Lecture Notes Polymer Basics

8/10/2019 Lecture Notes Polymer Basics

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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES

IN POLYMER PROCESSING

CH 62045

Prof. Swati Neogi


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Cla G!i"eli#e

$ Attendance Policy%

& '00( atte#"a#)e i "eira*le

& No !#e+)!e" a*e#)e

& ,- to fo!r e+)!e" a*e#)e$ Guest Lecture & Field Trip%

$ G!et le)t!re will *e arra#ge" fro tie to tie

$ /iel" tri- to i#"!trie will *e arra#ge"

$ Atte#"a#)e i a#"ator


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Cla G!i"eli#e

$ Assignment and class tests%

$ Reg!lar 1oewor aig#e#t will *e gi3e#

$ St!"e#t are e+-e)te" to ai#tai# a #ote*oo for

aig#e#t a#" are re!ire" to *ri#g t1e aig#e#t#ote*oo e3er"a i# t1e )la

$ S!r-rie )1e)i#g of t1e aig#e#t will *e )o#"!)te"

$ S!r-rie )la tet will *e tae#.


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Gra"i#g Poli)

Aig#e#t )la tet tea)1er e3al!atio#% 20(

71eor% weig1tage 0.85

Mi" ter% 90(

/i#al E+a% 50(

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

7otal% ;0(

7!torial% weig1tage% 0.25

7wo ter -a-er

/iel" tri-


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Text Book

$ No i#gle te+t *oo will )o3er t1e e#tire !*=e)t. 7ae

)la #ote. Cla #ote are -re-are" *ae" o#

e3eral *oo. /ollowi#g i t1e lit of *oo w1i)1 )a#

*e )o#!lte" for t1e )o!re%

& Principles of Polymer Processing* 7a"or > Gogo

& Polymer Processing:Principles and modeling * Agaa#t

A3e#a Serge#t > Carrea!

& Plastics Engineering* R ? Crawfor"


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Co!re I#foratio#

$ Cre"it% 9:':0

$ Co!re O*=e)ti3e @Ha#"o!t

$ Co!re o!tli#e @Ha#"o!t

$ 7e#tati3e Le)t!re S)1e"!le @Ha#"o!t


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Co!re O*=e)ti3e

Lear# to !e CHE. Pri#)i-le to "e)ri*e -oler

-ro)ei#g

Poler Bai)@i 1at are -oler

@ii How "o t1e "iffer for ot1er aterial

@iii 1 are t1e "iffere#t

@i3 Pro-ertie

@3 A--li)atio#

Mo"!le '


8/218

Co!re O*=e)ti3e

Lear# to !e CHE. Pri#)i-le to "e)ri*e -oler

-ro)ei#g

C1ei)al E#gi#eeri#g -ri#)i-le

@i 7ra#-la#t E!atio# Poler R1eolog

@ii Poler flow a#ali

@iii Heat tra#fer > 3i)o! 1eat "ii-atio#

@i3 De3olatiligatio# > a tra#fer

Mo"!le 2


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Co!re o*=e)ti3e

Lear# to !e CHE. Pri#)i-le to "e)ri*e -oler -ro)ei#g

Poler -ro)ei#g te)1#olog

@i E+tr!io#

@ii I#=e)tio# ol"i#g

@iii Blow ol"i#g

@i3 Cale#"ari#g

@3 71erofori#g

@3i S-i##i#g

Mo"!le 9

Ma#!fa)t!ri#g

of -oler i

*eo#" 1e

)o-e >

o*=e)ti3e


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Co!re O3er3iew

Module : Fundamentals of Polymer !" of Lectures: #$

%: ntroduction ! '$

%': ()aracteri*ing parameters !+$

%,: Polymer properties !,$

%-: Polymer additi.es !$


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Co!re O3er3iew

Module ': ()emical Engineering Principles for Polymer

Processing !" of lectures: +$

'%: ntroduction to polymer processing !$

'%': Polymer /)eology !,$

'%,: Mass and Momentum e0uations for isot)ermal polymer

flo1 analysis !-$

'%+: 2eat transfer and .iscous )eat dissipation in polymer

processing !,$

'%-: Mass transfer3 diffusi.ity and de.olatili*ation duringpolymer processing !'$


