavla-gaziarebas; Tanamedrove sabazro urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba-

Si, erTiani ekonomikuri organizmis, axal faseulobaTa damkvidrebis saq-

meSi, SromiTi tradiciebisa da wes-Cveulebebis SenarCuneba-ganviTarebaSi

misi gadamwyveti rolis Segnebas.

am TvalsazrisiT mizanSewonilad migvaCnia saqarTvelos socialur-

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saxelmwifo strategiis farglebSi Seiqmnas

strategiuli mimarTuleba “mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebisa da

mxardaWeris” saxiT.

rogorc empiriuli dakvirvebebi cxadyofen, dRes saqarTveloSi bizn-

es-erTeulebs ara aqvT bazarze Sesvlis problemebi. miuxedavad amisa,

mcire biznesis wili RirebulebaTa Seqmnis jaWvSi kvlav umniSvneloa

biznesis SemzRudveli mravali faqtoris gamo, romlebmac ver Seuwyves

xeli da SezRudes produqciisa da momsaxurebis ganviTareba. e.w. “radika-

lurad liberaluri” ekonomikis principebis ganxorcieleba, romlis Ta-

naxmadac, ekonomikis yvela seqtori imarTeba mxolod Tavisufali sabaz-

ro kanonebis Tanaxmad da saxelmwifo arc erT seqtors ar aniWebs prio-

ritets, efeqturi ar gamodga. magaliTad, 2003-2008 wlebis statistikas

Tu gadavxedavT mcire da saSualo biznesis zrda recesiul mdgomareoba-

Si aRmoCnda. 2003 wels am sawarmoebSi dasaqmebuli iyo momuSaveTa 50,6%

da mTlian gamoSvebaSi maTi erToblivi wili 20,1%-s Seadgenda, Semdgom

periodSi igi Semcirda da 2008 wels mcire da saSualo sawarmoebSi da-

saqmebuli aRmoCnda momuSaveTa 40,1% da maTi erToblivi Semosavali ki

gautolda 17,3%-s.

amdenad mcire biznesis mxardaWeris gaZliereba saxelmwifos mxridan

ekonomikuri politikis umniSvnelovanesi nawili unda iyos, risi ganxor-

cielebac mcire biznesis ganviTarebis saxelmwifo regulirebiTaa Sesa-

Zlebeli, gansakuTrebiT ki makroekonomikuri regulirebiT. sistematuri,

mizanmimarTuli muSaoba unda mimdinareobdes sakanonmdeblo bazis mudmi-

vi srulyofis mimarTulebiT, mcire ekonomikis prioritetul, sazogado-

ebrivi da socialuri TvalsazrisiT efeqtian mimarTulebaTa ganviTareb-

is yovelmxrivi stimulirebisaTvis. es savsebiT bunebrivicaa, vinaidan sa-

bazro urTierTobaTa formirebis gzaze da globalizaciis moTxovnebid-

120

an gamomdinare mudmivad warmoiSoba axal-axali problemebi, romelTa

mowesrigeba mniSvnelovania.

miuxedavad imisa, rom qveyanaSi mcire biznesis sferoSi garkveuli

samarTlebrivi baza Seiqmna, damatebiT SesamuSavebelia sakanonmdeblo

gadawyvetilebaTa paketi, romliTac ufro mkafiod unda ganisazRvros

mcire mewarmeobis raoba, adgili da roli ekonomikur urTierTobaTa

sistemaSi. migvaCnia, rom kanonmdeblobiT unda dadgindes mcire mewarmeo-

bis calkeul mimarTulebaTa upiratesi saxelmwifo mxardaWeris formebi,

ganxorcieldes ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxeobebis, regionebisa da mosax-

leobis calkeuli fenebis mixedviT diferencirebuli liberaluri saga-

dasaxado, sabaJo, sainvesticio politika da sxva.

unda aRiniSnos, rom xarvezebs ar aris moklebuli saqarTvelos saga-

dasaxado kodeqsSi Setanili cvlilebebi mikro da mcire biznesis mxar-

dasaWerad. statistikuri monacemebis srulyofis TvalsazrisiT is marT-

lac mniSvnelovania, radgan aqamde ar gvqonda saqarTveloSi e.w. “TviTda-

saqmebulTa” Sesaxeb zusti raodenobrivi informacia, exla ki mikrobiz-

nesis Sesabamisi statusis saqmianobiT dakavebuli adamianebi Tuki moisu-

rveben oficialurad daregistrirebas, am seqtorzec gveqneba garkveuli

xarisxobrivi da raodenobrivi warmodgena. sxva mxriv ki jerjerobiT Se-

usabamobaa `saqarTvelos sainvesticio saagentos Sesaxeb~ kanonSi mocem-

ul sawarmoTa mcire mewarmeobisadmi mikuTvnebis wessa da axali kanonmd-

eblobiT miRebul imave wess Soris. TumcaRa orive kanoni funqcionirebs.

vfiqrobT, gaTvaliswinebas saWiroebs mcire biznesisadmi sawarmoTa

mikuTvnebis parametrebi. mizanSewonili iqneboda muSakTa ricxovnobisa

da sawarmos wliuri brunvis normativebi dagveregulirebina dargebis mi-

xedviT. magaliTad materialuri warmoebis dargebisaTvis muSakTa ricxo-

vnoba gagvezarda 50 kacamde, xolo wliuri brunva 1 mln laramde; vaWro-

baSi ki SesaZlebelia mcire biznesis warmodgena 10-mde dasaqmebuliTa da

500 aTas laramde brunviT.

dReisaTvis CvenSi miRebuli parametrebi ar Seesabameba ganviTarebuli

qveynebis standartebs, ufro metad SesabamisobaSia mikro biznesis stan-

dartebTan.

CvenSi miRebuli saSeRavaTo wesebic ar aris mimarTuli biznesis gaf-

arToebis waxalisebisaken. saqarTveloSi sawarmos dafuZnebis Tvalsaz-

121

risiT gaTvaliswinebuli mxolod iuridiuli SeRavaTebi ver uzrunvel-

yofs mcire biznesis warmatebul saqmianobas. qarTul mcire mewarmeobas

sWirdeba garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifom gadaaxdevinos

mxolod fiqsirebuli gadasaxadi, romlis SemTxvevaSi mTavroba ver Caer-

eva da verc gaakontrolebs sawarmos sabuRaltro saqmianobas. es ganapi-

robebs mis stabilur ganviTarebas da xels Seuwyobs investiciebis mozi-

dvas. aseve SesaZlebelia saqmianobis gansazRvrul saxeebSi gamoyenebul

iqnas erTiani gadasaxadi potenciurad SesaZlebel Semosavalze.

unda aRiniSnos, rom Cvens qveyanaSi ar aris prioritetuli mcire biz-

nesi da upiratesoba eniWebaT msxvil sawarmoebs, ramac migviyvana warmoe-

bis monopolizaciamde. mwvaved dgas konkurenciis problema. kanonmdebl-

oba am mxrivac dasaxvewia. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs antimonopoliuri kanonm-

deblobis SemoRebis saWiroeba, rac mniSvnelovnad gazrdis konkurenci-

ul sawyisebs da gauadvilebs mcire sawarmoebs bazarze damkvidrebis sa-

kiTxs. eqspertebis azriT saqarTveloSi TiTqmis yvela sferoSi aris fa-

ruli monopoliebi da oligopoliebi. zogadad antimonopoliur kanons

SeeZleba kompaniaTa wilis daregulireba samomxmareblo bazarze, raTa

maT ver SeZlon “bazris marTva” da “fasebis kontroli”. dReisaTvis ki

Tavisufal konkurenciaze saubari SeuZlebelia, amas adasturebs mcire

biznesis yovelwliurad klebadi da SezRuduli wili produqciis

gamoSvebaSi.

mcire biznesis ganviTarebis strategiis SemuSavebisas gansakuTrebu-

li upiratesoba unda mieniWos mcire biznesis inovaciur xelSewyobas,

rac moiTxovs mecnierul-teqnikuri infrastruqturis ganviTarebas, iseTi

biznes-subieqtebis mxardaWeras romlebic orientirebuli arian inovaci-

ebze da maRal teqnologiebze.

inovaciuri biznesi msoflio ganviTarebis mTavari Zalaa, rac mTels

msoflioSi mis prioritetulobas ganapirobebs. dReisaTvis evrokavSirSi

samecniero kvlevebze ixarjeba mSp-is 2%, aSS-Si-2,65%, iaponiaSi-3,1%.

(vaSakiZe 2009: 2)

inovaciuri strategia mWidrod ukavSirdeba mcire bizness. rogorc

msoflio gamocdileba gviCvenebs mcire mewarmeoba aris sakmaod efeqtia-

ni da dinamiurad ganviTarebadi seqtori, romelic xSirad Tavis saqmian-

obas axorcielebs samecniero-kvleviT da sacdel-sakonstruqtoro sfe-

122

roSi. Tanamedrove pirobebSi inovaciuri garemos warmodgena SeuZlebel-

ia mcire sawarmoTa gareSe, is Tavisi bunebiT inovaciuria. jer erTi,

mcire mewarmeoba gamodis iseTi institucionaluri struqturis saxiT,

romelic uzrunvelyofs ekonomikur sistemaSi dinamizms, ganapirobebs

gamokvlevaTa swraf komercializacias, aseve adaptacias saqmianobis yve-

la sferoSi, rac mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens inovaciuri ganviTarebis

tempebis daCqarebaze. meoredac, Tanamedrove sainformacio teqnologiebis

wyalobiT, romlebic arsebiTad cvlian sxvadasxva struqturaTa funqci-

onirebis models, swrafad uzrunveliyofa mcire sawarmoTa gadasvla sa-

qmianobis axal saxeebze da izrdeba mcire mewarmeobis saqonlisa da mom-

saxurebis wili msoflio bazarze. garda amisa sainformacio teqnologi-

ebi qmnian pirobebs warmoebis danaxarjTa SemcirebisaTvis da amaRlebebn

mcire sawarmoTa konkurentunarianobas.

mcire sainovacio sferoebs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT:

_ venCuruli organizaciebi. es aris mcire teqnologiuri organiza-

ciebi, romlebic axorcieleben sarisko proeqtebs. maT dasafinanseblad

iqmneba specialuri venCuruli fondebi. ganviTarebis sabazo koncefcias

ki warmoadgens “idea-inovacia-investiciebi-inovaciuri produqciis sacde-

li partiis damzadeba-bazarze niSis mopoveba” _ jaWvis realizacia. ven-

Curuli biznesi warmoedgens bazas Tanamedrove qveynebis, postindustri-

uli ekonomikisa da codnis ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis;

_ mcire inovaciuri organizaciebi, romlebic axorcieleben proeqt-

ebs an uSveben inovaciur produqcias. ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da

ganviTarebis qveynebis inovaciurad aqtiur organizaciaTa wili Seadgens

20-80%-mde. es gamowveulia globalizaciis moTxovnebiT, Tavisufali kon-

kurenciis pirobebSi mxolod is gadarCeba, vinc flobs konkurenciul

upiratesobas. inovaciur organizaciaTa sainvesticio strategiaa investi-

ciaTa ZiriTadi nawilis dabandeba perspeqtiul inovaciur produqtebSi,

romlebic daculi iqneba patentiT, gamogonebis mowmobiT da a.S.

me-20 saukunis bolo meoTxedidan msofliosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ga-

xda samecniero kvlevebis komercializaciis meqanizmebis SemuSaveba.

erovnulma da regionulma mTavrobebma daiwyes mcire inovaciuri sawar-

moebis sawyisi ganviTarebis xelSesawyobad biznes-inkubatorebis

Camoyalibeba da finansireba. inkubaciis erT-erT meqanizmad SeiZleba miv-

123

iCnioT samecniero-teqnikur sferoSi mcire inovaciuri sawarmoebis gamo-

yofa kvleviTi laboratoriebidan im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac kvlevis Sede-

gi sagrZnob komerciul potencials Seicavs. man pirvel rigSi umaRlesi

skolis organizaciebTan daido adgili.

saqarTvelos inteleqtualuri potencialis didi resursi aqvs. “same-

cniero sferoSi mcire sawarmoTa Seqmna xels Seuwyobs Cveni inteligen-

ciis dasaqmebasa da maTi cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebas” (qadagiSvi-

li 2010: 73). informacia imis Sesaxeb Tu rogoria samecniero sawarmoTa

wili mcire biznesSi saqarTveloSi ar qveyndeba. klasifikatorSic ar

aris mocemuli calke samecniero sawarmoebi, amitomac saqarTveloSi ma-

Ti ganviTarebis Sesaxeb analizis gakeTeba SeuZlebelia. faqtiurad mci-

re biznesis maRalteqnologiuri da inovaciuri mimarTulebebis ganviTa-

reba Tavidan aris dasawyebi. aq ki kvlav saxelmwifos rolTan mivdivarT.

“jer unda dafinansdes mecnieruli ideebi da Semdeg am ideebis komercia-

lizacia” (qadagiSvili 2010: 73).

mcire inovaciuri biznesis faqtiurad ganuviTareblobis mizezebi

mravladaa. jer erTi ar aris konkretuli samarTlebrivi safuZveli ino-

vaciuri saqmianobisaTvis. saTanadod ar aris Sefasebuli inovaciur sawa-

rmoTa potenciali. inovaciebi mcire biznesSi jer-jerobiT ar aris moT-

xovnadi, rac aixsneba mewarmeTa motivaciis ar arsebobiT, am sferoSi mo-

gebis garantiebis ar arsebobiT. inovaciuri saqmianobis ganviTarebisaTv-

is igrZnoba gamocdil specialistTa ukmarisoba, gansakuTrebiT kargi me-

nejerebisa, romelTac SeeZlebaT bazarze saqonlis damkvidreba. mcire

inovaciuri biznesi moiTxovs arsebiTi finansuri saxsrebis dabandebas,

rac mewarmeebs ubralod ara aqvT. xolo savaWro, sabanko da sadazRvevo

seqtorebSi akumulirebuli kapitali ar Sedis sawarmoo da inovaciur

sferoSi. garda amisa arastabiluri ekonomikuri situacia srulebiTac

sakmarisia inovaciuri saqmianobis damuxruWebisaTvis.

inovaciur sferoSi ar arsebobs konkurencia, rac imas niSnavs, rom

igi ar viTardeba. “ar emTxveva axali teqnikis, teqnologiis, produqciis

mwarmoeblebisa da momxmareblebis interesebi. am ukanasknelTa mier ori-

entacia aRebulia ucxour mecnierebatevad nawarmze, samamulo warmoeba

ki saTanadod ar ebmeba konkurenciul brZolaSi. arada mravali siaxle

arsebobs, romlebic dakonservebulia samecniero kvleviT organizaciebsa

124

da sakonstruqtoro biuroebSi. amis gamo Cveni samecniero potencialis

didi nawili iZulebulia Tavi daanebos kvleviT samuSaoebs da Tavis ga-

darCenis mizniT iZulebiT gadadis vaWrobis _ dasaqmebis am erTaderT

sferoSi” (abralava 2008:68).

saqarTveloSi ar aris inovaciuri ganviTarebis mkveTrad gansazRv-

ruli strategia, ris gamoc biznes-sferos umravles dargebSi Zalzed

dabalia inovaciuri aqtivobis done. ar aris ganviTarebuli inovaciuri

infrastruqtura. miuxedavad imisa, rom moiZebneba kerZo firmebi, romleb-

ic iyeneben Tanamedrove kompiuterul teqnologiebs, aseve axlad ikideb-

en fexs boznes-inkubatorebi, mainc ar aris ganviTarebuli inovaciuri

struqtura, ris gamoc ferxdeba tradiciul da potenciur dargTa aRor-

Zineba. ar aris kavSirurTierToba universitetebs, samecniero-kvleviT in-

stitutebsa da sawarmoebs Soris inovaciis da inovaciur-danergviTi saq-

mianobis ganxorcielebis mizniT. samarTlianad aRniSnavs profesori a.

abralava, rom “Cvens qveyanas jer kidev sakmarisi inteleqtualuri poten-

ciali gaaCnia, magram inovaciuri proeqtebis im menejerTa gareSe, romle-

bic erTmaneTTan daakavSireben mkvlevarTa gunds, sarisko kapitalis fi-

nansistebsa da mwarmoeblebs, aq Catarebul kvleva-damuSavebaTa Sedegebs

gamoyenebis perspeqtiva ar gauCndeba. amasTan grZeldeba samecniero dawe-

sebulebaTa da mecnier muSakTa raodenobis klebis tendencia. marTo 2002

wlis Semdeg es dawesebulebebi 17%-iT, Sesabamisi kadrebis raodenoba ki

43%-iT Semcirda. es faqtic gaxda imis erT-erTi mizezi, rom inovaciuro-

bisa da konkurentunarianobis indeqsiT saqarTvelo 2006-2007 wlebSi 83-e

adgils ikavebda Seswavlil 131 qveyanas Soris, momdevno periodSi _ 90-

es, marto inovaciurobiT ki _ 110-es” (abralava 2010:42).

niSandoblivia Semdegi statistikac: “msoflio inovaciis monacemTa

cxrili”-s angariSSi saqarTvelos 149-e adgili ukavia erT sul mosaxle-

ze gaweuli xarjebis odenobiT. daaxloebiT 500-jer CamorCeba saqarTve-

los zomis fineTs, 140-jer saqarTveloze 5-jer patara slovenias da 40-

jer kvipross”. (saqarTvelos . . .2010:74).

amdenad, saqarTvelosaTvis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes prioritets warm-

oadgens saxelmwifos inovaciuri strategiis SemuSaveba, romelic unda

aisaxos inovaciuri ganviTarebis saxelmwifo miznobriv programebSi. ase-

Ti programebi ama Tu im formiT arseboben ganviTarebul da ganviTareb-

125

ad qveynebSi, romelTa gamoyenebis efeqtianobas wrmoadgens iaponiis ga-

mocdileba. vinaidan iaponiaSi ganlagebulia sakuTari bunebrivi resurse-

bis minimumi, qveynis mTavrobas samecniero-teqnikuri politika miaCnia

ekonomikuri zrdis stimulirebisa da qveynis konkurentunarianobis ama-

Rlebis aucilebel saSualebad. iaponiis mTavroba gamoyofs subsidiebs

mcire mewarme subieqtebisaTvis ganviTarebis yvela etapze, Tuki isini aq-

tiur monawileobas Rebuloben mecnierebatevad da maRalteqnologiuri

mrewvelobis ganviTarebaSi. saxelmwifo maTTvis gamoyofs sesxebs, sTava-

zobs Tavdebobas kreditis aRebisas da sxva sakredito garantiebs. aseTi

politikis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens:

_ mecnierebatevadi dargebis sawarmoTa warmoebis srulyofa da mod-

ernizacia;

_ samecniero dawesebulebebTan erTad SemuSavebuli teqnologiebis

danergva;

_ produqciis axali saxeobebis SemuSaveba da danergva.

gasaTvaliswinebelia aseve samxreT koreis gamocdileba. gasuli sauk-

unis 50-ian wlebSi is warmoadgenda aziisa da mTeli msoflios praqtiku-

lad yvelaze CamorCenil qveyanas. 60-iani wlebidan SemuSavda ekonomikis

ganviTarebis axali politika, romelic efuZneboda aSS-Tan TanamSrom-

lobas. Seiqmna msxvil organizaciaTa da kompaniaTa didi raodenoba. gai-

zarda eqsporti da samxreT korea Caewera ganviTarebul qveyanaTa ricxv-

Si, magram msxvili mewarmeobis ganuxrelma ganvitarebam qveyana miiyvana

finansur krizisamde. bankebma Sewyvites msxvil sawarmoTa dakrediteba

didi dvalianebebis gamo, ramac bevri msxvili sawarmo miiyvana dabankro-

tebamde. finansuri krizisis Semdeg mTavrobam daiwyo mcire biznesis sak-

redito davalianebebis dafarva. mxardaWeris mizniT Seiqmna specialuri

asociaciebi, sainvesticio fondebi da samecniero-teqnikuri centrebi, ro-

mlebic orientirebulni iyvnen mcire mewarme subieqtebze. daiwyo gadasv-

la inovaciur da mecnierebatevad warmoebis ganviTarebaze. Sedegad gaiz-

arda dasaqmebulTa ricxvi, gaizarda biujetSi Senatanebi da a.S.

