Legal Aspect of Nursing Profession

IMPORTANT LEGAL IMPORTANT LEGAL CONCEPTS FOR NURSINGCONCEPTS FOR NURSING

Joanne P. CanicosaJoanne P. Canicosa

LEGAL ASPECTS

LAWS AFFECTING NURSING PRACTICE

Republic Acts

• RA 7164 - Philippine Nursing Act of 1991

• RA 9173 - Philippine Nursing Act of 2002

• RA 1080 - Civil Service Eligibility for those who passed board and bar exams

• RA 2328 - Philippine Medical Act• RA 8344 – An Act penalizing the refusal of Hospitals and

Medical Clinics to administer initial medical treatment and support in emergency cases

• RA 1612 - Privilege Tax Law - professional tax payment

• RA 5181 - Permanent residence and Reciprocity

• RA 1082 - Rural Health Units all over the Philippines

LEGAL ASPECTS


Republic Acts

• RA 4073 - Liberalizes leprosy treatment

• RA 1054 - Free emergency medical treatments to employees and laborers

• RA 4226 - Hospital Licensure Act

• RA 5901 - 40 hours/week for nurses in with 100- bed capacity...

• RA 3573 - Reporting of Communicable Diseases

• RA 6111 - Medicare Act

• RA 6675 - Generics Act of 1988

• RA 6713 - Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials/Employees

LEGAL ASPECTS

LEGAL ASPECTS THAT AFFECTS THE NURSING PROFESSION

Board of Nursing

• RA 877 - An act regulating the practice of nursing profession in the Philippines

• RA 4704 - Philippine Nursing Law, June 19, 1953• PD 223 - Creation of Board of Nursing• RA 7164 - Professional Regulation Commission has the power to

recommend nominee members of the board to the President of the Republic, June 22, 1973

• RA 9173 - New Nursing law by Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, July 2, 2002 will be known as the ” Philippine Nursing

Act of 2002”

LEGAL ASPECTS


Republic Acts

• RA 6758 - Salary Standardization Law

• RA 7305 - Magna Carta for Public Health Workers

• RA 7277 - Magna Carta of Disabled Persons

• RA 7624 - Drug Education Law

• RA 6972 - Day Care Center for every barangay

• RA 7160 - Local Autonomy Code

• RA 7170 - Organ Donation

• RA 349 - Legalized use of human organs for scientific purposes

• RA 6809 - Amended Article 34 of Family Code, 18 years is majority age

LEGAL ASPECTS


Presidential Decree

• PD 69 - Four children for tax exemption

• PD 48 - Four children for maternity privilege

• PD 965 - Family Planning and Responsible Parenthood

• PD 442 - New Labor Code of the Philippines

• PD 603 - Child and Youth Welfare Code

• PD 626 - Employee Compensation and State Insurance Fund

• PD 1519 - Medicare Benefits for all government employees

• PD 1636 - Compulsory membership to SSS of self- employed persons

LEGAL ASPECTS


Presidential Decree

• PD 223 - Professional Regulation Commission (PRC)

• PD 541 - Practice of profession in the Philippines by former professionals

• PD 651 - Birth Registration Law

• PD 856 - Sanitation Code

• PD 996 - Compulsory immunization of children under 8 years

• PD 491 - Nutrition Program Law

• PD 825 - Penalty for improper garbage disposal

• PD 143 - Woman and Child Labor Law (no child below 14 shall be employed)

LEGAL ASPECTS


Executive Order

• EO 51 - Milk Code

• EO 209 - Family Code

• EO 180 - Government worker's CBA

• EO 857 - Compulsory Dollar Remittance Law

• EO 174 - National Drug Policy (availability, affordability or safe, effective, quality drugs)

LEGAL ASPECTS


Board Resolution

• No. 633 series of 1984 - ICN Code of Ethics

• No.1955 s. 1989 - PNA Code of Ethics

• No.1930 s. 1985 - CPE for Nurses

• No.187 s. 1991 - Renewal of Professional license

• No. 217s. 1992 - Delisting of delinquent professionals

Letters of Instructions

• LOI 949 - Legal Basis of Primary Health Care

• LOI 100 - Preference given to members of accredited professional organization for employment and seminars

