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LECTURE ON
LANDFILL ENGINEERING SYSTEMS
BYBYM. VENKATARAMAN
NON‐ENGINEERED WASTE DUMPS
BIRD MENACEBIRD MENACE GASGASRODENTS & RODENTS &
PESTSPESTS
FIRE HAZARDFIRE HAZARD
PRECIPITATIONPRECIPITATION PESTSPESTSODOURODOUR
DUSTDUST
LITTERLITTER WASTE DUMPWASTE DUMP
LEACHATELEACHATE
GROUND WATER GROUND WATER SURFACE WATER SURFACE WATER CONTAMINATIONCONTAMINATION
CONTAMINATIONCONTAMINATIONCONTAMINATIONCONTAMINATION
LANDFILL ENGINEERING SYSTEMS
An engineered landfill is a controlled method of waste
disposal.p
The objective of a landfill facility is to contain the waste in a
manner that is protective to human health and themanner that is protective to human health and the
environment.
Landfills perform by controlling and managing the movements Landfills perform by controlling and managing the movements
of fluids.
Landfills are engineered facilities for the disposal of Landfills are engineered facilities for the disposal of
•Municipal Solid Waste
• Hazardous Waste
ENGINEERED LANDFILLS ‐ TYPES
Based on Site Topography and Capacity Requirements:
Above Ground Landfill (Area Landfill)
Below Ground Landfill (Trench Landfill)( )
Above and Below Ground Landfill
Slope Landfill
Valley Landfill (Canyon Landfill)
ENGINEERED LANDFILLS ‐ TYPES
Above ground landfill / Area landfill:
• Landfill progresses with little or no excavationLandfill progresses with little or no excavation
• Used in areas with high ground water / terrain is unsuitable
Above ground landfill
Courtesy: Criteria for Hazardous Waste Landfills, CPCB guidelines, 2001
ENGINEERED LANDFILLS ‐ TYPES
Below ground landfill / Trench landfill:
• Waste is filled in a series of deep and narrow trenches• Waste is filled in a series of deep and narrow trenches
• Used for small waste quantities
Below ground landfill
Courtesy: Criteria for Hazardous Waste Landfills, CPCB guidelines, 2001
ENGINEERED LANDFILLS ‐ TYPES
Above and below ground landfill:
• Combination of two previously mentioned landfill typesCombination of two previously mentioned landfill types
• Excavation area is much larger than in a trench landfill
• Depth of excavation normally depends on the depth of ground water table.
Above and below ground landfill
Courtesy: Criteria for Hazardous Waste Landfills, CPCB guidelines, 2001
ENGINEERED LANDFILLS ‐ TYPES
Valley landfill / Canyon landfill:
• Waste is filled between the hills or rolling terrainWaste is filled between the hills or rolling terrain
• Control of surface drainage is often a critical factor
Valley Landfill
Courtesy: Criteria for Hazardous Waste Landfills, CPCB guidelines, 2001
ENGINEERED LANDFILLS ‐ TYPES
Slope landfill:
• In some places, it is not possible to find flat ground forIn some places, it is not possible to find flat ground for landfills. In such cases slope landfills have to be adopted.
• Control of inflowing water from hill slopes is a critical factor in design.