CineTSi ki mcire mewarmeobas SeiZleba vuwodoT qveynis samecniero

Zravi, romlis meSveobiTac mcire sawarmoebi awarmoeben inovaciuri pro-

duqciisa da teqnikuri gamogonebebis udides raodenobas. eqsportisaTvis

126

gankuTvnili warmoebuli produqciis didi nawili swored mcire sawarm-

oebis mieraa damzadebuli.

mcire inovaciuri biznesis ganviTarebiT gamoirCeva agreTve singapu-

ri, fineTi, dania, israeli da sxva qveynebi. am qveynebma droulad Seafas-

es inovaciebis mniSvneloba ekonomikisaTvis da mcire inovaciuri mewarme-

obis ganviTareba daiwyes biznes-inkubatorebis, teqnoparkebis, teqnopoli-

sebis, inovaciuri fondebis CamoyalibebiT, romlebic miekuTvnebian mcire

biznesis kompleqsuri mxardaWeris uzrunvelmyof infrastruqturis ele-

mentebs. amasTan biznes-inkubatorebi asocirdebian zogadad mcire biznes-

is mxardaWerasTan, teqnoparkebi pirvel rigSi asocirdebian inovaciebT-

an. teqnoparkebi, rogorc wesi, iqmneba msxvil sauniversiteto centrebTan

samecniero potencialis gamoyenebisa da komercializaciis mizniT. am da-

muSavebebs qmnian teqnoparkis teritoriaze ganTavsebuli mcire inovaciu-

ri sawarmoebi.

saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi inovaciuri politikis didi

mniSvnelobis Segnebis fonze mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia saxelmwifo inova-

ciuri politikis realizacia, romlis drosac umTavresi funqcia unda

gaxdes stimulireba inovaciuri ciklis yvela stadiaze, misi yvela mona-

wilesaTvis.

msoflio praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba inovaciuri saqmianobis stimulirebi-

sa da sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis Semdegi saxeebi: inovaciebze danaxarje-

bis zrdisas gadasaxadebis Semcireba; inovaciuri proeqtis realizaciis-

as mogebidan sagadasaxado “ardadegebi”; mogebaze sagadasaxado normis

Semcireba; Sesrulebuli prioritetuli proeqtebis angariSebze SeRavaT-

ebis daweseba da a.S.

mcire mewarmeobis materialur-teqnikuri safuZvlebis ganmtkicebaSi

saxelmwifos mxridan xelSewyoba did finansur da materialur resurse-

bs moiTxovs. cnobilia, rom erTi samuSao adgilis Seqmnasa da misi funq-

cionirebis uzrunvelyofas 10 aTasamde aSS dolari sWirdeba. aseTi sax-

srebis erTbaSad gaReba dReisaTvis saxelmwifos gauWirdeba, magram am

mimarTulebiT konkretuli nabijebis gadadgma aucileblobas warmoadg-

ens.

amrigad, mcire biznesis warmateba mniSvnelovnad ganisazRvreba saba-

zro sivrceSi misi maintegrirebeli unariT, risTvisac saWiroa efeqtiani

127

urTierTqmedeba bazris mravalricxovan subieqtebTan. maintegrirebeli

faqtorebi SeiZleba iyos bazris Seswavla, komunikaciebi, sainformacio

sistemebi, bazris sxva subieqtebTan sasargeblo urTierTobaTa Camoyali-

bebis unari, cvlilebebisaTvis mzadyofna da sxva. saxelmwifo organoeb-

ma da mewarmeebma yuradReba unda gaamaxvilon maintegrirebel faqtorTa

gaZlierebaze, romlebic faqtiurad warmoadgens damakavSirebel kvanZs

sabazro garemos pirobebsa da Sida faqtor-resursebs Soris. mcire me-

warmeobis organizaciul ekonomikuri meqanizmis efeqtiani ganviTarebisa-

Tvis saWiroa meTodologiuri da meToduri principebis SemuSaveba da

praqtikaSi danergva. es saqarTveloSi arsebul mcire bizness saSualebas

miscems gaxdes ufro konkurentunariani da SeZlos Tavisi socialur-eko-

nomikuri potencialis realizeba.

globalizaciis tendenciebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos konkurent-

unarianobis amaRlebisaTvis, mcire mewarmeobis sferoSi prioritetuli

mimarTuleba unda gaxdes radikalurad axali mcire mewarmeobis saxelm-

wifo regulirebis institucionaluri safuZvlebis formireba, romelic

adekvaturi iqneba ekonomikis inovaciuri modelisa. amasTan, konkurentun-

arianobis amaRlebaSi mniSvnelovania saxelmwifos mxridan mxardaWeris

gaaqtiureba ekonomikis prioritetul dargebSi moqmed sawarmoebze, rom-

lebic SeZlebeben damkvidrebas msoflio bazarze.

3.2.3.2.3.2.3.2. mcire biznesis regionmcire biznesis regionmcire biznesis regionmcire biznesis regionululululi ganviTarebis problemebi da maTi i ganviTarebis problemebi da maTi i ganviTarebis problemebi da maTi i ganviTarebis problemebi da maTi

gadawyvetis gzebigadawyvetis gzebigadawyvetis gzebigadawyvetis gzebi

saqarTvelo saxelmwifoebrivi mSeneblobis yvela etapze SeimuSavebs

mizanmimarTul da Sedegze orientirebul ekonomikur da socialur pol-

itikas. misi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi mTlianad qveynisa da calkeuli re-

gionis doneze iTvaliswinebs qveynis mSp-s zrdas, regionuli sawarmoo

potencialis optimalur gamoyenebas, mosaxleobis msyidvelobiTi unaris

amaRlebas, saerTaSoriso imijis gaumjobesebas.

Tanamedrove etapze saqarTveloSi xorcieldeba socialuri programebi,

romlebic siRaribis daZleviskenaa mimarTuli, rac bunebrivia erTjeradi

kompensaciebiTa da daxmarebebiT SeuZlebelia. is unda ganxorcieldes

128

aqtiuri dasaqmebiT, romelic biznesis daCqarebul ganviTarebas da aRma-

vlobas ukavSirdeba.

biznesis warmoeba adamianebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs sakuTari SromiT,

sakuTari riskis fasad gamoavlinos Tavisi gonebrivi da fizikuri SesaZ-

leblobebi, gaxdes sazogadoebis srulyofili da aRiarebuli, Rirseuli

wevri. damoukideblad muSaobis SesaZlebloba ara mxolod „xsnis hori-

zontebs“, aramed garkveul pasuxismgeblobasac akisrebs adamianebs, rome-

lic ubiZgebs maT TviTganviTarebisa da ganaTlebis donis amaRlebisaken,

dadebiTad moqmedebs mosaxleobis ekonomikur ganaTlebaze, biznes urTi-

erTobebis kulturis srulyofaze.

am TvalsazrisiT qarTuli saxelmwifos erT-erT mTavar funqciad mig-

vaCnia biznesis xelSewyoba. qveynis geografiul da meurneobriobis Tavi-

seburebebis, bunebrivi resursebis mravalferovnebis, tradiciebis gaTva-

liswinebiT perspeqtiulad gvesaxeba mcire biznesis ganviTareba.

regionebSi mcire biznesis ganviTarebaze gavlenas axdens mravali faq-

tori, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia regionis demografiuli Taviseburebebi,

resursebis aTvisebis xasiaTi, infrastruqturis done, regionuli xelis-

uflebis damokidebuleba da sxva.

mcire biznesis ganviTarebis regionuli marTvis principebis perspeq-

tiulobas amtkicebs Semdegi pirobac: saqarTvelo klasikuri mTiani qve-

yanaa da mcire komliani dasaxlebuli punqtebis (gansakuTrebiT sofleb-

Si) simravliT xasiaTdeba. aq mcxovrebi ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleo-

bis dasaqmebisaTvis xelsayrelia mcire sawarmoTa amoqmedeba. es erTis

mxriv, sasargebloa mewarmesaTvis, radgan saSualeba eZleva daasaqmos ad-

gilze mcxovrebi iafi muSaxeli, xolo meores mxriv, Tavidan gvacilebs

mosaxleobis gadaadgilebis saWiroebas samuSaos moZebnasTan dakavSireb-

iT.( WiTanava. . . 2008:435).

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba mcire bizness adgilobrivi resu-

rsebis gamoyenebaSi. amasTan mcire biznesis ganviTareba regionebSi unda

davukavSiroT aqtiur struqturul politikas. es umjobesia ganxorciel-

des mizanmimarTulad, im prioritetebis Sesabamisad, romlebic realurad

uzrunvelyofen efeqtianobas. dRevandel pirobebSi perspeqtiulad migvaC-

nia Semdegi mimarTulebebi: fermeruli meurneoba, sasoflo-sameurneo ne-

dleulis gadamuSaveba, samSeneblo masalebis warmoeba, turizmi da sa-

129

kurorto meurneoba, momsaxurebis sfero, saeqsporto produqciis, impor-

tSemcvleli produqciis warmoebis zrda, inovaciebis sfero, xalxuri

rewva, maRalteqnologiuri warmoeba.

dRes saqarTvelos regionebSi gvaqvs mcire biznesis araracionaluri

struqtura, rac gamoixateba regionebis, mxareebis, qalaqebisa da dabebis

mixedviT maT araTanabar ganviTarebaSi. upiratesoba eniWebaT iseT regio-

nebs, sadac infrastruqtura gacilebiT ganviTarebulia, mdebareobs gasa-

Rebis bazrebTan, yavs kvalificiuri kadrebi.

regionebSi mcire mewarmeobis ganviTarebis done damokidebulia iseT

faqtorebze, rogoricaa xelsayreli geografiuli mdebareoba, mosaxleo-

bis Semosavlebis done, ganviTarebuli infrastruqtura, adgilobrivi xe-

lisuflebis damokidebuleba.

TbilisSi mcire sawarmoTa didi raodenobiT koncentrireba aixsneba

imiT, rom dedaqalaqi flobs ganviTarebul sawarmoo da socialur in-

frastruqturas, mis teritoriaze koncentrirebulia sawarmoo simZlavre-

ebi da kvalificiuri kadrebi. samagierod sustad aris ganviTarebuli

ekonomikis es seqtori momcro qalaqebSi da soflebSi, Tumca swored as-

eT dasaxlebul punqtebSi ufro igrZnoba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis de-

ficiti, dasaqmebisa da kulturuli keTildReobis problema. (danarTi 3).

3.2.1. cxrilSi moyvanili monacemebidan ikveTeba q. Tbilisis dominire-

badi adgili yvela maCveneblis mixedviT. momdevno adgilzea aWara, qvemo

qarTli, samegrelo-zemo svaneTi da sxva regionebi. aRsaniSnavia warmoeb-

uli produqciis maCveneblis mixedviT mniSvnelovani zrda TiTqmis yvela

regionSi _ TbilisSi 92%-iT, guriaSi 97%-iT, aWaraSi 49%-iT, qvemo qarT-

lsa da Sida qarTlSi Sesabamisad 77%-iTa da 69%-iT, kleba dafiqsirda

kaxeTsa (11,2%) da raWa-leCxumSi (41%). mniSvnelovani zrda aRiniSneboda

dasaqmebis kuTxiTac. TbilisSi mcire biznesSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba

2009 wels 2008 welTan SedarebiT gaizarda 50%-iT, mniSvnelovani zrda

aRiniSneboda qvemo qarTlSi, Sida qarTlSi, aWarasa da mcxeTa-TianeTSi

(30-35%).5

moyvanili maCveneblebidan Cans, rom mcire biznesSi CarTvas sul uf-

ro mzardi xasiaTi aqvs. brunvisa da produqciis maCveneblebis zrda,

5 2010 wlis statistikur krebulebSi ar aris gamoyofili regionebSi mcire sawarmoebis ganviTarebis aRmniSvneli maCveneblebi, ris gamoc ver movaxerxeT am periodis analizi.

130

cxadia dakavSirebulia inflaciis procesebTan, magram ufro metad same-

warmeo aqtivobis gaZlierebas, saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze mosaxleobis

gazrdil moTxovnas vukavSirebT, rac misasalmebeli faqtia. rac Seexeba

Sromis anazRaurebis zrdas _ mTlianad gamowveulia inflaciiT da sa-

arsebo minimumis zrdasaTanaa kavSirSi.

cxrili 3.2.1. mcire biznesis maCveneblebi regionebis mixedviT 2008-2009ww.

regionebi

brunva (mln. lari)

prod. gamoSveba (mln. lari)

dasaqmeba (kaci)

Sr. anazRaureba (lari)

2008 2009 cvl. %

2008 2009 cvl.%

2008 2009 cvl. %

2008 2009 cvl %

q. Tbilisi 461.0 791.6 +71 283.0 543.5 +92 25773 38538 +50 281.9 369.6 +31

aWaris ar 111.2 147.4 +32 48.0 71.4 +49 6705 8728 +30 184.7 205.9 +11

guria 14.2 15.2 +7 6.1 12.0 +97 1551 1626 +5 111.2 117.4 +6

imereTi 107.1 145.3 +35 48.9 62.6 +28 8552 9841 +15 146.8 165.5 +12

kaxeTi 56.0 56.9 +1.6 33.6 30.2 -11.2 4742 5147 +9 110.7 140.9 +27

mcxeTa-mTian. 11.2 20.7 +84 8.7 15.3 +76 1216 1647 +35 217.6 278.8 +28

raWa-leCxumi

da qv.svaneTi

9.5 8.8 -7.4 7.2 4.3 -41 754 726 -4 283.6 161.7 -43

samegrelo-

zemo svaneTi

61.2 88.2 +44 31.4 47.1 +50 5240 6241 +19 171.5 191.4 +12

samcxe-javax. 25.2 24.9 -0.2 13.6 15.4 +13 2322 2521 +9 130.9 119.5 -9

qvemo qarTli 69.0 115.6 +67.5 31.6 53.3 +69 5494 7274 +32 144.6 196.7 +36

Sida qarTli 42.0 48.9 +16 14.6 25.9 +77 2909 3781 +30 106.4 144.3 +36

wyaro: saqstati. “mewarmeoba saqarTveloSi” 2008-2010 wlebis publikaciebis monacemebi da Cveni gaangariSebebi.

saqarTveloSi, gamomdinare misi ekonomikis resursuli mravalferov-

nebis da samuSao Zalis istoriulad Camoyalibebul unar-Cvevebidan, pri-

oritetulad miiCneva, mcire biznesis xelSewyoba upiratesad sasoflo

sameurneo produqciis warmoebisa da gadamuSavebis sferoSi. am proble-

mis aqtualizacia xdeba yoveldRiurad da gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa

agflaciisa da sursaTze msoflio krizisis pirobebSi.

amis dadastureba SesaZlebelia martivad, qarTul samomxmareblo ba-

zarze gasvliT, kerZod, 2009 wlis agvistosTan SedarebiT gaormagebulia

kartofilis (60 TeTri 2009 w. 1.2 lari 2011 w.), gaxuTmagebulia nivris (1.5

lari 2009 w. 8 lari 2011 w.), fasi, agreTve gaizarda puris fqvilis fasi

131

40 procentiT, sakvebi zeTisa – 80 procentiT da a.S. mosalodnelia fa-

sebis ufro arsebiTi zrda, rac produqciis warmoebis xarjebis gadide-

bas ukavSirdeba da ara fulis mimoqcevis xarvezebs. aseTive mdgomareo-

baa msoflios sxva qveynebSic. puris eqsportiori qveynebi mousavliano-

bis gamo Tavadve ganicdian xorblis deficits da eZeben momwodeblebs,

e.i. Tavadve xdebian importiorebi. aseTi dinamiuri cvlilebebis fonze

saqarTvelosaTvis mniSvnelovani iqneba sakuTar sasursaTo uzrunvelyo-

faze zrunva.

13183

110205

14798

151260

7386

122488

7242

118600

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

2006 2007 2008 2009

დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 3.2.1. მარცვლეულისმარცვლეულისმარცვლეულისმარცვლეულის ექსპორტექსპორტექსპორტექსპორტ-იმპორტისიმპორტისიმპორტისიმპორტის დინამიკადინამიკადინამიკადინამიკა 2006-2009 წლებშიწლებშიწლებშიწლებში (ათასიათასიათასიათასი აშშაშშაშშაშშ დოლარიდოლარიდოლარიდოლარი)

ექსპორტიექსპორტიექსპორტიექსპორტი

იმპორტიიმპორტიიმპორტიიმპორტი


ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministro. 2010.

2009 wlis monacemebiT ki marcvleulis eqsport-importis suraTi aseT-

ia: 2006 wels importi eqsports aRemateboda 110 142 aTasi aSS dolariT,

xolo 2009 wels ki importi eqsports sWarbobda 111 358 aTasi aSS dola-

riT. rogorc vxedavT eqsportis sasargeblod araferi ar Secvlila,

arada saqarTvelos Tavadve SeuZlia Tavisi saWiroebisaTvis aucilebeli

xorblis warmoeba. magaliTad, ”sacdel nakveTze daTesili ”TeTri do-

lisa” da ”kaxuri datotvilis” uxvi mosavali movida. heqtarze gaTvliT

12-14 tona.” (iakobiZe 2010: 46). amdenad aucileblobas warmoadgens saxel-

mwifos dainteresebis gazrda qveynis marcvleuliT uzrunvelyofis saqm-

eSi, risTvisac aucilebelia teqnikur-teqnologiuri uzrunvelyofa da

finansuri mxardaWera.

mcire biznesisaTvis prioritetulia kvebis mrewveloba. swored mcire

gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebia is meqanizmi, romelic uzrunvelyofs mal-

132

fuWadi sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis adgilze gadamuSavebas da dRei-

saTvis arsebuli mniSvnelovani danakargebis aRmofxvras.

saqarTvelos didi potenciali gaaCnia sakonservo warmoebis ganviTa-

rebisavis. sabWouri ekonomikis dros is miliard pirobiT qila konservs

amzadebda, dReisaTvis ki meaTedsac ver amzadebs. ufro metic, am dargS-

ic importze varT damokidebulebi.

rogorc vxedavT, marto bostneulis konservebis damzadebisa da moxma-

rebis sferoSi 2006 wels eqsportis moculoba Zalian mcirea da import-

ze naklebia 4487 aTasi aSS dolariT, anu 98,2%-iT. 2009 wels ki mdgoma-

reoba importis sasargeblod mniSvnelovnad gaizarda da 15 808 aTasi

aSS dolari Seadgiana. es naTlad metyvelebs imaze, rom kvebis mrewvel-

obaSi investiciebi ar xorcieldeba, rac saWiroa Tanamedrove teqnolo-

giebis SesaZenad da maRalxarisxiani produqciis sawarmoeblad. arada sa-

qarTvelos regionebi gansakuTrebiT gamoirCevian rogorc kulturuli,

ise tyis xilis saxeobaTa mravalferovnebiT, romlebisganac damzadebu-

li produqcia kvebiTi RirebulebebiT iqneba sakmaod maRali da daikavebs

Rirseul adgils ucxoeTis bazrebze.