LEGAL ASPECTS

PRONOUNCEMENTS

• Nurse's Week - Last week of October

• National Cancer Consciousness Week - Second week of January

• International Women's Day - March 8

• World Health Day - April 7

• Earth Ray - April 2

• National Health Worker's Day - May 7

• World Red Cross Day - May 8

• International Nurse's Day - May 12

• World Diabetes Day - June 27

• International Day for Drug Abuse and Child Trafficking - January 2

• World Breastfeeding Day - August 1

• World AIDS Day - December 1

RESPONSIBILITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY FOR THE PRACTICE OF PROFESSIONAL NURSING

Nurses employed in an agency, institution or hospital are directly responsible to their immediate supervisors. Private duty nurses, being independent practitioners, are held to a standard of conduct that is expected of reasonable prudent nurse

WHAT IS LIABILITY? Is an obligation or debt that can be enforced by law. A person who is liable for malpractice is usually required to pay for damages.

Damages - refer to compensation in money recoverable for a loss of damage.

PROFESSIONAL NEGLIGENCE

“NEGLIGENCE”

Refers to the commission or omission of an act, pursuant to a duty, that a reasonably prudent person in the same or similar circumstance would or would not to, and acting or the non-acting of which is the proximate cause of injury to another person to his property.


ELEMENTS OF PROFESSIONAL NEGLIGENCE

1. Existence of a duty on the part of the person charged to use due care under circumstances

2. Failure to meet the standard of due care

3. The foreseeability of harm resulting from failure to meet the standard

4. The fact that the breach of this standard resulted in an injury to the plaintiff

5. Errors due to family assistance

6. Administration of medicine without a doctor’s prescription


SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF NEGLIGENCE

1. Failure to report observations to attending Physicians.

2. Failure to exercise the degree of diligence which the circumstances of the particular case demands.

3. Mistaken Identity

4. Wrong medicine, wrong concentration, wrong route, wrong dose.

5. Defects in the equipment such as stretchers and wheelchairs may lead to falls thus injuring the patients.


CONDITIONS THAT ARE NECESSARY FOR THE APPLICATION OF THE DOCTRINE:

1.The accident must be a kind which ordinarily does not occur in the absence of someone’s negligence.

2. The accident must be caused by an agency or instrumentality within the exclusive control of the defendant.

3. The accident must not have been due to any voluntary action or contribution on the part of the plaintiff (injured party).

LEGAL DEFENSE IN NEGLIGENCE

The most common defense in a negligent action is when nurses know and attain that standard of care in giving service and that they have documented the care they give in a concise and accurate manner.

If the patient’s careless conduct contributes to his own injury, the patient cannot bring suit against the nurse.


THE DOCTRINE OF RES IPSA LOQUITUR

The thing speaks for itself” When the harm that resulted from

negligence and the responsibility for the harm are clear that anyone would agree on it, the term res ipsa loquitur is used

MALPRACTICE

MALPRACTICE

Implies the idea of improper or unskillful care of a patient by a nurse.

It also denotes stepping beyond one’s authority with serious consequences

MALPRACTICE

Elements of Malpractice

Duty to client - Owed to the client by nature of employment and standards of care by which the nurse must practice.

Breach of duty - A failure to meet the standard of care owed to the client.

Causation - A direct relationship between the failure to meet the standard of care and the client’s harm.

MALPRACTICE

Elements of Malpractice

Damages - It must be proved that the client/patient has incurred harm through the unsafe nursing practice.

Forseeability - The nurse must recognize or have prior knowledge that failing to meet a standard of care may cause this type of harm to the client/patient.

MALPRACTICEEXAMPLES OF MALPRACTICE:.

Misdiagnosis of an illness, failure to diagnose or relay diagnosis

Birth Injuries

Surgical Complications

Prescription errors

Failure to provide treatment

Anesthesia related complications

Failure to follow advance directive

Failure of hospital or pharmacy to dispense the right medicine, dosage

DOCTRINES

DOCTRINE OF

FORCE MAJEURE

It is an irresistible or superior force, one that cannot be foreseen or prevented; a fortuitous event, and “act of God”.

No person shall be held liable for nonperformance of what was expected of him/her if the cause of the nonperformance was a force majeure (e.g. devastating typhoons, earthquakes and other calamities)

DOCTRINE OF RESPONDENT SUPERIOR

Means “let the superior answer; let the principal answer for the acts of his agent”

The doctrine is founded on the principle that he who expects to derive advantage from an act which is done by another for him must answer for any injury which a third person may sustain from it.

