Legal Writing and Research Paper

8/14/2019 Legal Writing and Research Paper

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SEDITION LAWS

&

THE DEATH OF FREE

SPEECH IN INDIA

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INDEX

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY OF SEDITION LAWS

FEDERAL COURT v. PRIVY COUNCIL: CONFLICT IN INTERPRETATION

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

COMPARING SENTENCING

OVERVIEW OF SEDITION LAWS IN INDIA

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

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It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to cherish and follow

the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.

Art 51A (b) of the Constitution ofIndia

(FundamentalDuties)

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INTRODUCTION

With the tria !" Dr. #i$a%a Se$ 'a h()a$ ri*ht a+tivi,t- h! ha, /ee$ +har*e0 ith ,e0iti!$1

e have +!)e a+r!,, the !r0 2,e0iti!$3 "!r ()4tee$ ti)e, a$0 it i, !" (t)!,t

i)4!rta$+e t! et 4e!4e *et e a+5(ai$te0 ith the /a,i+, !" Se0iti!$. Thi, arti+e i he4

rea0er, ee4 a/rea,t !" the ,a)e. It a,! h!0, ,i*$i"i+a$+e /e+a(,e i$ I$0ia a e*a )a6i) i,

"!!e0 i*$!r$tia 7(ri, $!$ e6+(,at hi+h )ea$, i*$!ra$+e !" the La e6+(,e, $! !$e i, a e*a

4ri$+i4e h!0i$* that a 4er,!$ h! i, !/ivi!(, !" a )a% $!t e,+a4e ia/iit% a$0 *et aa% "!r

vi!ati$* that a )ere% /e+a(,e he !r ,he a, ($a+5(ai$te0 !" it, +!$te$t. It i, $! ,e+ret that

Dr #i$a%a Se$ ha, /ee$ 0ei/erate% )a0e a vi+ti) !" a$ ar+hai+ a8 The a% thi, a ha,

/ee$ (,e0 t! ,(44re,, the v!i+e !" Se$ a$0 that !" hi, ie, i, hat 4r!)4te0 )e t! rite thi,

4arti+(ar arti+e. It i, a )atter !" (tter ,ha)e that eve$ t!0a% h! e +(t+h t! !(r +!!$ia 4a,t

a$0 their 0i,+ri)i$at!r% a, hi+h ere +ra"te0 t! /!!t9i+ a ,ee+t "e h! ra$ the

*!ver$)e$t The 4re)i,e !" thi, arti+e i, t! i0e$ the 0!)ai$ !" $!e0*e a$0 t! a44ri,e the

4e!4e a/!(t ,e0iti!$ ,! that the% ,h!(0 have +!*$iti!$ a/!(t the ,4ee+he, !r riti$*, !r ,i*$,

!r vi,i/e re4re,e$tati!$, that "a ($0er the a)/it !" ,e0iti!$.

It $ee0, t! /e a0verte0 that the !r0 2,e0iti!$3 0!e, $!t t(r$ (4 a$%here i$ the I$0ia$

C!$,tit(ti!$ a$0 i, a$ !""e$+e a*ai$,t the ,tate a, e$()erate0 i$ the IPC1 i$ hi+h Arti+e ; !"the I$0ia$ C!$,tit(ti!$ h!0, *reat reeva$+e.

The +!$te)4!rar% 0i,+er$)e$t !" ,e0iti!$ i$ I$0ia e$+!)4a,,e, a th!,e 4ra+ti+e,1 hether /%

!r01 0ee01 !r riti$*1 that are re+!$e0 t! 0i,t(r/ the tra$5(iit% !" the State a$0 ea0 i*$!ra$t

4er,!$, t! 0e/a,e the *!ver$)e$t. Cha4ter VI !" the I$0ia$ Pe$a C!0e 'IPC- 0ea, ith

2!""e$+e,3 a*ai$,t the State.

Se+ti!$


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The re+e$t ,4ate i$ i$,ta$+e, !" i$v!i$* ,e0iti!$ a, a*ai$,t h()a$ ri*ht, a+tivi,t,1

7!(r$ai,t, a$0 4(/i+ i$tee+t(a, i$ the +!($tr% have rai,e0 i)4!rta$t 5(e,ti!$, !$

the ($0e)!+rati+ $at(re !" the,e a,1 hi+h ere i$tr!0(+e0 /% the #riti,h +!!$ia

*!ver$)e$t. The #ia,4(r Hi*h C!(rt>, 0e+i,i!$ t! re7e+t the /ai a44i+ati!$ "ie0 /% Dr.

#i$a%a& Se$ i$ the "a+e !" i0e,4rea0 4(/i+ +riti+i,) !" the tria +!(rt 0e+i,i!$ t! i$0i+t hi)!$ +har*e, that i$+(0e0 th!,e !" ,e0iti!$ ha, rai,e0 ,eri!(, 5(e,ti!$, a/!(t the vai0it% !"

the,e a, i$ a )!0er$ +!$,tit(ti!$a 0e)!+ra+%.

Whie ,e0iti!$ a, are 4art !" a ar*er "ra)e!r& !" +!!$ia a, that are $! (,e0 i/era% /%

/!th the +e$tra a$0 ,tate *!ver$)e$t, t! +(r/ "ree ,4ee+h1 the ,4e+i"i+it% !" the,e a, ie i$

the a$*(a*e !"

?Di,a""e+ti!$> a$0 ,everit% !" the 4($i,h)e$t a,,!+iate0 ith the). Se0iti!$ a, ere (,e0 t!

+(r/ 0i,,e$t i$ E$*a$01 /(t it a, i$ the +!!$ie, that the% a,,()e0 their )!,t 0ra+!$ia$

"!r)1 he4i$* t! ,(,tai$ i)4eria 4!er i$ the "a+e !" ri,i$* $ati!$ai,) i$ the +!!$ie, i$+(0i$*

I$0ia. Tar*et, !" thi, a i$+(0e0 re$!$e0 $ati!$ai,t, ie Mahat)a Ga$0hi1 #a

Ga$*a0har Tia& a$0 A$$ie #e,a$t. It i, ir!$i+ that the,e a, have ,(rvive0 the 0e)i,e !"

+!!$ia r(e a$0 +!$ti$(e t! ha($t )e0ia 4er,!$$e1 h()a$ ri*ht, a+tivi,t,1 4!iti+a 0i,,e$ter,

a$0 4(/i+ i$tee+t(a, a+r!,, the +!($tr%.

Thi, 4a4er i, a$ e""!rt at /ri$*i$* t!*ether var i!( , ar*()e$t, t! )ae the +a,e "!r re4ea

!" the,e a,. The ,e+!$0 +ha4ter 0ea, ith the hi,t!r% !" ,e0iti!$ a,1 the thir0 e(+i0ate,

the ,tra$0, !" e*a i$ter4retati!$ !" thi, a. The "!(rth +ha4ter 0ea, ith h! ,e0iti!$ a,

are /ei$* (,e0 i$ +!$te)4!rar% I$0ia. The "i"th t!(+he, ,4e+i"i+a% (4!$ ,e$te$+i$* reate0 t!

,e0iti!$. The ,i6th +ha4ter reate, + !)4arat ive e*a 0eve!4)e$t, a$0 the ,eve$th

!(t i$e, the vari!(, 4r!vi,i!$, i$ a that 0ea ith 0i,a""e+ti!$ th(, "!r)i$* the ar*er

"a)i% !" ,e0iti!$ a, that e are a00re,,i$* here. The a,t +ha4ter !" the $!te i,t, !(r

+!$+(,i!$, a$0 re+!))e$0ati!$,.

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Right to Freedom of Speech ad E!pre""io #i"$%$#i" Seditio

Arti+e ;'- 'a- !" I$0ia$ C!$,tit(ti!$ ,a%, that a +iti@e$, have the ri*ht t! "ree0!) !" ,4ee+h

a$0 e64re,,i!$. The ri*ht t! "ree0!) !" ,4ee+h a$0 e64re,,i!$ i$+!r4!rate, 4r!te+ti!$ "!r

a(,tere% +e$,(ri$* e6i,ti$* *!ver$)e$t ,tr(+t(re,1 4!i+ie,1 a$0 a0)i$i,trative ,+he)e,1

+!(4e0 ith 4r!te+ti!$ "!r ,(**e,ti$* a$0 re+!))e$0i$* the 0eve!4)e$t !" !ther ,%,te).

Arti+e ; '


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Free0!) !" ,4ee+h i, a +!$+e4t that 0e"i$e, a ,4e+i"i+ i/ert% !r a ,4e+i"i+ a% !" e6er+i,i$*

i/ert%. The t! 4hra,e, i$ the 4re+e0i$* ,e$te$+e !! ver% ,i)iar1 /(t their ,i)iarit% +!$+ea,

a$ i)4!rta$t 0i""ere$+e: the 0i""ere$+e /etee$ 4!,itive a$0 $e*ative "ree0!).

Free0!) +a$ /e 0e"i$e0 a, $e*ative "ree0!): /% thi, 0e"i$iti!$ %!( are "ree t! the e6te$t that

$!/!0% i$ter"ere, ith hat %!( are 0!i$*. Thi, 0e"i$iti!$ ie, at the heart !" +a,,i+a i/erai,)a$0 i/ertaria$i,): $!/!0% ,h!(0 /e i$ter"ere0 ith ,! !$* a, he 0!e,$>t i$ter"ere ith !ther,>

"ree0!) t! a+t a, the% 4ea,e.

