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7/30/2019 Lecture_summary 2013_part 2 Opiskelija
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Advanced Course in Life Cycle
Management
Risto Soukka
18.2.2013
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CARBON FOOTPRINT
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CONTENT OF THIS PART
Background of the carbon footprint and its applications
Definition of a carbon footprint
PAS 2050
Calculation principles
Case 1: Plastic coated cardboard
The benefits and the challenges of calculating a carbon
footprint
Carbon footprint and situation now
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BACKGROUND
In carbon footprint calculation can be separated
Corporate Carbon Footprint, CCF
Product Carbon Footprint, PCF
Here with a carbon footprint is meant Product Carbon
Footprint
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BACKGROUND
Consumers have a growing interest in environmental friendly
products
The purpose of carbon footprint labeling is to help the client to
choose a good product from climate change controlpoint of
view Also the company can benefit from carbon footprint calculations
To improve companys own actions more climate favorable
Product comparisons for client
To prevent criticism concerning climate change impacts
Among others, British supermarket chain Tesco has announced to
calculate a carbon footprint for all products sold in its stores
In Finland, Raisio was the first to label a carbon footprint on its
products
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EXAMPLES OF
CARBON FOOTPRINT USE (1)
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PAS 2050
PAS 2050 is a national standard for carbon footprint
calculation developed in Great-Britain. The standard
focuses on calculating a carbon footprint for products
and services
It is based on life cycle assessment and standardization
of life cycle assessment
It gives applying instructions for climate change studies
and the results of the study are presented as a carbon
footprint
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STANDARDS OF CARBON
FOOTPRINT
PAS 2050 has been updated in 2011
GHG protocol, which is the foundation for nearly every GHG standard andprogram in the world, has published a Product Life Cycle Accounting andReporting Standard in 2012
ISO/TC 207 is going to publish standard ISO 14067 in 2014
Country-specific activities
Germany
Japan
USA France
http://www.ghgprotocol.org/standards/product-standardhttp://www.ghgprotocol.org/standards/product-standardhttp://www.ghgprotocol.org/standards/product-standardhttp://www.ghgprotocol.org/standards/product-standard7/30/2019 Lecture_summary 2013_part 2 Opiskelija
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GOAL AND SCOPE DEFINITION
If the goal is to publish a carbon footprint of a product to
clients, strict following of the standard is demanded
The scope can be identification of the life cycle stage
that cause the most emissions
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CHOOSING A PRODUCT FOR
THE CARBON FOOTPRINT STUDY
Which product has probably the best possibilities to
reduce emissions?
What kinds of comparisons are the most important in
organizations greenhouse gas reduction strategy? Whether products properties, manufacturing processes,
packaging options or distribution options should be the
focus?
GHG PROTOCOL 6.3.1
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CHOOSING A PRODUCT FOR
THE CARBON FOOTPRINT STUDY
What kind of products are important for standing out or
competition views?
What kind of products or trade marks are the easiest to
submit to emission reductions and marketing? Are suppliers willing to participate?
What kind of impact does the carbon footprint calculation
have on main interest groups?
How much time and resources can be spent on a carbonfootprint analysis?
GHG PROTOCOL 6.3.1
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FUNCTIONAL UNIT
Functional unit is usually a product
The amount of greenhouse gas emissions per
product is calculated
Functional unit can also describe the amount of theproduct that end-user use in a year
GHG PROTOCOL 6.3.2
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BUILDING A FLOW DIAGRAM
Building a flow diagram can be started by dividing
functional unit into its components
for example into a product and a packaging
First, it is better to concentrate on the most significantmaterials and identify the inputs, manufacturing
processes, storage conditions and transportation needs
that belong to each material
GHG PROTOCOL 7.3.2
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BUILDING A FLOW DIAGRAM
At least following processes that produce greenhouse gas
emissions should be taken into account in a flow diagram
Energy consumption and energy resources
Combustion processes
Chemical reactions Refrigerant loss and other leaks
Use of the product
Service production and distribution
Changes on land use
Stock raising Other farming functions
Waste
GHG PROTOCOL 7.3.2
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BUILDING A FLOW DIAGRAM
PAS 2050 advices to include all emissions caused by
fossil fuel use but not emissions caused by biomass-
based fuel use
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BUILDING A FLOW DIAGRAM
Simplified flow diagram can be following: (to products
that end up to end-users)
Raw materials
Manufacturing
Distribution and sales
Use
Disposal or recycling
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BUILDING A FLOW DIAGRAM
Simplified flow diagram can be following: (to a product
that goes to another organization for raw material aka
B2Bproduct (business-to-business)):
Raw materials
Manufacturing
Distribution
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SETTING BOUNDARIES
AND PRIORIZATION
If the product being studied has Product Category Rules
(PCR), boundaries are sett according to PCR
If there is no such rule, system boundaries shall be
clearly stated On the part of raw materials, all processes related to raw
material processing and emit emissions, are included
GHG PROTOCOL 7.3.1
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SETTING BOUNDARIES
AND PRIORIZATION
System boundaries shall be clearly stated
On the part of energy consumption, country orientated emission
factors are taken into account
unless some other emission factor can be proved to be better
Greenhouse gases that are caused by capital merchandise suchmachines, instruments and building preparation are left outside
of the study