The doctrine rests upon the proposition that, in doing the acts out of which the accident arose, the servant was representing the master at the time

DOCTRINE OF RESPONDENT SUPERIOR

EXAMPLES:

The hospital will be held liable, if, in an effort to cut down on expenses it decides to hire underboard nurses or midwives in place of professional nurses, and these persons prove to be incompetent.

The surgeon will be held responsible in case a laparotomy pack is left in a patient’s abdomen.

MALPRACTICE

Practice to Strive For

Best Practices for Reducing the Risk of Malpractice Litigation:

I. Maintain good communication with the clients in your care.

II. Always keep your knowledge and skills up to date.

III. Follow and know your institution’s policies and procedures, and always pay close attention to your clients’ changing health status.

IV. Always seek attention for a client’s changing health status, and question physician orders if they are unclear or not in keeping with the client’s condition.

INCOMPETENCE

Is the lack of ability, legal qualifications or fitness to discharge the required duty.

Although a nurse is registered, if in the performance of her duty she manifests incompetency, there is ground for revocation or suspension of her certificate of registration.

LIABILITY OF NURSES FOR THE WORK OF NURSING AIDES

Nursing aides perform selected nursing activities under the direct supervision of nurses.

They usually given on-the-job- training by the Training Staff.

Their responsibilities usually pertains to the routine care of chronically ill patients.

☝They are therefore responsible for their own actions.

LIABILITY FOR THE WORK OF NURSING STUDENTS

Under the Philippine Nursing Act of 2002 R.A. 9173, nursing students do not perform professional nursing duties.

☝They are to be supervised by their clinical instructors.

GUIDELINES TO AVOID MISTAKES OF NURSING STUDENTS

1. Nursing students should always be under the supervision of their clinical instructors.

2. They should be given assignments that are at their level of training, experience, and competency.

3. They should be advised to seek guidance especially if they are performing the procedure for the first time.

4. They should be oriented to the policies of the nursing unit where they are assigned.

5. Their performance should be assessed frequently to determine their strengths and weaknesses

6. Frequent conferences with the students will reveal their problems which they may want to bring to the attention of their instructors or vice-versa. Discussion of these problems will iron out doubts and possible solutions may be provided.

INTENTIONAL WRONGS

A nurse may be held liable for intentional wrongs

INTENTIONAL WRONGS

TORTS

A tort is a legal wrong, committed against a person or property independent of a contract which renders the person who commits it liable for damages in a civil action.

A person who has been wronged seeks compensation for the injury or wrong he has suffered from the wrong doer.

INTENTIONAL WRONGS

EXAMPLES OF TORT:

ASSAULT AND BATTERY. Assault is an unjustifiable attempt to touch another person or even the threat of doing so while Battery is the actual carrying out of the threatened physical contact

DEFAMATION of character occurs where a person discusses another individual in terms that diminish reputation. LIBEL is written defamation. SLANDER is oral Defamation

False Imprisonment – use of physical restraints. Practitioners are liable for false imprisonment when they unlawfully restrain the movements of their pts. Physical restrains should be applied only with a physical direct order.

MEDICAL ORDERS, DRUGS, AND MEDICATIONS

R.A. 6675 states that only validly registered medical, dental, and veterinary practitioners, whether in private institution/corporation or in the government, are authorized to prescribe drugs.

In accordance with R.A. 5921, or the Pharmacy Act as amended, all prescriptions must contain the following information: name of the prescriber, office address, professional registration number, professional tax receipt number, patient’s/client’s name, age, and sex, and date of prescription. R.A. 6675 requires that the drugs be written in their generic names.

IV Therapy and Legal Implications

Philippine Nursing Act of 1991 Section 28

- states that in the administration of intravenous injection, special training shall be required according to protocol established

Board of Nursing Resolution No. 8

- states that without such training and who administers intravenous injections to patients shall be held liable either criminally under Sec 30 Art. VII of said law or administratively under sec 21 Art III or both (whether causing or not an injury or death to the patient)


SCOPE OF DUTIES AND RESPONSIBLITIES IN IV THERAPY

1. Interpretation of the doctor’s orders for IV therapy.

2. Performance of venipuncture, insertion of needles, cannulas except TPN and cutdown.

3. Preparation, administration, monitoring and termination of intravenous solutions such as additives, intravenous medications, and intravenous push.