83

4570

79

6149

158

7692

195

15808

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

2006 2007 2008 2009

დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 3.2.2. ბოსტნეულისბოსტნეულისბოსტნეულისბოსტნეულის კონსერვისკონსერვისკონსერვისკონსერვის ექსპორტექსპორტექსპორტექსპორტ-იმპორტისიმპორტისიმპორტისიმპორტის დინამიკადინამიკადინამიკადინამიკა 2006-2009 წლებშიწლებშიწლებშიწლებში (ათასიათასიათასიათასი აშშაშშაშშაშშ დოლარიდოლარიდოლარიდოლარი)

ექსპორტიექსპორტიექსპორტიექსპორტი

იმპორტიიმპორტიიმპორტიიმპორტი


ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministro. 2010

Tanamedrove sabazro tendenciaTa analizi gvioCvenebs, rom gansakuT-

rebiT bolo aTwleulebSi gamZafrda konkurencia yvela saxis bazarze.

am fonze gadarCenisa da ganviTrebisaTvis msxvili kompaniebic cdiloben

riskebis gaziarebisa da sakuTari konkurentuli upiratesobebis gamyare-

bisaTvis Seqmnan an Sevidnen urTierTobaTa qselebSi. es gamoiwvevs qsel-

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uri konkurenciis axali tipis warmoSobas. aseT pirobebSi mcire mewarme

subieqtebma, romelTac aqvT resursuli SezRuduloba seriozulad unda

gadaxedon tradiciul midgomebs da SeimuSaon biznesis organizaciis

axali formebi.

resursebis SezRudulobis pirobebSi mcire bizness urTuldeba sxva

kompaniebisa da bazris subieqtebis gareSe arseboba. swored amitom mewa-

rmeebi cdiloben qselur gaerTianebaTa Seqmnas, romlebic erTmaneTTan

individualur urTierTobebs amyareben. mcire biznesi Tavisi moqnilobis

wyalobiT warmatebulad integrirdeba biznesgaremoSi, exameba sabazro

cvlilebebs da TanamSromlobs partniorebTan, maSin roca msxvil sawar-

moebs amisaTvis sWirdeba xangrZlivi SeTanxmebebi da specialuri mmarTv-

elobiTi procedurebi.

aseT urTierTobaTa Camoyalibeba saqarTvelosa da ucxoeTSi sruliad

sxvadasxvagvaria institucionaluri da sxva saxis gansxvavebaTa gamo,

rac arTulebs ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdilebis pirdapir gamoyeneb-

as. saqarTveloSi mcire mewarme-subieqtTa urTierTobebis didi nawili

efuZneboda msxvil saxelmwifo sawarmoebTan istoriul kavSirebs an kid-

ev sawarmos xelmZRvanelTa araformalur kavSirebs. amitomac mxolod

2000-iani wlebis dasawyisidan SeiZleba saubari sabazro urTierTobaTa

formirebaze mcire biznesSi, romelic jer kidev saWiroebs srulyofasa

da ganviTrebas. Tanamedrove pirobebSi mcire biznesis Camoyalibebis eta-

pis dasruleba moiTxovs misi dargobrivi struqturis racionalizaciis,

regionuli disproporciebis gaTanabrebas, ekonomikis am seqtoris efeq-

tianobis amaRlebas

am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia ”klasterebis” Camoyalibebi-

sadmi midgomebis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi. strategiuli marTvis Teore-

tikosis, maikl porteris mixedviT `klasteris formirebisas masSi arse-

buli yvela warmoeba urTierTmxardaWeras ganicdis. sargebeli vrcelde-

ba kavSirebis yvela mimarTulebiT. aqtiuri konkurencia erT dargSi vrc-

eldeba klasteris yvela sxva dargze~. klasteruli strategia gadaiqca

msoflioSi konkurentunarianobis amaRlebisaTvis moqmedebis erT-erT

strategiad. `harvardis biznes-skolis monacemebiT, aSS-s ekonomikaSi da-

saqmebulTa 32%-ze mets klasterebi uzrunvelyofen, SvedeTSi - 39%-s,

Sromis mwarmoebluroba aseT seqtorebSi qveynis saSualo maCvenebelze

134

44%-iT metia. ufro metic, klasteruli seqtori aris lokaluri bazris

momsaxure seqtorebis ganviTarebis mamoZravebeli Zala. magram yvelaze

mTavari isaa, rom rac ufro ganviTarebulia klasterebi calkeul

qveyanaSi, miT ufro maRalia am qveyanaSi mosaxleobis cxovrebis done da

kompaniebis konkurentunarianoba.”(yorRanaSvili 2007:52).

agraruli klasterebis warmateba dadasturebulia ucxoeTis gamocdi-

lebiTac. magaliTad, gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi dania miekuTvneboda

im qveyanaTa ricxvs, romlebic damokidebulni iyvnen sasursaTo produq-

ciis importze, klasterebis Seqmnis Semdeg ki is warmatebiT axorci-

elebs sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis eqsports (60%). saqarTvelos agra-

ruli potencialis efeqtianad gamoyenebisaTvis perspeqtiulad migvaCnia

regionuli klasterebis Seqmna, romlis centrSic iqneba mcire sawarmoTa

damsaqmebeli Zlieri sawarmo. erToblivi ZalisxmeviT ufro ukeT moxde-

ba konkurentunariani, inovaciuri produqciis warmoeba.

amrigad, soflis meurneobis regions efeqturi ganviTarebisaTvis Seu-

Zlia damxmare da monaTesave dargebis dajgufeba da klasterebis Seqmna.

monaTesave dargebs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT is dargebi, romlebic awarmoeb-

en da gadaamuSaveben sakveb produqtebsa da soflis meurneobis nedle-

uls. damxmare dargebs miekuTvneba is dargebi, romlebic qmnian pirobebs

monaTesave dargebis funqcionirebisaTvis.

marcvleulis warmoeba, xorci da xorcproduqtebi, rZe, kvercxi, kart-

ofili, xaxvi da mravali sxva iseTi segmentia, risi warmoebac qveynis

SigniT SesaZlebelia. ra Tqma unda amis xarjze saqarTvelo ver ganviTa-

rdeba, magram risi SesaZleblobac gvaqvs pirvel rigSi is moTxovnileba

unda dakmayofildes. eqsportis maCvenebeli 4-jer CamorCeba importis maC-

venebels. es ki niSnavs miliardobiT Tanxebs, rac saqarTvelodan gaedin-

eba.

saqarTvelo agraruli qveyanaa da soflis meurneoba SeiZleba ganvixi-

loT rogorc qveynis ekonomikis xerxemali, romlis siZlieresa da sijan-

saRezea damokidebuli ekonomikis aRmavloba da sazogadoebis TiToeuli

wevris socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba.

soflis meurneobaSi saxelmwifos aqtiuri pirdapiri Carevis gareSe

konkretuli Sedegebis miRweva naklebad savaraudoa. dargis ganviTarebi-

saTvis aucilebelia koncefciis Seqmna, romelSic gawerili iqneba is, Tu

135

ra mdgomareobaa am sferoSi, ra problemebi arsebobs da ra gvsurs, gvqo-

ndes sami, oTxi an xuTi wlis Semdeg. aseve unda Sedges ganviTarebis mok-

le da grZelvadiani gegmebi.

ganviTarebadi qveynebi swori agraruli politikis gareSe verasodes

gadawyveten dasaqmebisa da siRaribis problemas. am TvalsazrisiT saqar-

TvelosaTvis mniSvnelovania rogor agrarul politikas ganaxorcielebs.

am mxriv saerTaSoriso organizaciebis daxmareba fasdaudebelia, radgan

isini teqnikur daxmarebas uweven ganviTarebad qveynebs fermerTa ganaT-

lebisa da agrokulturebis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove meTodebis danergv-

aSi. ganviTarebuli qveynebis mTavrobebi did yuradRebas uTmoben sasur-

saTo usafrTxoebisa da maT gankargulebaSi arsebuli miwis fondis ra-

cionalur gamoyenebas. Sesabamisad, dRis wesrigSi mudmivad dgas soflis

meurneobis warmoebis racionalizaciisa da misi damuSavebis efeqtianob-

is problema. ìseT qveyanaSi ki, rogoric saqarTveloa, romlis ganviTa-

rebis istoriuli gza agrikulturis ganviTarebaze gadis, agraruli po-

litika amovarda saxelmwifoebriobis konteqstidan. migvaCnia, rom sa-

qarTvelos gansakuTrebiT esaWiroeba ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdi-

lebis Seswavla agraruli politikis warmarTvaSi sakuTari CamorCenis

mizezebis aRmofxvrisa da ganviTarebisaTvis safuZvlebis Sesaqmnelad”

(iakobiZe 2010:39).

saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis 46,9% soflad cxovrobs da Sesabamisad

dakavSirebulia soflis meurneobasTan. unda aRiniSnos, rom siRaribis

maCvenebeli soflebSi gansakuTrebiT maRalia da soflad mcxovrebi mo-

saxleobis umetesoba socialuri daxmarebis momlodinea, amitomac mis

dasaZlevad erTaderT gzas warmoadgens adgilebze dasaqmeba da warmoeb-

uli produqciisaTvis sarealizacio bazris moZieba.

siRaribesTan brZolis problema da misi daZlevis konkretuli gzebis

dasaxva-SemuSaveba kidev erTxel adasturebs saqarTveloSi agraruli re-

formebis gatarebis ualternativobas. `soflad siRaribis likvidaciisa

da soflidan qalaqSi mosaxleobis migraciis gonivrul CarCoebSi Casmis

erTi saSualebaa, adgilebze arsebuli bunebrivi resursebis racionalu-

ri aTviseba, mis adgilobrivi bazris moTxovnebis interesebSi Cayeneba da

rac mTavaria, maT safuZvelze konkurentunariani sawarmoo erTeulebis

formireba da ganviTareba.~ (iakobiZe 2010: 43)

136

amrigad migvaCnia, rom saqarTvelos agraruli meurneoba aris qveyana-

Si mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis ganviTarebis baza da meurneobis am

sferoSi swori politikis warmarTviT SesaZlebelia amaRldes saqarTve-

los saerTo konkurentunarianoba msoflio bazarze da Cveni sameurneo

struqtura moewyos evrokavSiris moTxovnebis safuZvelze.

agraruli strategia, Cvenis mosazrebiT, saqarTveloSi unda wyvetdes

Semdeg amocanebs:

1. mosaxleobis sasursaTo uzrunvelyofa sakuTari resursebis aTv-

isebiT;

2. saeqsporto produqciis mwarmoebeli dargebis ganviTareba da qve-

yanaSi sakvebi produqtebis Semotanis minimizacia;

3. adgilebze samuSao Zalis dasaqmebis mizniT mcire da saSualo

sawarmoTa ganviTarebis stimulireba da mosaxleobis socialuri

yofis gaumjobeseba;

4. konkurentunariani da inovaciuri produqciis warmoebiT

msoflio bazarze gasvla.

saqarTvelos regionebSi mcire biznesis ganviTarebis aranakleb pers-

peqtivas qmnis turizmi.

turizmis warmatebuli ganviTareba adekvaturad aisaxeba mTeli regio-

nisa Tu calkeuli regionebis ekonomikis iseT sakvanZo dargebze, rogor-

ebicaa: kavSirgabmuloba da transporti, vaWroba, mSenebloba, komunikaci-

ebi, soflis meurneoba da farTo moxmarebis sagnebis warmoeba da sxva.

aqedan gamomdinare qveynis ekonomikis struqturuli gardaqmnisaTvis tu-

ristuli industriis farTo qselis Seqmna umniSvnelovanesi momentia. mT-

el rig qveynebSi, sadac aqtiurad mimdinareobs turizmis sferos ganvi-

Tareba, saxelmwifo seriozulad exmareba am dargs _ igulisxmeba rog-

orc pirdapiri investiciebi, aseve sagadasaxado da sabaJo SeRavaTebi,

rac damatebiT stimulad gvevlineba sainvesticio politikis gaumjobese-

bis, Sida da saerTaSoriso turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis.

turizms, iseve rogorc sxva nebismier dargs esaWiroeba dagegmva da

marTva. turizmSi marTvis obieqti SeiZleba iyos regionic, iseve rogorc

saxelmwifo an saxelmwifoTa jgufi.

Tanamedrove turizmi miCneulia siRaribis daZlevis mniSvnelovan faq-

torad, misi mizanmimarTuli da kompleqsuri ganviTareba saxelmwifos

137

socialur-ekonomikuri politikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba unda

iyos.6 turizmis sferoSi Seqmnili erTi samuSao adgili qmnis sul mcire

or axal samuSao adgils momijnave dargebSi, rogorebicaa vaWroba, sof-

lis meurneoba, transporti, kavSirgabmuloba, kultura, ganaTleba, jan-

dacva da sxva.

turisti ara marto turistul-rekreaciuli moTxovnilebis matarebe-

lia, aramed yoveldRiuri moxmarebis produqtze moTxovnilebis mqone

adamianic. amitom am produqts igi iZens da gayiduli saqoneli eqsport-

irebulia im gansxvavebiT, rom nacvlad misi gagzavnisa qveynis farglebs

gareT, TviT momxmarebeli Camodis mis Sesasyidad. es ki qveynis Semosa-

vals zrdis. turizmidan miRebuli mogebis nakadi erTveba ekonomikur

brunvaSi da iZleva efeqts.

Cveulebriv iTvleba, rom ucxoeli turisti satransporto xarjebTan

erTad Tavisi xarjebis daaxloebiT 40%-s xarjavs kvebaze, sastumroebze

– 30%-s, qveynis SigniT mogzaurobaze _ 8%-s, sxva danarCenze -22%-s.

Tanamedrove turisti miiswrafvis mogzaurobidan miiRos axali Stabe-

Wdilebebi, rasac mivyavarT turistuli dasvenebis intensifikaciamde, rac

moiTxovs mis gajerebas sanaxaobebiT, eqskursiebiT, SexvedrebiT da a.S.

dReisaTvis sul ufro izrdeba mogzaurTa ricxvi, romelTac surT xel-

uxlebeli bunebisa da kulturuli memkvidreobis monaxuleba. amdenad

mniSvnelovnad izrdeba ekoturizmis masStabebi. ekoturis fasi Cveulebr-

iv turis fasze saSualod 11.1%-iT ufro maRalia, magram momxmarebelTa

umravlesoba mzad aris gadaixados es Rirebuleba. am faqtoris gamoye-

neba saqarTvelos SeuZlia mniSvnelovani ivesticiebis ganxorcielebis

gareSec, rac am etapze aqtualuria. amaSi martivi gaangariSebiTac davr-

wmundebiT. magaliTad saqarTveloSi Camosuli erTi milioni turistidan

100 000 turisti Tu dainteresdeba ekoturizmiT es qveyanas damatebiT 110

milioni laris Semosavals moutans (Tuki Cveulebrivi turis Rirebule-

ba 1000 laria). amisaTvis cxadia saTanado infrastruqturis mowyobaa sa-

Wiro.

turizms aqvs SesaZlebloba Seqmnas stimulebis mTeli sistema, raTa

daculi da aRdgenili iyos regionis ekologiuri mdgomareoba. turizmi

6 turizmi, rogorc siRaribis daZlevis mniSvnelovani faqtori, pirvelad aRiarebul iqna 2002 wels iohanesburgSi (samxreT afrikis respublika) gamarTul siRaribis daZlevis msoflio forumze.

138

aswavlis adgilobriv mosaxleobas maTi garemomcveli samyaros Rirseb-

ebs, misi movlisa da dacva-aRdgenis aucileblobas.

gansakuTrebiT xelsayrelia mcire biznesi mTiani regionebis turis-

tul ganviTarebaSi. saqarTvelo mTiani qveyanaa romelzec modis mTeli

teritoriis 54,4%. mTianeTi dRemde warmoadgens kulturuli memkvidreo-

bis saganZurs, es iqneba arqiteqturis Zeglebi Tu sazogadoebrivi cxov-

rebis movlenebi, xalxuri rewva Tu folkloris unikaluri nimuSebi. ami-

tomacaa, rom Cveni qveynis mTianeTi gvevlineba Sida da saerTaSoriso tu-

rizmis ganviTarebis potenciur resursad.

mdgradi turizmis farglebSi turizmis ganviTareba kontroldeba, igi

xels uwyobs adgilobrivi ekonomikis diversifikacias, gansakuTrebiT

soflebSi, sadac mosaxleobis dasaqmeba sezonur da SemTxveviT xasiaTs

atarebs. mdgradi turizmi xels uwyobs mcire da saSualo sawarmoebs

ganviTarebaSi, aseve adgilobrivi, regionaluri, erovnuli da saerTaSo-

riso ekonomikuri da politikuri kavSirebis ganviTarebas.

saqarTvelo, Tavisi bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebis mravalferovnebidan

gamomdinare, karg saSualebas iZleva turizmis iseTi saxeebis gansaviTa-

reblad, rogoricaa: specializebuli turizmi, saTavgadasavlo turizmi,

agroturizmi, ekoturizmi, axalgazrduli turizmi, socialuri turizmi,

turizmi kempingebsa da karvebSi, samTo turizmi, saojaxo turizmi, eqst-

remaluri turizmi, samonadireo turizmi da sxva.

fermeruli turizmi Zalze popularulia evropis rig qveynebSi. misi

arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom turistTa ganTavseba xdeba fermebSi, ranCo-

ebSi an plantaciebis mimdebare, an kidev stumrebisaTvis gancalkevebul

saojaxo sastumros tipis saxlebSi, sadac adgilobrivi mosaxleoba uwe-

vs momsaxurebas. turistebs eZlevaT saSualeba erTdroulad daakvirdnen

sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebs an monawileoba miiRon masSi. am mizniT

fermerebi TavianT teritoriaze awyoben kempingebs, agreTve rTaven turi-

stebs nadirobisa da TevzWeris nebas sakuTari teritoriis farglebSi.

saqarTveloSi metad aqtualuria agroturizmis ganviTareba, is saSua-

lebas aZlevs turistebs gaecnon soflis yofas, SeiTvison xalxuri tra-

diciebi, icxovron ekologiurad sufTa garemoSi, miiRon bunebrivi pro-

duqti da sxva.

139

gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos ucxoeli turistebis daintereseba saqa-

rTvelos glexuri meurneobis tradiciebiT. ”magaliTad, agroturizmis

ganviTarebis metad saintereso resurss warmoadgens aWaraSi qedis raio-

nis mevenaxeobis centri Tavisi unikaluri yurZnis jiSebiT. ulamazesi

mxare guria agroturizmisaTvis saintereso xalxuri rewviT. mag. xisa da

Tixis nakeTobebis damzadebiT, yavaris gadaxurviT, Taflis moxdiT, xal-

xuri tradiciebiT, SemoqmedebiT, folkloriT - maTi mravalxmiani simRe-

rebi aRtacebas iwvevs turistebSi; TuSeTi, fSav-xevsureTi cnobilia Tav-

isi Zveli nasaxlarebiT. soflis didebuli buneba saukunovani, dRemde

SemorCenili, mTebze Sefenili aqiteqturuli Zeglebi saintereso peizaJ-

ebs qmnis. aq Zveli wes-Cveulebebi, samzareulo, cxovrebis tradiciebi,

qsovis xelovneba saukeTeso pirobebs qmnis agroturizmis ganviTarebisa-

Tvis.” (qvelaZe 2010:60).

turizmis am saxis ganviTarebis upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom

misi ganviTareba SedarebiT iolia da saxelmwifos mxridan nakleb finan-

sur danaxarjebs moiTxovs. Sesabamisad am sferoSi moRvawe mcire bizne-

sis organizatorebsac sakuTari danazogebis an naklebi raodenobis saba-

nko kreditis gamoyenebiT SeuZliaT Sesabamisi pirobebis Seqmna turiste-

bisaTvis.

agroturizmis SemTxvevaSi sezonurobis problema moxsnilia. turizmi

qmnis samuSao adgilebs rogorc adgilobrivi turizmis seqtorSi, ise

mis momijnave seqtorebSic. iwvevs momgebiani Sida dargebis: sastumroeb-

isa da ganTavsebis sxva saSualebebis, restornebisa da sazogadoebrivi

kvebis obieqtebis, satransporto sistemebis, xalxuri rewvisa da saeqs-

kursio-informaciuli saqmis stimulirebas.

axalgazrduli turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa kompleqsuri mra-

valferovani marSrutebis damuSaveba da laSqrobebis mowyoba asakobrivi

kategoriis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. turizmis am mimarTulebis gan-

viTarebisaTvis saWiroa iseTi obieqtebis mSenebloba, rogoricaa, mag. sae-

rTo sacxovrebeli, sastumroebi soflad, karvebis qalaqi da sxva.

vfiqrobT, rom saqarTvelo msgavsi turistuli momsaxurebis danerg-

viT unda dainteresdes, jer erTi imitom, rom mas aqvs maRalxarisxovani

turistuli produqti, meore is, rom saxelmwifos xarji minimizirebulia

da mesamedac xeli ewyoba mcire da saSualo biznesis kompleqsur ganviT-

140

arebas regionebSi, sadac qveynis xelisufleba Tavisi SesaZleblobebis

realizacias praqtikulad ver axdens.

aucileblobad gvesaxeba axali turistuli regionebis CarTva turist-

ul brunvaSi. aseve novatoruli midgomebis gamoyeneba, rac turizmSi axa-

li saxis turebis aRmoCenasa da aTvisebaSi vlindeba.

gamocdilebiT aRiarebulia, rom bevr qveyanaSi mcire mewarmeobis ganv-

iTarebis miznebis, principebisa da mimarTulebebis dafiqsireba xdeba Se-

sabamis saxelmwifo programebSi. aseTi programa unda daedos safuZvlad

prioritetebis mixedviT ekonomikis dargebsa da regionebSi mcire bizne-

sis ganviTarebas.

saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis dRevandel etapze vfiqrobT

rom upiratesoba unda mieniWos mcire mewarmeobis ganviTarebis regionul

programebs, romlebic unda iTvaliswinebdes ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi

socialur-ekonomikuri garemos Seqmnas, rac bunebrivia mxolod sakanonm-

deblo bazis Camoyalibebas ar gulisxmobs. igi bazarze swori orientac-

iis arCevaSic unda daexmaros mewarmes. amasTan erTad daicvas igi sa-

Sinao bazarze, xeli Seuwyos sagadasaxado, satarifo, sabaJo meqanizmebis

gamoyenebiT da sxva.

