LED

©  2013 Eaton. All rights reserved.

Bridging the Technologies for LED Lighting

©  2012 Eaton Corporation. All rights reserved.

Eaton’s Cooper Lighting Rick Gottlieb

Specification Sales Manager Architectural Exterior

727.781.4451 [email protected]

1121 Highway 74 South Peachtree City, GA 30269 1 Credit Hour HSW CEU

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Market Influences

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Solid State Lighting

Lighting

Electronics •  Efficiency (Energy Savings) •  Reliability •  Robustness •  Lifetime Costs •  Flexibility of Design

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LED Fundamentals

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Typical Lighting-class LED Package

Phosphor

ESD protection

Wire bond Reflector

Lens (glass, silicone), RI ~1.4

Substrate/Lead Frame

Encapsulant RI ~1.5

Air, RI = 1.0

LED chip RI~2.2

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LED: Theory of Operation •  LEDs consist of several layers

of semiconductor material •  Light is generated in the PN

junction with applied current •  Monochromatic light •  Color depends on materials

used •  Primary materials:

AlInGaP → Red/Orange/Amber InGaN → Green/blue


0.01

0.1

1

10

400 450 500 550 600 650 700

Wavelength (nm)

InGaN AlInGaP

AlGaAs

GaAsP GaAsP GaP:N

SiC

Color: Ultra-violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red Infra-Red

Better

Worse

Luminous

Intensity

LED Device Materials

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How do I get white light?

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Producing White Light with LEDs

RGB (Red, Green, Blue) Blue + Yellow Phosphor

Blue Peak

Yellow Phosphor

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Typical Lighting-class LED Package

Phosphor

ESD protection

Wire bond Reflector

Lens (glass, silicone), RI ~1.4

Substrate/Lead Frame

Encapsulant RI ~1.5

Air, RI = 1.0

LED chip RI~2.2

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Drive Current, Why has increased?

Lumileds Rebel 16 stud bumps 1mm2

Lumileds Rebel ES 25 stud bumps 1.5mm2

Lumileds Tx 36 stud bumps 2mm2

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Drive Current, What is it?

Watts=Volts x Amps

Vf (forward voltage) of an LED chip increases with drive current

Luxeon Tx Drive Current Vf (Forward Voltage 350mA 2.71V*

700mA 2.80V* 1000mA 2.86V*

*Varies by chip but this is an good representation example

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Watts=Volts x Amps

Drive Current

Vf

Watts

Lumen Output

Efficacy LPW

350mA 2.71V .95 147 155 700mA 2.80V 1.96 269 137 1050mA 2.86V 3.00 360 136

Watts=Vf x Drive Current

Luxeon TX

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Drive Current

Vf

Watts

Lumen Output

Efficacy LPW

350mA 2.71V .95 147 155 700mA 2.80V 1.96 269 137 1050mA 2.86V 3.00 360 136

Luxeon TX

Honda Accord @ 55 MPH = 36 MPG

HP MPG

Honda Accord @ 87 MPH = 26 MPG

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LED – Basic Value Proposition

•  Life - Very Long Operating Life (>100K hours) •  Lumen Maintenance – 90% @60K hours @40C •  Power - Energy Efficient (source 130 LPW) •  Size – Relative small package size •  Uniformity – Led can give superior control over light •  Directional- Directed light for increased system efficiency •  Durability - Solid State, vibration proof •  Dimmable - Fully dimmable without color variation •  Rise Time - Instant on (<100ms), full color, 100% light •  Cool Source – No IR heat •  Environment – no Mercury

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“ LIFE “

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IES LM-80-08 •  Measuring Lumen Maintenance of LED Light

Sources •  Approved method for measuring lumen

depreciation of solid-state (LED) light sources, arrays and modules

•  Does not cover measurement of luminaires •  Does not define or provide methods for estimation

of life. •  55C, 85C and 3rd LED mfg

selected temperature •  6000 hours min testing

period. 10K preferred. •  Minimum at least

every 1000 hours

Consistent way to measure life-time

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TM-21 – Use the latest data

•  Initial data variability (i.e. “hump”) is difficult for models to evaluate (0-1000 hr)

•  Later data exhibits more characteristic decay curve of interest •  Non-chip decay (encapsulant, etc.) occurs early and

with varying effects on decay curve •  Later decay is chip-driven and relatively consistent

with exponential curve •  Verification with long duration data sets(>10,000hr)

shows better model to reality fit with last 5,000 hours of 10,000 hour data

•  For 6,000 hours of data (LM-80 minimum) and up to 10,000 hours: Use last 5,000 hours

•  For > 10,000 hours: Use the last ½ of the collected data

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LM-80 Challenge

Unless you plan on installing a liquid nitrogen tank don’t expect to replicate LM-80 result directly.