The ater$ative i, that !" 4!,itive "ree0!): /% thi, 0e"i$iti!$ %!( are "ree t! 4(r,(e a ,4e+i"ie0

+!(r,e !" a+ti!$ 0e"i$e0 /% the 4!er, that /e. Thi, 0e"i$iti!$ ie, at the heart !" ,!+ia

a(th!ritaria$i,): the *!ver$)e$t i, 0e,ti$e0 t! i$terve$e thr!(*h re*(ati!$ a$0 re90i,tri/(ti!$.

E+!$!)i+ )ea$, "!r 0!i$* ,! are $e+e,,ari% i)ite0 a$0 re*(ati!$ (,(a% a++!))!0ate, the

i$tere,t, !" !$e *r!(4 !" 4e!4e /% i)iti$* hat )e)/er, !" a$!ther *r!(4 !" 4e!4e +a$ 0!.

The +!$tra,t /etee$ the t! +!$+e4t, ,h!(0 /e !/vi!(,: a ,!+ia !r0er /a,e0 !$ 4!,itive

"ree0!) i, +hara+teri,e0 /% a "i$ite ,et !" 4er)i,,i!$, *ra$te0 t! i$0ivi0(a, /% the a(th!ritie,. A

,!+ia !r0er /a,e0 !$ $e*ative "ree0!) i, +hara+teri,e0 /% the i$"i$ite $()/er !" (,e, that "ree

4e!4e +a$ )ae !" their i$tee+t(a a$0 )ateria re,!(r+e, he$ the% are ,i)4% e"t a!$e.

P!,itive "ree0!) /e!$*, t! a "ra)e!r here the 2,tate !r*a$i@e, the $ati!$1 /(t eave, the

i$0ivi0(a a0e5(ate e/! r!!).3 Ne*ative "ree0!) e,ta/i,he, a $!r) that 4r!te+t, the

i$0ivi0(a a$0 i)it, the 4!er !" the ,tate.

Freedom of "peech a" a po"iti#e right

Where "ree0!) !" ,4ee+h i, ,ee$ a, a 4!,itive "ree0!) the 5(e,ti!$ !" hether !r $!t it ,h!(0

/e a/,!(te 0!e, $!t ari,e. U$0er a 4ara0i*) !" 4!,itive i/ert% there +a$ /e $! a/,!(te ri*ht,1

,i$+e i$0ivi0(a ite), i$ a$ e64a$0i$* i,t !" 4!te$tia% +!$tra0i+t!r% e$tite)e$t, +a$ $!t

,i)(ta$e!(,% tr()4 ea+h !ther. Thi, the!reti+a !/,ervati!$ i, re9e$"!r+e0 /% it, 4ra+ti+a

i)4e)e$tati!$: the ar*e $()/er !" 4!,itive ri*ht, t%4i+a% *ra$te0 i$ a )!0er$ ,!+ia

0e)!+ra+% i, /% a$0 ar*e i$+!$,i,te$t. Free0!) !" a,,!+iati!$ i, i$here$t% a0 !00, ith a$ti90i,+ri)i$ati!$ 4r!vi,i!$, 7(,t ie "ree0!) !" ,4ee+h i, i$here$t% i$ +!$"i+t ith the e*a

4r!te+ti!$ !" hi,t!ri+a $!e0*e !r rei*i!(, ,e$,itivitie,.

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Thi, $ee0 $!t )ea$ that a ,!+ia 0e)!+rat, tae re,tri+ti!$, !$ "ree0!) !" e64re,,i!$ i*ht%.

S(/,ta$tia eea% i$ 4!iti+a 0i,+(,,i!$, )a% e /e va(e0 hi*h% Bi" !$% "!r it, va(e a, a$

i$4(t i$ 4!i+% 0e,i*$ a$0 i)4e)e$tati!$. H!ever1 i$ ,(+h a "ra)e!r1 "ree0!) !" ,4ee+h

i e6i,t a, !$e a)!$* )a$% i$ter)e0iate 4!i+% !/7e+tive,. It i /e *ra$te0 a, a +!$+e,,i!$

,(/7e+t t! ,ati,"a+t!r% !(t+!)e, i$ !ther i$ter)e0iate !/7e+tive, a$0 ,(/7e+t aa%, t! a *e$eraai) ,(+h a, a )!re e*aitaria$ ,!+iet%.

Freedom of "peech a" a egati#e right

Fr!) a +a,,i+a i/era 4er,4e+tive there i, !$% a *e$era ri*ht t! $e*ative i/ert% a$0 thi, ri*ht

,h!(0 /e a/,!(te ,! !$* a, it i, *ra$te0 e5(a% t! !ther,. A, P.. O>R!(re +!$+i,e% 4(t it:

2There i, !$% !$e /a,i+ h()a$ ri*ht1 the ri*ht t! 0! a, %!( 0a)$ e 4ea,e. A$0 ith it +!)e,

the !$% /a,i+ h()a$ 0(t%1 the 0(t% t! tae the +!$,e5(e$+e,.3

Free0!) !" e64re,,i!$ the$ i, !$e +!$+rete )a$i"e,tati!$ !" thi, *e$era ri*ht1 eve$ th!(*h it

ha, hi,t!ri+a% /ee$ ,et a4art /e+a(,e !" it, 4ra+ti+a i)4!rta$+e.

Lie a$% !ther a+tivit%1 the ri*ht t! Free0!) !" e64re,,i!$ ,h!(0 /e 4r!te+te0 /% the *e$era

4ri$+i4e !" i/ert% a$0 ,h!(0 /e +!$,trai$e0 /% the $!$9a**re,,i!$ 4ri$+i4e. Free0!) !"

,4ee+h 0!e, $!t *ive %!( a$ a/,!(te ri*ht t! h!0 ,4ee+he, i$ )% ivi$* r!!) B$!t /e+a(,e !"

hat %!( are ,a%i$*1 /(t /e+a(,e it>, )% ivi$* r!!). The t! e6a)4e, )e$ti!$e0 i$ the

i$tr!0(+ti!$ iei,e ,h! +a,e, here the $!$9a**re,,i!$ 4ri$+i4e i, vi!ate0 a$0 here

re,tri+ti!$, !$ "ree0!) !" ,4ee+h are there"!re 7(,ti"ie0.

#!r0eri$e +a,e, re)ai$ ($0er the +a,,i+a i/era i$ter4retati!$ a, e1 /(t the 0e"e$+e "!r

"ree0!) !" e64re,,i!$ i, a !t ,tr!$*er tha$ it !(0 /e ($0er a 4!,itive ri*ht, i$ter4retati!$. T!

+ai) that the $!$9a**re,,i!$ 4ri$+i4e ha, /ee$ vi!ate01 %!( have t! ,h! that %!(r i$0ivi0(a

ri*ht,1 i$ the ,e$,e !" $e*ative ri*ht,1 are +!)4r!)i,e0 a, a 0ire+t +!$,e5(e$+e !" a ver/a

,tate)e$t. Thi, +a$ /e a )atter !" i$ter4retati!$ i$ ,!)e +a,e, /(t it +ear% e6+(0e, +a,e,

here e64re,,i!$, !" !4i$i!$ are 7(,t ,tr!$*% 0i,ie0. The *e$era 4ri$+i4e !" $e*ative

"ree0!) *ive, %!( the ri*ht t! h!0 hatever /eie" %!( ie1 /(t it i)4!,e, $! !/i*ati!$ !$

a$%!$e t! ,h! re,4e+t "!r %!(r /eie",.

HISTOR( OF SEDITION LAWS

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The ,e+ti!$ +!rre,4!$0i$* t! ,e+ti!$ , Dra"t Pe$a C!0e !" 9;1/(t the ,e+ti!$ a, !)itte0

"r!) the IPC a, it a, e$a+te0 i$ . a)e, Fit@7a)e, Ste4he$,1 the ar+hite+t !" the I$0ia$

Evi0e$+e A+t1


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arti+e a,! +!))e$te0 !$ the $e*ative e+!$!)i+ i)4a+t !" #riti,h +!!$iai,). #!,e a,

4r!,e+(te0 a$0a++(,e0 !" e6+ee0i$* the i)it, !" e*iti)ate +riti+i,)1 a$0 i$+iti$* rei*i!(,

"eei$*,. The 7(0*e re7e+te0 the 0e"e$+e>, 4ea that therea, $! )e$ti!$ !" re/ei!$ i$ hi,

arti+e. H!ever1 the 4r!+ee0i$*, a*ai$,t #!,e ere 0r!44e0 a"ter he te$0e0 a$ a4!!*%.

)ICTI*S OF SEDITION

5Aravi$0 Ga$a+hari1 2C!)/ati$* Terr!r !" La i$ C!!$ia I$0ia: Thea$0 I$ter0i,+i4i$ar% A44r!a+h1 'e0,.- M. Va$0a!,1 G.J. L!tt,1

H.M. Tei6era1 A. Jar@ai & . Hai*1 #!+a Rat!$1 F!ri0a: #r!$ WaerPre,,1


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+a, -agadhar Ti,a.