Greenhouse gases that are developed in production units like
lighting, heating and ventilation unit need to be taken into
account
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SETTING BOUNDARIES
AND PRIORIZATION
System boundaries shall be clearly stated
Product transport to reseller and emission caused by this can be
estimated by calculating average greenhouse gas emissions
caused by distribution in each country
if there is no more specific data available
Greenhouse gases that are produced in production storage need
to be taken into account
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SETTING BOUNDARIES
AND PRIORIZATION
In addition to capital merchandise, following things are
also left outside of the study
Human energy contribution to the product system
Consumers travels from home to the sales office and back
Workers travels from home to the working place and back
Animal acting as transportation
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DATA COLLECTION
A carbon footprint is based on quality data
represent a typical life cycle on certain time period
take into account aberrations on the part of area or material use
Data should be characteristic from time perspective to
reviewed moment and have been collected within time
frame long enough
Data should be originated from geographically similar
area
The most specific and exact data from measurement and
other sources of information must be used
GHG PROTOCOL 8.3
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DATA COLLECTION
Data collection should be consistent during the whole
analysis
Initial data should be possible to present in a way:
calculation would be repeatable
data sources would be identifiable
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DATA COLLECTION
PAS standard divides needed data into two types
Operation data
References to all material and energy quantities which belong to the
products life cycle
Primary data/ secondary data Emission factors
These greenhouse gas quantities are converted to for example kg
of greenhouse gas per input or per kilowatt-hour of used energy
Primary data/ secondary data
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DATA COLLECTION
A carbon footprint calculation normally demands
calculation of the mass balance to make sure all
materials are taken into account and none of the flows
are missing
Starting point is that the mass going into a process is equal withthe mass coming out from the process
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CALCULATION
By multiplying the operation data by the emission factor
quantities of greenhouse gas emissions are settled
Greenhouse gas emissions are converted into carbon
dioxide equivalents by multiplying the greenhouse gas
by the GWP-factor corresponding
Possible carbon stored in a product is states as carbon
dioxide equivalent and it is reduced from the sum total of
greenhouse gases
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CALCULATION
Following types of biomass based products can be considered as a
carbon storage
Products which are not human or animals nutrient
Products which still includes 50 % of carbon initially contained after one
year from the manufacturing (such as a wooden furniture)
Products which would anyway function as a carbon storage for example
still growing managed forest
Greenhouse gases from biomass and biomass fuels are included
except carbon dioxide
From emissions developed in landfill, carbon dioxide caused by
biomass based carbon is left outside of the study
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CALCULATION
Allocation
PAS 2050 recommend for the part of allocation
Dividing unit processes into two or more sub-processes
Expanding the product system to contain optional functions that are
related to by-products If allocation is not possible with the ways above, allocation is
recommended to be carried out on the grounds of the economic
values of the products
If other products are transported in the same transportation,
mass or volume are used as an allocation base
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DIRECT EMISSIONS
Direct emissions are emissions that are originated from
companys own or its controlled sources
Emission from fuel use, waste treatment in production,
companys owned transportation
The biggest emission source is fossil fuel use in production Uncertainties of direct emissions are normally small because the
data comes directly from a factory or manufacturer
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INDIRECT EMISSIONS
Emissions that are not originated from companys own or
its controlled sources but are consequential to
companys functions
Emissions from purchased electricity, methane from landfill
(product disposal), transport (if company does not owntransportation)
More difficult to estimate than direct emissions because indirect
emissions are not under companys control
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AVOIDED EMISSIONS
Avoided emissions are emitted when
Fossil fuels are replaced with renewable fuels (waste burning
replaces heat and electricity production)
Energy intensive technology is replaced with energy saving
technology (improvement in energy efficiency) Energy and emission intensive materials are replaced with more
environmental friendly materials (brick house versus wooden
house)
Uncertainty related to avoided emissions is high. Transparencyin calculation and reporting is very important because also
negative results in calculation are possible
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REVIEWING UNCERTAINTIES
Optional phase
For identifying where data collection contributions should
be aimed
When the review of uncertainties is attached as a part of
the calculation, a reliable picture of the calculation is
given both inside and outside of organization
PAS 2050 recommends Monte Carloanalysis for
uncertainty reviewing
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INTERPRETATION AND
FOLLOW-UP MEASURES
PAS 2050 presents three levels in which the results can
be verified
The results can be certified by an accredited actor
Non-accredited third party can verify the calculation methods
and the results and their compatibility with accepted standards
Organization can verify their results by using the procedure
presented in ISO 14021 -standard
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INTERPRETATION AND
FOLLOW-UP MEASURES
A carbon footprint helps to identify the most significant
causes of greenhouse gas emissions
For example in process-groups
Industry
Consumers
Distribution chain etc.
