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Vitruvius
was a Roman writer, architect and engineer, active in the 1st centuryBC.He is best known as the authorof the multi-volume workDe Architectura
("On Architecture").
Vitruvius is the author ofDe architectura, known today as The Ten Books
on Architecture,[20] a treatise written in Latin and Greek on architecture,
dedicated to the emperor Augustus. In the preface of Book I, Vitruvius
dedicates his writings so to give personal knowledge of the quality of
buildings to the emperor. Likely Vitruvius is referring to Marcus Agrippa's
campaign of public repairs and improvements. Thiswork is the only
surviving major book on architecture from classical antiquity. This text
"influenced deeply from theEarly Renaissance onwards artists, thinkers,and architects, among themLeon Battista Alberti (1404-72),Leonardo Da
Vinci (1452-1519), andMichelangelo (1475-1564)."[21] The next major
book on architecture, Alberti's reformulation ofTen Books, was not written
until 1452.
Vitruvius is famous for asserting in his bookDe architectura that astructure must exhibit the three qualities offirmitas, utilitas, venustas
that is it must be solid useful beautiful These are sometimes termed the
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that is it must be solid useful beautiful These are sometimes termed the
wide variety of disciplines; in modern terms, they could be described as
being engineers, architects, landscape architects, artists, and craftsmen
combined. Etymologically the word architect derives from Greek wordsmeaning 'master' and 'builder'. The first of the Ten Books deals with many
subjects which now come within the scope oflandscape architecture.
Materials
He describes many different construction materials used for a wide varietyof different structures, as well as such details as stucco painting. Concrete
and lime receive in-depth descriptions, the longevity of many Roman
structures being mute testimony to the Romans' skill in building materials
and design.
Vitruvius is well known and often cited as one of the earliest survivingsources to have advised that lead should not be used to conduct drinking
water, recommending clay pipes or masonry channels. He comes to this
conclusion in Book VIII of De Architectura after empirical observation of
the apparent laborer illnesses in the lead foundries of his time.[22]
Vitruvius gives us the famous story about Archimedes and his detection ofadulterated gold in a royal crown. When Archimedes realised that the
volume of the crown could be measured exactly by the displacement
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not suggest it himself, it is likely that his dewatering devices such as the
reverse overshot water-wheel was used in the larger baths to lift water to
header tanks at the top of the larger thermae, such as the Baths ofDiocletian and the Baths of Caracalla.
The Forum Romanus
Unlike the later imperial fora in Romewhich were self-consciously
modeled on the ancient Greekplateia () public plaza or townsquarethe Roman Forum developed gradually, organically and
piecemeal over many centuries.[2] This is so despite the tidying up of men
like Sulla, Caesar and Augustus who attempted, with some success, toimpose a degree oforder there. By the Imperial period the large public
buildings that crowded around the central square had reduced the open
area to a rectangle of about 130 by 50 meters
An important function of the Forum, during both Republican and Imperial
times, was to serve as the culminating venue for the celebratory military
processions known as Triumphs. Victorious generals entered the city by
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credited with (or accused of) disturbing the mos maiorum ("custom of the
fathers/ancestors") in ancient Rome. The earliest basilicas (large, aisled
halls) were introduced to the Forum in 184 BC by Marcus Portius Cato,which began the process of "monumentalizing" the site.
The white marble Arch of Septimius Severus was added the northwest end
of the Forum close to the foot ofthe Capitoline Hill and adjacent to the
old, vanishing Comitium. It was dedicated in 203 AD to commemorate the
Parthian victories of Emperor Septimius Severus and his two sons, and is
one of the most visible landmarks there today. The Emperor Diocletian (r.
284-305) was the last of the great builders of Rome's city infrastructure
and he did not omit the Forum from his program. By his day it had become
highly cluttered with honorific memorials. He refurbished and reorganized
it, building anew the Temple of Saturn, Temple of Vesta and the Curia.[19]The last had recently burned and Diocletian's version is the one that can
still be visited today.