Ir!$i+a% ,!)e !" the )!,t "a)!(, ,e0iti!$ tria, !" the ate ;th a$0 ear% , r(e. Tia& a,

O4. +it. Aravi$0 Ga$+hari at 4. ;

7 Ar($0hati R!%>, State)e$t !$ P!,,i/e Se0iti!$ Ca,e31 avaia/e athtt4:.$0tv.+!)arti+ei$0ia,e0iti!$9!r9"ree9,4ee+h9ar($0hati9r!%9

rea+t,9


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+!$vi+te0 !" the +har*e !" ,e0iti!$1 /(t reea,e0 i $ ; a"ter the i$terve$ti!$ !"

i$ter$ati!$a% $!$ "i*(re, ie Ma6 We/er !$ the +!$0iti!$ thathe !(0 0! $!thi$* /%

a+t1 ,4ee+h1 !r riti$* t! e6+ite 0i,a""e+ti!$ t!ar0, the *!ver$)e$t;.

STRACHE(/S LAW

O$+e the +har*e, ere "ra)e0 a*ai$,t Tia&1 the #riti,h *!ver$)e$t a,e0 (,ti+e a)e,

Stra+he%1 h! a, $!$ "!r hi, a$ti9$ative/ia,1 t! 4re,i0e !ver thi, i)4!rta$t +a,e. Livi$*

(4 t! hi, re4(tati!$1

Stra+he% re7e+te0 the 0e"e$+e>, ar*()e$t that the arti+e, 0e,+ri/i$* the ,(""eri$* !" 4e!4e ere

+!$,i,te$t ith !%at%. I$ hi, i$ter4retati!$1 the a)!($t !" 0i,a""e+ti!$ a, $!t t! /e

a/,!(te% i))ateria i$ the 0e+i,i!$1 $!r a, it i)4!rta$t hether a$% a+t(a "eei$*, !"

0i,a""e+ti!$ ere +reate0 a)!$*,t the a(0ie$+e !r $!t. He e$t "(rther a$0 e64a$0e0 the

,+!4e !" the 0e"i$iti!$ !" thi, a1 a%i$* 0!$ the "!($0ati!$ "!r the +!$te)4!rar%

($0er,ta$0i$* !" ,e0iti!$ a.

He he0 that the ter) ?"eei$*, !" 0i,a""e+ti!$> )ea$ ?hatre0>1 ?e$)it%>1 ?0i,ie>1 ?h!,tiit%>1

?+!$te)4t> a$0 ever% "!r) !" i i t! the *!ver$)e$t. He e5(ate0 0i,a""e+ti!$ t! 0i,!%at%1

a$0 he0 that the ?e64a$ati!$> that "!!e0 the )ai$ ,e+ti!$ hi+h )a0e a!a$+e "!ra+t, !" 0i,a44r!/ati!$1 !(0 $!t a44% t! 2a$% riti$* hi+h +!$,i,t, $!t )ere% !"

+!))e$t, (4!$ *!ver$)e$t )ea,(re,1 /(t !" atta+, (4!$ the *!ver$)e$t it,e"1 it,

e6i,te$+e1 it, e,,e$tia +hara+teri,ti+,1 it, )!tive,1 !r it, "eei$*, t!ar0,4e!4e.3

The +a,e e$t !$ a44ea t! the (0i+ia C!))ittee !" the Priv% C!($+i h!ever1 the

C!( $+ i (4he0 the i$ te r4 re ta ti !$ ! " (,ti+e Stra+he%. The $ative 4re,, +!$0e)$e0 thi,

7(0*e)e$t a, ?the Stra+he% La>. I$ ;1 ,e+ti!$ :, ar*()e$t, i$ the Tia&

O4 +it. A.G. N!!ra$i at 4.


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+a,e a$0 the 0e+i,i!$, i$ t! ,(/,e5(e$t +a,e, t! e$,(re !!4h!e, 0i0 $!t e6i,t i$ the a.

The 0e/ate, i$ Paria)e$t 0e)!$,trate h! ?0iver,e +(,t!), a$0 +!$"i+ti$* +ree0,> i$

I$0ia ere (,e0 t! 7(,ti"% the a)e$0)e$t,.


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Ma*i,trate1 P($e1 ae*i$* that Tia&a, !ra% 0i,,e)i$ati$* ,e0iti!(, i$"!r)ati!$.

He +ite0 three !" Tia&>, ,4ee+he, i$ ;1 !$e *ive$ i$ #e*a() a$0 t! i$ Ah)e0$a*ar.

i$$ah ,&i"(% ar*(e0 that ,i$+e Tia&ha0 atta+e0 the /(rea(+ra+% thr!(*h hi, ,4ee+he, a$0

$!t the *!ver$)e$t1 he +!(0 $!t /e +har*e0 ith ,e0iti!$.

The 7(0*e i$ +har*e !" thi, +a,e 1 (, ti +e #a+he!r1 he0 that hie the e""e+t !" the !r0, i$

the ,4ee+h !(0 $!t $at(ra% +a(,e 0i,a""e+ti!$1 i.e. h!,tiit%1 e$)it% !r +!$te)4t1 the%

!(0 +reate a "eei$* !" 0i,a44r!/ati!$ 'hi+h !(0 $!t a)!($t t! ,e0iti!$-.=

Aie +e"at

A$!ther "a)!(, 0e+i,i!$ a, Annie esant . Ado!ate /eneral of0adras. The +a,e 0eat

ith Se+ti!$ ='- !" the I$0ia$ Pre,, A+t1 ; thata, "ra)e0 ,i)iar t! Se+ti!$


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*ahatma -adhi

The )!,t "a)!(, ,e0iti!$ tria a"ter Tia&>,a, the tria !" Mahat)a Ga$0hi i$ ;


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Si*$i"i+a$t%1 Ga$0hi1 i$ hi, ,tate)e$t /e"!re the +!(rt1 re"er, t! the $at(re !" 4!iti+a tria,

that ere ($0era% at that ti)e:

0* unbiased eamination of the +unjab 0artial :a' !ases had led me to beliee that at leastninet*$fie per !ent of !oni!tions 'ere 'holl* bad.

0* eperien!e ofpoliti!al !ases in India leads me to the !on!lusion that in nine out of eer* ten

the !ondemned men 'ere totall* inno!ent. ;heir !rime !onsisted in the loe for their !ountr*.

(0*e Stra$*)a$1 i$ a re)ara/% re,4e+t"( re,4!$,e1 a+$!e0*e, the ,tat( re ! " Ga$0hi

a$0 hi, +!))it)e$t t! $!$9vi!e$+e /(t e64re,,e, hi, i$a/iit% t! $!t h!0 hi) *(it% !"

,e0iti!$ ($0er the a1 a$0 ,e$te$+e, hi) t! ,i6 %ear, i)4ri,!$)e$tF.

SEDITION IN THE CONSTITUENT ASSE*+L(

The ir!$% !" the ,e0iti!$ a (,e0 a*ai$,t $ati!$ai,t, ie Ga$0hi a$0 Tia&+!$ti$(i$* i$ the,tat(te /!!, !" i$0e4e$0e$t I$0ia a, $!t !,t !$ th!,e 0ra"ti$* the C!$,tit(ti!$. Whie

i$ their Dra"t C!$,tit(ti!$1 the C!$,tit(ti!$a Fra)er, i$+(0e0 ?,e0iti!$> a, a /a,i, !$

hi+h a, +!(0 /e "ra)e0 i)iti$* the "($0a)e$ta ri*ht t! ,4ee+h 'Arti+e -1 i$ the

"i$a 0ra"t !" the C!$,tit(ti!$ ,e0iti!$ a, ei)i$ate0 "r!) the e6+e4ti!$, t! the ri*ht t!

"ree0!) !" ,4ee+h a$0 e64re,,i!$ 'Arti+e ; '


17/43

T h e a% i$ hi+h the ,e0iti!$ a ha, /ee$ (,e0 a, a +!$ve$ie$t )e0i() t! ,ti"e a$%

"!r) !r e64re,,i!$ !" 0i,,e$t !r +riti+i,) )irr!r, the "ear, a$0 +!$+er$, e64re,,e0 /% ,!)e

!" the +!$,tit(ti!$a 0ra"ter, re*ar0i$* the ea,e ith hi+h the ,e0iti!$ a +a$ /e )i,(,e0

a$0 a/(,e0. A, J.M. M($,hi ,ai0:

I 'as pointin" out that the 'ord #sedition% has been a 'ord of ar*in" import and has

!reated !onsiderable doubt in the minds of not onl* the members of this 9ouse but of

Courts of :a' all oer the 'orld.

Its definition has been er* simple and "ien so far ba! in 1


18/43

and in the abhorren!e of that 'ord 'e are not b* an* means uni=ue.

2tudents of Constitutional la' 'ould re!olle!t that there 'as a proision in the Ameri!an

2tatuteoo to'ards the end of the 1


19/43

)ehad a tradition of bein" "ranted titles. 0* "randfather held the title of Raja and m* un!le

that of Di'an ahadur and m* father too that of Di'an ahadur. I amer* "lad that titles 'illno more be "ranted in this !ountr*.