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CARBON FOOTPRINT
THREE CHALLENGES IN
COMMUNICATION WITH THE CLIENTS
Getting carbon footprint labels suitable for comparison
The quality of data used varies
Instructions for consumers is insufficient
Increasing the amount of certified carbon footprint labels
Calculating carbon footprints and making calculation
cheaper
(Reference: Carbon Trust 2009)
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DEVELOPING THE VIEWS OF
CARBON FOOTPRINT LABELING
Carbon footprint labels will become more common
The amount of emissions reduced
Agreement on reductionlabel
A label describing carbon neutrality
Simplified calculators are needed
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DEVELOPING THE VIEWS OF
CARBON FOOTPRINT LABELING
The pioneers have a chance to stand out from the
average actors
Requires orderliness for actions aiming to make a carbon
footprint smaller Company can tell how it is reducing climate change impact from
its part in the future
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CASE 1: PLASTIC COATED CARDBOARD
Marjukka Kujanp, 2008
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CASE 1: PLASTIC COATED
CARDBOARD
Cardboard made of primary fibers and coated with LDPE
(low density polyethylene)
The goal is to determine a carbon footprint of a package
made of the material
The carbon footprint include
Direct fossil and biomass based emissions
Indirect fossil and biomass based emissions
Stored carbon
Avoided emissions
The case is based on Master thesis written in 2007 and
an article based on the thesis (still in inspection)
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237120411982014200
-845-3534
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
Wood
growth
Avoided
emissions
Direct fossil
emissions
Direct bio
emissions
Indirect
fossil
emissions
Indirect bio
emissions
Total
kgCO2ep
erproductton
Forests store carbon while
growing. Part of the
carbon releases
throughout the life cycle of
the product (part of thecarbon will be stored in the
product in landfill)
CASE 1: PLASTIC COATED
CARDBOARD
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237120411982014200
-845-3534
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
Wood
growth
Avoided
emissions
Direct fossil
emissions
Direct bio
emissions
Indirect
fossil
emissions
Indirect bio
emissions
Total
kgCO2e
perproductton
Avoided emissions From cardboard
recycling
From cardboardburning after the use
(replaces Finlandsaverage energyproduction)
From landfill gasburning (replacesFinlands average
energy production)
CASE 1: PLASTIC COATED
CARDBOARD
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237120411982014200
-845-3534
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
Wood
growth
Avoided
emissions
Direct fossil
emissions
Direct bio
emissions
Indirect
fossil
emissions
Indirect bio
emissions
Total
kgCO2eper
productton
Direct fossil emission
From emissions
caused by fossil fuel
burning in the factory Includes also the
factorys interior waste
transports
CASE 1: PLASTIC COATED
CARDBOARD
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237120411982014200
-845-3534
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
Wood
growth
Avoided
emissions
Direct fossil
emissions
Direct bio
emissions
Indirect
fossil
emissions
Indirect bio
emissions
Total
kgCO
2eperproductton
Direct bio emissions
Biomass based fuels
caused by greenhouse
gas emissions such as
burning black liquor orbark
Also methane emissions
from the factorys landfill
CASE 1: PLASTIC COATED
CARDBOARD
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237120411982014200
-845-3534
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
Wood
growth
Avoided
emissions
Direct fossil
emissions
Direct bio
emissions
Indirect
fossil
emissions
Indirect bio
emissions
Total
kgCO2eperpr
oductton
Indirect fossil emissions
Emissions from
purchased electricity
production, emissions
from chemicalmanufacturing, raw
material and product
transport
Landfill methane from
municipal solid wastelandfill
CASE 1: PLASTIC COATED
CARDBOARD
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237120411982014200
-845-3534
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
Wood
growth
Avoided
emissions
Direct fossil
emissions
Direct bio
emissions
Indirect
fossil
emissions
Indirect bio
emissions
Total
kgCO2epe
rproductton
Indirect biomass emissions
Biomass based emissions
from purchased electricity,
biomass based emissions
from chemical manufacturing Landfill carbon dioxide from
municipal solid waste landfill
Emissions released in the
end of the life cycle of the
product (assumed that 100
% is burned because thecase is paper rolls shells)
CASE 1: PLASTIC COATED
CARDBOARD
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237120411982014200
-845-3534
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
Wood
growth
Avoided
emissions
Direct fossil
emissions
Direct bio
emissions
Indirect
fossil
emissions
Indirect bio
emissions
Total
kgCO2eperp
roductton
Products carbonfootprint 237 kgCO2e/ t product
The carbon footprintgets lighter whenrecycling is made moreeffective (no methaneemission from landfill)
CASE 1: PLASTIC COATED
CARDBOARD
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CHALLENGES RELATED TO
CARBON FOOTPRINT
CALCULATION
System boundaries How the studied system is limited?