Slope Landfill
Courtesy: Criteria for Hazardous Waste Landfills, CPCB guidelines, 2001
p
CRITERIA FOR LANDFILLS
1. Site Selection
– Location criteria
– List of potential sites
– Selection of few best ranked sites
Environmental impact assessment– Environmental impact assessment
– Final site selection
2. Site Investigation
‐ Subsoil investigation
d / d l i l i i i‐ Ground water/ Hydrogeological investigation
‐ Topographical investigation
Geological and Seismic investigation‐ Geological and Seismic investigation
‐ Environmental investigation
CRITERIA FOR LANDFILLS
3. Landfill Planning & Design
E i l– Essential components
– Design life
– Waste volume, waste compatibility and landfill
– Landfill layout and section
– Phased operation
– Estimation of leachate quantity
– Liner system
– Leachate drainage, collection and removal
Contd…
CRITERIA FOR LANDFILLS
3. Landfill Planning & Design
– Leachate managementLeachate management
– Landfill gas management
– Final cover systemFinal cover system
– Surface water drainage system
Base stability slope stability and seismic aspects– Base stability, slope stability and seismic aspects
– Site infrastructure
E i t l it i t– Environmental monitoring system
– Closure and post‐closure maintenance system
CRITERIA FOR LANDFILLS
4. Construction of landfill and operation criteria
Landfill site construction and development‐ Landfill site construction and development
‐ Site procedures : Record keeping and waste inspection
‐ Phase development
‐ Phase operation
‐ Pollution prevention and safety during operation
‐ Phase closure
‐ Landfill Closure
‐ Post‐closure vegetative stabilization‐ Post‐closure vegetative stabilization
CRITERIA FOR LANDFILLS
5. Inspection, monitoring and record keeping criteria
‐ During construction of liners and covers
‐ During operation
‐ During closure and post‐closure period
E i t l it i t‐ Environmental monitoring systems
6. Post‐closure Criteria
TYPICAL LAYOUT OF LANDFILL
LANDFILL COMPONENTS
Major Components:
B tt d id li t Bottom and side liner system
Leachate collection and removal system
L k d i Leak detection system
Gas collection and removal system
Top liner system
Storm water management system
Environmental monitoring system
Other infrastructure
LANDFILL COMPONENTS
LANDFILL COMPONENTS
Bottom & Side Liner System:
‐ Single most important element of a landfillg p
‐ Placed at the bottom and sides of a landfill
To prevent migration of leachate to the surrounding‐ To prevent migration of leachate to the surrounding soil and water
‐ Liner consists of multiple barrier and drainage layersLiner consists of multiple barrier and drainage layers
‐May consists of compacted clay liner, geomembrane, geosynthetic clay liner, geotextiles and/or a combination g y y , g /of these.
LANDFILL COMPONENTS
Leachate Collection & Removal System:
‐ To collect the leachate produced in a landfillp
‐ To prevent the buildup of leachate head on the liner and to drain leachate effectively outside the landfill for treatment
Leak Detection System:
‐ To drain the leachate if at all present in the secondary liner system
LANDFILL COMPONENTS
Gas Collection & Removal System:
M i i l lid l i i f‐Municipal solid waste can generate large quantities of gas during decomposition.
Two primary constituents : Methane and Carbon dioxide‐ Two primary constituents : Methane and Carbon dioxide
‐ System to collect and extract gas from within the landfill
‐ Landfill gas can either be used to produce energy or flared under controlled conditions
T Li S t Top Liner System:‐ Enhances surface drainage, prevents infiltrating water and supports surface vegetation
LANDFILL COMPONENTS
Top Liner System:
C i f b i d d i l‐ Consists of barrier and drainage layers
‐Main purpose is to minimize the water infiltration into the landfill to reduce amount of leachate generatedthe landfill to reduce amount of leachate generated after closure
‐ Soil layer is included at the top to protect theSoil layer is included at the top to protect the underlying layers against intrusion, damage and to enhance surface drainage & vegetation
SINGLE COMPOSITE LINER SYSTEM
Liner system for municipal solid waste & nonhazardous waste landfills
Waste
waste landfills
Drainage layer
Non‐woven geotextileLeachate collection pipe
HDPE geomembraneCompacted clay liner
Existing subgrade
Typical liner systemTypical liner system
DOUBLE COMPOSITE LINER SYSTEM
Waste
Liner system for hazardous waste landfills
Drainage layer
Non‐woven geotextileLeachate collection pipe
MARY
gHDPE geomembrane
Compacted clay liner
PRIM
Drainage layer
Non‐woven geotextileLeak detection pipe
DARY
HDPE geomembrane
Compacted clay liner SECO
ND
Existing subgradeTypical liner system
TOP LINER SYSTEM
Surface vegetation layerSurface vegetation layer