In spite of belon"in" to su!h a famil* I 'as prose!uted under se!tion 134A and that also for an

interestin" thin". 0* "reat "randfather had been a'arded a "old 'aist$band inlaid 'ith

diamonds. ;he ritish /oernment a'arded it to him for helpin" it in 1


20/43

FEDERAL COURT #0 PRI)( COUNCIL&

C ONFLICT IN INTERPRETATION

The !ri*i$, !" the e*a 0e"i$iti!$ !" ,e0iti!$ +a$ /e tra+e0 /a+ t! the +!!$ia 4eri!0 i$

ter), !" the e*a 0e"i$iti!$ !" the ,+!4e !" ,e0iti!$ there a, a 0i""ere$+e i$ !4i$i!$

/etee$ the Fe0era

C!(rt i$ I$0ia a$0 the Priv% C!($+i i$ #ritai$ 'the hi*he, t +!(rt !" a44ea " !r

C!))!$eath +!($trie, at the t i)e -. I$ 0e"i$i$* ,e0iti!$ i$ the Biharendu Dutt

0ajumdar !ase3>1 the Fe0era C!(rt ha0 he0 that vi!e$t !r0, /% the),eve, 0i0 $!t )ae a

,4ee+h !r ritte$ 0!+()e$t ,e0iti!(, a$0 that i$ !r0er t! +!$,tit(te ,e0iti!$1 the a!ts or

'ords !omplained of must either in!ite to disorder or must be su!h as to satisf*

reasonable men that that is their intention or tenden!*., H!ever1 the Priv% C!($+i1 i$ the

2adashi !ase31 !verr(e0 that 0e+i,i!$ a$0 e)4hati+a% rea""ir)e0 the vie e64re,,e0 i$

Tia&>, +a,e t! the e""e+t that :

the offen!e !onsisted in e!itin" or attemptin" to e!ite in others !ertain bad feelin"s to'ards

Nihare$0( D(tt Ma7()0ar v. The Ji$* E)4er!r1 AIR ;=< FC


21/43

the /oernment and not in e!itin" or attemptin" to e!ite mutin* or rebellion& or an* sort of

a!tual disturban!e& "reat or small.,

Th(,1 a++!r0i$* t! the Priv% C!($+i1 i$+ite)e$t t! vi!e$+e a, $!t a$e+e,,ar% i$*re0ie$t

!" the !""e$+e !" the ,e0iti!$.

POST$INDEPENDENCE

The i0ea !" havi$* a F($0a)e$ta Ri*ht !" "ree0!) !" ,4ee+h ,ee)e0 rather i$+!$,i,te$t ith

the !""e$+e !" ,e0iti!$ a$0 that ,ervi$* a, a re,tri+ti!$ !$ ,4ee+h a, it 0i0 via the Priv% C!($+i

i$ter4retati!$ i$ 2adashi33.

Th(, i$ the "i$a 0ra"t !" the C!$,tit(ti!$ it a, ,ee$ that the re,tri+ti!$, t! the ri*ht ($0er

;'-'a- 0i0 $!t +!$tai$ ,e0iti!$ ithi$ the). C!))e$ti$* !$ thi, !)i,,i!$ )a$% %ear, ater1

(,ti+e Fa@ Ai ,ai01

;he framers of the Constitution must hae therefore found themseles fa!e to fa!e 'ith the

dilemma as to 'hether the 'ord sedition, should be used in arti!le 1@(3) and if it 'as to be

used in 'hat sense it 'as to be used. n the one hand& the* must hae had before their mind

the er* 'idel* a!!epted ie' supported b* numerous authorities that sedition 'as essentiall*

an offen!e a"ainst publi! tran=uillit* and 'as !onne!ted in some 'a* or other 'ith publi!

disorder7 and& on the other hand& there 'as the pronoun!ement of the ?udi!ial Committee that

sedition as defined in the Indian +enal Code did not ne!essaril* impl* an* intention or tenden!*

to in!ite disorder.

In these !ir!umstan!es& it is not surprisin" that the* de!ided not to use the 'ord sedition, in

!lause (3) but used the more "eneral 'ords 'hi!h !oer sedition and eer*thin" else 'hi!h

maes sedition su!h a serious offen!e.

;hatsedition does undermine these!urit* of the 2tate is a matter 'hi!h !annot admit of mu!h

doubt. ;hat it undermines the se!urit* of the state usuall* throu"h the medium of publi!

disorder is also a matter on 'hi!h eminent ?ud"es and jurists are a"reed.

;herefore& it is diffi!ult to hold that publi! disorder or disturban!e of publi! tran=uillit* is not

matters 'hi!h undermine the se!urit* of the 2tate.3

Ji$* E)4er!r v. Sa0a,hiv Nara%a$ #haera!1 ';=- L.R. = I.A ;.

#ri7 #h(,ha$ a$0 A$r. v. The State O" Dehi1 ; S(44 SCR


22/43

aahara Nehr( a, aare !" the 4r!/e), 4!,e0 /% the ,e0iti!$ a, t! i$0e4e$0e$t

I$0ia. I$ the 0e/ at e, , ( r r ! ( $ 0 i $ * the Fi r, t A)e$0)e$t t! the I$0ia$ C!$,tit(ti!$1

Nehr( +a)e ($0er ,evere "a "r!) !44!,iti!$ ea0er, "!r +!)4r!)i,i$* the ri*ht t! "ree

,4ee+h a$0 !4i$i!$.

St($* /% t! +!(rt 0e+i,i!$, i$ ;=; that (4he0 the ri*ht t! "ree0!) !" ,4ee+h !" !4i$i!$,"r!) the "ar e"t a$0 the "ar ri*ht !" the 4!iti+a ,4e+tr()1 Nehr( a,e0 hi, Ca/i$et t! a)e$0

Arti+e ;'-'a-.

The t! +a,e, that 4r!)4te0 Nehr( t! 0! thi, ere the Romesh ;hapar !ase1 i$t! Arti+e ;' /e"!re

?re,tri+ti!$,>1 hi+h a,)ea$t t! 4r!vi0e a ,a"e*(ar0 a*ai$,t )i,(,e /% the *!ver$)e$t. I$

the 0e/ate, that "!!e0 i$ Paria)e$t1 Nehr( +ari"ie0 that he a, $!t vai0ati$* e6i,ti$*

a, ie ,e0iti!$ thr!(*h thi, a)e$0)e$t. Whie a00re,,i$* the Paria)e$t !$ the #i

reat i$* t! the Fi r,t A)e$0)e$t !" the I$0ia$ C!$,tit(ti!$ ;1Nehr( ,ai01

;ae a"ain 2e!tion 134$A of the Indian +enal Code. Bo' so far as I am !on!erned that

parti!ular 2e!tion is hi"hl* obje!tionable and obnoious and it should hae no pla!e both for

pra!ti!al and histori!al reasons& if *ou lie& in an* bod* of la's that 'e mi"ht pass. ;hesooner

'e "et rid of it the better.

)e mi"ht deal 'ith that matter in other 'a*s& in more limited 'a*s& as eer* other !ountr*

does but that parti!ular thin"& as it is& should hae no pla!e& be!ause all of us hae had

enou"h eperien!e of it in a ariet* of 'a*s and apart from the lo"i! of the situation& our

ur"es are a"ainst it.

I do not thin m*self that these !han"es that 'e brin" about alidate the thin" to an* lar"e

etent. I do not thin so& be!ause the 'hole thin" has to be interpreted b* a !ourt of la' in the

fuller !ontet& not onl* of this thin" but other thin"s as 'ell.

2uppose *ou pass an amendment o f the Constitution to a parti!ular arti!le& surel* that24R!)e,h Tha4ar v. U$i!$ !" I$0ia1 AIR ; SC


23/43

parti!ular arti!le does not put an end to the rest of the Constitution& the spirit& the lan"ua"es

the obje!tie and the rest. It onl* !larifies an issue in re"ard to that parti!ular arti!le.,35

H!ever1 ,e0iti!$ a, re)ai$e0 !$ the ,tat(te / ! ! , 4!,t9i$0e4e$0e$+e a$0 a, (,e0

re4eate0% /% /!th +e$tra a$0 ,tate *!ver$)e$t, t! ,ti"e 4!iti+a 0i,,e$t 'Si$*h ;;-.

The "ir,t )a7!r +!$,tit(ti!$a +hae$*e t! ,e0iti!$ a, ar!,e i$ the "i"tie, he$ the ,e0iti!$

a a, ,tr(+ 0!$ a, /ei$* vi!ative !" the "($0a)e$ta ri*ht t! the "ree0!) !" ,4ee+h a$0

e64re,,i!$ i$ a tri!*% !" +a,e,9

TaraSigh -opi 1 234567

89

Sa:ir Ra;a78


24/43

I$ TaraSigh/"+a,e1 re"erri$* t! the ,e0iti!$ a1 Chie" (,ti+e

Eri+ We,t!$r!te:

India is no' a soerei"n demo!rati! 2tate. /oernments ma* "o and be !aused to "o 'ithout

the foundations of the 2tate bein" impaired. A la' of sedition thou"ht ne!essar* durin" a period

of forei"n rule has be!ome inappropriate b* the er* nature of the !han"e& 'hi!h has !ome

about.

It is true that the framers of the Constitution hae not adopted the limitations& 'hi!h the

FederalCourt desired to la* do'n. It ma* be the* did not !onsider it proper to "o so far.

;he limitation pla!ed b* Clause (3) of Arti!le 1@ upon interferen!e 'ith the freedom of 2pee!h&

ho'eer& is real and substantial.

;he unsu!!essful attempt to e!ite bad feelin"s is an offen!e 'ithin the ambit of 2e!tion 134A.

In some instan!es at least the unsu!!essful attempt 'ill not undermine or tend to oerthro'

the 2tate. It is enou"h if one instan!e appears of the possible appli!ation of the se!tion to

!urtailment of the freedom of spee!h and epression in a manner not permitted b* the

!onstitution.

;hese!tion then must be held to hae be!ome oid.

