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Seedless Vascular Plants

Club Mosses, Ferns and Fern Allies

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GreenAlgae

BryophytesClubMosses Ferns Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Egg not shed

Embryo attached to gametophyte

Partial development of cuticle

and primitive stomates in some

45

mya

!ylem and phloem" lignin"roots" leaves" cuticle" stomates

#ith functional guard cells"

sporophyte dominant

4mya

megaphylls

seeds and pollen

$5

mya

flo#ers and fruits

%5

mya

Embryophytes

&racheophytes

'eed plants (spermatophytes)

$*5

mya

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+igninis the second most abundant organic compound on Earth (after

cellulose). t is in secondar! cell "alls, confers

compressi#e strength and stiffness.

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n the br!oph!tes "e sa" small unbranched, sporoph!tes

that "ere nutritionall! dependent on the gametoph!te.

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n the #ascular plants the sporoph!tes are large

organisms independent of the gametoph!te.

Magnolia$ http%&&en."i'ipedia.org

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A re#ie" of "hat "e sa" in the br!oph!tes

sporoph!te is small and dependent on the gametoph!te.

,eproduction

-n vascular plants the sporophyte is the large phase

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.Club Mosses FernsFern Allies

.

.

.

...

. / e!tinct

heterospory

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Earliest #ascular plants (e.g., Cooksonia$ *+ m!o)

"ere dichotomousl! branched and lac'ed roots and lea#es.

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&rimerophytes

0osterophyllum

,hynia

4 mya 1stands of primitive

vascular plants

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'porophytes "ith lea#es, stems and roots

-!lem and phloem present

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Microphyllsare smaller and ha#e a single #ein.

here are t"o,

fundamentall!distinct, t!pes of

lea#es.

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Megaphyllsare larger and ha#e a comple- s!stem of

branching #eins.

http%&&en."i'ipedia.org

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+ycopodium

sporophyte

has rhi2omes"

roots" uprightshoots #ith

microphylls

Club Mosses

/ genera, /+ spp. "orld"ide

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here are 0 spp. in Florida.

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'porophyllsare modified lea#es (or leaf*li'e organs)that bear sporangia.

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1on*photos!nthetic sporoph!lls are sometimes grouped

into a strobilus (cone).

t h t i

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diploid haploid

gametophyte is

small" a fe# mm

across

sporophyte develops attached

to the gametophyte

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A bise!ual gametophyte3

fertili2ation reuires

liuid #ater

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Selaginella ( genus 2 34+ spp. "orld"ide)

' l i ll t i d f

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'elaginella maes t#o inds of spores"

microspores and megaspores

microspores develop into male gametophytes

megaspores for female gametophytes

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Plants that mae microspores and megaspores

are 6E&E,7'P7,78'

(+ycopodium is 6omosporous)

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Carboniferous s"amp /4+ m!a, dominated b!

tree si5ed club mosses.

Fossili5ed remains of these plants along "ith ferns

formed coal deposits

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Pteridoph!tes ** Ferns and relati#es$ ca. ,+++ spp.)

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.Club Mosses FernsFern Allies

.

.

.

...

. / e!tinct

heterospory

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Psilotum (6his' Ferns$7 genera 2 3 spp.

"orld"ide)

Fern Allies

rhi2ome" stems" microphylls" no roots homosporous

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E8uisetum(9orsetails$ genus, 4 spp. "orld"ide).

Fern Allies

rhi2omes #ith roots" 9ointed hollo# stems" microphylls"homosporous

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At one time (ca. /++ m!a) 9orsetails "ere more di#erse and

larger in si5e.

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.Club Mosses FernsFern Allies

.

.

.

...

. / e!tinct

heterospory

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Morpholog! of t!pical fern ,hi2ome" Fronds" pinnae" fiddle:heads

all have megaphylls" most are homosporous

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Sporangia occur on the margins or lo"er surfaces of the

lea#es, or on separate stal's. he sporangiacommonl! are

in clusters called sori.

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Sori under leaf margin.

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Each Sorus is a

cluster of sporangia

annulus

sporangium

releasing

spores

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9omosporous.

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he mature gametoph!te is called a prothallus3 he

prothallus is a sheet of photos!nthetic tissue,

heart*shaped structure "ith rhi5oids.

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Multiflagellate sperm. 6ater is still re8uired for reproduction.

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:rders Marsileales and Sal#iniales contain heterosporous

ferns (Marsileasho"n).

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he "ater fernAzolla harbors the 1itrogen*fi-ing

C!anobcteriumAnabaena. Allo"s gro"ing rice on the same

l d ti l ith t th dditi f f tili

http%&&""".botani'.uni*'arlsruhe.de&

garten&fotos*hassler&