The reign ofConstantine the Great saw the division of the Empire into its
Eastern and Western halves, as well as the construction of the Basilica of
Maxentius (312 AD), the last significant expansion of the Forum complex.This restored much of the political focus to the Forum until the fall of the
Western Roman Empire almost two centuries later
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Capable of seating 50,000 spectators,[4][5] the Colosseum was used for
gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles, animal
hunts, executions, re-enactments offamous battles, and dramas based onClassical mythology. The building ceased to be used for entertainment in
the early medieval era. It was later reused for such purposes as housing,
workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry, and a
Christian shrine.
The Colosseum's original Latin name wasAmphitheatrum Flavium, oftenanglicized as Flavian Amphitheater. The building was constructed by
emperors of the Flavian dynasty, hence its original name, after the reign of
Emperor Nero.[7] This name is still used in modern English, but generally
the structure is better known as the Colosseum. In antiquity, Romans may
have referred to the Colosseum by the unofficial nameAmphitheatrumCaesareum; this name could have been strictly poetic [8][9] as it was not
exclusive to the Colosseum; Vespasian and Titus, builders of the
Colosseum, also constructed an amphitheater of the same name in Puteoli
(modern Pozzuoli).[10]
The name Colosseum has long been believed to be derived from a colossalstatue of Nero nearby[3] (the statue of Nero was named after the Colossus
of Rhodes)[citation needed]. This statue was later remodeled by Nero's
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by 13.54 m. The faade is dominated by a deep portico or pronaosalmost a
third of the building's length. It is a hexastyle design with six Corinthian
columns under the Pediment at either end,[5] and pseudoperipteral in thattwenty engaged columns are embedded along the walls of the cella. Above
the columns, the architrave is divided by two recessed rows of petrified
water drips into three levels with ratios of 1:2:3. Egg-and-dart decoration
divides the architrave from the frieze. The frieze is decorated with fine
ornamental relief carvings of rosettes and acanthus leaves beneath a row of
very fine dentils.
A large door (6.87 m high by 3.27 m wide) leads to the surprisingly small
and windowless interior, where the shrine was originally housed. This is
now used to house a tourist oriented 3-D film on a series of heroes that
arose through Nmes' history. No ancient decoration remains inside thecella.
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within the complex. Like other public libraries in Rome, there were two
separate and equal sized rooms or buildings; one for Greek language texts
and one for Latin language texts.
The baths consisted of a central 55.7 by 24 metre (183x79ft)frigidarium(cold room) under three 32.9 meter (108ft) high groin vaults, a doublepool tepidarium (medium), and a 35 meter (115ft) diameter caldarium(hot room), as well as two palaestras (gyms where wrestling and boxing
was practised). The north end of the bath building contained a natatio orswimming pool. The natatio was roofless with bronze mirrors mounted
overhead to direct sunlight into the pool area. The entire bath building was
on a 6 metre (20ft) high raised platform to allow for storage and furnacesunder the building.[5]
The libraries were located in exedraeon the east and west sides of the bathcomplex. The entire north wall of the complex was devoted to shops. The
reservoirs on the south wall of the complex were fed with water from the
Marcian Aqueduct.[5]
Pont du Gard
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the fall of Rome. However, lack of maintenance after the 4th century
meant that it became increasingly clogged by mineral deposits and debris
that eventually choked off the flow of water.
The first level of the Pont du Gard adjoins a road bridge that was added in
the 18th century. The water conduit or specus, which is about 1.8m (5.9ft)high and 1.2m (3.9ft) wide, is carried at the top of the third level. Theupper levels of the bridge are slightly curved in the upstream directions, a
fact long attributed to the engineers wanting to strengthen it against theflow of water, like a dam wall. However, a microtopographic survey
carried out in 1989 showed that the bend is caused by the daily expansion
and contraction of stones under the heat of the sun, by about 5mm(0.20in). Over the centuries, this process has produced the deformation
witnessed now.[11]The Pont du Gard was constructed largely without the use of mortar or
clamps. It contains an estimated 50,400 tons of stone with a volume of
some 21,000 m; some of the individual blocks weigh up to 6 tons.[12]They were precisely cut to fit perfectly together by friction alone,
eliminating the need for mortar.[3] The builders also left inscriptions onthe stonework conveying various messages and instructions. Many blocks
were numbered and inscribed with the required locations, such asfronte
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Hadrian(Latin: Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus[1][2][3] 24
January 76 10 July 138), was a Roman Emperor from 117 to 138. He is
best known for building Hadrian's Wall, which marked the northern limitofRoman Britain. In Rome, he re-built the Pantheon and constructed the
Temple of Venus and Roma. In addition to being emperor, Hadrian was a
humanist and was philhellene in all his tastes. He was the third of the so-
called Five Good Emperors.