By changing the system boundaries, a carbon footprint might get
heavier or lighter a lot
Transparency
How the carbon footprint is calculated?
What is the system reviewed and where are the system boundaries?
What kind of allocation is applied?
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CHALLENGES RELATED TO
CARBON FOOTPRINT
CALCULATION
Uncertainties and assumptions
Assumptions need to be made if there is no product-specific data
available
Especially after the use, products fate is uncertain. This leads tomaking assumptions on the part of the ending: recycling, landfill
disposal or waste burning
Example: What happens to the product in landfill?
If the product includes organic carbon, how much of it will not
degrade in anaerobic conditions in landfill? IPPC: about half of organic carbon in paper degrades in landfill
conditions
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Aspects on implementing life cycle impact
assessment
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CONTENT OF THIS PART
Carbon footprint
Basics of life cycle impact assessment
Characterization factors
Endpoint approach Presenting impact categories
Presenting and comparing impact categories
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IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Materials
Energy
PRODUCT
SYSTEM
Gaseous,
liquid and solid
emissions
Other impacts
Non-renewable
energy sources
Human
health
Quality of the
ecosystem
Toxic impacts
Globalwarming
Acidification
Indicator result
Use of
natural
resources
Totalemissions
Safequardsubjects
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
SO2 CO2 P (w)
kg/ttuotettutuote
Vaihtoehto 1 Vaihtoehto 2Option 1 Option 2
kg/tofproduct
SO2 CO2 P(w)
In some cases, conclusions on superiority of different options on the part of the
environmental impacts, can be made based on factors assessed in life cycle inventory
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HAPPAMOITUMINEN
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Vaihtoehto 1 Vaihtoehto 2
SO2eq/tt
uote
SO2 NOx NH3
Option 1 Option 2
SO2eq/t
ofproduct
ACIDIFICATION
SO2 NOx NH3
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SFS-EN ISO 14040 (2006)
There are no generally accepted methods to connect
inventory data consistently and precisely to certain
potential environmental impact
The models of different impact categories are on
development stage
Impact assessment views only those environmental
issues that have been specified in the goal and scope
defined
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SFS-EN ISO 14040 (2006)
All environmental issues of the product system being
studied are not assessed in impact assessment
The results of impact assessment are based on relative
approach and are indicating potential environmental
impacts. They are not predicting real impacts on the
endpoints of impact categories, exceeding of threshold
values, exceeding margins of safety or the risks
Quality assessment of the methods of the impact
assessment, the assumptions and other decisions canbe carried out on every part of the impact assessment
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FEATURES OF
AN IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Life cycle assessment based on standards are not
contingent on time or place
Should futures impacts be discounted to the present moment
The more accurate is the situation defined, the smaller is the
uncertainty but practical difficulties increase at the same time
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FEATURES OF
AN IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Potential impacts are talked about in impact assessment
Instead of absolute environmental impact parameters
Relative differences of different options are aimed to be
estimated
Competing approaches Midpoint approach
Endpoint approach or damage approach
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SIMPLIFIED EXAMPLE OF
MIDPOINT AND ENDPOINT
APPROACHES
Example: Ionizing radiation
Impact category indicator could be radiation dose (in Sieverts) in midpoint approach
whereas in endpoint approach impact category indicator would be damage directed to
human health in DALY units.