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Co!re O3er3iew

Module ,: Polymer Processing Tec)nologies ! " of

Lectures: 4$

,%: Extrusion !#$

,%': n5ection Molding!6$

,%,: (alendaring 3 T)ermoforming3 7t)er!'$


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Mo"!le '% Co!re O!tli#e& ntroduction of polymer !L'$

$ Defi#itio#$ A"3a#tage

$ Claifi)atio# of -oler

$ A--li)atio#

& ()aracteri*ation parameters L!,$

$ Mole)!lar$ C1ei)al )o-oitio#

$ M


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Mo"!le '% Co!re O!tli#e

& Polymer properties !L+$

$ 71eral Pro-ertie

& Melti#g -oi#t

& Gla tra#itio#

$ Me)1a#i)al Pro-ertie& Stre#gt1

& Mo"!l!

& Elo#gatio#

& 7o!g1#e

& I-a)t

& Cree-

& Perea*ilit


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Mo"!le '% Co!re O!tli#e

& C1ei)al Pro-ertie

& O+i"atio#

& 71eral ta*ilit

& Degra"a*ilit

& C1ei)al reita#)e

& /laa*ilit


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Mo"!le '% /!#"ae#tal of Poler

Se)tio# '.'% I#tro"!)tio#


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Soe Orga#i) Bai)

$ Nae followi#g orga#i) )o-o!#" a#" write "ow# t1e

tr!)t!re.

& CH4 C2H6C2H2 C9H; C2H4

$ Ge#eral #ae of followi#g erie of )o-o!#"

RCOOH R:NH2 HO:R HO:R:OH

write t1e -ro"!)t of followi#g rea)tio#%

RCOOH RNH2 :::::::::RCOOH HOR ::::::::::::::

RCOOH HO:R:OH :::::::::


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Poler

Pro)ei#g wit1

a""iti3e/i#i1e" Pro"!)t


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Poler Rei# a#" Plati)

$ Apolymeri a# !*ta#)e a"e !- of a# of

re-eati#g !#it *!il"i#g *lo) )alle" mers.

$ 1e# i# for rea" for f!rt1er wori#g t1e are )alle"

resins.

$ Poler are el"o !e" i# t1eir #eat for ot ofte#

)o-o!#"e" wit1 3ario! a""iti3e. 71e re!lti#g

aterial i !!all referre" to a a -lati).

$ /re!e#tl -oler rei# -lati) are !e"

i#ter)1a#gea*l.


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De3elo-e#t of Plati)

$ ';6; )ell!loe #itrate

$ '0 -1e#ol:foral"e1"e

$ '28 )ell!loe a)etate a#" -ol3i#l )1lori"e

$ '2 !rea foral"e1"e

$ '9' D!-re#e

$ '95 et1l )ell!loe

$ '96 a)rli) a#" -ol3i#l a)etate

$ '9; #lo#

$ '42 -oleter a#" -olet1le#e tere-1t1alate

$ '49 ili)o#e

$ '48 e-o+ a#" -ol-ro-le#e


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Bai) Co#)e-t


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Bai) Co#)e-t$ Poler i large ole)!le 1a3i#g re-eati#g !#it

$ Re-eati#g tr!)t!ral !#it =oi#e" * )o3ale#t *o#"

$ Mole)!lar weig1t )a# *e !- to '0000

$ Mo#oer 1o!l" 1a3e rea)ti3e f!#)tio#al gro!- or

"o!*le *o#"$ Bai) li#ear )1ai# i )alle" *a)*o#e

$ Mole)!lar weig1t )a# *e !- to '0000

$ E+te#i3e fora*ilit a#" "!)tilit

$ Lig1t weig1t low )ot$ Hig1er )1ei)al rea)ti3it


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Bai) Co#)e-t$ Co-o!#" of 1"roge# a#" )ar*o# a#"


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/or)e I# Poler/or)e I# Poler

$ Priar for)e

& Co3ale#t *o#" wit1i# )1ai#

$ Se)o#"ar /or)e%

& Fa#"er wall for)e *etwee# )1ai#

& H"roge# *o#"i#g

& Di-ole:"i-ole i#tera)tio#

$ C1ei)al *o#" *etwee# )1ai# a i# t1eroet

-oler


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Noe#)lat!re

$ Monomer : ole)!le wit1 i#i! f!#)tio#alit of two

$ t1at rea)t to for t1e tr!)t!ral !#it of t1e -oler

$ Oligomer : 1ort )1ai# #t1eiJe" fro rea)tio# of

$ e3eral o#oer @"ier trier tetraer . . .$ Polymer : a)roole)!le ge#erate" t1ro!g1 e!e#tial

$ rea)tio# of a all #!*er of elee#tar !#it

$ Repeating unit : tr!)t!re )o-oe" of t1e i#i!