4. Administration of blood/blood products as ordered by the physicians.

5. Recognition of solutions and medicine incompatibilities.

6. Maintenance and replacement of sites, tubings, dressings, in accordance with established procedures.


SCOPE OF DUTIES AND RESPONSIBLITIES IN IV THERAPY

7. Establishment of flow rates of solutions, medicines, blood and blood components.

8. Utilization of thorough knowledge and proficient technical ability in the use/care, maintenance, and evaluation of intravenous equipment.

9. Nursing management of total parenteral nutrition, outpatient intravenous care.

10. Maintenance of established infection control and aseptic nursing interventions.

11. Maintenance of appropriate documentation, associated with the preparation, administration and termination of all forms of intravenous therapy.

Telephone Orders

Telephone Orders

Doctors should limit telephone orders to extreme emergency where there is no alternative. The use of telephone in a non emergency as a substitute for the physician himself can lead to serious error and may border on malpractice.

Nurse should read back such order to the physician to make certain the order has been correctly written.

Such order should be signed by the physician within 24 hours.

The nurse should sign the physician’s name per her own and note the time and order was received.

CHARTING

LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS IN CHARTING

PURPOSE OF THE PT’S. CHART

Communication and continuity

Assurance of quality care

Research

Legal document

Statistics of the disease

*The chart is owned by the hospital

CHARTING

DO’S & DONT’S IN CHARTING

DO’S

Full, factual and objectively accurate

Legible

Immediate

Personal

DON’T’S

Language or unacceptable words

Improper corrections

Spaces & skips

Abbreviation, not standard

CHARTING

DO’S & DONT’S IN CHARTING

Don’t tamper the medical record by:

Adding

Rewriting

Destroying original record

Observe agency’s standards on documentation

Complete & Concise

Specific & Standard abbreviations

CHARTING

Writing an Incident Report

A tool used as a means of identifying and improving client care. They are usually made immediately after its occurrence and validated immediately by co-workers.

Purpose: to provide accurate documentation of occurrences affecting the client as to have basis for its intervention.

CHARTING

The following are common situations that require an incident report:

MOST OF THEM ARE NEGLIGENT ACTS

Falls, burns & medication error

Break in the aseptic technique

Incorrect sponge count during surgery

Failure to report the clients condition

Rules in Incident Report

Don’t use the word error or include lawful judgment or inflammatory words

CONSENT TO MEDICAL AND SURGICAL PROCEDURE

Consent is defined as a “ free and rational act that presupposes knowledge of the thing to which consent is being given by a person who is legally capable to give consent.”

Nature of consent - an authorization by the patient or a person authorized by the law to give the consent on the patient’s behalf.

Informed Consent - A written consent should be signed to show that the procedure is the one consented to and that the person understands the nature of the procedure.


The nurse’s responsibility in witnessing the giving of informed consent involves:

(1)witnessing the exchange b/w the client and the physician

(2)witnessing the client affix his signature

(3) establishing that the client really understood.


ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF INFORMED CONSENT:

1. The diagnosis and explanation of the condition.

2. A fair explanation of the procedures to be done and used and the consequences.

3. A description of alternative treatments or procedures.

4. A description of the benefits to be expected.

5. Material rights if any+

6. The prognosis, the recommended care, procedure is refused


WHO MUST CONSENT?

Patient must consent in his own behalf

If he is incompetent, or physically unable, and is not in emergency case, consent must be taken from another who is authorized to give it in his own behalf.


CONSENT OF MINORS

Parents or someone standing in their behalf, gives the consent to medical or surgical treatment of a minor. Parental consent is not needed if the patient is married or emancipated.

CONSENT OF MENTALY ILL

A mentally incompetent person cannot legally consent to medical or surgical treatment. The consent must be taken from parents or legal guardian.


MENTAL COMPETENCY All patients are presumed to be competent unless

declared incompetent by a court of law. Supporting documentation of the patient’s behaviors, speech, decision making and physical and mental status are very useful in establishing his/her mental competency.

EMERGENCY SITUATION No consent is necessary because inaction at such time

may cause greater injury. If time is available and an informed consent is possible, it is best that this be taken to protect all the parties concerned.