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CHARACTERIZATION FACTORS
In definition of the factors
Scientific facts on different substances impact potential as for
impact indicator at issue are aimed to take into account
The models developed for assessing environmental impacts are
used For example Europe-wide air quality transport models for
acidification and tropospheric ozone formation
Experts are heard
For example GWP-values of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change for emission substance that cause climate change
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POSITIONAL
CHARACTERIZATION FACTORS
Priorizations are better stated
Need to know where the factors that load environmental
the most happens in different life cycle phases
For example response of acid emission in Portugal is different
than response in Finland
Need to check at certain intervals
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MIDPOINT APPROACH
Following categories are taken into account
Use of resources
Natural resources, areas, energy
Health impacts
Ecological impacts
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MIDPOINT APPROACH
The impact indicator is chosen from that kind of phase of
the impact chain that the indicator is useful to the interest
groups and there are no significant uncertainty related to
the data
Midpoint can not be chosen too close to the indicator
result
Leads to a use of more impact categories than endpoint
approach
Makes interpretation more difficult
Makes weighting between impact categories more difficult
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ENDPOINT APPROACH
In reality, characteristic factors vary in different impact
categories, expect in climate change and stratospheric
ozone layer depletion, according to a receiving
environment
Category endpoint = a phenomenon related to nature
environment, human health and nature resource
identifying an environmental issue studied
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ENDPOINT APPROACH
Following categories are taken into account in the
endpoint approach
Human health
Quality of an ecosystem
Quarrying of nature resources
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ENDPOINT APPROACH
The aim is to study closer exposed receptor and its sensitivity to
exposing compounds
In addition to the emission data, data of environment background
concentration is needed
Whether the changes have any effects on nature or not, can beestimated based on data
Less is better is following precaution principle
The ways to make impacts on receptors smaller are focused on in Just
above limiting value approach
The exact impact mechanism is only known for a part of compoundgroups
Some routes to the endpoints are so ensures that they take easily
reliability away from the results
IMPACT CATEGORY
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IMPACT CATEGORY
INTRODUCTION
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HUMAN HEALTH
Indicators of human health need to describe mortality
and morbidity
Are expressed in units
DALY (Disability-Adjusted Life Years)
QALY (Quality Adjusted Life years)
QALY unites qualitative and quantitative elements of
making human health better
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HUMAN HEALTH
DALY is the sum of the components: years of life lost and years lived with
disability
DALY is reported for many disease types like cancers
DALY is considered as workable unit for measuring human health but critic has
been focused on it
DALY does not take into account human age The amount of years lived with disability is based on subjective professional
opinions
DALY estimation can be based on world statistics from past years, even
newer statistics might be needed from certain area sometimes
DALY does not take into account disadvantages (like building hospitals,
hospital waste and medicine manufacturing) caused by health care itself DALY application to impact of separate substitutes has been proved to be
problematic
Because LCIA is concentrating on health impacts and not on health
benefits, DALY is recommend to be used for indicating human health
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NATURE ENVIRONMENT
The aim is to determine the amount of negative impacts
which are caused by consequences of chemicals or
physical functions to natures ecosystem or its structure
Following indicators are used as endpoint indicators of
nature environmental
PDF, Potentially Disappeared Fractions of Species
PAF, Potentially Affected Fractions of Species
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NATURE RESOURCES
Characterization models used as indicators are based on
the quantification of the effort needed to ensure nature
resources
Utility value to human are emphasized in nature
resources
Are luxury functions, like ivory as piano material,
included?
ILCD does not give recommendations for endpoint
indicators of nature resources
IMPACT CATEGORIES
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IMPACT CATEGORIES
- CLIMATE CHANGE
GWP factors of the IPPC are recommend to be used
both in midpoints and endpoints
When calculating radiative forcing of an emission, the
change in the radiative forcing need to be defined and
the life time of the substance in atmosphere need to be
taken into account
IMPACT CATEGORIES
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IMPACT CATEGORIES
- ACIDIFICATION
Acidification is a consequence of deposition of acid
substances
The most common substitutes causing acidification in
water systems, are sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen
oxides (NO and NO2)
Acidity in water systems affect on harmfully both water
plants and the vital functions of water animals
The amounts of animal plankton and phytoplankton and
benthos are decreasing
The nutrient supply of fishes become more difficult
IMPACT CATEGORIES
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IMPACT CATEGORIES
- ACIDIFICATION
Characterization factors of acidification are calculated by
multiplying following factors:
Substances factor describes substances atmospheric transport
and transferring into the receiving environment
Sensitivity factor describes the sensitivity of the receivingenvironment to change under the influence of acidic substances
Impact factor describes the reaction capability of an ecosystem
into changed situation
IMPACT CATEGORIES
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IMPACT CATEGORIES
- EUTROPHICATION
Too large nutrient content causes excessively growth of
water plants
Especially part of close to illuminated water surface floating
algae
The nutrients of these plants are simple inorganic compounds Ammonium, nitrates and phosphate etc.
