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Lecture Overview
• Language • Intelligence
• The Intelligence Controversy
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Language: Three Building Blocks
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Elements of Language (cont.)
• “The rapid freedom ran around the curious emptiness” (obeys rules of English syntax, but makes no sense semantically)
• Surface structure: word strings that people produce
• Deep structure : abstract representation, or meaning, i.e. Joey fell off swing and hurt his head from swinging too high vs. Joey hurt his head when he fell off the swing
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Is language innate in humans?
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Do other animals have language the way humans do?
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Theories of Language Development
• Nature Perspective: language is an inborn capacity that develops primarily by maturation
– Steven Pinker; Chomsky’s language acquisition device (LAD);
– Nurture Perspective: language develops from a complex system of rewards, punishments, & imitation
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Arguments for Nature
• All children develop language in same way• Deaf children develop sign language the way
hearing children develop spoken language• There is a critical period for the development of
language• In most people (left or right hand-ers) language
develops in the left hemisphere)• Almost all mothers and fathers speak “infant-
directed language”©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Split-Brain Research • Verbal left• Non-verbal right Gender differences?
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Evidence for Nurture
• Children learn different languages depending on where they grow up
• Phonemes are different cross culturally• Parents spend lots of time talking to their
infants (IDL)• Some cases: Genie, Wild Boy show that
language exposure is necessary for normal language development
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Animals & Language
• Some of the most successful nonhuman animal language studies have used American Sign Language (ASL).
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Intelligence
• Intelligence: global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, & deal effectively with the environment
• Intelligence is a hypothetical, abstract construct.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
What Is Intelligence?
Historical views of intelligence: 1. Single ability or trait general factor called “g”
(Spearman 1920s)2. Three part theory (Sternberg--learned)3. Multiple abilities (Gardner—natural) To mention only a few…
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Intelligence Models
• Gardner • Sternberg
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
How Do We Measure Intelligence?
• Stanford-Binet & Wechsler most widely used individual intelligence tests. Both tests compute an intelligence quotient (IQ), which compares the deviation of a person’s test score to norms for that person’s age group.
–Original version of Stanford-Binet (IQ = MA/CA x 100)
NOW SHOWN WITH NORMS
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Measuring Intelligence— The Normal Distribution of IQ Scores
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Measuring Intelligence— Sample Wechsler Tests
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Measuring Intelligence:Three Scientific Standards
1. Standardization--establishes norms & uniform procedures for giving & scoring tests
2. Reliability--measure of the consistency & stability of test scores over time
3. Validity--ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
The Intelligence Controversy: Explaining Differences
• Is it in the brain? All mental activity (including intelligence) results from neural activity in the brain.
• Is it genetic or environmental influences? Heredity & environment are important, inseparable factors in intellectual development.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
The Intelligence Controversy—Extremes in Intelligence
• Mental Retardation: IQs of 70 & below
• Mental Giftedness: IQs of 135 & above
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Genetic Vs. Environmental Influenceon Intelligence: Herrnstein
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
The Intelligence Controversy: IQ Tests
can be Culturally Biased and biased to gender
What is the heritability??
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010