REFUSAL TO CONSENT

A patient who is mentally and legally competent has the right to refuse the touching of his body or to submit to a medical or surgical procedure no matter how necessary, nor how imminent the danger to his life or health if he fails to submit to treatment.


MEDICAL RECORDS

Was created as a means of communication among health care practitioners. Today medical records serve two important functions: to provide legal documentation, and obtain third party payments (e.g. Medicare) They are good evidence in legal suits but are not admissible evidence against the patient.

“ If information is not charted, it was not done or observed”

LEGAL RISKS FOR SAFETY EQUIPMENT

The nurse should exercise reasonable care in selecting equipment to be used in patients. Generally, a nurse is not liable for a nonobservable and non-discoverable defect in the equipment.

CONTRACT

WHAT IS A CONTRACT?

o Is a meeting of minds between two persons where they bind themselves to give something or to render some services.

o Practically anything could be subjected to a contract as long as these are not contrary to law, morals, good customs, public order and public policy.

CONTRACT

Kinds of Contracts

Formal Contracts - refers to an agreement b/w parties and is required to be in writing. E.g. marriage contracts

Informal Contracts - one in which concluded as the result of a written document where the law does not require the same to be in writing.

Express Contracts - The one in which the conditions and terms of contract are given orally or in writing by the parties concerned. E.g. PDN under the doctrine of “facio ut des” means I do that you may give.

CONTRACT

Kinds of Contracts

Implied Contracts - one that is concluded as a result of acts of conduct of the parties to which the law ascribes an objective intentions to enter into a contract.

Void contracts - one that is inexistent from the very beginning and therefore may not be enforced.

Illegal contracts - one that is expressly prohibited by law

CONTRACT

Illegal Contracts

Those that are made in protection of the law

Consent obtained by fraud

Those obtained under duress

Those obtained under undue influence

Those obtained through material misrepresentation

NURSES AND WILLS

WILLS - legal declaration of a person’s intentions upon death.

- Called a testamentary document because it takes effect after the death of its maker

- An act whereby a person is permitted with the formalities prescribed by law, to control a certain degree the deposition of his estate, to take effect after death.

Decedent – a person whose property is transmitted through succession whether or not he left a will

Testator – a person who left a will.

Testatrix – a woman who is making a will

Heir – a person called to succession either by the provision of a will or by operation of law

NURSES AND WILLS

Testate – a person who dies leaving a will

Intestate – a person who died without leaving a will

Probate – validation of a will in court

Administrator – one who administers the provision of the will

Estate – the interest a person has in lands or in any other subject to property

Attestation Clause- means the clause wherein the witness certifies that the instrument has been executed before them, and the manner of the same.

NURSES AND WILLS

TYPES OF WILLS

o Holographic will – a will is written, dated and signed by the testator

o Nuncupative will or Nuncupation- an oral will

WHO CAN MAKE A WILL?• Sound mind• Eighteen years old & above• Not prohibited by law

WHO CAN WITNESS?• Sound mind• Eighteen years old & above• Able to read and write• Not blind, deaf or dumb

NURSES AND WILLS

The Nurses obligation in the Execution of a Will

Note the soundness of the pt’s mind

Ensure there was freedom from fraud or under influence

The pt should be above 18 years of age

Note the will was signed by the testator and that the witnesses signed the will in the presence of the testator

For protection, the nurse must make a notation on the pt’s chart

NURSES AND WILLS

ADVANCE CARE DIRECTIVE

- a document written or completed by the client and used by a facility or hospital to provide care at a time when client cannot make his own decision

SUBJECTS:

1. Show risk for early dementia

2. Show risk for stroke

3. Activities- severe head injuries

4. Severe and recurring psychiatric illness

5. Terminally ill

NURSES AND WILLS

Characteristics of Advance Directives

a.Allows clients to participate in choosing health care providers

b.Allows also in choosing the type of medical treatment the client desires.

c.Allows clients to consent or refuse treatments

NURSES AND WILLS

TYPES:

1. INSTRUCTIVE DIRECTIVE - specifies life-sustaining treatment to be withheld or withdrawn.

LIVING WILL - legal document stating person does not wish to have extraordinary life saving measures when not able to make decisions about his own care.

-applicable for life saving treatment only.

Example: DNR

2. PROXY OR DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY- legal document giving designated person authority to make

health care decisions on the client’s behalf when the client is unable to do so.