I$ Ram Nandans the +!$,tit(ti!$a vai0it% !" ,e+ti!$


25/43

!alled the 0inisters and these are the men 'ho de!ide important =uestions of poli!*.

;he most important !he! on their po'ers is ne!essaril* the eisten!e of a po'erfull* or"anised

+arliamentar* opposition.

ut at the top of this there is also the fear that the /oernment ma* be subje!t to popular

disapproal not merel* epressed in the le"islatie !hambers but in the maret pla!e also'hi!h& after all& is the forum 'here indiidual !itiens entilate their points of ie's.

If there is a possibilit* in the 'orin" of our demo!rati! s*stem $$ as I thin there is $$ of

!riti!ism of the poli!* of 0inisters and of the ee!ution of their poli!*& b* persons untrained in

publi! spee!h be!omin" !riti!ism of the /oernment as su!h and if su!h !riti!ism 'ithout

hain" an* tenden!* in it to brin" about publi! disorder& !an be !au"ht 'ithin the mis!hief of

2e!tion 134$A of the Indian +enal Code& then that 2e!tion must be inalidated be!ause it

restri!ts freedom of spee!h in disre"ard of 'hether the interest of publi! order or these!urit* of the 2tate is inoled& and is !apable of striin" at the er* root of the Constitution

'hi!h is free spee!h (subje!t of limited !ontrol under Arti!le 1@(3)).,

H!ever1 thi, 0e+i,i!$ a, !verr(e0 i$ ;


26/43

I$ !ther !r0,1 a$% ritte$ !r ,4!e$ !r0,1 et+.1 hi+h have i)4i+it i$ the) the i0ea !"

,(/verti$* G!ver$)e$t /% vi!e$t )ea$,1 hi+h are +!)4e$0i!(,% i$+(0e0 i$ the ter)

?rev!(ti!$>1 have /ee$ )a0e 4e$a /% the ,e+ti!$ i$ 5(e,ti!$. #(t the ,e+ti!$ ha, tae$ +are t!

i$0i+ate +ear% that ,tr!$* !r0, (,e0 t! e64re,, 0i,a44r!/ati!$ !" the )ea,(re, !"

G!ver$)e$t ith a vie t! their i)4r!ve)e$t !r aterati!$ /% a"( )ea$, !(0 $!t +!)e

ithi$ the ,e+ti!$.

Si)iar%1 +!))e$t,1 h!ever ,tr!$*% !r0e01 e64re,,i$* 0i,a44r!/ati!$ !" a+ti!$, !" the

G!ver$)e$t1 ith!(t e6+iti$* th!,e "eei$*,1 hi+h *e$erate the i$+i$ati!$ t! +a(,e 4(/i+

0i,!r0er /% a+t, !" vi!e$+e1 !(0 $!t /e 4e$a.

I$ !ther !r0,1 0i,!%at% t! G!ver$)e$t e,ta/i,he0 /% a i, $!t the ,a)e thi$* a,

+!))e$ti$* i$ ,tr!$* ter), (4!$ the )ea,(re, !r a+t, !" G!ver$)e$t1 !r it, a*e$+ie,1 ,! a, t!

a)ei!rate the +!$0iti!$ !" the 4e!4e !r t! ,e+(re the +a$+eati!$ !r aterati!$ !" th!,e a+t, !r

)ea,(re, /% a"( )ea$,1 that i, t! ,a%1 ith!(t e6+iti$* th!,e "eei$*, !" e$)it% a$0

0i,!%at% hi+h i)4% e6+ite)e$t t! 4(/i+ 0i,!r0er !r the (,e !" vi!e$+e.

The C!(rt e$t !$ t! ,a%:

;his Court& as the !ustodian and "uarantor of the fundamental ri"hts of the !itiens& has the

dut* !ast upon it of striin" do'n an* la' 'hi!h undul* restri!ts the freedom of spee!h and

epression 'ith 'hi!h 'e are !on!erned in this !ase. ut the freedom has to be "uarded

a"ain be!omin" a li!en!e for ilifi!ation and !ondemnation of the /oernment established b*

la'& in 'ords 'hi!h in!ite iolen!e or hae the tenden!* to !reate publi! disorder.

A !iti5en has a ri"ht to sa* or 'rite 'hateer he lies about the /oernment& or its measures&

b* 'a* of !riti!ism or !omment& so lon" as he does not in!ite people to iolen!e a"ainst the/oernment established b* la' or 'ith the intention of !reatin" publi! disorder.

;he Court has& therefore& the dut* !ast upon it of dra'in" a !lear line of demar!ation

bet'een the ambits of a !itien%s fundamental ri"ht "uaranteed under Art. 1@(1)(a) of the

Constitution and the po'er of the le"islature to impose reasonable restri!tions on that

"uaranteed ri"ht in the interest of& inter alia& se!urit* of the 2tate and publi! order.,

Je0ar Nath Si$*h v. State !" #ihar1 ;< AIR ;.

26| P a g e


27/43

Th(, the S(4re)e C!(rt (4he0 the +!$,tit(ti!$ait% !" the ,e0iti!$ a1 /(t at the ,a)e

ti)e +(rtaie0 it, )ea$i$* a$0 i)ite0 it, a44i+ati!$ t! a+t, i$v!vi$* i$te$ti!$ !r te$0e$+%

t! +reate 0i,!r0er1 !r 0i,t(r/a$+e !" a a$0 !r0er1 !r i$+ite)e$t t! vi!e$+e. It i,i)4!rta$t t! $!te that the S(4re)e C!(rt rea0 0!$ the !""e$+e !" ,e0iti!$ i$ e""e+t

re)!vi$* ,4ee+h hi+h +!(0 /e e6+iti$* 0i,a""e+ti!$ a*ai$,t the *!ver$)e$t /(t hi+h 0i0

$!t have the te$0e$+% t! +reate a 0i,t(r/a$+e !r 0i,!r0er "r!) ithi$ the a)/it !" the

4r!vi,i!$. The 7(0*e, !/,erve0 that i" the ,e0iti!$ a ere t! /e *ive$ a i0er

i$ter4retati!$1 it !(0 $!t ,(rvive the te,t !" +!$,tit(ti!$ait%.

27| P a g e


28/43

RECENT DE)ELOP*ENTS ON SEDITION

Whe$ the S(4re)e C!(rt ,4e+i"i+a% ai0 0!$ that the 4r!vi,i!$, !" ,e+ti!$ :


29/43

Ar($0hati R!%1 Dr E. Rati Ra!1 #harat De,ai1 Ma$!7 Shi$0e1 V G!4aa,a)% 'Vai&!-1 a the,e

i$0ivi0(a, 0i0 thi$*, "ar "r!) +reati$* a te$0e$+% t! i$+ite vi!e$+e a*ai$,t the ,tate1 a$0

ere e64re,,i$* their !4i$i!$ thr!(*h ,4ee+he, !r riti$*, hi+h +riti+i,e0 ,4e+i"i+ a+tivitie,

!" the State.

G!i$* thr!(*h the )a$% $a)e, that a44ear he$ !$e !!, thr!(*h the re+e$t hi,t!r% !" h!,e+ti!$ :.

The 4($i,h)e$t !" th!,e a++(,e0 !" ,e0iti!$ /e*i$, ith the e*a 4r!+e,,. Eve$ i" the% are

(ti)ate% "ree01 the% have t! *! thr!(*h a !$* e*a 4r!+e,,1 hi+h ,erve, a, a 4($i,h)e$t

a$0 a 0eterre$t "!r th!,e h! 0are t! ,4ea (4.

;he 9indu hie 0i,+(,,i$* +a,e, ($0er ,e0iti!$ i$ , +a,e i, the !$e !"

Pri,+ia e/ara71 2#i$a%a Se$ A)!$* Si6 Pe!4e Char*e0 With

Se0iti!$ i$


30/43

the )!,t ,trii$*e6a)4e, !" the ($7(,t $at(re !" ,e0iti!$ a,.

Se$ i, !$e !" the "e )e0i+a 0!+t!r, t! !r i$ the i$teri!r, !" Chhatti,*arh. Hi, !r i$

4(/i+ heath ha, /ee$ re+!*$i@e0 *!/a%. Hi, !r ith the Pe!4e>, U$i!$ "!r Civi

Li/ertie, a, *r!($0/reai$*1 e,4e+ia% hi, i$v!ve)e$t i$ ,!)e !" the earie,t

0!+()e$tati!$ !" the *r!,, vi!ati!$, /% the ,tate ,4!$,!re0 vi*ia$te *r!(41 Saa (0().

Thi, ha, )a0e hi) a$*(i,h i$ 7ai1 a"ter /ei$* +!$vi+te0 /% the tria +!(rt !$ "i),% +har*e,

a$0 0e$ie0 /ai /% the #ia,4(r Hi*h C!(rt.

The re+e$t +a,e a*ai$,t S(0hir Dhaae1 a re4(te0 Dait ,!+ia a+tivi,t a$0 e0it!r !" Vi0r!hi1

at G!$0ia1 Mahara,htra i, a$!ther e6a)4e !" the /ata$t )i,(,e !" the a. Dhavae i, e9

$!$ "!r hi, !r i$ *etti$* 7(,ti+e "!r vi+ti), !" +a,te a tr!+i t ie, i$ Mahara,htra.