Hadrian was born Publius Aelius Hadrianus to an ethnically Italian familyin Italica near Seville. His predecessor Trajan was a maternal cousin of
Hadrian's father.[4] Trajan never officially designated an heir, but
according to his wife Pompeia Plotina, Trajan named Hadrian emperor
immediately before his death. Trajan's wife and his friend Licinius Sura
were well-disposed towards Hadrian, and he may well have owed hissuccession to them.[5]
During his reign, Hadrian traveled to nearly every province of the Empire.
An ardent admirer of Greece, he sought to make Athens the cultural capital
of the Empire and ordered the construction of many opulent temples in the
city. He used his relationship with his Greek favorite Antinous to underlinehis philhellenism and led to the creation of one of the most popular cults of
ancient times. He spent extensive amounts of his time with the military; he
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rebuilt under Hadrian in the domed form it retains to this day. It is among
the best preserved of Rome's ancient buildings and was highly influential
to many of the great architects of the Italian Renaissance and Baroqueperiods.[citation needed]
From well before his reign, Hadrian displayed a keen interest in
architecture, but it seems that his eagerness was not always well received.
For example, Apollodorus of Damascus, famed architect of the Forum of
Trajan, dismissed his designs. When Trajan, predecessor to Hadrian,consulted Apollodorus about an architectural problem, Hadrian interrupted
to give advice, to which Apollodorus replied, "Go away and draw your
pumpkins. You know nothing about these problems." "Pumpkins" refers to
Hadrian's drawings ofdomes like the Serapeum in his villa. It is rumoured
that once Hadrian succeeded Trajan to become emperor, he hadApollodorus exiled and later put to death. It is very possible that this later
story was a later attempt to defame his character, as Hadrian, though
popular among a great many across the Empire, was not universally
admired, either in his lifetime or afterwards
Ancient
The Pantheon
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The Pantheon dome. The coffers for the concrete dome were poured in
molds, probably on the temporary scaffolding; the oculus admits the only
light.The inscription across the front of the Pantheon says:
MAGRIPPALFCOSTERTIVMFECIT
or in full, "M[arcus] Agrippa L[ucii] f[ilius] co[n] s[ul] tertium fecit,"
meaning "Marcus Agrippa, son of Lucius, made this building when consul
for the third time."[12] However, archaeological excavations have shownthat the Pantheon of Agrippa had been completely destroyed except for the
facade, and Emperor Hadrian was responsible for rebuilding the Pantheon
on the site ofAgrippa's original temple.[13] There had been two earlier
buildings on the same spot, for which the new Pantheon was a
replacement.[14]The form of Agrippa's Pantheon is debated.[7] As a result of excavations in
the late 19th century, archaeologist Rodolfo Lanciani concluded that
Agrippa's Pantheon was oriented so that it faced south, in contrast with the
current layout that faces northwards, and that it had a shortened T-shaped
plan with the entrance at the base of the "T". This description was widelyaccepted until the late 20th century. However, more recent archaeological
diggings suggest that the building might have taken a different form.
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Agrippa finished the construction of the building called the Pantheon. It
has this name, perhaps because it received among the images which
decorated it the statues ofmany gods, including Mars and Venus; but myown opinion of the name is that, because of its vaulted roof, it resembles
the heavens.