SemuSavda saqarTvelos regionuli ganviTarebis strategia 2011-2017

wlebisaTvis, romlis mizansac warmoadgens regionuli sainovacio sis-

temis TanmimdevrobiTi ganviTarebis, regionebis SedarebiTi upiratesobis

gamoyenebisa da sistemuri TanamSromlobis safuZvelze qveynis regione-

bis konkurentunarianobisa da daCqarebuli ekonomikuri zrdis xelSewyo-

ba. am miznis ganxorcielebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes pirobas warmoad-

gens sainovacio politikis SemuSavebasa da ganxorcielebaSi yvela mona-

wile subieqtis aqtiuri CarTuloba da inovaciebze orientirebuli same-

warmeo biznesis ganviTareba.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionebSi saWiroa

mcire mewarmeobis mxardaWeris sakuTari infrsatruqturis formireba.

romlis saqmianobis mizanic iqneba mcire biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis keT-

ilsasurveli pirobebis Seqmna. es SeiZleba iyos: mcire biznesis mxardam-

Weri centrebi da fondebi, teqnoparkebi, biznes-inkubatorebi, konsaltin-

guri firmebi, sainformacio saagentoebi, biznes-centrebi da sxva. am mxr-

iv unda aRiniSnos aWaris ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gegmaSi Sesuli mcire

141

biznesis mxardamWeri RonisZiebis ganxorcieleba baTumis biznes-inkuba-

toris Seqmnis saxiT. is Seiqmna gaeros ganviTarebis programis, rumine-

Tis mTavrobisa da aWaris mTavrobis finansuri mxardaWeriT. es aris sr-

uliad axali iniciativa, romlis mizania xeli Seuwyos damwyeb kompanie-

bs da daaCqaros maTi ganviTareba. is exmareba mewarmeebs saofise inven-

tariT aRWurvili farTiT, aseve sakonsultacio momsaxurebiT, biznesis

sxva sferoebTan saqmiani urTierTobebis damyarebiT da sxva.

baTumis biznes-inkubatoris Cvidmeti kompaniidan gasuli wlis seqtemb-

erSi oTxma maTganma inkubatori datova, rogorc warmatebulma firmebma

da damkvidrden bazarze. biznes-inkubatoris kompaniebSi pirdapir dasaq-

mebulia 32 adamiani, xolo iribad mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi 100-ze meti.

STambeWdavia maTi Sedegebic. 2011 wlis mdgomareobiT kompaniebis jamuri

brunva 300 aTas lars Seadgens, aqedan sul gacemuli xelfasebis raode-

noba 70 aTass, xolo biujetSi Senatani 50 aTas lars aRemateba.

unda aRiniSnos, rom inkubatoris daxmarebiT Seqmnili yoveli samuSao

adgilis danaxarji daaxloebiT 1100 aSS dolaria, im dros roca igive

samuSao adgilis Seqmna saxelmwifos 10 000 aSS dolari ujdeba. yoveli

1 aSS dolaris gaweuli subsidia TiToeuli kompaniisagan gadaxdili

adgilobrivi gadasaxadis saxiT 45 aSS dolaris odenobiT ubrundeba

saxelmwifos. 2010 wlis ganmavlobaSi gaeros ganviTarebis fondidan da

biujetidan inkubatorze jamurad daixarja 430 000 aSS dolari, anu er-

Ti samuSao adgilis Rirebuleba 1350 aSS dolaria, rac saSualo statis-

tikurze 7-jer naklebia. (www.BBI.ge)

gaeros ganviTarebis programisa da baTumis biznes-inkubatoris 2011

wlis 6 ivnisis SeTanxmebis safuZvelze biznes-inkubatoris damatebiTi

funqcia gaxda regionSi arsebuli, inkubatoris arawevri kompaniebisaTvis

konsultaciebis gaweva, dReis mdgomareobiT am konsultaciebSi monawi-

leoba miiRo 35-ma kompaniam.

amrigad, biznes-inkubatori exmareba bizness ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro

finansuri da teqnikuri saSualebebis moZiebaSi, inkubatoris mier miwo-

debuli saofise farTi da aRWurviloba, konsultaciebi SesaZleblobas

aZlevs kompaniebs Tavi aaridon damatebiT xarjebsa da personals, rac

mcire firmebis racionaluri da efeqturi funqcionirebis saSualebas

iZleva. garda amisa sakonsultacio momsaxureba, informaciuli baza da

142

saganmanaTleblo RonisZiebebi exmareba mewarmes Tanamedrove garemosTan

Seguebasa da ganviTarebaSi. biznes-inkubatori amcirebs mcire biznesis

gakotrebis riskebs. aSS-s biznes-inkubatorebis nacionaluri asociaciis

(NBIA) angariSis Tanaxmad inkubirebuli kmompaniebis 87% dRemde warmate-

biT funqcionirebs. 1980 wlidan inkubirebulma kompaniebma Seqmnes daax-

loebiT 500 000 samuSao adgili. yoveli me-2 samuSao adgili xels uwy-

obs damatebiT erTi samuSao adgilis Seqmnas. (www.BBI.ge) .

didi mniSvneloba eniWeba aseve mcire mewarmeobisaTvis municipalur

mxardaWeras, imdenad ramdenadac adgilobrivma xelisuflebam ukeT icis

miznobrivi upiratesobebi da isic Tu vis sWirdeba daxmareba. regioneb-

Si mcire biznesis ganviTarebis saqmeSi didi wvlilis Setana SeuZliaT

municipalur fondebs, romlebmac mcire biznesis subiqtTa dasax-

mareblad SeiZleba gamoiyenon dafinansebis sxvadasxva saxeebi: grantebi,

SeRavaTiani kreditebi, uprocento sesxebi da sxva. aseve maT SeuZliaT

mcire biznesze garantiebis wardgena, specialur RonisZiebaTa Catareba

(gamofenebi, konkursebi, bazrobebi, auqcionebi), qonebrivi da sainformac-

io mxardaWera.

vfiqrobT, rom unda damkvidrdes municipaluri warmonaqmnis terito-

riaze prioritetuli saqmianobis saxis cneba, romelic gamyarebuli iqn-

eba municipalur normatiuli aqtebiT, damtkicebuli iqneba municipaluri

TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis mier da aisaxeba maTi

ganviTarebis programebSi.

SesaZleblad migvaCnia municipalur warmonaqmnebs Soris konkursis Ca-

tareba maT teritoriaze saqmianobis prioritetuli saxeebisaTvis finan-

suri mxardaWeris mosapoveblad.

vfiqrobT, rom regionebSi mcire biznesis stimulirebisaTvis metad

mniSvnelovani nabiji gadaidgmeboda, Tuki saxelmwifo miiRebda gadawyve-

tilebas biznesidan miRebuli gadasaxadebis adgilobriv biujetebSi war-

marTvis sasargeblod. aseT SemTxvevaSi TviT adgilobrivi xelisufleba

iqneboda dainteresebuli biznes-subieqtebis ricxvis zrdiTa da maTi saq-

mianobis mxardamWeri RonisZiebebis SemuSavebiT, Sesabamisad ki adgilob-

riv biujetebSi Senatanebis gazrdiT. mxolod erTi adgilobrivi gadasa-

xadis arseboba veranairad ver wyvets im problemebs, rac municipaluri

warmonaqmnebis winaSe dgas da saxelmwifo transfertebis imedze arian.

143

ucxoeTSi arsebobs saxelmwifosa da municiplitetebis monawileobiT

erToblivi programebis realizaciis gamocdileba. saqarTveloSic SesaZ-

lebelia ”municipalitetTaSorisi prioritetuli programebis” SemuSa-

veba, romlebic SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes erTdroulad ramdenime

municipalitetSi, romelTac eqnebaT socialuri da ekonomikuri mniSvne-

loba da aseve miscemen ekonomikur efeqtianobas mcire biznes-subieqtebs.

dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi mcire biznesSi arsebuli mdgomareobis ana-

lizis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom igi jer kidev formirebis

dabal safexurzea. moTxovnebs CamorCeba misi zrdis tempic. am sferos

radikaluri gardaqmna-ganviTarebisaTvis aucileblobad gvesaxeba saxel-

mwifo-maregulirebeli funqciebis gaaqtiureba da masStabebis gazrda.

3.3. 3.3. 3.3. 3.3. mcire biznesis finansmcire biznesis finansmcire biznesis finansmcire biznesis finansuri uzrunvelyofis SesaZleblobebi dauri uzrunvelyofis SesaZleblobebi dauri uzrunvelyofis SesaZleblobebi dauri uzrunvelyofis SesaZleblobebi da

sainvesticio garemos gaumjobesebis RonisZiebebisainvesticio garemos gaumjobesebis RonisZiebebisainvesticio garemos gaumjobesebis RonisZiebebisainvesticio garemos gaumjobesebis RonisZiebebi

biznesis ganviTarebis sawyis etapze dafinanseba warmoadgens araerTi

potencialuri biznesmenisaTvis sirTuleTa saTaves. damwyebi mewarme mo-

mavali saqmianobis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs gansazRvravs biznes-gegmaSi.

mewarmis fulad saxsrebze moTxovna asaxulia biznes-gegmaSi.

gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad sakuTari saxsrebi warmoadgens kapitalis Zir-

iTad wyaros rogorc damwyebi mewarmeTaTvis, ise im mewarmeebisTvisac,

romlebic SeiZenen ukve arsebul warmoebas. maT muSaobis procesSi aseve

uwevT finansuri saxsrebis gare wyaroebis moZieba. finansuri resursebis

gare wyaroebi iyofa formalur da araformalur wyaroebad. Tanafardo-

ba damokidebulia firmis sididesa da arsebobis vadebze. unda aRiniSnos,

rom mcire zomis sawarmoebi, ufro metad ki damwyebi sawarmoebi nakleb-

ad mimarTaven formalur wyaroebs, vidre msxvili da saSualo sawarmoe-

bi. magaliTad kanadaSi sawarmos mflobelis piradi danazogebi gamoiye-

neba sawarmoTa 57%-is mier, amasTan sawyis etapze es maCvenebeli Seadgens

77%. (Sipova 2009:32)

ucxouri gamocdileba adasturebs, rom dakrediteba warmoadgens mci-

re sawarmoTa dafinansebis mniSvnelovan wyaros. magaliTad, 2003 wels

aSS-Si sawarmoTa 60%-s hqonda krediti sakredito xazis, sesxebis an fi-

144

nansuri lizingis formiT. amasTan aSS-Si mcire sawarmoTa mflobelebis

77%-s Tavisi saqmianobis periodSi minimum erTxel mainc hqonia Sexeba

bankis sakredito momsaxurebasTan. aseve 2002 wlis monacemebiT evropis

qveynebSi mcire sawarmoTa 76%-s hqonda sakredito xazi erT an ramdenime

bankSi. kanadaSi ki sakredito xazis gamoyenebis maCvenebeli SedarebiT

dabalia da 50%-s Seadgens. Tumca dakreditebis mocemuli forma warmoa-

dgens yvelaze popularuls dakreditebis danarCen wyaroebTan Sedareb-

iT. (Sipova 2009: 35)

amasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom sakredito xazis gamoyenebis sixSire izr-

deba sawarmoTa zomis zrdasTan erTad, rasac amtkicebs monacemebi evro-

pisa da CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebSi mcire sawarmoebis mier sakredito

xazis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. (cxr. 3.3.1.-3.3.2.).

cxrili 3.3.1.cxrili 3.3.1.cxrili 3.3.1.cxrili 3.3.1. evropis mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi, romlebic iyenebdnen

sakredito xazs (sawarmoTa zomebisa da saqmianobis saxeebis mixedviT)

2002 w.

wyaro: a.i. Sipova “mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa dakrediteba: samamulo da ucxouri

gamocdileba”, 2009w. gv.21.

sazRvargareTuli mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi gare dafinansebis mi-

saRebad iyeneben aseve sakredito baraTebs, romlebic registriebulia an

kompaniis saxelze (iuridiul pirze), an kidev fizikuri piris _ biznesis

mflobelis saxelze. sakredito baraTebs miRebuli saxsrebis Sexedule-

bisamebr gamoyenebis upiratesoba aqvT, radganac krediti ar atarebs miz-

nobriv xasiaTs. sawarmoTa zomisa da maTi arsebobis xangrZlivobis zr-

dasTan erTad izrdeba kompaniis saxelze gamoSvebuli sakredito

baraTebis gamoyenebis sixSire, maSin roca, fizikur pirebze gamoSvebul

bankebis

ricxvi

mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa wili

sawarmos zomebis mixedviT (momuSaveTa raodenoba)

sawarmos saqmianobis sferoebis mixedviT

0-9 kaci

10-49 kaci

50-249 kaci

sul mrewveloba

vaWroba momsaxureba

sul

0(sakr.xazi ar) 21% 16% 16% 21% 16% 21% 23% 21%

1 banki 41% 33% 28% 41% 42% 39% 41% 41%

2 an 3 banki 30% 35% 26% 30% 31% 32% 28% 30%

4da meti banki 5% 9% 19% 5% 7% 4% 4% 5%

pasuxi ar aqvs 3% 6% 12% 3% 4% 3% 4% 3%

sul 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

145

sakredito baraTTa ricxvi mcirdeba, rasac adasturebs aSS-sa da kanadis

monacemebi. (cxrili 3.3.2.).

cxrili 3.3.2. aSS-sa da kanadaSi mcire sawarmoTa wili, romlebic iyene-

ben sakredito baraTebsa da sakredito xazs

wyaro: a.i. Sipova “mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa dakrediteba: samamulo da ucxouri gamocdileba”, 2009w. gv.23

finansirebis kidev erTi wyaroa overdrafti. is aris SedarebiT Zviri

produqti, magram mas xSirad aZleven upiratesobas moqnilobis gamo. un-

da aRiniSnos, rom sakredito dawesebulebebi, rogorc wesi momxmarebels

sTavazoben ara sesxs, aramed overdraftsa da sakredito xazs, romlebz-

ec saprocento ganakveTi arsebiTad maRalia. sakredito xazebi sariskoa,

radganac isini siZviresTan erTad sakredito dawesebulebebis Sexedule-

bisamebr, nebismier dros SeiZleba Sewydes. amitomac sawarmoebs SeuZli-

aT erTdroulad kreditis ramdenime wyaros gamoyeneba. magaliTad aSS-Si

2001 wlis monacemebiT mcire sawarmoTa 58%-s hqonda rogorc sesxebi, as-

eve sakredito xazi.

qveynebi

dafinansebis formebi

sakr. baraT. kompaniis saxelze

sakr. baraTebi fiz. pir. saxelze

sakredito xazi

aSSaSSaSSaSS (2003 w)

sul mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi 48,1% 46,7% 34,3%

maT Soris sawarmoTa calkeuli kategoriebis mixedviT

sawarmoebi 1 daqiravebuliT 32,0% 48,6% 19,4%

sawarmoebi 2-4 daqiravebuliT 45,7% 48,1% 27,2%

sawarmoebi 100-dan 499-mde daqiraveb 71,5% 32,2% 82,3%

kanada kanada kanada kanada (2004 w)

sul mcire sawarmoebi 48,4% 50,0% 50,2%

saarmoebi daqiravebulTa gareSe 38,2% 48,5% 41,1%

sawarmoebi 100-dan-499-mde

daqiravebuliT

68,1% ….. . . . 94,5%

sawarmoebi 1-2 wlis muSaobis

gamocdilebiT

42,3% 64,0% 48,2%

sawarmoebi 3-4 wlis muSaobis

gamocdilebiT

43,9% 56,4% 45,0%

sawarmoebi 5 welze meti muSaobis

gamocdilebiT

51,0% 45,9% 52,8%

146

komerciul bankebTan erTad, mcire sawarmoebs afinansebs salizingo

kompaniebi. “kanadaSi 2004 wels lizingi gamoiyena mcire da saSualo sa-

warmoTa 30,4%-ma, aSS-Si 2003 wels 8,7%-ma. 2005 wels ki evrokavSiris 15

wevr qveyanaSi salizingo kompaniebs momsaxurebisaTvis mimarTa mcire da

saSualo sawarmoTa 24%-ma, sadac is aris bankebis Semdeg dafinansebis

yvelaze popularuli wyaro. amasTan Tavisi arsebobis manZilze lizingi

gamoiyena mcire sawarmoTa 51%-ma. iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa Ggermania,

luqsemburgi, portugalia, niderlandebi salizingo kontraqtTa didi

ricxvi modis swored mcire sawarmoebze.

ganviTarebuli ekonomikis qveynebSi mravali swrafad mzardi firma

cdilobs moeqces venCuruli kapitalis interesTa sferoSi. sainvesticio

saxsrebi, romlebic gaaCnia formalur venCurul firmebs mopovebulia ke-

rZo korporaciebis, saxelmwifo sapensio fondebis, saqvelmoqmedo fonde-

bis, kerZo pirebisa da Tavad venCuruli kapitalis sainvesticio resurse-

bis gaerTianebiT. araformaluri seqtoris monawileebi arian venCuruli

kapitalis kerZo investorebi: e.w. “biznes angelozebi”. eseni rogorc wesi

arian profesionalebi, biznesSi muSaobis gamocdilebiT. araformalur

investorebs aqvT mniSvnelovani finansuri resursi, romelic maTi Sromi-

Ti danazogiT aris miRebuli.

araerTi e.w. “biznes angelozi” pirdapir debs investiciebs axal da

mzard firmebSi, Sedis ra sindikatis SemadgenlobaSi, romelic aerTiane-

bs biznes partniorebs da megobrebs, es investiciebis mimRebT saSualeb-

as aZlevs isargeblon msxvili finansuri saSualebebi. formaluri da

araformaluri seqtori urTierTSemavsebel rols TamaSobs. araformal-

uri seqtoris investiciebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania “sastarto”

firmebis ganviTarebis adreul stadiaze, rodesac am firmebs sWirdeba

kapitalis sawyisi Tanxa produqtis koncefciis da nimuSis dasamzadeb-

lad. formaluri seqtori ki ufro aqtiuria firmis swrafi zrdis stadi-

aze, rodesac saWiroa saxsrebi warmoebis da gayidvebis gasafarToeblad.

sainteresoa mcire biznesis venCuruli dafinansebis gansakuTrebuli

mxareebis gamoyofa:

1. is gansxvavdeba dakreditebis sxva tradiciuli saxeebisagan imiT,

rom fuladi saxsrebis dabruneba ar xdeba winaswar dadgenil vade-

bSi, aseve ar xdeba procentis gadaxda;

147

2. mcire sawarmoTa dafinanseba xorcieldeba yovelgvari qonebrivi

uzrunvelyofis gareSe;

3. firmebis mier sarisko kapitalis SeTavazebis pirobebi da mizani

gansxvavebulia sxva tradiciuli investorebis miznebisagan.

amasTan, “venCuruli kapitalistebis moZebna rTul amocanas warmoadge-

ns. imisaTvis, rom venCuruli kapitalisti davarwmunoT biznesis warmate-

baSi, aucilebelia gaiweros 5-7 welze firmis gamviTarebis perspeqtiva.

venCuruli kapitalis firmebi mcire mogebisaTvis fuls ar abandeben. isi-

ni varaudoben investirebuli kapitalis 3 an 4-magad gazrdas 5-7 weliwa-

dSi.” (Sengelia 2008:187)

uaxloes momavalSi saqarTvelosaTvis sarisko kapitalis amoqmedebis

SesaZlebloba naklebad saimedoa, Tundac imitom, rom inovaciebis Seqmna-

ze ar aris kompleqsuri moTxovna. Cvens qveyanaSi aqtiurad daiwyo fran-

Caizinguli saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba. es aris ukve

awyobili biznesis marTvis forma.

praqtikulad gamoiyeneba franCaizingis oTxi ZiriTadi forma:

1. sasqonlo niSnis gamoyenebis franCaizingi, rodesac franCaizis

myidveli korporacias uxdis fuls sasaqonlo niSnis gamoyenebisa-

Tvis;

2. mza produqciis gayidvis franCaizingi, rodesac myidveli yidul-

obs saqonels korporaciisagan, xolo Semdgom axdens mis realiza-

cias sakuTari fasebiT. magaliTad am kategoriis saqonliT vaWro-

ben is firmebi, romlebic axdenen avtomobilebis an benzinis gayi-

dvas;

3. saqonlis warmoebis franCaizingi, rodesac licenziati dedobili

kompaniisagan iRebs misi saqonlis warmoebisa da realizaciis uf-

lebas. amasTan, gamoiyeneba kompaniisagan nayidi nedleuli da masa-

lebi. magaliTad qarxana “koka-kolas” warmomadgenloba saqarTve-

loSi romelic axdens gamagrilebeli sasmelebis Camosxmas.