DNR

DO NOT RESUSCITATE (DNR)

Factors in giving order of resuscitation:

1. Client’s will and advance directives

2. Disease prognosis such as cancer or HIV

3. Client’s ability to cope

4. Whether CPR will be given or not

Reasons for refusing to perform resuscitationo Epidemic or widespread disease or debilitating condition & that

CPR is not beneficialo CPR will aggravate or prolong the agony of the client against

cultural & religious sufferingo Advance directives & Will

ORGAN DONATION

REQUIREMENTS:

Any person 18 years of age or older may become an organ donor by written consent.

Informed choice to donate an organ can take place with the use of a written document signed by the client prior to death, a will, or a donor card or an advance directive.

In the absence of appropriate documentation, a family member or legal guardian may authorize donation on the descendant’s organs.

In case of newborns, they must be full term already (more than 2000 grams)

ORGAN DONATION

TYPES:

1. Autotransplantation- donor and recipient are one and the same

Ex: skin and bones

2. Heterologous- donor and recipient are two different individuals.

a. animal to human c. cadaver donor

b. human to human d. living donor

Types of organs used :

1. Those that regenerate 2. Those that come in pair

- bone marrow, skin - kidneys, eyes

ORGAN DONATION

Religions that have different views regarding organ donations

Russian Orthodox: permits all donations EXCEPT THE HEART.

Jehovah’s Witness: DOES NOT ALLOW organ donation and all organ to be transplanted must be drained of blood first.

Judaism: They permit organ donation as long as with RABBINICAL CONSULTATION.

Islam: will NOT USE ORGAN STORED IN ORGAN BANKS.

ICN Code of Ethics

An international code of ethics for nurses was first adopted by the

International Council of Nurses (ICN) in 1953. It has been revised

and reaffirmed at various times since, most recently with this review

and revision completed in 2005.

PREAMBLENurses have four fundamental

responsibilities: to promote health, to prevent illness, to restore health and to alleviate suffering. The need for nursing is universal.

Inherent in nursing is respect for human rights, including cultural rights, the right to life and choice, to dignity and to be treated with respect. Nursing care is respectful of and unrestricted by considerations of age, colour, creed, culture, disability or illness, gender, sexual orientation, nationality, politics, race or social status.

PREAMBLENurses render health services to

the individual, the family and the community and co-ordinate their services with those of related groups.

ELEMENTS OF THE CODE

1. REGISTERED NURSES AND PEOPLE

Ethical Principles:

• Values, customs and spiritual beliefs shall be respected

• Individual freedom to make decisions

• Personal information acquired must be held in confidence

GUIDELINES TO BE OBSERVED:

a. individuality and totality of patients

b. respect

c. uphold the rights of individuals

d. take into consideration culture and values

* in the event of conflict, welfare and safety take precedence

CODE OF ETHICS FOR RN

2. REGISTERED NURSES AND PRACTICE

Ethical Principles

a. Human life is inviolable

b. Quality and excellence in the care of patients

c. Accurate documentation- nursing accountability


a. know the definition and scope of nursing practice

b. be aware of duties and responsibilities

c. acquire and develop competence in knowledge, skills and attitude

d. optimum standard of safe nursing practice

e. be morally and legally responsible

f. patient’s records considered confidential


RN’S are aware that their actions have professional, ethical, moral and legal dimensions


1. Duties in conformity with law

2. Not allow to be used in advertisements that demean image of the profession

3. Decline any gift, favor or hospitality from patient

4. Not demand and receive any commission, fee for recommendations made

5. Avoid any abuse of relationship


REGISTERED NURSES AND THE PROFESSION

Ethical Principles:

1. Maintain loyalty

2. Compliance with by laws of accredited professional organizations

3. Commitment to continual learning

4. Contribute to the improvement of the socio-economic conditions and welfare of nurses


a. Be a member of accredited prof organization (PNA)

b. Strictly adhere to nursing standards

c. Strive to secure equitable working conditions through appropriate legislation and other means

d. Assert for the implementation of labor and work standards


REGISTERED NURSES AND CO-WORKERS

The nurse sustains a co-operative relationship with co-workers in nursing and other fields.

The nurse takes appropriate action to safeguard individuals, families and communities when their health is endangered by a coworker or any other person.

Documents

Legal Aspect of Nursing Profession