Directly from TM-21 report





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•  Life - Very Long Operating Life (>100K hours) •  Lumen Maintenance – 90% @60K hours •  Power - Energy Efficient (source 130 LPW) •  Size – Relative small package size •  Directional- Directed light for increased system efficiency •  Durability - Solid State, vibration proof •  Dimmable - Fully dimmable without color variation •  Rise Time - Instant on (<100ms), full color, 100% light •  Cool Source – No IR heat •  Environment – no Mercury

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Efficiency: LED vs. Traditional Sources

©  2013 Eaton, All Rights Reserved.

Efficiency: LED vs. Traditional Sources Lu

men

s / W

att

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Lens Technology The optical system uses the lens to refract light and a reflector to shape the

distribution of light.

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‹#› ©  2013 Eaton. All rights reserved.

Average vs. Minimum Light Levels

Please educate your clients to change their specifications/ requirements from Average FC/Lux to Minimum Maintained FC/Lux


Uniformity Rules


Uniformity Rules


Uniformity Rules


Uniformity Rules


Uniformity Rules


Uniformity Rules


Uniformity Rules

->4.5 lux min: for Uniformity; 3:1 ratio


Uniformity Rules

•  Result Summary • 

->4.5 lux min: for Uniformity; 3:1 ratio

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Controls

•  On/off •  Occupancy sensors •  Time Clocks •  Building automation •  Battery packs

Control increases energy savings and “life”

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What role does heat play?

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What Determines Life?

Heat = Life An LED driven at 1A with a Ts (case temperature) of 85C will outlive the same LED driven at 530mA with a Tc of 90C

Life = Ts Drive Current = Efficiency

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Is 3 Watts a Lot of Heat?

@ 1A drive current = 3 watts

= 1800 watts

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Is 3 Watts a Lot of Heat?

Luxeon Tx = 3 watts Surface area = 2mm2 Watts per mm2 1.5

T8 48’ 32 watt lamp Surface area = 2πr2 + 2πrL r=12.7mm L=1219.2 Surface area ≈ 98,300mm2

Watts per mm2 .0003 If the T8 ran at 1.50 watts per mm2 it would consume ≈ 147,500 watts.

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Heat and Life

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Heat and Life

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Thermal Management

Ambient temperature ratings >25°C (40°C preferred)

Reduce Maintenance Costs, Go Green with LED

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LED to MH Comparison 74 Watt LED Galleon SL4 optic (2) .7A LightSquares

• 25 feet mounting height • .91 LLF • Scale 25’ •  7,292 Lumens

107 Watt LED Galleon SL4 optic (2) 1A LightSquares

• 25 feet mounting height • .91 LLF • Scale 25’ • 9,976 Lumens

250 Watt MH Talon (295 watts) SL4 optic (segmented)

• 25 feet mounting height • .70 LLF • Scale 25’ •  20,500 Lumens

Red = .20 Footcandles Green = .5 Footcandles Blue = 1 Footcanles

100’x 50’ 80’x 40’ 80’x 40’


Industrial HID Options for Retro-fit


Industrial HID Options for Retro-fit


Fluorescent to LED Options for Retro-fit


Parking Garage HID Options for Retro-fit

Lumens 17500 8000 6600 Wa0age 205 77 58 Annual $ @.10/kWh (24hrs/day) $ 179.58 $ 67.45 $ 50.81 Lamp Life 15000 L90 @ 60K L90 @ 60K Failure Rate 50% <1% <1% Annual $ Saved Energy $112.13 $128.77 Annual Maint Savings $58 $58

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HID │LED Equivalency HID 250W (290W) vs. LED 107W

250W MH (290w) 22,000 lms 2 Square 1A 9,575

~70% optic eff. 15,400 lms All ready included 9,575

Street Side (65%) 10,010 lms Street Side (89%) 8,841

0.7 LLF 7,007 lms 0.91 LLF 8,045 lms

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When 20,000 lumens = 30,000 lumens

LED Fixture Comparison

Fixture Watts = 428W 30,916 lms Fixture Watts = 213W 21,164 lms

Street Side = 66.5% 20,644 lms Street Side = 82.9% 17,548 lms

0.82 LLD * 0.95 LDD = 0.96 LLD * 0.95 LDD = 0.779 LLF [Light Loss Factor] 16,082 lms 0.912 LLF[Light Loss Factor]. 16,004 lms

Design Lumens

XYz [1A, 4000K] vs. ECL [1A, 4000K] 99.4 LPW 72.2 LPW

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Cost of Ownership

•  The life cycle cost of ownership of a lighting system must be considered when performing a ROI calculation: •  upfront costs •  energy savings •  maintenance savings •  cradle to cradle design (recyclability)

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Documents

LED