4. saqmianobis saxeobaze frenCeizingi, romlis mixedviT licenziati

yidulobs sakuTari firmis gaxsnis uflebas korporaciis sa-xel-

wodebis gamoyenebiT, misi saqmianobis profilis SenarCunebiT. amis

tipiuri magaliTia “nikalas” tipis kvebis obieqtebi saqarTveloSi.

(Sengelia 2008:196).

148

mcire mewarmisaTvis, rogorc wesi, ufro usafrTxoa axali warmoebis

finansireba investorTa saxsrebiT da ara kreditebiT. tipiuri safinanso

kompania yovelwliurad Rebulobs 1000-mde moTxovnas dafinansebaze, ro-

melTagan ramdenimeTviani analizis Semdeg mxolod ramdenime moTxovna

kmayofildeba. (siropolisi 1997:49)

sxvadasxva tipis finansur kompaniaTa Soris aRsaniSnavia:

_ tradiciuli amxanagobebi, romlebic aerTianeben mdidari ojaxebis

saxsrebs mcire sawarmoebSi dabandebisaTvis;

_ fondebi, romelTa gankargulebaSia sxvadasxva organizaciaTa saxs-

rebi;

_ sainvesticio sabanko kompaniebi, romlebic periodulad ayalibeben

investorTa gaerTianebebs mimzidveli venCuruli winadadebebisaTvis;

_sadazRvevo kompaniebi, romlebic, Cveulebriv ufro konservatulebi

arian da mcire sawarmoebisagan moiTxoven aqcioneruli kapitalis gansa-

zRvrul wils, rogorc inflaciisagan dacvis saSualebas.

safinanso kompaniebi cxadia ar afinanseben mcire saojaxo sawarmoebs.

maT interess warmoadgens mzardi amonagebisa da mogebis perspeqtivis

mqone sawarmoebi, romelTagan upiratesoba eniWeba maRalteqnologiur

dargebs.

aSS-Si kapitalis erT-erT wyaros warmoadgens mcire biznesis sainves-

ticio kompaniebi, romlebic kongresis 1958 wlis kanonis “investiciebi

mcire biznesSi” miRebis Semdeg gaCndnen. am kanonis mizani iyo kerZo

investorTa saxsrebiT samewarmeo saqmianobis finansirebis stimulireba.

kanoni astimulirebda mcire biznesis sainvesticio kompaniebis Seqmnas,

romlebsac investorebi gamoiyenebdnen rogorc kerZos da orientire-

bulT sawarmos mogebis miRebaze. garda amisa masSi igulisxmeboda, rom

_ investorebs SeeZloT upiratesobis miniWeba iseT mcire sawarmoeb-

ze, romlebic SeimuSavebdnen maRali sabazro potencialis konkurentul

axali saxis produqcias;

_ mcire biznesis adminitracias unda ewarmoebina meTvalyureoba da

aseTi kompaniebis saqmianobaze Sesabamisi licenziebis gacemazec evale-

boda pasuxismgebloba.

sainvesticio politikis efeqtianobis amaRleba Cveni qveynis umniS-

vnelovanesi prioritetia, amisaTvis aucilebelia investiciuri saqmiano-

149

bis mudmivi srulyofa da misi marTvis gaumjobeseba meurneobriobis yve-

la doneze.

saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris dazustebuli monace-

mebiT 2010 wels saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli pirdapiri ucxouri in-

vesticiebis moculobam 814 milioni aSS dolari Seadgina, rac 24%-iT

aRemateba 2009 wlis monacemebs da 52%-iT CamorCeba 2008 wlis maCvenebe-

ls. (cxr. 3.3.3.)

cxrili 3.3.3. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi saqarTveloSi ekono-

mikis seqtorebis mixedviT, 2008-2010 ww.

dargebi/wlebi

2008 weli 2009 weli 2010 weli

mln aSS dolari

proc. wili

mln aSS dolari

proc. wili

mln aSS dolari

proc. wili

sul: 1564.0 100 658.4 100 814.5 100

maT Soris: samTomop. da gad. mrewvel.

207.3 13.3 139.8 21.2 228.8 28.1

transporti da kavSirgabm. 422.7 27.0 98.4 14.9 215.1 26.4

uZravi qoneba 277.8 17.8 147.4 22.4 119.3 14.6

safinanso seqtori 8.5 0.5 49.7 7.5 107.4 13.2

danarCeni seqtorebi 647.7 41.4 223.1 339 143.9 17.7

wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. statistikuri publikacia

„pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi 2010“ 15 agvisto 2011 w.

rogorc cxrilidan Cans investiciaTa yvelaze didi raodenoba 2010

wels mimarTul iqna transportsa da kavSirgabmulobaSi _ 26,4%, aseve

mrewvelobaSi _ 28,1% da uZravi qonebis sferos mimarTulebiT _ 14,6%.

sainvesticio dabandebaTa gansakuTrebuli simciriT gamoirCeva sof-

lis meurneoba, romelic realurad strategiul sferos warmoadgens, ma-

sze 2008 wels modioda 14,7 milioni lari, xolo 2009 wels 21,4 milioni

lari. (danarTi 3)

investiciebis saWiroebas gansakuTrebiT mcire biznesis seqtori ganic-

dis. sakuTari saSualebebi xSirad arasakmarisia konkurentunariani pro-

duqciis warmoebisaTvis. saanalizo wlebis mixedviT investiciebi mcire

sawarmoebis ZiriTad kapitalSi klebis tendenciiT gamoirCeoda.

rogorc #3.3.4. cxrilidan Cans, mcire biznesSi am maCveneblis mxrivac

savalalo mdgomareobaa. investiciebis odenoba ZiriTad kapitalSi kle-

bis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba. sawarmoTa zomebis mixedviT yvelaze didi wi-

li am maCveneblis mixedviT msxvil biznesze modis da TiTqmis stabilur

150

mdgomareobas inarCunebs _ 2006 wels- 86,7%, 2007 wels-90,0%, 2008 wels-

81,4%, xolo 2009 wels-88,4%. mcire sawarmoebSi fiqsirebul kapitalSi in-

vesticiaTa moculoba ki 2009 wels 2006 welTan SedarebiT 2,2%-iT Semci-

rda da Seadgina 12,2 milioni lari. unda aRiniSnos rom arc saSualo

biznesSia damakmayofilebeli mdgomareoba am kuTxiT.

cxrili 3.3.4. mcire sawarmoebSi investiciaTa moculoba ZiriTad kapital

Si 2006-2009 wlebSi.

wlebi 2006 2007 2008 2009

saw. zoma mln.lari % mln.lari % mln.lari % mln.lari %

sul 2054,7 100 2588,4 100 2229.0 100 2157.8 100

msxvili 1782,3 86,7 2329.9 90,0 1816.2 81,4 1899.4 88,4

saSualo 137.6 6,7 181,6 7,0 297.5 13,3 156.2 7.2

mcire 134.8 6,6 76.9 3,0 115.3 5,3 1.2.2 4,4

wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, biznes seqtori

aRniSnuli mdgomareobis mizezebad migvaCnia zogadad sainvesticio

aqtivobis mniSvnelovnad Semcireba, amas emateba saxelmwifos mxridan

mcire seqtoris prioritetad ar miCneva, rac uaryofiT gavlenas axdens

ucxoel investorTa dainteresebaze am kuTxiT. aRniSnuli tendencia naT-

lad miuTiTebs imaze, rom mcire sawarmoTa saqmianobis gafarToeba ar

xdeba finansuri saxsrebis simwiris da realuri sainvesticio proeqtebis

ararsebobis gamo. Sedegad mcire mewarmeebi mxolod sakuTari danazo-

gebiT ver marTaven sawarmoo saqmianobis rTul process.

Cvenis azriT, saqarTveloSi mcire biznesis investirebis SedarebiT ga-

nviTarebuli wyaro aris sabanko krediti. aq mcire mewarmeobis dakredi-

teba daiwyo 10-12 wlis win gansxvavebiT ucxouri qveynebisagan. sabanko

bazarze gaCnda bankTa arc Tu ise didi raodenoba da isinic SezRudul-

ad iZleodnen kredits. aseTi mdgomareobis mizezi iyo qveyanaSi arakeTi-

lsasurveli ekonomikuri situacia, inflacia, mcire mewarmeobis ganviTa-

rebis dabali tempebi, Sedegad ki naklebi iyo mewarmeTa mxridan kredit-

ze moTxovna.

mcire sawarmoTa zrdasTan erTad izrdeboda mcire biznesis dakredi-

tebaze moTxovnac. swored krediti warmoadgens Cvens sinamdvileSi auci-

151

lebel pirobas warmoebis gansaviTareblad, saqonelbrunvis gasaumjobe-

seblad.

saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli ekonomikuri sfero sabanko seqtoria. bu-

nebrivia, qarTuli samewarmeo saqmis dRevandel mdgomareobaSi sabnko

seqtoris wvlili didia. dReisaTvis Cvens qveyanaSi 20-ze meti kom-

erciuli bankia. amasTanave mikrosafinanso organizaciebic ewevian sas-

esxo saqmianobas, romelTac ZiriTdad orientacia aRebuli aqvT mcire

biznesis dakreditebaze. safinanso seqtori umniSvnelovanes biznespart-

niorad ekonomikis mcire seqtors moiazrebs, rac kidev ufro zrdis mci-

re sawarmoTa mniSvnelobas erovnul ekonomikaSi.

Tumca, qarTul sabanko seqtors axasiaTebs garkveuli Taviseburebebi,

romliTac ganviTarebul qveynebSi arsebuli tendenciisagan sakmaod gans-

xvavdeba. sabanko seqtors aqvs motivacia imisa, rom mewarmeobis sfero

gafarToebisaken wavides, magram garantiis simciris gamo maT riskis gawe-

va uxdebaT da Sesabamisad sabanko produqtebic Zvirdeba, aseve naklebad

xelmisawvdomia. migvaCnia, rom CvenTan sabanko seqtoris mTavari mizani

moklevadiani efeqtebia da ara socialuri Sedegi. es ukanaskneli ban-

kebis mizani ver gaxdeba Tu ar iqneba saTanado xelSewyoba da mxardaWe-

ra saxelmwifos mxridan.

mcire biznesis dakrediteba warmoadgens sabanko saqmianobis erT-erT

urTules mimarTulebas, rac gamoixateba operaciaTa Semosavlianobisa

da sakredito saSualebebis brunvis mcire vadebSi. dReisaTvis sabanko

produqtebi mravlad aqvT warmodgenili bankebs, magram mcire biznesis

warmomadgenlebs xSirad srulad ara aqvT informacia maT Sesaxeb da

ver xedaven gansxvavebas maT Soris. amis gamo warmoiSoba sirTuleebi ama

Tu im saxis kreditis arCevasTan dakavSirebiT. xSirad mewarmeebi uSveben

TavianTi biznesis dakreditebis ufro misaReb variants da Rebuloben

ufro naklebad Sesaferis kredits. Cvens mier Seswavlili bankebis mier

mcire biznesis dakreditebis pirobebidan (cxr. 3.3.5.) Cans, rom saprocen-

to ganakveTebi meryeobs 14-24%-is farglebSi, xolo sesxis vadebi moica-

vs periods 3 Tvidan 10 wlamde, amasTan zogierT maTgans, SemuSavebuli

aqvs saSeRavaTo periodis micemis praqtikac (mag. invest-banki samTvian sa-

SeRavaTo vadas sTavazobs mcire sawarmoebs), sesxis uzrunvelyofad ki

yvelasaTvis uZrav-moZravi qoneba da yovelgvari faseuloba miiCneva.

152

cxrili 3.3.5. saqarTveloSi mcire biznesisaTvis kreditebis gacemis

pirobebi

bankis dasxel.

sesxis Tanxa

saprocento ganakveTi

sesxis vada uzrunvelyofa

“respublika”

2000-100 000 aSS dolari

16%-dan 10 weli uZrav-moZravi qoneba

“vTB” 2000-150000 aSS dolari

15%-dan 84 Tve moqmedi biznesi

“Ti-bi-si” 50000 aSS dolaramde

individualuri 10 weli uZrav-moZravi qoneba

“invest-banki”

10000-40000 laramde

20-24% 36 Tve, saSeR. 3 Tve

uZrav-moZravi qoneba

“tao-privat banki”

20000 aSS dolari

individualuri 36 Tve uZrav-moZravi qoneba

“konstanta” 60-1200 aSS dolari

individualuri 15 Tvemde giraos gareSe

“kor standart banki”

2500-500000 aSS dolari

14%-dan 3-60 Tve uZrav-moZravi qoneba

wyaro: cxrili Sedgenilia Cvens mier internet wyaroebze dayrdnobiT.

miuxedavad sabanko produqtebis mravalsaxeobisa bolo wlebSi sagrZ-

noblad iklo mcire mewarmeTa mxridan maTze moTxovnis ricxvma. stati-

stikis saxelmwifo departamentis mier 2008 wels Catarebuli mcire da

saSualo sawarmoTa gamokvlevis Sedegebis Tanaxmad mewarmeTa 72,8% Tavs

aridebs bankebidan sesxis gamotanas, miuxedavad fuladi saxsrebis mwvave

saWiroebisa. amis mizezad asaxeleben maRal saprocento ganakveTebs. saba-

nko kreditiT sargeblobs mxolod 22,4%. (diagrama 3.3.1).

unda aRiniSnos, rom samomavlod, saqmianobis gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSi

sabanko kreditis imedad ar arian Cveni mewarmeebi da eyrdnobian sakuTar

danazogebs. mewarmeTa 63,8% saqmianobis gafarToebas gegmavs sakuTari an

partniorebis daxmarebiT, 12,2% axali partniorebis CarTviT, 1,8% ucxou-

ri kapitalis mozidviT da mxolod 20,1%-s aqvs sabanko kreditis an ses-

xis imedi. (diagrama 3.3.2.).

mcire mewarmeebsa da sabanko seqtors Soris urTierT TanamSromlob-

is dabali xarisxis mizezad migvaCnia maRali saprocento ganakveTebi da

sesxis dabrunebisas saSeRavaTo vadis ar arseboba, ris gamoc mewarmeebs

swrafad uwevT sesxze procentebis gadaxda, rac warmoadgens kidevac

umTavres mizezs sesxiT sargeblobaze uaris Tqmisas.

153

დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 3.3.1. მეწარმეებისმეწარმეებისმეწარმეებისმეწარმეების მიერმიერმიერმიერ სესხითსესხითსესხითსესხით სარგებლობასარგებლობასარგებლობასარგებლობა 1 წლისწლისწლისწლის განმავლობაშიგანმავლობაშიგანმავლობაშიგანმავლობაში (2008)

72,80%

22,40%

4,80%

სარგებლობდნენსარგებლობდნენსარგებლობდნენსარგებლობდნენ სესხითსესხითსესხითსესხით

არარარარ სარგებლობდნენსარგებლობდნენსარგებლობდნენსარგებლობდნენ სესხითსესხითსესხითსესხით


wyaro: “mcire da saSualo biznesi saqarTveloSi”. statistikuri publikacia. 2009

დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 3.3.2. მცირემცირემცირემცირე ბიზნესისბიზნესისბიზნესისბიზნესის დაფინანსებისდაფინანსებისდაფინანსებისდაფინანსების წყაროებიწყაროებიწყაროებიწყაროები (2008წწწწ.)

63,80%

12,20%

1,80%

20,10%

2,30%

საკუთარისაკუთარისაკუთარისაკუთარი დადადადა/ანანანან პარტნიორებისპარტნიორებისპარტნიორებისპარტნიორებისდანაზოგებითდანაზოგებითდანაზოგებითდანაზოგებით

ახალიახალიახალიახალი პარტნიორებისპარტნიორებისპარტნიორებისპარტნიორების ჩართვითჩართვითჩართვითჩართვით

უცხოურიუცხოურიუცხოურიუცხოური კაპიტალისკაპიტალისკაპიტალისკაპიტალის მოზიდვითმოზიდვითმოზიდვითმოზიდვით

საბანკოსაბანკოსაბანკოსაბანკო კრედიტითკრედიტითკრედიტითკრედიტით ანანანან სესხებითსესხებითსესხებითსესხებით

სხვასხვასხვასხვა წყაროებითწყაროებითწყაროებითწყაროებით

wyaro: “mcire da saSualo biznesi saqarTveloSi”. statistikuri publikacia. 2009

Tavis mxriv bankebic Tavs ikaveben mcire biznesis dakreditebaze Tuki

isini myarad ar funqcionireben da didi xnis gamocdileba ara aqvT. axa-

ldamwyebi mewarmisaTvis ki kreditTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxis mogvareba

saerTod SeuZlebelia.

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saintereso suraTs iZleva Cveni gamokvle-

vis Sedegebic. kiTxvaze “rogor SeafasebdiT sakredito dawesebulebebid-

an sesxis AaRebis pirobebs bolo sami wlis ganmavlobaSi” gamokiTxulTa

35,2% Tvlis, rom pirobebi umniSvnelod gaumjobesda, 16,7%-is azriT pi-

robebi mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda, 14,8%-is azriT cvlilebebs adgili

ar aqvs, xolo 24,1% saerTod ar interesdeba bankis pirobebiT da arc

sargeblobs msgavsi momsaxurebiT.

amavdroulad sabanko sesxiT sargeblobs mewarmeTa 50%. amasTan, sa-

kuTari saxsrebiT biznesis dafinansebis ricxvi mciredeba. Tuki 2008 we-

ls sakuTari saxsrebiT bizness axorcielebda 63,8% (diagrama 3.3.2.), 2011

154

wels Cvens mier ganxorcielebuli kvlevebiT es maCvenebeli 13,8%-iT Sem-

cirda. sesxiT mosargeble mewarmeTa 90%-s sesxi aRebuli aqvs 1-dan 3

wlam de vadiT. gamokvlevis Sedegebis analiziT davadgineT, rom mewa-rm-

eTa didi nawili bankebidan miRebuli sesxiT TavianT bizness ki ar afar-

Toeben, aramed es Tanxa mimdinare saWiroebebs xmardeba da sesxis mTeli

vadis ganmavlobaSi biznes-subieqtebs mZime tvirTad awveba.

დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 3.3.3. საბანკოსაბანკოსაბანკოსაბანკო სესეხისსესეხისსესეხისსესეხის გამოტანისგამოტანისგამოტანისგამოტანის პირობებისპირობებისპირობებისპირობების ცვლილებაცვლილებაცვლილებაცვლილება (შედგენილიაშედგენილიაშედგენილიაშედგენილია ავტორისავტორისავტორისავტორის კვლევებისკვლევებისკვლევებისკვლევების საფუძველზესაფუძველზესაფუძველზესაფუძველზე)

35,20%

16,70%

14,80%

24,10% უმნიშვნელოდუმნიშვნელოდუმნიშვნელოდუმნიშვნელოდგაუმჯობესდაგაუმჯობესდაგაუმჯობესდაგაუმჯობესდა

მნიშვნელოვნადმნიშვნელოვნადმნიშვნელოვნადმნიშვნელოვნადგაუმჯობესდაგაუმჯობესდაგაუმჯობესდაგაუმჯობესდა

ცვლილებებსცვლილებებსცვლილებებსცვლილებებს ადგილიადგილიადგილიადგილი არაარაარაარააქვთაქვთაქვთაქვთ

არარარარ სარგებლობსსარგებლობსსარგებლობსსარგებლობს საბანკოსაბანკოსაბანკოსაბანკომომსახურებითმომსახურებითმომსახურებითმომსახურებით

unda aRiniSnos, rom im umTavres faqtorebs Soris, romlebic xels

uSlian biznesis ganviTarebas, mewarmeebi pirvel rigSi asaxeleben

finansuri resursebis simcires, xolo Semdeg ki maRal sagadasaxado

ganakveTebs, sabanko kreditis maRal saprocento ganakveTebs, xelisu-

flebis mxridan biznesis interesebis daucvelobasa da biznesis sakon-

sultacio momsaxurebis xelmiuwvdomobas.

dafinansebasTan dakavSirebuli mravali problemis gamo saqarTvelos

biznes sazogadoebaSi dReisaTvis metad aqtualuria saxelmwifos mxrid-

an mcire biznesze daxmarebis problema. dRemde saxelmwifo seriozul

daxmarebas ar uwevs mcire bizness. am mxriv ufro met dainteresebas iCe-

nen donori organizaciebi, romelTa mier gacemuli grantebis xarjze

xdeba mcire sawarmoTa ganviTareba. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia iseTi saerTa-

Soriso organizaciebi, rogoricaa: the World Bank, Tacis, USAID, IFC, ABCO

Georgia da sxvebi, romelTac ekuTvniT bevri teqnikuri dafinansebis pro-

grama, swored isini gaxdnen mcire da` saSualo biznesis warmomadgenel-

Ta informaciiT uzrunvelyofis wyaro.

90-ian wlebSi sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi saqarTvelos

damoukidebeli ekonomikis CamoyalibebaSi didi roli Seasrules USAID-ma

155

da sxva donorma organizaciebma. am periodSi USAID-is programebi miznad

isaxavda instituciuri da adamianuri resursebis gaZlierebas, rogorc

samTavrobo saagentoebSi, ise kerZo seqtorSi. aseve mcire da saSualo

biznesis da zodagad kerZo seqtoris kapitalze xelmisawvdomobis gaum-

jobesebas, soflis meurneobis produqtebis warmoebis gaumjobesebas,

qarTuli produqciis saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis amaRlebas da

soflad mcxovrebi sazogadoebrivi jgufebisTvis ekonomikuri SesaZleb-

lobebis gafarToebas.

2004 wlis ianvarSi aSS-s mTavrobam gardamaval etapze myofi qveynebis

dasaxmareblad SeimuSava axali meqanizmi. daaarsa aTaswleulis gamowvev-

is korporacia da SerCeul qveynebSi Seiqmna specialuri rgolebi, rom-

lebic koordinacias uweven saqmianobaTa warmarTvas. 2004 wlis dekembe-

rSi saqarTvelos mTavrobam daarsa fondi _ “aTaswleulis gamowveva sa-

qarTvelo”, sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri. 2005 wlis agvistoSi saq-

arTvelom moipova 295,3 milioni aSS dolari granti xuTwliani progra-

mis gansaxorcieleblad. 2008 wels miiRo kidev damatebiTi 100 milioni

dolari, ris Sedegadac fond aTaswleulis gamowvevis Tanxa 395,3 milio-

namde gaizarda. proeqtis vada amoiwura 2011 wels. aTaswleulis fondi

TanamSromlobs sxvadasxva donor organizaciasTan, maT Sorisaa evropis

rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis saagento da sxva. saqarTvelos aTasw-

leulis programas aqvs ramdenime prioriteti, maT Sorisaa agrobiznesis

ganviTarebis proeqti. aRniSnuli proeqtis mizania arsebuli wvrili fer-

meruli meurneobis gardaqmna momgebian agrobiznesad, rac xels Seuwyobs

regionebSi agrobiznesis ganviTarebas da axali samuSao adgilebis Seq-

mnas. proeqtis farglebSi gaicema grantebi pirveladi warmoebis, fermer-

Ta momsaxurebis centrebis, mcire gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebis da uwyve-

ti sawarmoo jaWvis ganviTarebisaTvis saqarTvelos nebismier regionSi,

Tanadafinansebis principiT. grantebi gaicemoda Semdegi tipis saqmiano-

bis dasafinanseblad: pirveladi warmoeba, fermerTa momsaxurebis cent-

ris Seqmna, mcire gadamuSaveba, sawarmoo jaWvis Seqmna.

pirveladi warmoeba iTvaliswinebda grants maqsimaluri 50000@aSS do-

laris odenobiT, Tanadafinansebis princips 1:0,5. fermerebs saSualeba eZ-

leodaT ganeviTarebinaT iseTi saxis warmoeba, rogoricaa mecxoveleobis

ferma, safutkre meurneoba, sanerge meurneobis ganviTareba da sxva.

156

fermerTa momsaxurebis centrebi iTvaliswinebs soflis meurneobiasT-

vis saWiro warmoebis saSualebebiT fermerTa momaragebas, konsultacieb-

is miRebasa da agroteqnikiT sargeblobas.

mcire gadamuSaveba iTvaliswinebda grants 50 000aSS dolaris odenob-

iT, dafinansebaSi 1:1 TanamonawileobiT. fermerebs saSualeba eZleodaT

SeeqmnaT mcire gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi, magaliTad rZis produqteb-

is, bostneulis gadamamuSavebeli sakonservo warmoeba da a.S.

sawarmoo jaWvis Seqmna finansdeboda 150 000 aSS dolariT, 1:1 Tanada-

finansebiT. es sqema iTvaliswinebda soflis meurneobis produqciis Seqm-

nas, Senaxvas, gadamuSavebas, misTvis produqciis saxis micemas da bazarze

xarisxiani produqciis realizacias.

mcire da saSualo biznesis dasafinanseblad saerTaSoriso safinanso

korporaciisa (IFC) da bp-s mier gamoyofil iqna 1.5 milioni aSS dolari.

proeqts hqonda sami mizani:

1. biznesisaTvis regulirebis tvirTis moxsna;

2. mcire da saSualo biznesgaremos monitoringi da kvleva;

3. mcire da saSualo biznesis informaciuli uzrunvelyofa da misa-

Rebi nebarTvebisa da licenziebis procedurebis gaumjobeseba.

asociacia ABCO-Georgia-m sxva wevr organizaciebTan erTad mravali

proeqti ganaxorciela, maT Sorisaa samcxe-javaxeTsa da guriis region-

Si 500 adgilobrivi fermerisa da kereZo mewarmisaTvis treningebis Cat-

areba tanamedrove biznesis sxvadasxva saxeobis warmarTvasTan dakavSi-

rebiT. treningebis programa sargeblobda saerTaSoriso marTlmadide-

bluri eklesiis (IOCC) sakredito xaziT.

2002 wels 234 registrirebul umuSevars Cautarda treningebi da kon-

sultaciebi, gaewiaT daxmareba biznesdagegmvasTan dakavSirebiT. proeqt-

is Sedegad monawileebma waradgines 110 biznes-gegma, 52-ma adamianma miiRo

bankis sesxi da daiwyo sakuTari saqme. treningebisa da konsultaciebis

programa mibmuli iyo “saqarTvelos bankis” sakredito xazTan.

2003 wels kvlav Catarda treningebisa da konsultaciebis programa

umuSevrebisaTvis, romelmac moicva 452 adamiani. treningebis Catarebis

Semdeg 208 monawilem warmoadgina biznesgegma, romelTagan 98-ma moipova

dafinanseba.

157

2003-2004 wlebSi asociaciam ganaxorciela martivi kreditebis progra-

ma, romlis farglebSic kerZo kompaniebis did nawils goris regionSi

CautardaT treningi da individualuri konsultacia, raTa sworad gamoe-

yenebinaT kreditis miRebis SesaZlebloba da gaeZlierebina kreditis mar-

Tvis meqanizmi. am 9 Tviani proeqtis organizatori da damfinansebeli iyo

evraziis fondi.

2004 wels asociaciam Caatara aseve treningebis 7 kursi adgilobrivi

mosaxleobisaTvis biznes dagegmarebis, marketingul da finansur dage-gm-

vaSi TbilisSi, kaxeTSi, gorsa da axalcixeSi.

2006 wels saqarTveloSi euTos misiis, euTos demokratiuli institu-

tebisa da adamianis uflebaTa dacvis ofisis (OSCE) grantis safuZvelze

ABCO Georgia-m ganaxorciela biznesis ganxorcielebis proeqti samcxe-

javaxeTis regionSi, romlis mizanic iyo adgilobriv axalgazrdebSi

biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebis gazrda.

es aris arasruli CamonaTvali saerTaSoriso organizaciebis saqmiano-

bisa saqarTveloSi, romlebmac xeli Seuwyes damwyeb mewarmeebs treninge-

biTa da dafinansebiT daewyoT an gaezardaT TavianTi biznes saqmianoba.

Cvenis azriT, maT lomis wili miuZRviT regionebSi adgilobrivi mosax-

leobisaTvis, samewarmeo azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi, dafinansebaSi, adgi-

lobrivi warmoebis ganviTarebasa da kreditebis gonivrulad marTvis

SesaZleblobebis gazrdaSi.

Tumca mxolod saerTaSoriso organizaciebi ver gaswvdebian im prob-

lemebs, romelTa gadawyvetasac saxelmwifo ufro advilad ganaxorci-e-

lebs.

mTavrobis mxridan daxmareba SeiZleba gamoxatul iqnes upirvelesad

im normatiul-sakanonmdeblo dokumentebis SemuSavebiT, romlebic mimar-

Tuli iqneba mcire biznesis samarTlebriv, qonebriv, finansur mxardaWe-

raze. mcire biznesis finansuri mxardaWera gamoiwvevs ekonomikis mcire

seqtoris gaZlierebas da xels Seuwyobs misi iseTi funqciebis Ses-ru-

lebas, rogoricaa: mosaxleobis dasaqmeba, konkurenciis ganviTareba, biu-

jetSi Senatanebis zrda da a.S. aqedan gamomdinare saxelmwifom unda mii-

Ros zomebi mcire mewarme subieqtebisaTvis kreditebis xelmisawvdomoba-

Si dasaxmareblad. unda SemuSavdes mcire biznesis dakreditebis saxelm-

wifo mxardamWeri programa, romlis Tanaxmadac sesxebi unda gaices sag-

158

rZnoblad dabali saprocento ganakveTiT. am mxriv erTaderT gamo-nak-

liss warmoadgens saqarTveloSi 2008 wels gatarebuli “iafi kred-ite-

bis” programa.

2008 wels programis farglebSi dafinansda 117 proeqti, saerTo Rire-

bulebiT 62,4 milioni lari, xolo 2009 wels dafinansda 17 proeqti da

gacemuli kreditis moculobam 2,5 milioni lari Seadgina. kreditebi ga-

ica Semdeg sferoebSi: Cais miReba-gadamuSaveba; yurZnis Cabareba da sas-

melebis warmoeba; rZis da xorcis Cambarebeli punqtebi; Txilis da mar-

cvleulis gadamuSaveba; xe-tyis gadamuSaveba; breketebisa da merqan-burb-

uSelovani filebis warmoeba; mefrinveeobis fabrikebi; fexsacmelebis da

specqsovilis warmoeba; turizmi; xalxuri rewva; sxvadasxva proeqtebi.

cxadia aseTi proeqtebi sasargebloa, magram misi susti mxare gaxlavT

gaumWvirvaloba. ar aris gamocxadebuli vin miiRo krediti, ramdeni dar-

Ca kmayofili, ramdeni warumatebeli proeqti gaanalizda.

amave dros erTjeradi xasiaTis RonisZiebebi sakmarisi ar aris, yove-

lwliurad unda xdebodes msgavsi programebis SemuSaveba-ganxorcieleba.

aseve mizanSewonilad migvaCnia kreditebis SeTavazebis vadebis gazr-

da, kreditebis gacemis gamartivebuli procedura, romelic gamoiwvevs me-

warmeTa ufro farTo wris dakmayofilebas sabanko momsaxurebiT. sesxebi

miznobrivad unda mieces sawarmoebs: unda ganisazRvros miznobrivi kre-

ditis gacemis SeRavaTiani dakreditebis pirobebi, gaTvaliswinebul unda

iqnas calkeul qveynebSi arsebuli dakreditebis gamocdilebac. magaliT-

ad, italiaSi kreditebs aZleven 15 wliT axali iniciativisaTvis, 10 wl-

iT modernizaciisaTvis. kreditis ganakveTi Seadgens misi sabazro Ri-reb-

ulebis 36-60%-s. samxreT koreaSi 1,5-jer met kredits iReben mcire sawar-

moebi, vidre msxvilebi.

iaponiaSi Seqmnilia mcire sawarmoebis kreditebis garantiisa da saq-

mianobis dazRvevis mobiluri sistema. sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi, as-

ociaciebi, romlebic komerciul safuZvelze arian Camoyalibebuli, mci-

re da saSualo sawarmoebidan Rebuloben kreditis 1%-s da am sawevro

SenatanebiT qmnian dazRvevis fonds. sazogadoeba garantad dgeba sakred-

ito organizaciis winaSe, fondi iRebs sawarmos vals da misi gadaxdisu-

narianobis dakargvis SemTxvevaSi TviTon xdeba pasuxismgebeli kreditis

mimcemis winaSe.

159

rac Seexeba germanias, iq Seqmnilia specialuri bankebi, romlebic Tav-

debad gamodian. sesxis maqsimaluri Tanxa Seadgens 1 mln evros. kreditis

dafarvis dro 15 welia, mSeneblobaSi ki – 23 weli. am sferoSi did ro-

ls asrulebs mTavroba, romelic Tavis funqciebs axorcielebs germaniis

stabilizaciis bankis meSveobiT. (orjonikiZe . . .2007: 11). saxelmwifo po-

litikisa da biznes-gaerTianebaTa erT-erT prioritets warmoadgans

mcire biznesis mikrofinansireba. mikrofinansirebis bazari unda gaizar-

dos swrafad. mikrosafinaso organizaciaTa mizans warmoadgens mcire

sawarmoTa dakrediteba sarfiani pirobebiT, iseTnairad, rom kompaniis

brunvis damatebiTi stimulaciiT gamoiwvios meti mogebis miReba ara mar-

to mewarmeebisaTvis, aramed mikrosafinanso organizaciisaTvisac. (orjo-

nikiZe…. . .2007: 14). dReisaTvis mikrosafinanso organizaciebis struqtura

daemsgavsa bankisas. am organizaciaTa mier sesxebis gacema sabanko sesxis

gacemis struqturiT xasiaTdeba da saprocento ganakveTic igivea. gamosa-

vlis erT-erTi gza aris saxelmwifos mxridan liberaluri midgoma s

safinanso organizaciebisadmi dabegvris mxriv da maTTvis fuladi

saxsrebis gaiafeba.

Cvenis azriT saxelmwifos ekonomikur politikaSi unda aisaxos da ga-

tardes mcire biznesis finansur mxardaWerasTan dakavSirebuli Semdegi

RonisZiebebi:

_ mcire biznesis sastarto kapitaliT finansirebis programebis Se-

muSaveba, romlebic mimarTuli iqneba mcire sawarmoTa dabali saprocen-

to ganakveTiT dakreditebaze;

_ mcire biznesis daxmarebis fondis Camoyalibeba, romlebic ikisr-

ebs Tavdebobas bankebTan kreditis miRebisas;

_ mcire biznesis sawarmoebisaTvis SeRavaTiani dabegvris sistemis

SemoReba da a.S.

amrigad, mcire biznesis mxardaWeris RonisZiebebi, maTi finansuri

mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba da dastabilizireba, axali samuSao adgile-

bis Seqmnis myari garantiebi, bunebrivia qveynis dabalansebuli ekonomi-

kis formirebasa da funqcionirebis realuri safuZveli gaxdeba.

160

daskvnebi da winadadebebidaskvnebi da winadadebebidaskvnebi da winadadebebidaskvnebi da winadadebebi

sadisertacio naSromis kvlevis Sedegebidan gamomdinare Camovayali-

beT Semdegi saxis daskvnebi da winadadebebi:

1. warmodgenilia biznesis Cveneuli ganmarteba, kerZod: biznesi aris

winaswar gaazrebuli saqmianoba, urTierTobaTa erToblioba, romelsac

moaqvs individis materialuri da sulieriı moTxovnilebebis dakmayofi-

lebisaTvis garkveuli Semosavali, is amavdroulad sazogadoebrivi sar-

geblianobis Tvisebis matarebelicaa, radganac yoveliıindividis intere-

sebis dakmayofileba aucileblad iTvaliswinebs sazogadoebis intereseb-

sac. am process Tan axlavs winaaRmdegobebi, romlebic SeiZleba ganvixi-

loT, rogorc sazogadoebis ekonomikuri progresis, ekonomikuri ganviTa-

rebis safuZveli.

2. mcire biznesi Tavisi moculobiT ekonomikis erT-erT umsxviles seq-

tors warmoadgens. Đigi rogorc biznessistemis, aseve mTeli ekonomikuri

sistemis formirebis, ganviTarebisa da stabilurobis erT-erTi pirvel-

wyaroa.

3. mcire biznesis ganviTareba pasuxobs moqnili Sereuli ekonomikis

formirebis zogadmsoflio tendenciebs, sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formebisa

da maTi adekvaturi meurneobis modelebis SeTanawyobas, romlebSic rea-

lizdeba konkurenciuli sabazro meqanizmisa da msxvili, saSualo da

mcire sawarmoebis saxelmwifo regulirebis rTuli sinTezi.

4. msoflio da samamulo praqtika mowmobs, rom ZiriTad maCvenebels,

ris safuZvelzec warmoebs sxvadasxva organizaciuli formis sawarmoTa

mcire mewarmeobis subieqtebze mikuTvneba pirvel rigSi warmoadgens das-

aqmebulTa raodenoba. Tumca arsebobs sxva zogadi maCveneblebi, maT Sor-

is: sawesdebo kapitalis raodenoba, aqtivebis sidiode, brunvis moculoba

da sxva. msoflio bankis monacemebiT am maCvenebelTa saerTo raodenoba

aWarbebs 50-s. yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebul kriteriums warmoadgens sawa-

rmoSi dasaqmebulTa saerTo ricxvi, wliuri brunva da aqtivebis sidide.

5. 2011 wlis pirveli ianvridan saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsSi

Setanili cvlilebebis Tanaxmad, mcire bizness miekuTvneba fizikuri pir-

is saqmianoba, romlis wliuri brunvac ar aRemateba 100 aTas lars. xo-

lo mikro biznesisa ki 30 aTas lars. mikro da mcire biznesis cnebis Se-

161

moRebis Semdeg 2011 wlis dekembrisaTvis mikro biznesis statusi miniWeb-

uli aqvs 17 149 gadamxdels, xolo mcire biznesis statusi – 8136 gadamx-

dels.

6. Cveni SexedulebiT saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

da ekonomikuri zrdis donidan gamomdinare umjobesi iqneboda mikro

sawarmo gansazRvruliyo Semdegi kriteriumebi: dasaqmebulTa raodenoba

1-5 adamiani da wliuri brunva 100-150 aTasi lari. Ees saxelmwifos daex-

mareboda mcire biznesTan dakavSirebiT swori ekonomikuri politikisa

da mxardamWer RonisZiebaTa kompleqsis gatarebaSi, raTa mcire biznesma

realurad SeZlos Tavisi wvlilis Setana qveynis mTliani Sida produqt-

is struqturaSi.

7. Tanamedrove, msxvili ekonomikuri sistemis mqone saxelmwifoTa ga-

mocdileba naTlad amtkicebs maRalganviTarebuli da efeqtiani mcire sa-

mewarmeo seqtoris arsebobis aucileblobas. swored mcire mewarmeoba wa-

rmoadgens im mZlavr rgols, romelic iwvevs ekonomikur da socialur

ganviTarebas. vTvliT, rom Cveni qveynis aRorZinebis safuZveli ekonomik-

is mocemuli seqtoris daCqarebuli ganviTarebaa.