Hadrians Villa
The villa was constructed at Tibur (modern-day Tivoli) as a retreat from
Rome for Roman EmperorHadrian during the second and third decades of
the 2nd century AD. Hadrian was said to dislike the palace on the Palatine
Hill in Rome, leading to the construction of the retreat. During the later
years of his reign, he actually governed the empire from the villa. A large
court therefore lived there permanently. The postal service kept it incontact with Rome 18 miles (29km) away.
After Hadrian, the villa was used by his various successors. During the
decline of the Roman Empire the villa fell into disuse and was partially
ruined. In the 16th century CardinalIppolito II d'Este had much ofthe
marble and statues in Hadrian's villa removed to decorate his own Villa
d'Este located nearby.
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domes of the main buildings as well as the corinthian arches of the
Canopus and Serapeum show clear Roman architecture. Hadrian's
biography states that areas in the villa were named after places Hadriansaw during his travels. Only a few places mentioned in the biography can
be accurately correlated with the present-day ruins.
One of the most striking and best preserved parts of the Villa are a pool
and an artificial grotto which were named Canopus and Serapeum,
respectively. Canopus was an Egyptian city where a temple (Serapeum)was dedicated to the god Serapis. However, the architecture is Greek
influenced (typical in Roman architecture of the High and Late Empire) as
seen in the Corinthian columns and the copies of famous Greek statues
that surround the pool. One anecdote involves the Serapeum and its
peculiarly-shaped dome. A prominent architect of the day, Apollodorus ofDamascus, dismisses Hadrian's designs, comparing the dome on Serapeum
to a "pumpkin". The full quote is "Go away and draw your pumpkins. You
know nothing about these [architectural] matters." Once Hadrian became
emperor, Apollodorus was exiled and later put to death.
An interesting structure in the Villa is the so-called "Maritime Theatre". Itconsists of a round portico with a barrel vault supported by pillars. Inside
the portico was a ring-shaped pool with a central island. During the ancient
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Treasury at Petra
History
Evidence suggests that settlements had begun in and around Petra in the
eighteenth dynasty of Egypt (1550-1292 BC). It is listed in Egyptian
campaign accounts and the Amarna letters as Pel, Sela or Seir. Though the
city was founded relatively late, a sanctuary existed there since very
ancient times. Stations 19 through 26 of the stations list ofExodus areplaces associated with Petra.[8] This part of the country was Biblically
assigned to the Horites, the predecessors of the Edomites.[9] The habits of
the original natives may have influenced the Nabataean custom of burying
the dead and offering worship in half-excavated caves. Although Petra is
usually identified with Sela which means a rock, the Biblical references
[10] refer to it as "the cleft in the rock", referring to its entrance. The
second book ofKings xiv. 7 seems to be more specific. In the parallel
passage, however, Sela is understood to mean simply "the rock" (2
Chronicles xxv. 12, see LXX).
On the authority ofJosephus (Antiquities of the Jews iv. 7, 1~ 4, 7)
Eusebius and Jerome (Onom. sacr. 286, 71. 145, 9; 228, 55. 287, 94) assert
that Rekem was the native name andRekem appears in the Dead Sea
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length have been found at Petra, perhaps because they have perished with
the stucco or cement which was used upon many of the buildings.
Roman rule
In 106 AD, when Cornelius Palma was governor of Syria, that part of
Arabia under the rule of Petra was absorbed into the Roman Empire as part
ofArabia Petraea, becoming capital. The native dynasty came to an end,
but the city continued to flourish. It was around this time that the PetraRoman Road was built. A century later, in the time ofAlexander Severus,
when the city was at the height of its splendor, the issue of coinage comes
to an end. There is no more building of sumptuous tombs, owing
apparently to some sudden catastrophe, such as an invasion by the neo-
Persian power under the Sassanid Empire. Meanwhile, asPalmyra (fl.