A++!r0i$* t! the 4!i+e1 a ,tate +!))ittee )e)/er !" the /a$$e0 CPI 'Ma!i,t- ,tate0 i$ a$

i$terr!*ati!$ that he ha0 *ive$ hi, +!)4(ter t! Dhaae. Hi, arre,t, have ,4are0

i0e,4rea0 4r!te,t, a)!$* Dait, a$0 4r!*re,,ive Mahara,htria$,.DE

The ra)4a$t )i,(,e !" the ,e0iti!$ a 0e,4ite the 7(0i+ia 4r!$!($+e)e$t i$ 8edar Bath%s

+a,e +ir+(),+ri/i$* the ,+!4e !" the a ha, )ea$t that there i, a ,eri!(, +a,e "!r re4eai$*

thi, a.

The a/!ve e6a)4e, 0e)!$,trate that Arti+e ;'-'a- +!$ti$(e, t! /e he0 h!,ta*e /%

Se+ti!$ : There i, $! 7(,ti"i+ati!$ "!r a 0ra+!$ia$ a !" thi, $at(re1 +reate0 t!

,5(a,h4ea+e"( a$0 $!$9vi!e$t 0i,,e$t1 t! !4erate i$ a +!($tr%1 hi+h +ai), t! /e the

!r0>, ar*e,t 0e)!+ra+%.

2N!/e La(reate, Ra% #ehi$0 #i$a%a Se$31 The Hi$0(1 ; Fe/1 1

Fr!$ti$e C!ver St!r%1 a$ 9


31/43

RECENT CASES AT A -LANCE

20 *ao> Shide E0it!r1 S(rat Saa)$a

Au" 3>>6 2urat& /ujarat

F!r (,i$* 2a/(,ive !r0,3 a*ai$,t CMNare$0ra M!0i i$ a$

e0it!ria !$ M!$0a% hie ae*i$* a0)i$i,trative "ai(re i$

ta+i$* the "!!0 ,it(ati!$ i$ S(rat.

80 ?aht@ram S@ai !(r$ai,t1 OTV

0a* 3>>- 2inapali& rissa

Fii$* a re4!rt that Pahari%a tri/a, ere +!$,()i$* ?,!"t>

0!!)ite ,t!$e, i$ N(a4a0a 0i,tri+t 0(e t! a+(te h($*er.

0 +iaBa. Se D!+t!r & H()a$ Ri*ht, A+tivi,t

0a* 3>>-Raipur& Chhattis"arh

Ae*e0% he4i$* +!(rier )e,,a*e, t! Ma!i,t ea0er,hi4. Se$

ha0 +riti+i,e0 the Chhatti,*arh *!ver$)e$t>, ,(44!rt t! the

vi*ia$te Saa (0()

0 -a@tam *ehta Ph!t!*ra4her1 G(7arat Sa)a+har

?une 3>>< Ahmedabad& /ujarat

F!r arti+e, a$0 4h!t!*ra4h, that ae*e0 i$, /etee$ the

Ah)e0a/a0 P!i+e C!))i,,i!$er a$0 the ($0er!r0

40 ?irori Sigh +ai",a G(77ar C!))($it% ea0er

?une 3>>< a*ana& Rajasthan

F!r ea0i$* a$ a*itati!$ 0e)a$0i$* ST ,tat(, "!r G(77ar,

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90 Lei ?@mar E0it!r1 Ni,ha$

De! 3>>, river, !"

/!!0-

. La!ma Cho@dh@rB !(r$ai,t1 Sa)/a0h

2ept 3>>@ /ajapati Distri!t& rissa

F!r ae*e0% 4!,,e,,i$* Ma!i,t iterat(re.

Cha(0h(r% ha0 /ee$ riti$* a/!(t the i$v!ve)e$t !" !+a

4!i+e i$ ie*a0r(* tra""i+i$*.

= 0 )0-opa,a"'amB 1)ai.o6 P!iti+ia$1 MDMJ

De! 3>>@ Chennai& ;amilBadu

Re)ar&,ae*e0% a*ai$,t I$0ia>, ,!verei*$t% at a /!! a($+h

"($+ti!$.

30 PiB@"h Sethia E$vir!$)e$tai,t a$0 Or*a$i+ Far)er

?an 3>1> 2alem& ;amilBadu

Pa)4het 0i,tri/(te0 0(ri$* 4r!te,t a*ai$,t Chhatti,*arh

*!ver$)e$t>, ,(44!rt "!r Saa (0()

250 E0 Rati Rao Re,i0e$tE0it!r1 Vartha4atra

Feb3>1>0*sore& 8arnataaArti+e i$ Vartha4atraae*i$* e$+!($ter 0eath, i$ Jar$ataa.

220 Nira>a *ahapatra7 A#ia"h?@,.ari7 +harat Pa'ar7other"

Tra0eU$i!$ Lea0er, a$0 S!+ia A+tivi,t,

0ar 3>1> E ?une 3>1>

G(7arat P!i+e ae*e i$, ith CPI 'Ma!i,t-.

280 Ar@dhati RoB7S0A0R0 -ee,ai7 )ara#ara Rao7 Sh@dda:rata

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Seg@pta other" Writer,14!iti+a a+tivi,t,1 a$0 )e0ia the!ri,t,

Bo 3>1>Delhi

Private +!)4ai$t ae*i$* that the% )a0e a$ti9I$0ia ,4ee+he, at

a ,e)i$ar !$ Ja,h)ir tite0 2A@a0i9 The !$% Wa%3.

20 Noor *ohamed +hat Le+t(rer1 Ga$0hi Me)!ria C!e*e

Sri$a*arDe! 3>1> 2rina"ar

F!r ,etti$* a 5(e,ti!$ 4a4er "!r E$*i,h iterat(re ,t(0e$t, !$

hether ?,t!$e 4eter, ere the rea her!e,>

2C0 S@dhir Dha'a,e Dait Ri*ht, A+tivi,t a$0 Free La$+e !(r$ai,t

?an 3>11 ardha& 0aharashtra

P!i+e ae*e i$, ith CPI'Ma!i,t-4art%

33| P a g e


34/43

SAL*AN RUSHDIE CASE

The re+e$t R(,h0ie e4i,!0e ha, rai,e0 ,!)e vita 4!i$t, re*ar0i$* "ree0!) !" ,4ee+h a$0

e64re,,i!$1 hi+h $ee0 t! /e ,eri!(,% a00re,,e0. I a) ,(/)itti$* "ive 4!i$t, "!r +!$,i0erati!$!$ the t!4i+.

20 No freedom ca :e a:"o,@te& I$ a 0e)!+ra+% "ree0!) !" ,4ee+h i, a va(a/e i$0ivi0(a

ri*ht. F!r 4r!*re,, there )(,t /e "ree0!) t! ,4ea1 "ree0!) t! rite1 "ree0!) t! +riti+i@e1 a$0

"ree0!) t! 0i,,e$t. U$e,, there i, "ree0!) i0ea, +a$$!t *r!1 a$0 i$ the tra$,iti!$ 4eri!0 I$0ia

a$0 !ther ($0er0eve!4e0 +!($trie, are *!i$* thr!(*h )!0er$ i0ea, are e6tre)e% i)4!rta$t.

#(t ,i$+e )a$ i, a ,!+ia /ei$*1 he +a$$!t /e 4er)itte0 t! e6er+i,e thi, "ree0!) i$ a

)a$$er hi+h )a% 0a)a*e ,!+iet% ',ee R!(,,ea(: The S!+ia C!$tra+t-. It i, "!r thi, rea,!$ that

Arti+e ; '- 'a- !" the I$0ia$ C!$,tit(ti!$1 hi+h *ra$t, "ree0!) !" ,4ee+h a$0 e64re,,i!$

'hi+h ha, /ee$ i$ter4rete0 /% !(r S(4re)e C!(rt t! i$+(0e "ree0!) !" the 4re,,- t! a

+iti@e$,1 ha, /ee$ )a0e ,(/7e+t t! Arti+e ; ', "ree0!) !" ,4ee+h ha, there"!re t! /e har)!$i@e0 ith the 4(/i+

i$tere,t. I$ !ther !r0,1 a /aa$+e ha, t! /e ,tr(+ /etee$ the t!. Where t! ,trie the /aa$+e

i, there"!re a 5(e,ti!$ !" +r(+ia i)4!rta$+e. Thi, the$ tae, (, t! )% ,e+!$0 4!i$t.

80 Freedom i" re,ati#e& I$ +!$,i0eri$* here t! ,trie a /aa$+e !$e +a$$!t +!$,i0er the

)atter i$ the a/,tra+t /(t i$ the ,4e+i"i+ hi,t!ri+a +!$te6t.

F!r e6a)4e1 4!rtra%i$* e,(, Chri,t a, a *a% 4er,!$ )a% /e a++e4ta/e i$ the We,t

t!0a%1 /(t t! 0e4i+t rei*i!(, "i*(re, !" Hi$0(i,) !r I,a) a, *a% !(0 /e t!ta% ($a++e4ta/e

i$ I$0ia a$0 )a% 4r!/a/% ea0 t! rei*i!(, ri!t, a$0 vi!e$+e. Thi, i, /e+a(,e 4e!4e i$ I$0ia are

)(+h )!re rei*i!(, tha$ i$ the We,t.

There"!re he$ e +!$,i0er the Sa)a$ R(,h0ie i,,(e e )(,t ee4 thi, 4!i$t i$ )i$0.