N t til
Drainage layer
Non‐woven geotextile
HDPE geomembrane
Compacted clay liner
Waste
Compacted clay liner
T i l li tTypical liner system
GEOSYNTHETICS IN LANDFILLS
Geosynthetic Products:
G th ti l li Geosynthetic clay liner
HDPE geomembrane
N il Nonwoven geotextile
Geonet & geocomposite drain
Geogrid
Woven geotextile
Geomat & Geocell
Geopipe
GEOSYNTHETICS IN LANDFILLS
Alternatives to conventional materials:
Compacted clay liner p y
Geosynthetic clay liner (GCL)
Drainage layer with sand & aggregates on slopesa age aye t sa d & agg egates o s opes
Geonet & geocomposite drain
Advantages: Advantages:
Creates extra landfill capacity by replacing conventional
clay liner with geosynthetics like GCLclay liner with geosynthetics like GCL
Geosynthetic reinforced embankments can reduce the
base width of embankment which result in substantial
savings in earthwork for high rise embankments
INSTALLATION OF GEOSYNTHETICINSTALLATION OF GEOSYNTHETIC MATERIALS
INSTALLATION OF HDPE GEOMEMBRANES
Joining of geomembrane: key aspect in landfill construction
Hot wedge welding ( d h hi i f ibl t t )‐ Hot wedge welding (used where machine is feasible to operate)
‐ Extrusion welding (corners, intermediate joints, repairs/patches)
Testing of Seams:
‐ Non destructive testing
‐ Air pressure test (seams by hot wedge welding)
‐ Vacuum Box test (mostly seams by extrusion welding)
‐ Destructing testing (by tensiometer)
‐ Shear test (seams by hot wedge welding)‐ Shear test (seams by hot wedge welding)
‐ Peel Test (seams by hot wedge welding)
INSTALLATION OF HDPE GEOMEMBRANES
Receiving Electrode Current
electrodeElectrical current passed into landfill
electrode
LANDFILL
HDPE LINER
Current flow through defect in liner
Leak Detection Test: Two Electrode Method
INSTALLATION OF HDPE GEOMEMBRANES
Hot wedge welding on Slope in Progress
Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
GEOMEMBRANE MACHINERIES/INSTRUMENTS
Hot Wedge Welding Machine
Extrusion Welding Machine
Tensiometer
Air Pressure Vacuum Pump V T tAir Pressure Needle Tester
Vacuum Pump Vacuum Tester
Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
(AIR PRESSURE TESTING OF SEAMS)( )
Principle Method
Instrument Field TestCourtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
GEOMEMBRANE INSTALLATIONNON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
Testing of Seams: Vacuum Box MethodCourtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
DESTRUCTIVE TESTING SHEAR TEST
DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
SampleSample
Shear & Peel Test ‐ TensiometerCourtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
INSTALLATION OF GEOSYNTHETIC CLAY LINERLINER
Joining by overlaps – 200 mm, self healing capacity
Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
GEOTEXTILE INSTALLATIONINSTALLATION OF GEOTEXTILE
Joining of Geotextiles ‐ Stitching
Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
INSTALLATION OF GEONET
Overlap
Plastic Flanges
Joining : Plastic Flanges at the overlap at Regular Intervals
Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
JOINING OF HDPE PIPES
Mirror WeldingMirror Welding
Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
GROUNDWATER MONITORING SYSTEMGROUNDWATER MONITORING SYSTEM
LANDFILL
Up gradient Monitoring Well Down gradient
Monitoring Wells
UNSATURATED ZONE
SATURATED ZONE SATURATED ZONE
Monitoring of ground water quality – During operation & after closure of landfill
CASE STUDIES – LANDFILLS : (executed by Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd.,Pune)
Municipal Solid Waste Landfillsp
Hazardous Waste Landfills
Landfill CappingLandfill Capping
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILLSMUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILLS
MUNICIPAL SOILD WASTE LANDFILL ‐ JAIPUR
Clay Liner Installation
Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
MUNICIPAL SOILD WASTE LANDFILL ‐ JAIPUR
Geomembrane Installation
Drainage and leachate collection system installationDrainage and leachate collection system installation
Geonet as drainage layer on slopesCourtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
MUNICIPAL SOILD WASTE VALLEY LANDFILL – PCMC PUNELANDFILL – PCMC, PUNE
Base PreparationCourtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
MUNICIPAL SOILD WASTE LANDFILL –PCMC PUNEPCMC, PUNE
Liner InstallationCourtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
MUNICIPAL SOILD WASTE LANDFILL ‐INDOREINDORE
Liner InstallationCourtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
MUNICIPAL SOILD WASTE LANDFILL ‐RAMPURRAMPUR
Liner InstallationCourtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
NONHAZARDOUS LANDFILL – CAIRN ENERGY, BARMER RAJASTHANBARMER ‐ RAJASTHAN
Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
HAZARDOUSWASTE LANDFILLSHAZARDOUS WASTE LANDFILLS
HEIGHT RAISING OF JAROSITE POND ‐ DEBARI
Project: Height raising of Jarosite pond by 3 m to create
additional capacity, HZL ‐ Debariadd t o a capac ty, eba
Features of the Pond:
• Area : 18 hectares
• Existing embankment height: 3 ‐ 11 m
• Length of embankment : 1500 m
HEIGHT RAISING OF JAROSITE POND ‐ DEBARI
• Limited base width to create a permanent stable slope
Issues :
for higher embankment heights
• Huge earthwork quantity
• Geotextile reinforced embankment
Solution :
• Geotextile reinforced embankment
• Final embankment height : 6.0 m to 14.0 m
HEIGHT RAISING OF JAROSITE POND ‐ DEBARI
Typical cross‐section of 6.0 m high reinforced embankmentyp g
Typical cross‐section of 14.0 m high reinforced embankment
Construction of reinforced embankment in progressprogress
Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
Reinforced embankment 14.0 m high ‐ After completioncompletion
Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
HEIGHT RAISING OF JAROSITE POND ‐ DEBARI
Floating approach to raise the height of infiltration wells:
Length – 25 m
Embankment
Infiltration well
HAZARDOUS WASTE LANDFILL – POND 2, HZL VIZAGHZL VIZAG
Base Preparation and Clay Liner Installation
Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
HAZARDOUS WASTE LANDFILL – POND 2, HZL VIZAGHZL VIZAG
Geogrid reinforced embankment
Geomembrane and Drainage Installation
Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
HAZARDOUS WASTE LANDFILL – POND 2, HZL VIZAGHZL VIZAG
After completion
Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
HAZARDOUS LANDFILL – POND 1 & 2, HZL VIZAG
Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
HAZARDOUS LANDFILL – CAIRN ENERGY, BARMER RAJASTHANBARMER, RAJASTHAN
Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
LANDFILL CAPPINGLANDFILL CAPPING
CLOSURE & CAPPING OF INDUSTRIAL SLUDGE POND
Project: Design, Engineering and implementing the Closure
and Capping of the Industrial Sludge Pond, HZL Vizaga d Capp g o t e dust a S udge o d, ag
Features of the Sludge Pond:
• Area: 52, 000 sqm
• Height: 7‐8 m
V l A d 4 00 000• Volume: Around 4,00,000 cum
• Emb Slope: 1:1
Properties:Unit weight ‐ 17 kN/Cum Cohesion ‐ 4.0 kPa
CLOSURE & CAPPING OF INDUSTRIAL SLUDGE POND
Filled Facility Ready for Closure
FILLED FACILITY READY FOR CLOSURE
What
can
happen ?
Vertical
DisplacementDisplacement.
STABILIZATION OF SLUDGE SURFACE
Multi-layered high strength woven geotextiles (70 & 80 kN/m) for strengthening the sludge surface ) g g gfor :
Provide initial access for construction
Materials and equipments on to the top surface
S t th l d i f th il Support the load coming from the soil cover
Top liner systemp y
DESIGN OF GEOTEXTILE STABILIZED SOIL LAYER
Criteria for strength and number of Geotextiles:
LAYER
Type and load of construction equipment
H i ht f il t bili i l f h Height of soil stabilizing layer of each cap
Weight of top liner system
Construction methodology of the closure
GEOMETRY OF CLOSURE
Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
SECTIONAL DRAWINGS
Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
Finger fill soil placement techniqueCourtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
CONSRUCTION OF GEOTEXTILE STABILIZED LAYER IN PROGRESSLAYER IN PROGRESS
Finger Fill Soil Placement Technique
Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
CONSTRUCTION OF TOP LINER SYSTEM IN PROGRESSPROGRESS
Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
CLOSURE AFTER INSTALLATION OF HDPE GEOMEMBRNAEGEOMEMBRNAE
Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
CAPPING ‐ AFTER COMPLETION
Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
NEW APPLICATIONSNEW APPLICATIONS
GENERATION OF SOLAR ENERGY !!!
REFERENCES
• “Criteria for hazardous waste landfills”, Central PollutionControl Board, 2001.
“M l f d i t ti d lit t l f li• “Manual for design, construction and quality control of linersand covers for hazardous waste landfills”, Central PollutionControl Board, 2001.
• “Manual on municipal solid waste management”, CentralPublic Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation,first edition 2000first edition, 2000.
• Xuede Qian, Robert M. Koerner, Donald H. Gray, “Geotechnical aspects of landfill design and construction”,Prentice‐Hall, Inc.
THANK YOU
M.VenkataramanEx‐Advisor, Geosynthetics Division
Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd.Plot No. 11, Block D‐1, M.I.D.C. Chinchwad, Pune‐ 411019,
India.Phone: + 91‐20‐30780000, 30780150,30780187
Fax: + 91‐20‐30780350.Fax: 91 20 30780350. Email : [email protected]
[email protected] : www garwareropes comWebsite : www.garwareropes.com