$ #!*er of tr!)t!ral !#it #e)ear to ge#erate t1e

$ -oler

$ Degree of polymerization : #!*er of re-eati#g !#it


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COMMON MONOMERS AND POLYMERSCOMMON MONOMERS AND POLYMERS

$ Fi#l a#" Fi#le"e#e o#oer a#" t1eir -oler

$Eter fori#g o#oer a#" Poleter Pol)ar*o#ate

$ Ai"e fori#g o#oer a#" Polai"e

C Fi l " Fi l "


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Coo# Fi#l a#" Fi#le"e#e o#oer

a#" Poler


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Coo# Eter Car*o#ate a#" Ai"e

Poler


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Mo#oer Ao#g 7o- 50 )1ei)al

A-ril '0 '5 C1ei)al a#" E#gi#eeri#g New


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Pro"!)tio# of 71ero-lati)

$ Polet1le#e

& Low "e#it @K0.40 g


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Pro"!)tio# of 71eroet

$ P1e#oli) 940

& ,rea% 25;'

& ,#at!rate" -oleter% '8'9

& E-o+% 69

& Melai#e% 20

& '; @'06l*


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Pro"!)tio# of S#t1eti) /i*er

$ No#)ell!loi) fi*er

& Poleter %9''

& Nlo# %2;48

& Olefi# %2;00

& A)rli) %946

$ Cell!loi) fi*er

& A)etate a#" rao# %965

& '; @'06l*


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Pro"!)tio# of S#t1eti) R!**er

$ Stre#e:*!ta"ie#e r!**er% 60

$ Pol*!ta"ie#e% 5;0

$ Et1le#e:-ro-le#e% 92'

$ Nitrile% ;$ Pol)1loro-re#e% 82

& '; @'06l*


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A--li)atio#% Pa)agi#g

$ /oo" wra--i#g

$ Bottle

$ Bliter -a)

$ 7ra1 *ag a#" gro)er a)$ S1ri# wra-

$ /oa -a)i#g


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A--li)atio#% Me"i)al

$ Cat1eter

$ Hi- =oi#t re-la)ee#t

$ Artifi)ial li* @leg feet ar

$ Artifi)ial orga# @1eart *loo" 3eel 3al3e$ De#tal filli#g *ri"ge a#" )oati#g

$ Di-oa*le !rgi)al )lot1e a#" i#tr!e#t

$ Eegla frae a#" le#e


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A--li)atio#% Re)reatio#al

$ Boat 1!ll Boat 1!ll at aa !rf*oar" a#"

ail

$ Ra)et golf )l!* 3a!lti#g -ole a#" oar

$ Bo*le" "!#e *!ggie a#" a!too*ile

$ At1leti) 1oe

$ Si i -ole i *oot a#" i lift )1air

$ Golf *all )o3er a#" golf )l!* 1aft

$ Bi))le -art 1elet a#" -a"


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A--li)atio#% E#tertai#e#t

$ Stereo a#" tele3iio# )o-o#e#t

$ FCR ta-e a#" 1o!i#g

$ Cae for ra"io ta-e -laer ta-e a#" CD

$ 7o


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A--li)atio#% 7e+tile

$ Clot1i#g

$ Car-et

$ No#:wo3e# fa*ri)

$ Dia-er a#" ot1er "i-oa*le$ ,-1oltere" fa*ri) for f!r#it!re

$ Dra-erie a#" wall -a-er aterial


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A--li)atio#% Co#tr!)tio# a#" Hoe