I$ ?Sata$i+ Ver,e,> R(,h0ie ha, +ertai$% atta+e01 eve$ th!(*h /% i$,i$(ati!$1 I,a) a$0 the

Pr!4het. S(+h ,e$,ati!$ai,) )a% have ear$e0 R(,h0ie )ii!$, !" 0!ar,1 /(t it ha, 0ee4% h(rt

M(,i) ,e$,itivitie,.

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S!)e 4e!4e 0e,+ri/e R(,h0ie a, a *reat riter /e+a(,e he ha, !$ the #!!er Pri@e. I$ thi,

+!$$e+ti!$1 I i,h t! ,a% that Literat(re Pri@e, are !"te$ a )%,ter%. T! *ive a$ e6a)4e1 !(t !"

the a44r!6i)ate% N!/e Pri@e, *ive$ "!r Literat(re ti t!0a%1 $!/!0% eve$ re)e)/er, the$a)e, !" !r )!re i$$er,1 herea, )a$% *reat riter, ere $!t *ive$ the 4ri@e. S! i$$i$*

the #!!er Pri@e t! )% )i$0 4r!ve, itte. ?Mi0$i*ht>, Chi0re$>1 "!r hi+h R(,h0ie *!t the

#!!er Pri@e1 i, a)!,t ($rea0a/e. It i, 0i""i+(t t! ($0er,ta$0 hat R(,h0ie i, 0rivi$* at. S! the

$e +riteri!$ "!r *!!0 iterat(re i, that it ,h!(0 /e ($rea0a/e8

0 The aip@r Literat@re Fe"ti#a,& Thi, a, 0!)i$ate0 /% the R(,h0ie i,,(e. There a,

har0% a$% *!!0 0i,+(,,i!$ !$ !ther riter, !" I$0ia !r "!rei*$ +!($trie, i$ the 0a% Fe,tiva.

R(,h0ie a, )a0e i$t! a her!.

O$e ha0 e64e+te0 a ,eri!(, 0i,+(,,i!$ !$ I$0ia$ riter, ie Ja/ir1 Pre)+ha$01 Sharat

Cha$0ra1 Ma$t!1 Ja@i Na@r( I,a)1 Ghai/1 Fai@1 et+. !r "!rei*$ riter, ie Di+e$,1 #er$ar0

Sha1 U4t!$ Si$+air1 Wat Whit)a$1 Vi+t!r H(*!1 Fa(/ert1 #a@a+1 G!ethe1 S+hier1 T!,t!%1

D!,t!%ev,%1 G!ri et+. #(t i$,tea0 the t!ta "!+(, a, !$ R(,h0ie. Di,+(,,i!$ !$ *!!0 riter,

a, )ar*i$ai@e0.

A /i* h(e a$0 +r% a, rai,e0 that "ree0!) !" ,4ee+h a, i)4erie0 /% /a$$i$* R(,h0ie.

The I$0ia$ Pri)e Mi$i,ter re+e$t% 0e+are0 that it i, a ,ha)e that =,

"ree0!) T! )% )i$0 "ree0!) "!r the I$0ia$ )a,,e, i, "ree0!) "r!) h($*er1 i*$!ra$+e1

($e)4!%)e$t1 0i,ea,e a$0 a i$0, !" 0e4rivati!$1 $!t "ree0!) t! rea0 Mr. R(,h0ie>,

,(/,ta$0ar0 /!!,.

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36/43

Ha0 R(,h0ie>, !r /ee$ /e$e"i+ia t! the I$0ia$ 4e!4e !$e +!(0 have ,(44!rte0 it eve$ i" it

te)4!rari% +reate0 ,!)e ,!+ia 0i,!r0er. Great !r, ,!)eti)e, +reate 0i,!r0er e.*. the !r,

!" V!taire1 R!(,,ea(1 Th!)a, Pai$e1 the Fre$+h E$+%+!4ae0i,t,1 et+. #(t h! 0!e,?Mi0$i*ht>, Chi0re$> !r ?Sata$i+ Ver,e,> he4 the I$0ia$ 4e!4e i$ their ,tr(**e "!r a /etter

i"e What i, their ,!+ia reeva$+e

A, I 4!i$te0 !(t i$ a 4revi!(, arti+e1 )a$% I$0ia$, ,(""er "r!) a$ i$"eri!rit% +!)4e6

that hatever i, ritte$ /% ,!)e!$e ivi$* i$ L!$0!$ !r Ne Y!r )(,t /e *reat iterat(re1

herea, hatever i, ritte$ /% a riter ivi$* i$ I$0ia '4arti+(ar% i$ a ver$a+(ar a$*(a*e-

)(,t /e i$"eri!r.

I a, re+e$t% rea0i$* '!r rather re9rea0i$*- !h$ Stei$/e+>, ?The Gra4e, !" Wrath>

hi+h i, a/!(t the )i*rati!$ !" "ar)er, !" Oaha)a i$ U.S.A. h! ha0 !,t their iveih!!0 0(e

t! the Great De4re,,i!$ a$0 "e0 t! Cai"!r$ia ,ear+hi$* "!r 7!/, hi+h ere $!t there. Thi, i, a

rea% *reat $!ve1 a$0 re)i$0, !$e !" the re+e$t )i*rati!$, !" h($0re0, !" th!(,a$0, !" "ar)er,

i$ I$0ia h! !,t their iveih!!0 a$0 "e0 t! +itie, !!i$* "!r 7!/, hi+h ere $!t there. It i,

,(+h i$0 !" iterat(re hi+h I$0ia re5(ire, hi*hi*hti$* *reat ,!+ia 4r!/e),1 $!t !r, !"

R(,h0ie hi+h have $! ,!+ia reeva$+e.

0 There i" tremedo@" di#er"itB i Idia& I$0ia i, :road,Ba +!($tr% !" i))i*ra$t,1 ie

N!rth A)eri+a. ;< t! ; !" it, 4re,e$t 4!4(ati!$ +!$,i,t, !" 0e,+e$0a$t, !" 4e!4e h! +a)e

"r!) a/r!a01 )ai$% "r!) the N!rth We,t. F!r thi, rea,!$ there i, tre)e$0!(, 0iver,it% i$ I$0ia

B ,! )a$% rei*i!$, +a,te,1 a$*(a*e,1 eth$i+ *r!(4,1 et+. There"!re the !$% 4!i+% hi+h +a$

!r i$ I$0ia a$0 ee4 it t!*ether i, ,e+(ari,) a$0 *ivi$* e5(a re,4e+t t! a +!))($itie, B the

4!i+% ai0 0!$ i$ !(r C!$,tit(ti!$.

F!r thi, rea,!$ it i, ver% i)4!rta$t "!r 4re,ervi$* I$0ia>, i$te*rit% t! re,4e+t a rei*i!$,1

eve$ i" !$e 0!e, $!t ,(/,+ri/e t! the).

Rei*i!$ i, a )atter !" "aith1 $!t !*i+. Hi$0(>, re*ar0 L!r0 Ra)a a$0 L!r0 Jri,h$a a,

G!0,. M(,i), re,4e+t Pr!4het M!ha))e0. Si$+e the !verhe)i$* $()/er !" I$0ia$, are

0ee4% rei*i!(,1 ($ie i$ the We,t here the h!0 !" rei*i!$ ha, +!$,i0era/% eae$e01 +are

)(,t /e tae$ i$ I$0ia $!t t! i$,(t a$% rei*i!(, "i*(re 0ire+t% !r i$0ire+t%.

R(,h0ie ha, 0ee4% h(rt M(,i) "eei$*, /% ?Sata$i+ Ver,e,>. Wh% the$ a, the "!+(, !$

hi) at ai4(r Wa, there a ,(/te1 0ei/erate 0e,i*$ t! 0ivi0e Hi$0(, a$0 M(,i), O$e

!$0er,.

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37/43

40 Idia i" pre"et,B pa""ig thro@gh a tra"itioa, period i it" hi"torB1 "r!) "e(0ai,)

t! a )!0er$ i$0(,tria ,!+iet%. Thi, i, a ver% 4ai$"( a$0 a*!$i@i$* 4eri!0 i$ hi,t!r%1 a, a ,t(0%

!" E(r!4ea$ hi,t!r% "r!) the th

t! ;th

+e$t(rie, 0i,+!,e, 999 "( !" t(r/(e$+e a$0 t(r)!i.

With *reat 0i""i+(t%1 a$0 a"ter tre)e$0!(, ,a+ri"i+e, I$0ia ha, 4artia% e)er*e0 "r!) the 0ar1

"e(0a a*e. Sh!(0 it /e h(re0 /a+ i$t! that a*e /% 4er)itti$* "ree0!) t! i$,(t rei*i!(,

,e$,itivitie,1 hi+h !$% )ae, 4e!4e )!re !/,+(ra$ti,t,1 a$0 )a% ea0 t! 4(/i+ 0i,!r0er T!

)% )i$0 "ree0!) !" ,4ee+h ,h!(0 /e (,e0 i$ I$0ia t! ,4rea0 rati!$a a$0 ,+ie$ti"i+ i0ea, hie

av!i0i$* i$,(t t! a$% rei*i!$. Thi, i he4 i$ *etti$* !ver the tra$,iti!$a 4eri!0 "a,ter a$0

ith e,, 4ai$.

