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ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHYHilton M Kaplan, MD
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHYHilton M Kaplan, MD
University of Southern CaliforniaUniversity of Southern California
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R. ½
R. R. ½½ L. L. ½½
2 pumps in series2 pumps in series
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fetal circulationfetal circulation
cardiac cyclecardiac cycle
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intrinsic properties of myocardiumintrinsic properties of myocardium
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Starling’s Curves (Force-Volume)Starling’s Curves (Force-Volume)
↓
energyenergy
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electrical pathways in the heartelectrical pathways in the heart
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!!!!!!
conducting system of the heartconducting system of the heart
∞
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→ →
→ ↑
pacemaker hierarchypacemaker hierarchy
cardiac action potentialscardiac action potentials
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contractile mechanismscontractile mechanisms
stimulation, propagation, refractorinessstimulation, propagation, refractoriness
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↑ Ω
stimulation, propagation, refractorinessstimulation, propagation, refractoriness
refractorinessrefractoriness
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∝
' '
refractorinessrefractoriness
↑
↓
→
refractorinessrefractoriness
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intrinsic pacemakersintrinsic pacemakers
↑↑↑
• • ↑• ↓
↑↑↑ ↓
→ →
what we see … the ECGwhat we see … the ECG
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• • • • ↓
← →
↑
↓
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cardiac axiscardiac axis
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'
∠∠
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∠∠
∠∠
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∆ ∆
∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
∆ ∆ ∆
∆
∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
∠∠
ECG analysisECG analysis
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