130270) grew in importance and attracted the Arabian trade away fromPetra, the latter declined. It seems, however, to have lingered on as a
religious centre. A Roman road was constructed at the site. Epiphanius of
Salamis (c.315403) writes that in his time a feast was held there on
December 25 in honor of the virgin Khaabou (Chaabou) and her offspring
Dushara (Haer. 51).[
citation needed]
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After Alexander the Great conquered the Near East in 334 BCE, theexisting settlement was named Heliopolis () from helios,Greek for sun, andpolis, Greek for city. The city retained its religious
function during Greco-Roman times, when the sanctuary of the
Heliopolitan Jupiter-Baal was a pilgrimage site. Trajan's biographer
records that the emperor consulted the oracle there. Trajan inquired of the
Heliopolitan Jupiter whether he would return alive from his wars againstthe Parthians. In reply, the god presented him with a vine shoot cut into
pieces. Macrobius, a Latin grammarian of the 5th century, mentioned Zeus
Heliopolitanus and the temple, a place of oracular divination. Starting in
the last quarter of the 1st century BCE (reign ofAugustus) and over a
period of two centuries (reign ofPhilip the Arab), the Romans had built atemple complex in Baalbek consisting of three temples: Jupiter, Bacchus
and Venus. On a nearby hill, they built a fourth temple dedicated to
Mercury.
The city, then known as Heliopolis (there was another Heliopolis in
Egypt), was made a colonia by Septimius Severus in 193, having been partof the territory of Berytus on the Phoenician coast since 15 BCE. Work on
the religious complex there lasted over a century and a half and was never
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of storms, stood in for Baal-Hadad, Venus for Ashtart and Bacchus for
Anatolian Dionysus.
The original number of Jupiter columns was 54 columns. The architrave
and frieze blocks weigh up to 60 tons each, and one corner block over 100
tons, all of them raised to a height of 19m (62.34ft) above the ground.[6]This was thought to have been done using Roman cranes. Roman cranes
were not capable of lifting stones this heavy; however, by combining
multiple cranes they may have been able to lift them to this height. Ifnecessary they may have used the cranes to lever one side up a little at a
time and use shims to hold it while they did the other side.
The Roman construction was built on top of earlier ruins and involved the
creation of an immense raised plaza onto which the actual buildings were
placed. The sloping terrain necessitated the creation ofretaining walls onthe north, south and west sides of the plaza. These walls are built of about
24 monoliths at their lowest level each weighing approximately 300 tons.
The western, tallest retaining wall has a second course of monoliths
containg the famous trilithon: a row ofthree stones, each over 19 metres
long, 4.3 metres high and 3.6 metres broad, cut from limestone. Theyweigh approximately 800 tons each.[7]
O h i h d h f H li li J i h i
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praenestehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Arabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adonishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphroditehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Bacchushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Piushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Piushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilithonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilithonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilithonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retaining_wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retaining_wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friezehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friezehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architravehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architravehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%60Ashtarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%60Ashtarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadad7/28/2019 Lecture Rome 2013
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Lecture 8: Rome I
Rome
Vitruvian Architecture Principles
Roman Influence on Urban Planning
Roman as Innovators
Rome as a Constructors
Extensive Use of Concrete and the Arch
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Lecture 8: Rome I
Beginnings of the Roman Empire
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Lecture 8: Rome I
Rome was founded by Romulus and 758 -738 BC.
Located close to the Sea for trade, but farenough away for safety.
Planned according to the topography, witha grid imposed.
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Map of Rome and Italy
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Map of Rome
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Map of Ancient Rome
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Map of Florentia
Cardo and Decumanus
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Map of Pompeii 300 BC
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Map of Ancient Rome
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Lecture 8: Rome I
Rome as Innovators
The Use of the Arch
The Development of the Vault and the Dome
The Use of the Grid
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Lecture 8: Rome I
The Arch became the fundamental architectural element
in Roman construction. The arch developed into the vault.
The Romans used the Greek ideas of Temple planning.
The Romans used the Greek ideas of the orders.
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Lecture 8: Rome I
The Orders of Greek Columns and Temples
Doric - Developed in Western Greece
Ionic - Developed in Eastern Greece
Corinthian- Developed 100 BC at the end of GreekEmpire
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The Greek Orders
Doric Ionic Corinthian
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Lecture 8: Rome I
The Arch and the Development of the vault.