$ Mol"i#g

$ S-ri#ler a#" -i-e

$ Co!#ter to-

$ Si# 1ower tall a#" -l!*i#g fi+t!re$ /loori#g @3i#l a#" )ar-eti#g

$ Pai#t


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A--li)atio#% 7ra#-ortatio#

$ A!tooti3e A!tooti3e *o"ie *o" -a#el tri a#"

eat

$ Aero-a)e )o-o#e#t

$ 7rai# o#orail a#" lig1t rail )ar

$ Seat )o3er a#" "a1*oar" )o3er

$ 7r!) *e" li#er

$ Ga ta#


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A--li)atio#% I#"!trial

$ Pi-e 3al3e a#" ta#

$ Gear a#" 1o!i#g

$ A"1ei3e a#" )oati#g

$ Fi*ratio# "a-i#g -a"$ Ele)tri)al )ir)!it *oar"

$ ire i#!latio# a#" )o##e)tor "e3i)e

$ Gaet a#" eala#t


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A--li)atio#% I#foratio# 7e)1#olog

$ P1otoreit for i)ro-ro)eor fa*ri)atio#

$ I#terlaer "iele)tri) for i)ro-ro)eor

$ fa*ri)atio#

$ Alig#e#t laer for li!i" )rtal "i-la$ L!*ri)a#t for )o-!ter 1ar" "i


43/218

Cla Aig#e#t

$ rite at leat two ore a--li)atio# of -oler for ea)1

e)tor fro o!r ow# o*er3atio#

$ rite tr!)t!re i#"i)atio# -o#oer for

& PP

& PE

& Nlo#


44/218

Re3iew of Le)t!re '

$ 1at i -oler a#" -lati)

$ C1ara)teriti) of -oler

$ C1ara)teriti) of o#oer re!ire" to !#"ergo

-oleriJatio#

$ 7-e of o#oer

$ E+a-le of -oler !i#g ea)1 t-e of o#oer

$ A--li)atio# of -oler:"iffere#t area


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Claifi)atio# of Poler

'. Bae" o# a3aila*ilit& S#t1eti)

$ A"1ei3e$ /i*re$ Coati#g$ Plati)

$ R!**er& Nat!ral

$ Pola))1ari"e& A"1ei3e& /i*re

$ Protei#& A"1ei3e

& /i*er$ Polio-re#e

& R!**er


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2. Bae" o# rea)tio# Me)1a#i

$ A""itio# @C1ai# Poler

& Brea a "o!*le *o#"

$ PEPP

$ Co#"e#atio# @Ste- Poler& Elii#atio# of * -ro"!)t @e+)e-t e-o+ie a#" -ol!ret1a#e

$ PE7 PB7 Nlo#


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9. Bae" o# ole)!lar Str!)t!re

& Li#ear C1ai#

& Bra#)1e" C1ai#

& Networ or gel Poler


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4. Bae" o# Mor-1olog$ Aor-1o!$ Crtalli#e


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6. Bae" o# -ro)ei#g a#" re-o#e to te-erat!re

:t1ero-lati)

:elt


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Claifi)atio# * A--li)atio#

$ Plati)

$ /i*er

$Elatoer

$ Coati#g

$ A"1ei3e


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Leo# lear#e" i# Se)tio# '.'

$ 1at i -oler

$ Differe#t o#oer a#" t1eir -oler

$ ,#i!e )1ara)teriti) of -oler

$7er relate" to -oler !)1 a o#oer oligoer-oler -lati) rei#

$ A--li)atio# of -oler

$ Claifi)atio# of -oler% "iffere#t )1ee of

)laifi)atio#


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Aig#e#t% Se)tio# '.'

'. '. rite "ow# t1e a**re3iatio# )1ei)al tr!)t!re of o#oer a#" )1ei)alStr!)t!re of -oler fore". Claif t1ee -oler *ae" o# rea)tio#

e)1a#i.

i. Poltre#e

ii. Polet1le#e

iii. Polet1la)rlate

i3. Polet1let1a)rlate3. Pol-ro-le#e

3i. Polet1le#e tere-t1alate

3ii. Pol3i#le"e#e fl!ori"e

3iii.Pol)ar*o#ate

i+. Nlo# 66

2. rite t1e )laifi)atio# )1ee of -oler wit1 E+a-le9. Nae t1ree )oo# 3i#l -oler a#" write "ow# t1eir tr!)t!re

4. /i#" at leat '0 -oler fro o!r !rro!#"i#g a#" e3er"a !e a#" write t1e

#ae of -oler a#" )1ei)al tr!)t!re a#" )laifi)atio# a#" *ai of

)laifi)atio#


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Aig#e#t% e)tio# '.'