Phosphates are significant to eutrophication in water
systems
Lack of one nutrient normally limits algae growth
IMPACT CATEGORIES
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IMPACT CATEGORIES
- EUTROPHICATION
Algae layer prevents light to access deeper to water, so
photosynthesis and oxygen formation in deeper layers
weakens
When biological materials decompose in water, the consequence
is a lack of oxygen in the bottom of the water system Some characterization models offer BOD (biological oxygen
demand) or COD (chemical oxygen demand) to be used as
characterization factors of the water emissions of organic
material
Soil eutrophication is caused by deposition of nitrogenoxide and ammonia present in the air
IMPACT CATEGORIES
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IMPACT CATEGORIES
- EUTROPHICATION
Basic characterization consist of
Impact factor of the receiving ecosystem
Factor that describes substances atmospheric transport or being
carried to soil and transferring into the receiving environment
IMPACT CATEGORIES
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IMPACT CATEGORIES
- OZONE LAYER DEPLETION
Stratospheric ozone layer protects plants and animals against
carcinogenic and deadly very sort-wave ultraviolet radiation
Ozone layer depletion exist because of emissions including human
origin chlorine and bromine stay in the atmosphere
CFC-compounds (chlorine-bromine-carbon) have caused most ofthe damages
Ozone layer depletion weakens the atmospheres ability to protect
the earth soil from the amounts of harmful short-wave ultraviolet
radiation
1 % depletion in ozone layer increase ultraviolet radiation by 2 %and skin cancer by 4 %
IMPACT CATEGORIES
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IMPACT CATEGORIES
- OZONE LAYER DEPLETION
Ozone depletion potential (ODP) of a substance is a
factor that includes the life time of a substance in the
atmosphere and its capability to form EESC (Equivalent
Effective Stratospheric Chlorine)
Gives a result how much ozone layer depletion results in thestratosphere
Newest ODP-factors are published by World
Meteorological Organization in 1999. These factors are
recommended to use both midpoint and endpointapproaches
IMPACT CATEGORIES
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IMPACT CATEGORIES
- TROPOSOPHERIC OZONE
FORMATION
Only small part of atmospheric ozone (about 10 %) situate in
troposphere
Ozone is toxic in high concentrations, so growth of its concentration
can be harmful Tropospheric ozone irritates mucous membranes and harms
respiratory organ function
Might cause cough and sore throat
Might make asthma symptoms worse
For plants, it makes resistance lower and makes photosynthesismore difficult which increase the risk of crop loss
IMPACT CATEGORIES
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Most of the tropospheric ozone form when nitrogen
oxides, carbon monoxide, methane and volatile
compounds react because of impact of sunlight
When the amount of stratospheric ozone decreases, more
ultraviolet radiation pierce through the ozone layer to the earth
ground. Ultraviolet radiation reacts with local air pollution above
cities. This increases smog and tropospheric ozone formation
Photochemical ozone formation is a complex chain ofreactions
IMPACT CATEGORIES
- TROPOSPHERIC OZONE
FORMATION
IMPACT CATEGORIES
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VOC-compounds or CO react with hydroxyl radicals
(OH) in the troposphere and form radicals (ROO)
The radicals become oxidized from nitric oxide (NO) to
nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Sunlight breaks down NO2 forming NO and oxygen
atoms
Oxygen atoms react with molecular oxygen (O2) forming
ozone
IMPACT CATEGORIES
- TROPOSPHERIC OZONE
FORMATION
IMPACT CATEGORIES
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The complexity of the reactions and big amount of the
substances, have been obliged into simplifying the
formation of the characterization models
Idealistic midpoint indicator would be bound to the time
and place and would inform the change of the ozone
concentration in the troposphere
IMPACT CATEGORIES
- TROPOSPHERIC OZONE
FORMATION
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Toxicity models and factors should be based on theproportional risk and the consequences of chemicalsreleased in the environment
On part of the toxicity, target values whose under should
toxicity value get, are often used in a LCA Values are defined in the law
Short time, acute or local impacts are not expressed in aLCA
In reality, toxicity effect vary along the time and place Also endpoints like soil, freshwater and seawater should
be assorted
IMPACT CATEGORIES - TOXICITY
IMPACT CATEGORIES
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All approaches on respiratory difficulties caused by
inorganic compounds are endpoint approaches
In principle, characteristic factors are calculated with thesame equation which was used for calculating human
toxicitycharacterization fact
IMPACT CATEGORIES
RESPIRATORY DIFFICULTIES
CAUSED BY INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
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Land use reflects damages that follow from reclamation
and cultivate to an ecosystem
Agriculture
Quarrying minerals
Human settlements
Reclamation can be defined as a possession of an area
kept in certain state and during certain time
A change in land use is changing lands state to another
IMPACT CATEGORIES LAND USE
IMPACT CATEGORIES
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Natural resources depletion can be described:
decreasing of the total reserves of natural resources is
faster than their renewal speed because of use
Impact category includes Non-renewable natural resources
Renewable natural resources
Indirect impacts like climate changes effect on crops,
are left out from this impact category
IMPACT CATEGORIES
DEPLETION OF
NATURAL RESOURCES
IMPACT CATEGORIES
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Impacts of non-renewable natural resource use can be divided into
four groups:
Energy or mass
Exergy or entropy
Future consequences (sparseness or extra energy needed for
quarrying)
Use of reserves
Future consequences of resource quarrying is used as endpoint
characterization factor
Endpoint indicator can also be for example calculated Willingness to
pay -type
IMPACT CATEGORIES
DEPLETION OF
NATURAL RESOURCES
IMPACT CATEGORIES
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Modeling of ionizing radiation starts with defining
releasing radiation in becquerels (Bq) from a source of
emission and calculating exposure of it
Human toxicity is calculated aka human absorbed dozein sieverts (Sv)
IMPACT CATEGORIES
IONIZING RADIATION
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VAIKUTUSLUOKKAINDIKAATTORITULOKSET
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Happamoituminen Ilmastonmuutos Rehevityminen
vaikutusluokkayksikk/tuote
Vaihtoehto 1 Vaihtoehto 2
Option 1
Acidification
Option 2
Climate change Eutrophication
IMPACT CATEGORY INDICATOR RESULTS
Impactcategoryunit/product
It might be difficult to conclude from impact categoryindicator results which option is the best.