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Date: 1500 BC
Mycenea
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Lecture 8: Rome I
The Arch and the Development of the vault
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Lecture 8: Rome I
The Arch and the Development of the vault
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Lecture 8: Rome I
The Roman Forum
The Baths of Caracalla
The Colosseum
Pont du Gard Maison Carre
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Date: 497 BC - 312 AD
The Roman Forum, Rome
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Date: 497 BC - 312 AD
The Roman Forum, Rome
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Date: 497 BC - 312 AD
The Roman Forum, Rome
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Map of Ancient Rome
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Date: 497 BC - 312 AD
The Roman Forum, Rome (Arch of Titus)
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Date: 497 BC - 312 AD
The Roman Forum, Rome
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Date: 497 BC - 312 AD
The Roman Forum, Rome
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Date: 497 BC - 312 AD
The Roman Forum, Rome
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Date: 497 BC - 312 AD
The Roman Forum, Rome
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Date: 497 BC - 312 AD
The Roman Forum, Rome
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Map of Ancient Rome
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Date: 72 - 80 AD
The Colosseum, Rome
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Date: 72 - 80 AD
The Colosseum, Rome
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Date: 72 - 80 AD
The Colosseum, Rome
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Date: 72 - 80 AD
The Colosseum, Rome
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Date: 72 - 80 AD
The Colosseum, Rome
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Date: 72 - 80 AD
The Colosseum, Rome
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Date: 72 - 80 AD
The Colosseum, Rome
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Date: 72 - 80 AD
The Colosseum, Rome
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Date: 72 - 80 AD
The Colosseum, Rome
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Date: 80 - 95 BC Architect:Marcus Agrippa
Pont du Gard, Nimes, France
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Date: 80 - 95 BC Architect:Marcus Agrippa
Pont du Gard, Nimes, France
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Date: 80 - 95 BC Architect:Marcus Agrippa
Pont du Gard, Nimes, France
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Date: 80 - 95 BC Architect:Marcus Agrippa
Pont du Gard, Nimes, France
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Date: 80 - 95 BC Architect:Marcus Agrippa
Pont du Gard, Nimes, France
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Date: 80 - 95 BC Architect:Marcus Agrippa
Pont du Gard, Nimes, France
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Date: 80 - 95 BC Architect:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
Pont du Gard, Nimes, France
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Athens, Greece 550 - 400 BC
The Parthenon - Plan: Iktinos & Kallikrates
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Athens, Greece 550 - 400 BC
The Parthenon: Iktinos & Kallikrates
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Date: 19 BC Architect: Marcus Agrippa
Maison Carre, Nimes, France
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Date: 19 BC Architect: Marcus Agrippa
Maison Carre, Nimes, France
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Date: 19 BC Architect: Marcus Agrippa
Maison Carre, Nimes, France
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Date: 19 BC Architect: Marcus Agrippa
Maison Carre, Nimes, France
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Date: 19 BC Architect: Marcus Agrippa
Maison Carre, Nimes, France
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Date: 19 BC Architect: Marcus Agrippa
Maison Carre, Nimes, France
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Date: 19 BC Architect: Marcus Agrippa
Maison Carre, Nimes, France