T h e e e d t o e # o, #e t h e ,a ' re , a t i g t o Sedi ti o

37| P a g e


38/43

The 4re,e$t I$0ia ha, ev!ve0 (4 t! a *reat e6te$t a, +!)4are0 t! the ear% th a$0 ;th

+e$t(rie,. With the a0ve$t !" M!0er$ Te+h$!!*% a$0 *!/ai@ati!$ the +!$0iti!$, have +ha$*e0

a$0 )!,t i)4!rta$t% the attit(0e !" 4e!4e t!ar0, the G!ver$)e$t !r r(i$* +a,, ha,

rev!(ti!$i@e0 a$0 4e!4e +a$ *et the4!i+ie, a$0 ,+he)e, a)e$0e0 i$ !r0er t! i)4r!ve their

e,tate. O$ the +!$trar%1 the ,e0iti!$ a1 i$ !(r +!$te6t1 i, i$0i+ative !" !(r i$,a$e 4e$+ha$t "!r!(r +!!$ia 4a,t8 It a,! ,4ea, v!()e, a/!(t h! e are ,ti "!!i$* a, that have either

/ee$ a$$(e0 !r a/!i,he0 i$ )!,t !ther +!($trie,. It i, a )atter !" (tter 0i,*ra+e that h! the

!r0>, ar*e,t 0e)!+ra+% i, havi$* a, hi+h ere !$+e h(r0e, i$ the 4ath !" it, !$

"ree0!) ,tr(**e a$0 hi+h i, /ata$t% a*ai$,t the ver% 0e"i$iti!$ !" 0e)!+rati+ ri*ht, i$

t!0a%>, +!$te6t.

The /a,i+ e,,e$+e !" the La i, t! re*(ate the h()a$ +!$0(+t a$0 it ,h!(0 *r! i$ !r0er

t! 4a+ate the $ee0, !" the 4e!4e a$0 ee4 a/rea,t ith the 0eve!4)e$t, tai$* 4a+e i$ the

+!($tr%. The +!$+er$e0 a(th!ritie, $ee0 t! tae a /!0 ,te4 i$ !r0er t! ev!ve La, ,(ita/e t! the

+!$0iti!$, 4revaii$* i$ I$0ia.

Ne' Dime"io" Of Freedom Of Speech Ad E!pre""io

G!ver$)e$t ha, $! )!$!4!% !$ ee+tr!$i+ )e0ia: The S(4re)e C!(rt i0e$e0 the ,+!4e a$0

e6te$t !" the ri*ht t! "ree0!) !" ,4ee+h a$0 e64re,,i!$ a$0 he0 that the *!ver$)e$t ha, $!

)!$!4!% !$ ee+tr!$i+ )e0ia a$0 a +iti@e$ ha, ($0er Art. ;'-'a- a ri*ht t! tee+a,t a$0

/r!a0+a,t t! the vieer,i,te$er, thr!(*h ee+tr!$i+ )e0ia teevi,i!$ a$0 ra0i! a$% i)4!rta$t

eve$t. The *!ver$)e$t +a$ i)4!,e re,tri+ti!$, !$ ,(+h a ri*ht !$% !$ *r!($0, ,4e+i"ie0 i$

+a(,e '


39/43

+!(0 re*(ate the +!))er+ia a0verti,e)e$t,1 hi+h are 0e+e4tive1 ($"air1 )i,ea0i$* a$0

($tr(th"(. E6a)i$e0 "r!) a$!ther a$*e the C!(rt ,ai0 that the 4(/i+ at ar*e ha, a ri*ht t!

re+eive the QC!))er+ia S4ee+hQ. Art. ;'-'a- !" the +!$,tit(ti!$ $!t !$% *(ara$tee0 "ree0!)

!" ,4ee+h a$0 e64re,,i!$1 it a,! 4r!te+t, the ri*ht !" a$ i$0ivi0(a t! i,te$1 rea01 a$0 re+eive the

,ai0 ,4ee+h.

Tee4h!$e Ta44i$*: I$va,i!$ !$ ri*ht t! 4riva+% : Tee4h!$e ta44i$* vi!ate, Art. ;'-'a-

($e,, it +!)e, ithi$ *r!($0, !" re,tri+ti!$ ($0er Art. ;'


40/43

The4($i,h)e$t "!r ,e0iti!$ ($0er ,e+ti!$ :


41/43

Whie thi, $!te ha, 0eat ith ,e+ti!$ :


42/43

The %ar0,ti+ t! a,,e,, that a 4er,!$ ha, e6+ite0 !r atte)4te0 !r 0e,ire0 t! e6+ite hatre01

+!$te)4t !r 0i,a""e+ti!$ ,h!(0 /e )!re +ear% 0e"i$e0 a, it a, he0 i$ Je0ar Nath>,

+a,e that +e$,(ri$* !r 0i,a44r!/ati!$ !" a+ti!$, !" *!ver$)e$t ith!(t e6+iti$* the a"!re,ai0

"eei$*, $!t /e 4e$a a$0 the )atter, here i$te$ti!$ i, !r ha, t! /e i$"erre0 i, a,! a

0e/ata/e i,,(e hi+h re5(ire, atte$ti!$ a$0 )!re i)4!rta$t% that hatre01 +!$te)4t a$00i,a""e+ti!$ are the +!$,e5(e$+e, !" the +!$+er$e0 ,4ee+h1 riti$*,1 ,i*$, !r vi,i/e

re4re,e$tati!$, a, it i, 5(ite 4a4a/e that 4e!4e )i*ht have a$% !$e !" the hatre01 +!$te)4t !r

0i,a""e+ti!$ t!ar0, the *!ver$)e$t he$ the% *et a+5(ai$te0 ith the 0e"!r)itie, !" a$% a+ti!$

!" G!ver$)e$t thr!(*h the +!$+er$e0 +!$te$t1 ,! thi, area $ee0, t! /e revi,ite0 a, at the 4re,e$t

Da% a"ter )!re tha$ %ear, !" i$0e4e$0e$+e it i, evi0e$t that the I$0ia a, e a, the R(i$*

a(th!rit% ha, tra$,4!,e0. O$e a+5(ai$te0 ith the 0e"e+t, !" a$% a+ti!$ !" *!ver$)e$t +a$

a44ri,e the +!))!$ 4e!4e a/!(t the ,a)e t! *et it re+ti"ie0 /% havi$* the ,(44!rt !" ar*er

$()/er !" 4e!4e ,! that it a44ear, a *e$(i$e 0e)a$0 ith +e$,(ri$* !r 0i,a44r!va !" a+ti!$,

!" the State i$ ,(+h a a% that )i*ht $!t re,(t i$ 4(/i+ 0i,!r0er. I$ter$ati!$a H()a$ Ri*ht,

Wat+h re5(e,te0 the I$0ia$ Paria)e$t t! i))e0iate% re4ea the ,e0iti!$ a hi+h !+a

a(th!ritie, are (,i$* t! ,ie$+e 4ea+e"( 4!iti+a 0i,,e$t. O$ A4ri1 a"ter ,evera 0ea%,1 the

S(4re)e C!(rt !" I$0ia 0eivere0 it, ver0i+t /% *ra$te0 /ai t! Dr #i$a%a Se$. QSe0iti!$ a,

!(t0ate0

Mi*ht ,ee re+!))e$0ati!$, "r!) La C!))i,,i!$Q1 ,a%, La Mi$i,ter a"ter SC *ra$te0 /ai

t! #i$a%a Se$. Se0iti!$ a ,h!(0 /e a)e$0 that $! i$$!+e$t i$0ivi0(a *et, vi+ti)i,e0 i$ the

"(t(re.

A +!!$ia e*a+% ie ,e0iti!$ a1 hi+h 4re,()e, 4!4(ar a""e+ti!$ "!r the ,tate a, a $at(ra

+!$0iti!$ a$0 e64e+t, +iti@e$, $!t t! ,h! a$% e$)it%1 +!$te)4t1 hatre0 !r h!,tiit% t!ar0,

the *!ver$)e$te,ta/i,he0 /% a1 0!e, $!t have a 4a+e i$ a )!0er$ 0e)!+rati+ ,tate ie

I$0ia. The +a,e "!r re4eai$* the a !" ,e0iti!$ i$ I$0ia i, r!!te0 i$ it, i)4a+t !$ the

a/iit% !" +iti@e$, t! "ree% e64re,, the),eve, a, e a, t! +!$,tr(+tive% +riti+i,e !r e64re,,

0i,,e$t a*ai$,t their *!ver$)e$t.

42| P a g e


43/43

The e6i,te$+e !" ,e0iti!$ a, i$ I$0ia>, ,tat(te /!!, a$0 the re,(ti$* +ri)i$ai@ati!$ !"

?0i,a""e+ti!$> t!ar0, the ,tate i, ($a++e4ta/e i$ a 0e)!+rati+ ,!+iet%.

The,e a, are +ear% +!!$ia re)$a$t, i t h their !ri*i$ i$ e6tre)e% re4re,,ive )ea,(re,

(,e0 /% the +!!$ia *!ver$)e$t a*ai$,t $ati!$ai,t, "i*hti$* "!r I$0ia$ i$0e4e$0e$+e. The

(,e !" the,e a, t! hara,, a$0 i$ti)i0ate )e0ia 4er,!$$e1 h()a$ ri*ht, a+tivi,t,14!iti+aa+tivi,t,1 arti,t,1 a$0 4(/i+ i$tee+t(a, 0e,4ite a S(4re)e C!(rt r(i$* $arr!i$* it,

a44i+ati!$1 ,h!, that the ver% e6i,te$+e !" ,e0iti!$ a, !$ the ,tat(te /!!, i, a threat t!

0e)!+rati+ va(e,.

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