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NORMALISOIDUT TULOKSET
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
0,14
Happamoituminen Ilmastonmuutos Rehevityminen
Suh
teellinenosuusreferenssisy
steeminvaikutuksesta
Vaihtoehto 1 Vaihtoehto 2Option 1 Option 2
Acidification Climate change Eutrophication
IMPACT CATEGORY INDICATOR RESULST
Usually, a fourth element, normalization, is needed
in LCIA. With carrying out normalization, the most
determinant impact category might be found out
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The most critical phase of a life cycle assessment
It is impossible to keep objective facts and subjective
choices apart in a life cycle assessment
Value choices need to be made in consistent way
There is no generally accepted way to model
environmental impacts
WEIGHTING
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Methods proportioned to goal levels
Economic methods
Methods based on expert panels
WEIGHTING
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WEIGHTING
n
j i
i
i
N
aIwaV
1
V(a) is the total impact indicator caused by the product system awi is weighting factor of the impact category i
Ni is normalization factor of the impact category i
Ii(a) is indicator result of impact category i caused by the product system a
KOKONAISVAIKUTUSINDIKAATTORITU OKSET
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KOKONAISVAIKUTUSINDIKAATTORITULOKSET
0
0,001
0,002
0,003
0,004
0,005
0,006
Vaihtoehto 1 Vaihtoehto 2
Haitt
apiste
Happamoituminen Ilmastonmuutos Rehevityminen
Acidification
Option 2
Climate change
Eutrophication
Option 1
TOTAL IMPACT INDICATOR RESULST
There are several methods for evaluating impact categories. There are none objective
and generally approved evaluating method in which the weights of impact categories
could be indisputably defined.
DIFFERENT IMPACT CATEGORIES
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DIFFERENT IMPACT CATEGORIES
IN DIFFERENT MODELS
DAIA ECO-INDICATOR 95
Climate change x x
Stratospheric ozone layer depletion x x
Acidification x x
Tropospheric ozone formation x xWinter fog x x
Eutrophication x x
Oxygen consumption in body of water x -
Eco-toxicity x -
Heavy metals - x
Carcinogenic substances - x
Plant-protective agent - x
Diversity decline x -
CHARACTERIZATION FACTORS
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CHARACTERIZATION FACTORS
FOR TROPOSPHERIC OZONE
Impact category Emission variable DAIA ECO-INDICATOR 95
Troposheric ozoneformation
NMVOC 0.209 0.416
NOx (NO2) 0.727 -
CO 0.064 -
CH4 0.003 0.007
NORMALIZATION IN DIFFERENT
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Comparison value in Daia-model is based on the impact
caused by emissions in Finland
Eco-indicator 99model comparison value is based on
the impacts caused by environmental loads in Europe
NORMALIZATION IN DIFFERENT
IMPACT CATEGORIES
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Use of different sensitivity analyses is recommended
Inventory data
Characterization factors
Normalization factors Weight factors
SENSITIVITY ANALYSES
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Midpoint approach
According to the ISO-standard
DAIA (Decision Analysis Impact Assessment (Finland, Seppl ym.)
Eco-indicator 95 (Holland, Goedkoop)
CML 2001 (Holland, Heijungs)
TRACI (USA, EPA Bare et al. 2003)
EDIP (Denmark, The environmental design of industrial products)
(Wenzel et al., 1997)
Endpoint approach or damage approach
Eco-indicator 99 (Holland, Goedkoop & Spriesma)
IMPACT 2002+ (Europe, Pennington et al. 2005)
ESP 2000 (Sweden, Steen & Ryding)
IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODS
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Reviewed environmental impacts
Ozone Depletion (kg CFC 11)
Global Warming (kg CO2)
Acidification (H+ mol equivalents)
Eutrophication (kg N) Smog Formation (g NOx eq.)