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Date: 19 BC Architect: Marcus Agrippa
Maison Carre, Nimes, France
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Date: 212 - 216 AD Architect: Septimius Severus
The Baths of Caracalla, Rome
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Date: 212 - 216 AD Architect: Septimius Severus
The Baths of Caracalla, Rome
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Date: 212 - 216 AD Architect: Septimius Severus
The Baths of Caracalla, Rome
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Date: 212 - 216 AD Architect: Septimius Severus
The Baths of Caracalla, Rome
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Date: 212 - 216 AD Architect: Septimius Severus
The Baths of Caracalla, Rome
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Date: 212 - 216 AD Architect: Septimius Severus
The Baths of Caracalla, Rome
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Date: 212 - 216 AD Architect: Septimius Severus
The Baths of Caracalla, Rome
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Date: 212 - 216 AD Architect: Septimius Severus
The Baths of Caracalla, Rome
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Date: 212 - 216 AD Architect: Septimius Severus
The Baths of Caracalla, Rome
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Date: 212 - 216 AD Architect: Septimius Severus
The Baths of Caracalla, Rome
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Date: 212 - 216 AD Architect: Septimius Severus
The Baths of Caracalla, Rome
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Date: 212 - 216 AD Architect: Septimius Severus
The Baths of Caracalla, Rome
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Date: 212 - 216 AD Architect: Septimius Severus
The Baths of Caracalla, Rome
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Date: 212 - 216 AD Architect: Septimius Severus
The Baths of Caracalla, Rome
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Date: 212 - 216 AD Architect: Septimius Severus
The Baths of Caracalla, Rome
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Date: 308 - 312
Basilica of Constantine
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Date: 308 - 312
Basilica of Constantine
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Lecture 9: Rome II
Rome
Vitruvian Architecture Principles
Outside Influence on Roman Ideas
Vernacular Roman Architecture
Pompeii
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Lecture 9: Rome II
Beginnings of the Roman Empire
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92/173
Lecture 9: Rome II
Rome was founded by Romulus and 758 -738 BC.
Located close to the Sea for trade, but farenough away for safety.
Planned according to the topography, witha grid imposed.
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7/28/2019 Lecture Rome 2013
93/173
Map of Ancient Rome
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7/28/2019 Lecture Rome 2013
94/173
Map of Florentia
Cardo and Decumanus
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7/28/2019 Lecture Rome 2013
95/173
Map of Ancient Rome
Wednesday, May 29, 2013
7/28/2019 Lecture Rome 2013
96/173
Lecture 9: Rome II
Rome as Innovators
The Use of the Arch
The Development of the Vault and the Dome
The Use of the Grid
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7/28/2019 Lecture Rome 2013
97/173
Lecture 9: Rome II
The Arch became the fundamental architectural elementin Roman construction.
The arch developed into the vault.
The Romans used the Greek ideas of Temple planning.
The Romans used the Greek ideas of the orders.
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7/28/2019 Lecture Rome 2013
98/173
Date: 19 BC Architect: Marcus Agrippa
Maison Carre, Nimes, France
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99/173
Lecture 9: Rome II
The Orders of Greek Columns and Temples
Doric- Developed in Western Greece
Ionic - Developed in Eastern Greece
Corinthian - Developed 100 BC at the end of GreekEmpire
Wednesday, May 29, 2013
The Greek Orders
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The Greek Orders
Doric Ionic Corinthian
Wednesday, May 29, 2013
L 9 R II
7/28/2019 Lecture Rome 2013
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Lecture 9: Rome II
The Arch and the Development of the vault.
