Lecture1 Ch1 2b - LSU Geology & Geophysics · 2009-01-20 · • Text: C. W. Fetter, Applied Hydrogeology, 4th Edition Classroom Conduct • Turn off cell phones and other electronic

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Geology 4182: Physical HydrogeologySpring 2009

TTH 9:00-10:30 AME207 Howe-Russell

• Instructor: Jeffrey A. Nunn• Office:Room E339 Howe-Russell• Telephone:578-3353/0081• e-mail: [email protected]• Office hours: 2:30 to 4:30 M or by appointment

Resources

• Class web page http://www.geol.lsu.edu/jnunn/gl4182/– Course outline, exam schedule– Outlines of each lecture– Post grades

• Text: C. W. Fetter, Applied Hydrogeology, 4th Edition

Classroom Conduct• Turn off cell phones and other electronic

devices• Put away newspapers, magazines etc.• Arrive on time• If you MUST leave early, let me know and

leave quietly

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Evaluation

• Four Problem Sets (140 points)• Four Individual Projects (200 points) • Group Project (100 points)• Blog participation (60 points)• Three Exams (300 points)

CxC Certified: Written & Technological Communication

This course is certified as a “Communication-Intensive Course” and meets all of the requirements explained on the CxC Web site: http://cxc.lsu.edu., including the following: Emphases on formal and informal assignments in written communication and technological communication, class time spent on communication, 40% of the final grade based on communication projects, revisions after faculty feedback on 2 formal projects (one for each emphasis), and a student/faculty ratio of 35:1. Because it meets these requirements, students may count it toward “Distinguished Communicator” certification on LSU transcripts.

Technological CommunicationIndividual Projects• Excel Program of Laplace’s Method• Well Test Software• Basin 2 simulations of driving forces• Louisiana Groundwater Usage (with graphs

using google application)Group Project• Environmental Consulting Firm Video

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Hydrologic Reservoirs

The Distribution of Water on EarthThe Distribution of Water on Earth

Figure 13.1

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Freshwater in limited supply

The Hydrologic Cycle

The continuous movement of H2O from one reservoir to

another.

Figure 13.2

The Hydrologic CycleThe Hydrologic Cycle

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GOM – Sea Surface Temperatures

Figure 13.3

Formation of Rain Shadow DesertsFormation of Rain Shadow Deserts

Moisture laden winds come

onshore.

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Figure 13.3



onshore.

Moist airmassrise and cool,

causing precipitation…

Figure 13.3



onshore



…resulting in a rainy windward

slope.

Figure 13.3



onshore




slope

Moisture-depleted airmasssink and warm,

reducing relative humidity…

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Figure 13.3



onshore




slope

Moisture-depleted airmasssink and warm,

reducing relative humidity…

…forming arain shadowrain shadow on the

leeward side of the mountains.

Figure 13.4.a

Average U.S. Annual PrecipitationAverage U.S. Annual Precipitation

Figure 13.4.b

Average U.S. Annual RunoffAverage U.S. Annual Runoff

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Table 13.1: Table 13.1: Average Discharges of Major Rivers of the WorldAverage Discharges of Major Rivers of the World

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Figure 13.16

U.S. Groundwater Withdrawals: 1950U.S. Groundwater Withdrawals: 1950--19951995

Artesian Well

Baton Rouge in 1943?

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Figure 13.12

Formation of a Cone of DepressionFormation of a Cone of Depression

100

80

60

40

20

0

-20

Date

EB-168 (1500 ft)

EB-90 (2000 ft)

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

EB-128 (800 ft)

WBR-5 (1200 ft)

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Figure 13.4.a

Average U.S. Annual PrecipitationAverage U.S. Annual Precipitation

Figure 13.13

Fissures and depressionsFissures and depressionscaused by caused by

ground subsidence ground subsidence due to due to overpumpingoverpumping

of groundwaterof groundwater

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Figure 13.14

The thickness of the fresh The thickness of the fresh groundwater floating on top of groundwater floating on top of the salty groundwater is the salty groundwater is affected by the balance affected by the balance between between groundwater groundwater recharge and recharge and discharge discharge

Figure 13.14

If the rate of discharge increases If the rate of discharge increases too much (by too much (by overpumpingoverpumping), the ), the saltwater will rise, causing saltwater will rise, causing saltwater intrusionsaltwater intrusionin the well in the well

InvertedCone of depression

GROUND-WATER WITHDRAWALS IN LOUISIANA, 1960-2000

15251438

1764

1341 1299

16341562

11731029

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

WIT

HD

RA

WA

LS, I

N M

ILLI

ON

GA

LLO

NS

PER

DA

Y

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G R O UN D- WATER WITHDR AWALS , 2 0 0 0( 1, 6 0 0 MILL IO N G ALLO NS P ER D AY )

P u b lic S u p p ly2 2 %

In d u st r y17 %

P o w e r G e n e r a t io n2 %

R u r a l D o me st ic3 %

L ive st o c k0 %

Ir r ig a t io n4 8 %

A q u a c u l t u r e8 %

Irrigation Farming

Salt accumulation at soil surface from evaporation of irrigation water, CA

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0 - 2

2 - 1 0

1 0 - 5 0

5 0 - 1 0 0

1 0 0 - 2 0 0

GROUND-WATER WITHDRAWALS,IN MILLION GALLONS PER DAY

Box 13.2

The OgallalaThe OgallalaAquifer:Aquifer:

““Mining Mining GroundwaterGroundwater””

Figure 13.18Figure 13.18

The Winter Park Sinkhole, FloridaThe Winter Park Sinkhole, Florida

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Figure 13.20

Some Human Activities that Can Some Human Activities that Can Contaminate GroundwaterContaminate Groundwater

Mono Lake

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Mono Lake

Evapotranspiration

Coarse Fine

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Infiltration Capacity

Infiltration Capacity and Precipitation Rate

Infiltration, Storage & Overland Flow

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Interflow

Baseflow and Water-table Gradient

Base-flow Recession

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Recession Constant

Overland Flow vs. Baseflow

Gaining/Losing Streams

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Changes during Floods

Induced Infiltration

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Baseflow Recessions

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Documents

Lecture1 Ch1 2b - LSU Geology & Geophysics · 2009-01-20 · • Text: C. W. Fetter, Applied Hydrogeology, 4th Edition Classroom Conduct • Turn off cell phones and other electronic