Eco-toxicity (kg 2.4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid)
Impact of air pollutants on human (DALY)
Cancer (kg C6H6 eq.)
Noncancer (kg C7H7 eq.)
Fossil Fuel Use (MJ)
Land Use (threatened and very endangered species)
Water Use (m3)
TRACI - IMPACT ASSESSMENT
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The Eco-indicator 95 is based on a combination of
distance to target and damage-function approaches
Unambiguous level of sustainable development can not be
defined
This has been avoided with the help of damage
function approach in the Eco-indicator 99 -version
Damage function describes a relation of the environmental
impacts and the damage caused to human health or ecosystem
Weighting phase was the starting point for the development work
ECO-INDICATOR 99
CORRELATION BETWEEN DAMAGE AND
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CATEGORY
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CATEGORY
IN DAMAGE MODEL
Marginaldamage
Damag
e
Inventory result
Impact categoryPresent level
Damage function is used for
describing the relationbetween environmental
impact and the damage
directed towards to humans
or to the quality of an
ecosystem caused by this
environmental impact
ECO INDICATOR 99
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Damages caused to human health
Are expressed as DALY-units
Models for respiratory passage and carcinogenic impacts,
climate change impacts, ozone layer depletion and ionizing
radiation have been developed
ECO-INDICATOR 99
DEFINING DAMAGE MODELS
ECO INDICATOR 99
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Damages caused to human health Are expressed as DALY-units
Carcinogenic impacts to humans
Respiratory passage impacts caused by organic compounds
Respiratory passage impacts caused by inorganic compounds
Damages caused by climate change
Impacts caused by ionizing radiation
Impacts caused by ozone layer depletion
ECO-INDICATOR 99
DEFINING DAMAGE MODELS
ECO-INDICATOR 99
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Damages caused to the quality of an ecosystem Expressed how many percents of all species live in environment
under toxic strain
Damage caused by eco-toxicity impacts
Damage caused by acidification and eutrophication
Damage caused by land use
ECO-INDICATOR 99
DEFINING DAMAGE MODELS
ECO-INDICATOR 99
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Quarrying natural resources is in close relation to
parameter that expresses the quality of mineral and
fossil natural resources remaining In both cases, quarrying natural resources leads to increasing need
of energy in quarrying work
Damage caused by mineral quarrying
Damage caused by fossil fuel quarrying
ECO-INDICATOR 99
DEFINING DAMAGE MODELS
ECO-INDICATOR 99
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Weighting is based on weighting given for damage
categories
Swiss expert group is behind the weighting (365 LCA
experts) Results are calculated in eco-points
Points of impact categories are added up
ECO-INDICATOR 99
WEIGHTING
ECO-INDICATOR 99
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When using panels for defining weighting factors
following things must be considered:
Number of things weighted must be as small as possible
Weighted things need to be easily explained
Explaining abstract impact categories to members of panel is
difficult
ECO-INDICATOR 99
WEIGHTING
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Uncertainties related to data
When comparing different options, relative uncertainty related to
data is more important than absolute uncertainty
Uncertainties related to model authenticity Need to differentiate three different versions of damage model
PROCESSING UNCERTAINTIES
ECO-INDICATOR 99
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E (Egalitarian)
Long time perspective
Even a minimal scientific proof is enough to include the impacts in
damage model
I (Individualist) Short time perspective
Only scientific facts are taken into consideration when deciding the
impacts included in damage model
H (Hierarchist)
Balanced time perspective Unanimity of scientist defines inclusion of the impacts in model
DESCRIPTION OF
DAMAGE MODELS
ECO-INDICATOR 99
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E (Egalitarian)
Quality of an ecosystem - acidification
Human health carcinogenic impacts
Use of natural resources damage caused by quarrying minerals
I (Individualist) Quality of an ecosystem - acidification
Human health carcinogenic impacts
Use of natural resources damage caused by quarrying minerals
H (Hierarchist)
Quality of an ecosystem - acidification
Human health carcinogenic impacts
Use of natural resources damage caused by quarrying minerals
DESCRIPTION OF
DAMAGE MODELS
PRACTICAL ASPECTS
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Impact points of separate substances included inside of
sum variants, shall not be counted twice
When using sum variants VOC, NMVOC or HxCy, emissions of
separate organic compounds/substance shall not be included in
the impact calculation
If the total nitrogen and phosphorous emissions are initial data of
the model, inorganic nutrient emissions shall not be included in
the calculation
PRACTICAL ASPECTS
ON IMPACT ASSESSMENT