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7/28/2019 Lecture Rome 2013
102/173
Date: 1500 BC
Mycenea
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L 9 R II
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Lecture 9: Rome II
The Arch and the Development of the vault
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Date: 80 - 95 BC Architect:Marcus Agrippa
Pont du Gard, Nimes, France
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Date: 80 - 95 BC Architect:Marcus Agrippa
Pont du Gard, Nimes, France
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Aqueduct, Spain
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Aqueduct Diagram
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Date: 80 - 95 BC Architect:Marcus Agrippa
Pont du Gard, Nimes, France
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Rome Aqueduct Diagram
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Roman Brick Work
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Date: 1 Century
Ostia - Public Toilets
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112/173
Date: 497 BC - 312 AD
The Roman Forum, Rome
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Date: 497 BC - 312 AD
The Roman Forum, Rome
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Date: 497 BC - 312 AD
The Roman Forum, Rome
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Date: 308 - 312
Basilica of Constantine
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Date: 212 - 216 AD Architect: Septimius Severus
The Baths of Caracalla, Rome
Wednesday, May 29, 2013
Lecture 8: Rome I
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Lecture 8: Rome I
The Pantheon
Hadrians Villa at Tivoli
The Treasury at Petra
The Temples at Baalbek
Pompeii and Ostia
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Roman Empire 1 Century AD
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Date: 120 -127 AD Architect: Hadrian
The Pantheon, Rome
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Date: 120 -127 AD Architect: Hadrian
The Pantheon, Rome
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Date: 120 -127 AD Architect: Hadrian
The Pantheon, Rome
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Date: 120 -127 AD Architect: Hadrian
The Pantheon, Rome
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Date: 120 -127 AD Architect: Hadrian
The Pantheon, Rome
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Date: 120 -127 AD Architect: Hadrian
The Pantheon, Rome
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Date: 120 -127 AD Architect: Hadrian
The Pantheon, Rome
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Date: 120 -127 AD Architect: Hadrian
The Pantheon, Rome
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Date: 120 -127 AD Architect: Hadrian
The Pantheon, Rome
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Date: 120 -127 AD Architect: Hadrian
The Pantheon, Rome
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Date: 118 - 134 AD Architect: Hadrian
Hadrians Villa at Tivoli
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Date: 118 - 134 AD Architect: Hadrian
Hadrians Villa at Tivoli
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Date: 118 - 134 AD Architect: Hadrian
Hadrians Villa at Tivoli
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Date: 118 - 134 AD Architect: Hadrian
Hadrians Villa at Tivoli Piazza dOro
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Date: 118 - 134 AD Architect: Hadrian
Hadrians Villa at Tivoli
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Date: 118 - 134 AD Architect: Hadrian
Hadrians Villa at Tivoli
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Date: 118 - 134 AD Architect: Hadrian
Hadrians Villa at Tivoli
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Date: 118 - 134 AD Architect: Hadrian
Hadrians Villa at Tivoli
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Date: 118 - 134 AD Architect: Hadrian
Hadrians Villa at Tivoli
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Date: 118 - 134 AD Architect: Hadrian
Hadrians Villa at Tivoli
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Date: 118 - 134 AD Architect: Hadrian
Hadrians Villa at Tivoli
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Date: 118 - 134 AD Architect: Hadrian
Hadrians Villa at Tivoli
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Date: 118 - 134 AD Architect: Hadrian
Hadrians Villa at Tivoli
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Date: 118 - 134 AD Architect: Hadrian
Hadrians Villa at Tivoli
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Date: 110 AD
The Treasury at Petra
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Date: 110 AD
The Treasury at Petra
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Date: 110 AD
The Treasury at Petra
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Date: 110 AD
The Treasury at Petra
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Date: 110 AD
The Treasury at Petra
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Date: 110 AD
The Treasury at Petra
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Date: 110 AD
The Treasury at Petra
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Date: 110 AD
The Treasury at Petra
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Date: 110 AD
The Ampitheater Petra
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Date: 54 - 117 AD
The Temple Complex at Baalbek
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Date: 54 - 117 AD
The Temple Complex at Baalbek
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Date: 60AD
The Temple of Venus at Baalbek
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Date: 60AD
The Temple of Venus at Baalbek
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Date: 54 - 68 AD
The Temple of Jupiter at Baalbek
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Date: 54 - 68 AD
The Temple of Jupiter at Baalbek
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Date: 54 - 68 AD
The Temple of Jupiter at Baalbek
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Date: 54 - 117 AD
The Temple Complex at Baalbek
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Map of Rome and Italy
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Map of Rome
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Map of Pompeii 300 BC
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Date: 79 AD
Pompeii
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Date: 79 AD
Pompeii
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Date: 79 AD
Pompeii
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Date: 79 AD
Pompeii - Decumanus Maximus
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Date: 79 AD
Pompeii - Decumanus Maximus
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Date: 100 AD
Ostia Temple of Rome and Augustus
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Date: 100 AD
Ostia Building on the Cardo Maximus
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Date: 100 AD
Ostia Building on the Cardo Maximus
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Date: 100 AD
Ostia Building Column Detail on the Cardo Maximus
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