9. Nae t1ree )oo# 3i#l -oler a#" write "ow# t1eir

tr!)t!re

4. /i#" at leat '0 -oler fro o!r !rro!#"i#g a#"

e3er"a !e a#" write t1e #ae of -oler a#"

)1ei)al tr!)t!re a#" )laifi)atio# a#" *ai of)laifi)atio#

5. rite t1e "iffere#)e *etwee# -oler rei# a#"

-lati)

6. rite "iffere#t a--li)atio# of -oler liti#g oe-e)ifi) -oler for -e)ifi) a--li)atio#


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Se)tio# '.2% C1ara)teriJi#g Paraeter


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C1ara)teriJi#g Paraeter

$ Mole)!lar& C1ei)al )o-oitio#

& M


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C1ei)al Co-oitio#$ C1ei)al )o-oitio#%

& C1ei)al #at!re of t1e o#oer a#" t1e re!lti#g #at!re of *a)*o#e

$ C1ei)al Co-oitio# Deteri#e

& Stre#gt1 of t1e )o3ale#t *o#"

& I#terole)!lar for)e. Deteri#e tre#gt1

$ Di-ole:"i-ole for)e a i# PFC Poleter

$ H"roge# Bo#"i#g w1e# -oler )o#tai# &OH a#" NH gro!-

& How )loel t1e are -a)e". Deteri#e or-1olog

$ Pe#"a#t gro!- !)1 a Be#Je#e ri#g *!l i"e )1ai#

C1 i l C iti @ t"


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C1ei)al Co-oitio#@)o#t".& How !)1 fle+i*ilit

$ Pree#)e of #o# fle+i*le gro!- i# t1e *a)*o#e !)1 a

ai"e -:-1e#le#e!lfo#e Car*o#l


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71i#

$ How )1ei)al )o-oitio# will affe)t followi#g-ro-ertie

& Melti#g -oi#t

& Crtalli#it

& Degra"atio#


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Mole)!lar eig1t Ditri*!tio# i# Poler


73/218

A3erage Mole)!lar eig1t

$ Differe#t a3erage 3al!e )a# *e "efi#e" "e-e#"i#g o#t1e tatiti)al et1o" t1at i a--lie". 71e weig1te" ea#

)a# *e tae# wit1 t1e weig1t fra)tio# t1e ole fra)tio#

or t1e 3ol!e fra)tio#%

& eig1t a3erage olar a or Mw& N!*er a3erage olar a or M#

& Fi)oit a3erage olar a or M3

& Q a3erage olar a or MJ


74/218

A3erage Mole)!lar eig1t

$ A3erage Mole)!lar weig1t *ae" o# Degree ofPoleriJatio#@DP

& 8P i t1e #!*er # of re-eati#g !#it i# t1e -oler )1ai#.

& 71e ole)!lar weig1t of a -arti)!lar -oler ole)!le i a

-ro"!)t of t1e "egree of -oleriJatio# a#" t1e ole)!larweig1t of t1e re-eati#g !#it.

& DP *ae" o# a3erage ole)!lar weig1t

& DP *ae" o# #!*er a3erage ole)!lar weig1t


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N!*er A3erage Mole)!lar eig1t

9umer;A.erage Molecular


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eig1t A3erage Mole)!lar eig1t

$ eig1t:a3erage e-1aiJe t1e a of t1eole)!le o t1at t1e 1ea3ier ole)!le areore i-orta#t.