8. Seswavlis Sedegebi adastureben, rom mcire biznesis sawarmoebi uf-

ro mdgradia gare cvlilebebTan. kerZod, 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi –

ekonomikis saerTo dacemis periodSi ZiriTadad mcire biznesi qmnida

ekonomikis formirebis SesaZleblobebs, am seqtoridan daiwyo axal saba-

zro pirobebTan adaptacia. postkomunisturi modelis sawarmoebma ver ga-

uZles konkurencias, daiwyo maTi calkeul segmentebad privatizacia. Cve-

nis azriT, aseT pirobebSi mcire biznesma gamoavlina Tavisi moqniloba,

sicocxlisunarianoba, bazris moTxovnaze swrafi reagirebis unari,

specializaciis maRali xarisxi, perspeqtiuli mimarTulebiT resursebis

mobilizaciis SesaZlebloba.

9. mcire biznesi mniSvnelovania organizaciuli kulturisa da unar-

Cvevebis dauflebis TvalsazrisiT. mcire sawarmoSi yalibdeba faseulo-

baTa sistema, rac biznesis filosofiisa da mrwamsis safuZvelia. soci-

aluri faqtorebi, principebi, tradiciebi, samuSao procedurebi mimarTu-

lia organizaciis miznebis ganxorcielebisa da strategiis realizacii-

saken.

162

10. mcire biznesi metad mniSvnelovan funqcias asrulebs ekonomikis

inovaciuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. Tanemedrove pirobebSi inovacie-

bi miCneulia ekonomikis ganviTarebis strategiis erT-erT umTavres ele-

mentad, rogorc nacionalur, ise saerTaSoriso doneze. Tanamedrove sa-

bazro procesebi xasiaTdeba segmentaciis maRali xarisxiT, rac mcire

sawarmoTa inovaciur aqtivobas gansakuTrebiT aqtiurs xdis. masiuri baz-

rebis epoqa ukan ixevs da dReisaTvis biznesis tendenciaTa ganmsazrvre-

li faqtorebi xdeba momxmarebelTa moTxovnebis mravalferovneba da cva-

lebadoba.Mmcire swarmoebs SeuZliaT swrafad da moqnilad reagireba

momxmarebelTa moTxovnaze, axdenen wvrilseriuli, unikaluri da speci-

fikuri produqciis miwodebas calkeul sabazro segmentebze.

11. mcire bizness aqvs mniSvnelovani socialur-ekonomikuri roli, rac

ZiriTadad gamoixateba sazogadoebis saSualo fenis formirebis daCqar-

ebaSi, ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxvis zrdaSi; unarian mewar-

meTa warmoCenaSi. maTTvis mcire biznesi xdeba TviTrealizaciis pirveli

safexuri; SedarebiT dabali danaxarjebiT iqmneba axali samuSao adgile-

bi, uzrunveliyofa profesiaTa SeTavsebadoba da a.S.

12. mcire biznesis rolisa da adgilis SefasebisaTvis mniSvnelovnad

miviCnieT mcire biznesidan miRebuli Semosavlebis wilis dadgena ojaxis

biujetSi. gamokvlevebma gviCvena, rom mcire biznesiT dakavebuli mewarme-

ebis 28,8%-is ojaxebis rCenis erTaderTi gza (100%) mcire biznesSi dasaq-

mebiT miRebuli Semosavlebia, mewarmeTa 21,1%-i saojaxo biujetis 75%-s

avsebs aseve sakuTari mcire biznes saqmianobidan miRebuli finansuri

saxsrebiT, 19,2 %-isaTvis mcire biznesi uzrunvelyofs saojaxo biujetis

50%-s, xolo 23,3%-isaTvis 30%-s.

aRniSnuli kidev erTxel miuTiTebs mcire biznesis did socialur

mniSvnelobaze, miTumetes Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom erTi biznes-subieqti

an am sferoSi dasaqmebuli TiToeuli pirovneba arCens ojaxis 4-6 wevrs

13. mcire sawarmoebi xels uwyoben msxvili sawarmoebis konkurentuna-

rianobis gaZlierebas da amiT qveynis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebas

saerTaSoriso bazarze. sainteresoa msxvil kompaniaTa mcire sawarmoebad

danawevrebisadmi Sigasafirmo midgomebi.Aamis magaliTad xSirad moyavT

germaniis saavtomobilo mrewveloba, msxvili iaponuri koncernebi, rome-

lTac hyavT submonardeebis ganviTarebuli qseli, romelSic Sedian aTa-

163

sobiT mcire da uwvrilesi sawarmoebi. ase magaliTad iaponiis damamuSa-

vebel mrewvelobaSi 750 aTasi qarxanaa, maTgan 70% - mcire sawarmoebia,

romlebSic 1-dan 9-mde kaci muSaobs, xolo 10%-Si ki 10-dan 20-mde Tanam-

Sromelia.

14. unda aRiniSnos. rom msxvili da mcire warmoeba Tundac erTi teri-

toriis an dargis farglebSi, rogorc wesi ar aris urTierTSemcvleli.

romelime maTganis gareSe arseboba niSnavs ekonomikis garkveuli ujred-

is sicarieles, rac aisaxeba warmoebis efeqtianobis daqveiTebaze. msxvi-

li, saSualo da mcire sawarmoebi avseben erTmaneTs da qmnian ekonomikis

erT mTlian organizms.

15. ekonomikuri reformebis pirobebSi biznesis efeqtiani funqcioni-

rebis erT-erTi fundamenturi sakiTxia TiToeuli biznessubieqtis sabaz-

ro urTierTobebis adekvaturi strategiuli miznebis formireba da misi

finansur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis analizis safuZvelze marTvis srul-

yofa. miznis miRwevis SemecnebiTi saSualebaa biznessistemis funqcioni-

rebis kanonzomierebaTa gamokvleva, rac biznes garemosa da misi marTvis

SesaZleblobebis SeswavliT iwyeba.MmniSvnelovania garemos sirTulisa

da faqtorTa urTierTkavSiris gansazRvra, maTi zemoqmedebis Sefaseba.B

16. Cven vTvliT, rom yovelma subieqtma, bazris moTxovnebis Sesabami-

sad unda gamoZebnos Tavisi ganviTarebis mimarTuleba, risTvisac auci-

lebelia kapitalis gamoyenebis axali formebis, warmoebis ekonomikurad

efeqturi teqnologiebis, produqciiT bazris uzrunvelyofis axali

formebis danergva, rac moiTxovs bazris koniunqturis kargad codnas da

organizaciis mier Tavisi ganviTarebis adekvaturi ekonomikuri

strategiis Camoyalibebas.

17. potenciuri biznes-subieqtis mier konkretuli organizaciul-samar-

Tlebrivi formis arCevisas gasaTvaliswinebelia remdenime faqtor-gare-

moeba, kerZod: a) ekonomikis romel dargSi da sferoSi unda moaxdinos

saqmianobis koncentracias; b) ekonomikis romel seqtorSi aqvs gadaw-

yvetili saqmianobis wamowyeba; g) rogori iqneba biznesis ganTavsebis

areali da funqcionirebis masStabebi; d) vin iqnebian biznesis damfuZ-

nebeli partniorebi samewarmeo-samarTlebrivi statusis mixedviT; e)

rogoria potenciur mewarmeTa biznes gamocdileba; v) Tu arsebobs

164

SeRavaTiani sagadasaxado reJimebi an sainvesticio meqanizmebi biznesis

calkeuli organizaciuli formebis mimarT da sxva.

18. garemosadmi adaptirebisaTvis biznessubieqtma Tavad unda gansazRv-

ros romeli faqtorebi da ra zomiT imoqmedeben misi saqmianobis Sedege-

bze amJamad da perspeqtivaSi da ra zomebia misaRebi biznesis warmatebi-

saTvis.

19. saintereso gansxvavebebi arsebobs sazRvargareTis qveynebsa da

postsabWoTa qveynebs, maT Soris saqarTvelos Soris, mcire mewarmeobis

arCevis motivebSi. sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi umuSevroba ar aris indi-

vidualuri biznesis sferosaken adamianebis ltolvis ZiriTadi faqtori.

es ufro nakarnaxevia grZelvadiani, myari motivebiT, SromiTi

faseulobebis ufro axleburad gaazrebiT. ganviTarebul qveynebSi sul

ufro izrdeba wvril, arakorporirebul fermaTa ricxvi, romlebSic

Sromis anazRaurebis gareSe momuSave ojaxis wevrebTan, an daqiravebul

muSakTa gverdiT TviTon mesakuTreebic muSaoben, romelTa mier miRebuli

Semosavali am sawarmoebSi dabandebuli kapitalis meSveobiT, zogjer ki

mxolod sakuTari Sromisa da mewarmeobrivi niWis ukugebiT miiReba. Tu

ganviTarebul qveynebSi Sromis motivacia ZiriTadad “mimzidveli” faqto-

rebiT ganisazRvreba;

20. ganviTarebad qveynebSi gadamwyvetia “iZulebiTi” faqtorebi, rome-

lTa mixedviTac mcire biznesiT Tavis dasaqmebis motivia samuSaos ver

povna, an kidev ojaxis rCenis mizniT meti Semosavlis miReba. zemoT

aRniSnuli dasturdeba Cvens mier ganxorcielebuli kvlevis SedegebiTac.

mewarmeTa 19,9%-s undoda, rom meti Semosavali hqonoda, 35,7%- ma samuSao

ver iSova, 32,5%-s surda Tavisi saqmisa da sakuTari ideebis ganxorcie-

leba, xolo 11,9% Tvlis, rom misi winandeli saqmianoba uperspeqtivo

iyo. amasTan mewarmeebis ZiriTadi nawili saqmianobis im saxes irCevs,

romelSic aqvs gamocdileba.

21. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovani warmatebebia

biznesis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT da xelisuflebac etapobrivad

SeimuSavebs mcire mewarmeobis mxardaWeris meqanizmebs, mewarmeebi kvlav

samewarmeo garemos gaumjobesebis molodinSi arian.Cvens mier gamokiT-

xul mewarmeTa umravlesoba - 80,2% ar fiqrobs saqmianobis gafarTo-

165

ebaze, Tumca 19,8% mopovebuli aqvs resursebi kidev ufro masStaburi

saqmianobisaTvis.

22. gamokvlevebiT Cans, rom mewarmeebisaTvis dResac aqtualuria iseTi

xelisSemSleli faqtorebi, rogoricaa: finansebze xelmisawvdomoba, kre-

ditis maRali saprocento ganakveTi, maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTebi.

mtkivneul sakiTxs warmoadgens aseve falsificirebuli produqciisagan

bazrisa da sakuTrebis uflebis daucveloba. mewarmeebi Tvlian, rom ma-

Ti biznesis warmatebuli ganviTarebisaTvis zemoT aRniSnul problemeb-

Tan erTad aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs mosaxleobis msyidvelobiTunari-

anobas. aqedan gamomdinare zogadad biznesisaTvis mniSvnelovania mosax-

leobis keTildReoba, romelzec jaWvurad aris mibmuli biznesis gafar-

Toebis SesaZleblobebi.

23. qveynisa da biznesis konkurentunarianoba mniSvnelovanwilad sam-

Tavrobo politikasa da sabazro Zalebis Sedegs warmoadgens. axalma in-

dustriulma qveynebma, gansakuTrebiT samxreT aRmosavleT aziaSi, aCvena,

rom konkurentunarianoba SeiZleba miRweul iqnas SezRuduli regu-

lirebis gziT, sainvesticio stimulebiT, vaWrobis ganviTarebiT, fina-

nsebze xelmisawvdomobis gamartivebiT, saganmanaTleblo valdebulebebis

aRebisa da adamianuri resursebis ganiTarebiT. saxelmwifos mier

Sesabamisi politikis ganviTarebam SesaZloa arsebiTi gavlena iqonios

biznesis ganviTarebaze.

24. biznesgaremos gaumjobesebis miRweuli Sedegebi, romelic faqtiur-

ad biznesis dawyebis simartives da ara biznesis Semdgomi gafarToebis

SesaZleblobebs asaxavs, qveynis winsvlis saqmeSi gasatarebel RonisZieb-

aTa mxolod nawilia da is azri, rom biznesis warmoebis sakiTxi mogvar-

ebulia gadaWarbebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. miuxedavad saerTaSoriso

organizaciebis mier zemoT aRniSnuli biznesgaremos gaumjobesebis tend-

enciebisa, saqarTvelos biznesklimati kvlavac mravali mniSvnelovani ga-

mowvevis winaSe dgas. magaliTad, globaluri konkurentunarianobis” 2011

wlis angariSis mixedviT, saqarTvelos 139 qveyanas Soris 88-e adgili uk-

avia, xolo misi sareitingo qula Seadgens 3,95 (zomieri maCvenebeli), aze-

rbaijani 55-e poziciazea, ruseTi – 66-e, ukraina – 82-e, TurqeTi 59-e, xo-

lo somxeTi saqarTvelos CamorCa oTxi poziciiT da 92-e adgilzea.

166

25. Cven vTvliT, rom saqarTvelom unda daCqaros konkurentunariano-

bis erovnuli modelebis damuSaveba msoflio ekonomikuri forumisa da

msoflio bankis reitingebis, rekomendaciebisa da daskvnebis gaTvaliswi-

nebiT, (globaluri konkurentunarianobisa da biznesis konkurentunaria-

nobis modelebis analogiuri erovnuli modelebi), romelTa gaumjobese-

bisaken swrafvac gamoiwvevs saqarTveloSi arsebuli biznes klimatis

gaumjobesebas, srulyofasa da Sesabamisad biznes subieqtebisaTvis xel-

sayreli saqmini pirobebis Seqmnas.

26. saxelmwifom, pirvel rigSi, unda ganaxorcielos aucilebeli str-

uqturuli adaptaciebi da gamoiyenos stabilizaciis politika, raTa Ta-

vidan aicilos inflacia, moaxdinos vaWrobis liberalizacia da eko-

nomikis daregulireba. amasTan erTad aucilebelia Seiqmnas sabazro ope-

raciaTa gatarebis uzrunvelmyofi institutebis mTeli qseli, romelSic

moiazreba safinanso da iuridiuli organizaciebi, ganaTlebis sistema,

efeqturad moqmedi Sromis bazrebi, kerZo sakuTrebis instituti da sxva.

27. zogadad qveynis ekonomikaSi mcire biznesis rolis gansazRvrisas

unda gamoviyenoT iseTi maCveneblebi, rogoricaa: mcire biznesSi dasaqme-

bulTa wili, mSp-Si mcire biznesis wili, produqciis warmoebisa da bru-

nvis maCveneblebi mcire biznesSi, mcire sawarmoTa raodenoba 1000

mcxovrebze gaangariSebiT, mcire biznesis wili eqsportSi da a.S.

28. mcire biznesisa da konkurentuli garemos SenarCunebisadmi susti

mxardaWera, msxvili biznesis xelSi monopoliuri uflebebis Tavmoyra,

aseve investiciebis didi nakadebis msxvili biznesisaken warmarTva warmo-

adgens im faqtorebs, romlebic zegavlenas axdens mcire biznesis wilze

mTlian Sida produqtSi. miuxedavad msxvil da saSualo sawarmoebTan Se-

darebiT raodenobrivad maRali ricxovnobisa mcire biznesis mier Setan-

ili wvlili mTlian Sida produqtSi 10%-sac ar aWarbebs, maSin roca

germaniaSi, safrangeTSi, koreaSi da sxva qveynebSi es maCvenebeli merye-

obs 45-60%-is farglebSi.

29. mSp-Si mcire biznesis dabal xvedriT wils Cven vukavSirebT saqa-

rTveloSi mcire sawarmoebis gansazRvris kriteriumebs. maSin roca, sa-

qarTveloSi mcire sawarmoTa brunvis raodenoba Seadgens 100 aTas lars,

evrokomisiis mier miRebuli klasifikaciiT mikro sawarmoTa brunva 2

mln evros unda Seadgendes, xolo mcire sawarmosaTvis ki 10 mln evros.

167

30. mcire biznesis optimaluri sistemuri struqturis formirebazea

damokidebuli ara marto ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis daCqareba, aramed

socialuri problemebis gadaWrac. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba

mcire bizness adgilobrivi resursebis gamoyenebaSi. amasTan mcire

biznesis ganviTareba regionebSi unda davukavSiroT aqtiur struqturul

politikas. es umjobesia ganxorcieldes mizanmimarTulad, im priorite-

tebis Sesabamisad, romlebic realurad uzrunvelyofen efeqtianobas.

dRevandel pirobebSi perspeqtiulad migvaCnia Semdegi mimarTulebebi:

fermeruli meurneoba, sasoflo-sameurneo nedleulis gadamuSaveba,

samSeneblo masalebis warmoeba, turizmi da sakurorto meurneoba,

momsaxurebis sfero, saeqsporto produqciis, importSemcvleli produq-

ciis warmoebis zrda, inovaciebis sfero, xalxuri rewva, maRalteqnolo-

giuri warmoeba.

saxelmwifom unda Seqmnas xelsayreli makroekonomikuri da biznesga-

remo im produqciis sawarmoeblad, romelic dReisaTvis ucxoeTidan Se-

modis da mis adgilze warmoebisaTvis saWiro bunebrivi pirobebi da sa-

Tanado adgilobrivi iafi resursebi arsebobs.

31. Cvens mier ganxorcielebul kvlevebsa da statistikur monacemebze

dayrdnobiT SegviZlia gavakeToT mcire biznesis ramdenime maCveneblis

prognozi 2025 wlamde periodisaTvis. Cveni gaTvlebiT mosalodnelia

mcire biznesis ori umniSvnelovanesi maCveneblis, produqciis moculobi-

sa da dasaqmebulTa raodenobis mkveTri zrda. magaliTad, warmoebuli

produqciis moculoba 2015 wlisaTvis 2008 welTan SedarebiT 354 %-iT

gaizrdeba, xolo 2010 welTan SedarebiT 126%-iT. 2020 wlisaTvis 2010

wlis Sesabamis maCvenebels gadaaWarbebs 2664 milioni lariT. xolo da-

saqmebulTa ricxvi ki gaizrdeba 67480 kaciT, anu 85%-iT. 2025 wels 2015

welTan SedarebiT produqciis gamoSveba gaizrdeba 116%-iT, 2020 welTan

SedarebiT ki 36%-iT. rac Seexeba dasaqmebis maCvenebels Sesabamisad gaiz-

rdeba 59%-iT da 23%-iT, anu 79992 kaciT, rac 2010 wlis maCvenebels 2,3-

jer aRemateba.

32. Tanamedrove pirobebSi mcire biznesis ganviTarebis da bazarze po-

ziciebis gamyarebisaTvis mniSvnelovan Sida faqtors warmoadgens mar-

Tvis sistemis srulyofa. man unda moicvas prognozirebis, dagegmvis, aR-

ricxvis, analizisa da kontrolis procesebi. Sida garemos monitoringis

168

maCveneblebma unda misces sawarmos xelmZRvanelobas saSualeba miiRos

strategiuli gadawyvetilebebi. amitomac mcire sawarmoebSi msgavsi sis-

temis SemuSaveba da danergva warmoadgens sakmaod aqtualur sakiTxs.

33. dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi samewarmeo saqmianobiT dakavebulia mosa-

xleobis 6%. Cvens mier SemuSavebul prognozs garda socialuri mniSv-

nelobisa fiskaluri efeqtic mohyveba. ase magaliTad, samewarmeo aqtiv-

obis 12%-mde gazrda, (TiToeulis 100 000 larian wliuri Semosavali), sa-

xelmwifo biujets miscems minimum 13 milioni laris Semosavals yovelw-

liurad. 18%-mde gazrda 26 milioniT gazrdis biujets da a.S.

34. mcire biznesis mxardaWeris gaZliereba saxelmwifos mxridan eko-

nomikuri politikis umniSvnelovanesi nawili unda iyos, risi ganxorcie-

lebac mcire biznesis ganviTarebis saxelmwifo regulirebiTaa SesaZleb-

eli, gansakuTrebiT ki makroekonomikuri regulirebiT. sistematuri, miza-

nmimarTuli muSaoba unda mimdinareobdes sakanonmdeblo bazis mudmivi

srulyofis mimarTulebiT, mcire ekonomikis prioritetul, sazogadoeb-

rivi da socialuri TvalsazrisiT efeqtian mimarTulebaTa ganviTarebis

yovelmxrivi stimulirebisaTvis.

35. vfiqrobT, gaTvaliswinebas saWiroebs mcire biznesisadmi sawarmoTa

mikuTvnebis parametrebi. mizanSewonili iqneboda muSakTa ricxovnobisa

da sawarmos wliuri brunvis normativebi misadagebuliyo dargebis speci-

fikas. magaliTad materialuri warmoebis dargebisaTvis muSakTa ric-

xovnoba gagvezarda 50 kacamde, xolo wliuri brunva 1 mln laramde;

vaWrobaSi ki SesaZlebelia mcire biznesis warmodgena 10-mde dasaqmebul-

iTa da 500 aTas laramde brunviT. vfiqrobT dReisaTvis arsebuli parame-

trebi ar Seesabameba ganviTarebuli qveynebis standartebs.

36. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis strategiis SemuSavebisas gansakuTre-

buli upiratesoba unda mieniWos mcire biznesis inovaciur xelSewyobas,

rac moiTxovs mecnierul-teqnikuri infrastruqturis ganviTarebas, iseTi

biznes-subieqtebis mxardaWeras romlebic orientirebuli arian inovacie-

bze da maRal teqnologiebze. inovaciuri strategiis SemuSaveba unda ai-

saxos inovaciuri ganviTarebis saxelmwifo miznobriv programebSi. aseTi

programebi ama Tu im formiT arseboben ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad

qveynebSi, romelTa gamoyenebis efeqtianobas warmoadgens iaponiis, singa-

puris, israelis da sxvaTa gamocdileba.

169

37. Tanamedrove turizmi miCneulia siRaribis daZlevis mniSvnelovan

faqtorad. am sferoSi Seqmnili erTi samuSao adgili qmnis sul mcire

or axal samuSao adgils momijnave dargebSi, rogorebicaa vaWroba, sof-

lis meurneoba, transporti, kavSirgabmuloba, kultura, ganaTleba, jan-

dacva da sxva. turistis mier SeZenili produqcia eqspor-tirebulia im

gansxvavebiT, rom nacvlad misi gagzavnisa qveynis farglebs gareT, TviT

momxmarebeli Camodis mis Sesasyidad. es ki qveynis Semosavals zrdis. tu-

rizmidan miRebuli mogebis nakadi erTveba ekonomikur brunvaSi da iZle-

va efeqts.

38. gansakuTrebiT xelsayrelia mcire biznesi mTiani regionebis tu-

ristul ganviTarebaSi. saqarTvelo mTiani qveyanaa romelzec modis mTe-

li teritoriis 54,4%. mTianeTi dRemde warmoadgens kulturuli memkvid-

reobis saganZurs, es iqneba arqiteqturis Zeglebi Tu sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis movlenebi, xalxuri rewva Tu folkloris unikaluri nimuSe-

bi. amitomacaa, rom Cveni qveynis mTianeTi gvevlineba Sida da saerTaSo-

riso turizmis ganviTarebis potenciur resursad.

39. regionebSi mcire biznesis stimulirebisaTvis metad mniSvnelovani

nabijia biznesidan miRebuli gadasaxadebis adgilobriv biujetebSi ga-

moyeneba. aseT SemTxvevaSi TviT adgilobrivi xelisufleba iqneboda da-

interesebuli biznes-subieqtebis ricxvis zrdiTa da maTi saqmianobis

mxardamWeri RonisZiebebis SemuSavebiT, Sesabamisad ki adgilobriv biuje-

tebSi Senatanebis gazrdiT.

40. saxelmwifos ekonomikur politikaSi unda aisaxos da gatardes

mcire biznesis finansur mxardaWerasTan dakavSirebuli Semdegi Ronis-

Ziebebi:

_ mcire biznesis sastarto kapitaliT finansirebis programebis Sem-

uSaveba, romlebic mimarTuli iqneba mcire sawarmoTa dabali saprocento

ganakveTiT dakreditebaze;

_ mcire biznesis daxmarebis fondis Camoyalibeba, romlebic ikisr-

ebs Tavdebobas bankebTan kreditis miRebisas;

_ mcire biznesis sawarmoebisaTvis SeRavaTiani dabegvris sistemis

SemoReba da a.S.

Cvenis azriT aseTi midgomebi calkeul biznes sistemebSi ekonomiku-

ri, inovaciuri meTodebis gamoyenebasTan erTad xels Seuwyobs mis masS-

tabur gavrcelebas da bizneskulturis amaRlebas qveyanaSi, mis calkeul

regionSi.

170

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33332222. makkoneli . . . 2001: makkoneli . . . 2001: makkoneli . . . 2001: makkoneli . . . 2001: makkoneli r. kempbel., stenli l. briu,

“ekonomiksi”, I-II tomi, Tbilisi;

33333333. mamulaZe 2008:. mamulaZe 2008:. mamulaZe 2008:. mamulaZe 2008: mamulaZe gela “marketingi”, gamomc. “SoTa rusTavelis

saxelmwifo universiteti”, baTumi;

34343434.... masuraSvili 2008:masuraSvili 2008:masuraSvili 2008:masuraSvili 2008: masuraSvili soso, “inovaciebis bazris

ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi biznesSi”, J. “axali ekonomisti” #2.

35353535. matevosiani 2010: . matevosiani 2010: . matevosiani 2010: . matevosiani 2010: matevosiani a. “mcire da saSualpo biznesis

ganviTarebis problemebi sasomxeTSi”, J. “ekonomisti”, #2;

36363636. mengeri 2006:. mengeri 2006:. mengeri 2006:. mengeri 2006: mengeri karl “ekonomikis safuZvlebi”, gia

qarCxaZis gamomcemloba;

37. menqiu 200837. menqiu 200837. menqiu 200837. menqiu 2008:::: menqiu gregori, “ekonomikis principebi”, gamomcemloba

“diogene”, Tbilisi;

38383838. mesxia 2011: . mesxia 2011: . mesxia 2011: . mesxia 2011: mesxia iakob, “biznesis safuZvlebi”, Tbilisi;

39. mesxia . . .2007:39. mesxia . . .2007:39. mesxia . . .2007:39. mesxia . . .2007: mesxia i. xmalaZe k. “mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis

makroekonomikuri problemebi”, “gadasaxadebi” #23-24;

40404040.... miqelaSvili 2008miqelaSvili 2008miqelaSvili 2008miqelaSvili 2008aaaa:::: miqelaSvili merab, “mewarmis gzamkvlevi”,

gamomcemloba “saari”, Tbilisi;

41414141.... miqelaSvili 2008miqelaSvili 2008miqelaSvili 2008miqelaSvili 2008bbbb:::: miqelaSvili merab, “biznesisa da mewarmeobis

safuZvlebi”, saswavlo-meToduri masala, Tbilisi;

42424242.... moxeviSvili 2010: moxeviSvili 2010: moxeviSvili 2010: moxeviSvili 2010: moxeviSvili T. “swrafi kvebis biznesi saqarTve-

loSi”, J. ekonomika #3-6;

43434343. mcire . . . 2007:. mcire . . . 2007:. mcire . . . 2007:. mcire . . . 2007: “mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis

mimarTulebebi regionis agrosamrewvelo kopmpleqsSi” gamomcemloba

“aWara”, baTumi;

44444444.... oTinaSvili 2010:oTinaSvili 2010:oTinaSvili 2010:oTinaSvili 2010: oTinaSvili ramaz, “saqarTvelos ekonomika”,

sagamomcemlo saxli “teqnikuri universiteti”, Tbilisi.

45454545. orjonikiZe . . .2007:. orjonikiZe . . .2007:. orjonikiZe . . .2007:. orjonikiZe . . .2007: orjonikiZe n., yifiani l., bagdasariani v.

“mcire biznesi” Tbilisi.

46464646.... papava 1998: papava 1998: papava 1998: papava 1998: papava g. “samrewqvelo firmis organizacia da marTva”

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47474747. rostiaSvili. rostiaSvili. rostiaSvili. rostiaSvili 2010:2010:2010:2010: rostiaSvili Tamar, “mcire da saSualo

biznesis marTvis strategia”, Tbilisi

48. regionalizacia. . . 48. regionalizacia. . . 48. regionalizacia. . . 48. regionalizacia. . . .2010:.2010:.2010:.2010: “regionalizacia, Tanamedrove

regionuli ekonomikuri da socialuri procesebi”, saerTaSoriso

samecniero-praqtikuli konferencia. 1-2 maisi, quTaisi.

49494949.... samadaSvili 2009:samadaSvili 2009:samadaSvili 2009:samadaSvili 2009: samadaSvili uSangi, “biznesis safuZvlebi”,

gamomcemloba”universali”, Tbilisi.

50505050. samadaSvili 2009:. samadaSvili 2009:. samadaSvili 2009:. samadaSvili 2009: samadaSvili aleqsandre, “samewarmeo da

teqnologiur inovaciaTa menejmenti”, gamomc. “teqnikuri universiteti”,

Tbilisi;

51515151. . . . sisvaZe 2009:sisvaZe 2009:sisvaZe 2009:sisvaZe 2009: sisvaZe aziko, “firmis finansuri menejmenti”, gamom-

cemloba “universali”, Tbilisi.

52. tuRuSi . . .2009: 52. tuRuSi . . .2009: 52. tuRuSi . . .2009: 52. tuRuSi . . .2009: tuRuSi miron, yirimliSvili naira, “menejmenti”

sagamomc. saxli “inovacia, Tb.

53535353. . . . teraSvili 2007: teraSvili 2007: teraSvili 2007: teraSvili 2007: teraSvili nariman, “rogor vmarToT individualuri

sawarmo”, Tbilisi;

54545454.... faCulia 2011: faCulia 2011: faCulia 2011: faCulia 2011: faCulia olRa, “ekoturizmis menejmentis

zogierTi sakiTxis Sesaxeb”, J. ekonomika, #1-2;

55555555.... feli . . .1998:feli . . .1998:feli . . .1998:feli . . .1998: feli uilrix, “mikroekonomikis safuZvlebi”, gamomc.

“xelovneba”, Tbilisi;

55556666.... fiSeri . . .1998: fiSeri . . .1998: fiSeri . . .1998: fiSeri . . .1998: fiSeri s. dornbuSi r. Smalenzi r., “ekonomika”, I,

II, III, IV t. Tbilisi;

57575757. qadagiSvili 2010: . qadagiSvili 2010: . qadagiSvili 2010: . qadagiSvili 2010: qadagiSvili Lleila, “mcire biznesis

inovaciuri potenciali”, baTumis saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqtikuli

konferenciis “inovaciebi biznesSi” masalebi, gamomcemloba

55558888. qarCava 2006. qarCava 2006. qarCava 2006. qarCava 2006: : : : “gamoCenil biznesmenTa samewarmeo cxovrebidan,

biznesis garSemo”, gamomc. “loi”;

55559999. qemfbeli 2006:. qemfbeli 2006:. qemfbeli 2006:. qemfbeli 2006: qemfbeli d. “biznesi”, gamomcemloba “iuniti-dana”

Tbilisi;

60. qeSelaSvili . . .2010: 60. qeSelaSvili . . .2010: 60. qeSelaSvili . . .2010: 60. qeSelaSvili . . .2010: qeSelaSvili giuli, faresaSvili nino,

“proeqtebis menejmenti”, gamomcemloba “universali” Tbilisi;

61616161. qvelaZe 2010:. qvelaZe 2010:. qvelaZe 2010:. qvelaZe 2010: qvelaZe qeTevan, “agroturizmi da misi ganviTarebis

perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi”, J. “ekonomisti”.

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62626262. qirTbaia 2008:. qirTbaia 2008:. qirTbaia 2008:. qirTbaia 2008: qirTbaia mzia, “biznesis eTika”, gamomcemloba “nekeri”,

Tbilisi;

63636363. Rlonti 2007: . Rlonti 2007: . Rlonti 2007: . Rlonti 2007: Rlonti vladimer, “regioni (analizi Sefaseba

perspeqtivebi)”, gamomcemloba “aWara”, baTumi;

64646464. yamarauli 2002:. yamarauli 2002:. yamarauli 2002:. yamarauli 2002: yamarauli s., “universaluri biznes-leqsikoni”,

gamomcemloba “mecniereba”, Tbilisi;

65656565. yorRanaSvili 19. yorRanaSvili 19. yorRanaSvili 19. yorRanaSvili 1998:98:98:98: “saerTaSoriso biznesi”, gamomcemloba

“iuniti-dana”, Tbilisi;

66666666. yorRanaSvilo 2007: . yorRanaSvilo 2007: . yorRanaSvilo 2007: . yorRanaSvilo 2007: yorRanaSvili larisa, “klasterizacia,

rogorc regionebisa da mcire biznesis ganviTarebis saSualeba”. sta-

tiebis krebuli “mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi

regionebis agrosamrewvelo seqtorSi”, gamomcemloba “aWara”, baTumi.

67676767. yufunia 2010:. yufunia 2010:. yufunia 2010:. yufunia 2010: yufunia guram, “saqarTvelos ekonomika”, erovnuli

mwerloba, Tbilisi.

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safuZvlebi”, gamomc. “axali saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi;

69696969. SublaZe. . . 2007:. SublaZe. . . 2007:. SublaZe. . . 2007:. SublaZe. . . 2007: SublaZe giorgi, dolikaSvili larisa, qitiaSvili

aida, “turizmis marketingi”, gamomcemloba “universali”, Tbilisi;

70707070. S. S. S. SublaZe. . . 2008ublaZe. . . 2008ublaZe. . . 2008ublaZe. . . 2008:::: SublaZe giorgi, dolikaSvili larisa, jolia guram,

CekuriSvili nino “turizmis menejmenti”, gamomcemloba “universali”,

Tbilisi;

71717171. S. S. S. SublaZe. . . 2010ublaZe. . . 2010ublaZe. . . 2010ublaZe. . . 2010:::: SublaZe giorgi, dolikaSvili larisa,

nanitaSvili manana, “strategiuli menejmenti”, gamomcemloba “univer-

sali”, Tbilisi;

72727272. SurRaia 2010:. SurRaia 2010:. SurRaia 2010:. SurRaia 2010: SurRaia omari, “mcire biznesis safuZvlebi”, gamomce-

mloba “universali”, Tbilisi

73737373. Caganava 2009:. Caganava 2009:. Caganava 2009:. Caganava 2009: Caganava paata, “saxelmwifos maregulirebeli

roli warmoebis marTvaSi”, baTumi;

74747474. Caganava 2012:. Caganava 2012:. Caganava 2012:. Caganava 2012: Caganava paata, “turizmis politika”, gamomcemloba

“universali”,Tbilisi;

75757575.... CixlaZe 20CixlaZe 20CixlaZe 20CixlaZe 2009090909aaaa:::: CixlaZe niko, “ekonomika da marTlmadidebluri

swavleba”. gamomcemloba “iniovacia”, Tbilisi.

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175

77777777. Ciqava 2006:. Ciqava 2006:. Ciqava 2006:. Ciqava 2006: Ciqava leo, “inovaciuri ekonomika”, sagamomcemlo

saxli “siaxle”, Tbilisi;

78787878. cecxlaZe 2009: . cecxlaZe 2009: . cecxlaZe 2009: . cecxlaZe 2009: cecxlaZe leila, “mcire biznesi da misi

mniSvneloba erovnuli ekonomikis formirebaSi”, J. “ekonomika” Tbilisi,

#7;

79797979.... cecxlaZe 2010cecxlaZe 2010cecxlaZe 2010cecxlaZe 2010: : : : cecxlaZe leila, “mcire biznesis perspeqtivebi

regionalur ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi”, saerTaSoriso samecniero kon-

ferenciis “inovaciebi biznesSi” masalebi, 16-17 aprili, baTumi. gamomc.

“universali” Tb. 2010;

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problemebi”, rsu-s Sromebi I. 2010;

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saerTaSoriso praqtikuli konferenciis “ganaTleba da ganviTareba”

masalebi, 1-2 oqtomberi, gori, 2010;

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l. “saerTaSoriso sainvesticio TanamSromloba sazRvargareTis qveynebT-

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83838383. cecxlaZe. cecxlaZe. cecxlaZe. cecxlaZe . . . . . . 2011. . 2011. . 2011. . 2011: : : : cecxlaZe Ll., lamparaZe l, cecxlaZe c, maRalmTia-

neTSi turistuli industriis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi,

saerTaSoriso praqtikuli konferenciis “turizmi: ekonomika da biznesi”

masalebi, 4-5 ivnisi, baTumi;

84848484. cecxlaZe. cecxlaZe. cecxlaZe. cecxlaZe 2011201120112011: : : : cecxlaZe Lleila, “mcire biznesis struqtura da eko-

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85858585. cecxlaZe. cecxlaZe. cecxlaZe. cecxlaZe 2012201220122012: : : : cecxlaZe leila, “mcire biznesis konkurentunarianoba

globalizaciis fonze”, saerTaSoriso samecniero praqtikuli

konferenciis “globalizacia, saerTaSoriso biznesis Tanamedrove

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b)b)b)b) danarTebidanarTebidanarTebidanarTebi

danarTi1.

mcire biznesis wili saqarTvelos mSp-Si1

mSp (mln. lari) mcire biznesis

gamoSvebuli produqcia

wili mSp-Si, %

2004 9824.3 386.3 3.9

2005 11620.9 551.2 4.7

2006 13789.9 588.9 4.2

2007 16999.3 513.3. 3.0

2008 19074.9 527.4 2.7

2009 17986.0 881.3 4.8

2010 20791.3 1060.1 5.1

1 cxrili Sedgenilia “saqstatis” monacemebis safuZvelze.

danarTi 2.

individualur sawarmoTa wili sawarmoTa mTel raodenobaSi, %1

regionebi 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

q. Tbilisi 36.2 38.8 30.9 22.8 25.2

aWara 59.0 65.1 64.2 54.5 51.5

guria 81.3 79.7 78.4 74.1 75.9

imereTi 69.3 70.0 65.2 58.7 53.5

kaxeTi 76.0 76.9 73.6 68.1 68.1

mcxeTa-TianeTi 72.8 65.1 59.5 63.0 68.1

raWa-leCxumi, qvemo svaneTi 79.5 75.2 73.6 59.6 63.0

samegrelo, zemo svaneTi 66.3 64.4 51.6 54.3 50.1

samcxe javaxeTi 75.7 72.7 72.5 67.5 64.1

qvemo qarTli 59.9 71.1 68.1 63.6 59.0

Sida qarTli 68.5 67.1 63.7 60.1 58.6

1cxrili Sedgenilia “saqstatis” monacemebis safuZvelze.

180

danarTi 3. funqcionirebad sawarmoTa raodenoba regionebis mixedviT 2009 wels.1

regionebi % msxvili saSualo mcire reg. mTel

saw-idan sul % su

l % sul % mcire

sawarmoTa %-li wili

sawarmoebi sul:

38966 100 1853 100 3125 100 33988 100

Tbilisi 14583 39,74 1196 64,5 1622 51,9 11765 34,6 80,7% aWara 3125 8,5 170 9,1 289 9,2 2666 7,8 85,3% guria 869 2,3 15 0,8 41 1,3 813 2,64 93,5% kaxeTi 2673 7,2 51 2,7 126 4,0 2496 7,3 93,3% imereTi 4877 13,2 115 6,2 308 9,8 4454 13,1 91% mcxeTa-TianeTi

604 1,6 31 1,6 45 1,4 528 1,6 87,4%

qvemo qarTli 3591 9,7 106 5,7 237 7,5 3238 9,5 90,1% raWa-leCxumi da qv svaneTi

388 1,0 4 0,2 30 0,9 354 1,0 91,0%

samcxe-javax. 3344 2,9 25 1,3 81 2,5 3238 9,5 96,8% samegrelo-zemo svaneTi

3249 8,85 95 5,1 216 6,9 2938 8,6 90,0%

Sida qarTli 1663 4,5 45 2.4 120 3,8 1498 4,4 90,1% 1 cxrili Sedgenilia ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros monacemebis safuZvelze (www.economy.gov.ge.)

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leila cecxlaZeleila cecxlaZe mcire biznesis organizaciisa ... · saqarTveloSi mcire sawarmoTa funqcionirebis Seswavla da maTi formi- rebisa da ganviTarebis efeqturi mimarTulebebis