$ Pi % weig1t a3erage -ro*a*ilit of ole)!le Niwit1 a Mi

Fi)oit A3erage Mole)!lar eig1t


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Fi)oit A3erage Mole)!lar eig1t

$ O#e of t1e ol"et et1o" of ea!ri#g t1e a3erage

ole)!lar weig1t of -oler i * ol!tio# 3i)oit. 71e3i)oit:a3erage ole)!lar weig1t lie oew1ere

*etwee# t1e #!*er a3erage a#" t1e weig1t a3erage

a i )o#ta#t t1at "e-e#" o# t1e -oler:ol3e#t -air a#" o# te-erat!re


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Q A3erage Mole)!lar eig1t


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Co-ario# of A3erage Mole)!lar eig1t

Mn = M. = M1 = M*


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MD% Pol"i-erit I#"e+$ Mole)!lar weig1t "itri*!tio# alo -la i-orta#t role i#

"eteri#i#g t1e -ro-ertie alo#g wit1 t1e a3erageole)!lar weig1t

$ 71e weig1t:a3erage ole)!lar weig1t i larger t1a# or

e!al to t1e #!*er:a3erage ole)!lar weig1t.

$ 71e ratio of t1e weig1t:a3erage a#" #!*er:a3erageole)!lar weig1t i a ea!re of t1e -ol"i-erit of

a -oler i+t!re


81/218

MD% Pol"i-erit I#"e+

$ Pol"i-erit I#"e+ i#"i)ate 1ow wi"el "itri*!te" t1era#ge of ole)!lar weig1t are i# t1e i+t!re.

$ A ratio t1at i aro!#" '.0 i#"i)ate t1at t1e ra#ge of

ole)!lar weig1t i# t1e i+t!re i #arrow a 1ig1 ratio

i#"i)ate t1at t1e ra#ge i wi"e. it1 rare e+)e-tio# all#t1eti) -oler are -ol"i-ere


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Pol"i-erit I#"e+

Mi

Ni

N!*er A3erage Mole)!lar eig1t%


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E+a-le

Example :

Size exclusion chromatographic data of a new polymer shows the

following molecular weight distribution.

Number of Molecules Mass of each molecule

5 10,000

3 30,000

2 0,000

!alculate the number a"erage #$n% and the weight a"erage #$w%molecular weights of this polymer.



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E+a-le

M!lti-l t1e weig1t of t1e -oler ole)!le * t1e #!*er of-oler ole)!le of t1at weig1t

& NiMi wo!l" *e% 5@'000 9@90000 2@60000 260000

& Ni wo!l" *e% 592 '0

& 71erefore N!*er A3erage Mole)!lar eig1t M#& 260000 < '0 26000



85/218


E+a-le

eig1t A3erage Mole)!lar eig1t i iMi 960

NiMi 260000

E+-erie#tal Met1o" /or Mole)!lar eig1t


86/218

E+-erie#tal Met1o" /or Mole)!lar eig1t

Deteri#atio#


87/218

& Cal)!late a3erage Mole)!lar weig1t of PE wit1 DP of '000


88/218

M


89/218

M


90/218

g -$ M :::: Fi)oit :::: Pro)ei#g 1ar"#e ::::Part -ro-ert

$ Perfora#)e -ro-ertie of fi#i1e" -ro"!)t a#" -ro)ei#g

-araeter affe)te" * M$ 7e#ile tre#gt1

$ I-a)t tre#gt1

$ 7o!g1#e

$ Cree- reita#)e

$ Stre:)ra) reita#)e$ Elo#gatio# to *rea

$ Re3eri*le elati)it

$ Melti#g te-erat!re

$ Melt 3i)oit

$ Diffi)!lt of -ro)ei#g

71re1ol" a#" ori#g Mole)!lar eig1t


91/218

g g

$ Below a )ertai# ole)!lar weig1t #ow# a t1re1ol"

ole)!lar weig1t -oler "oe #ot e+1i*it it -ro-ertiefor a -arti)!lar a--li)atio#

$ 71re1ol" M "e-e#" o# t1e A--li)atio#.

& /or a"1ei3e t1re1ol" M i relati3el low

& /or 1ig1 tre#gt1 1a-e" -lati) -ro"!)t 71re1ol" M i !ite

1ig1

$ it1 M tre#gt1 a#" ot1er -ro-ertie i#)reae *!t

Fi)oit i#)reae "!e to )1ai# e#ta#glee#t

$ Hig1 3i)oitie )reate -ro)ei#g -ro*le

$ ori#g i "efi#e" a t1e M o-tiiJe" for -ro)ei#g

a#" -ro-ertie

Mole)!lar eig1t a#" Pro-ertie


92/218

Mole)!lar eig1t a#" Pro-ertie

Aig#e#t%


93/218

g

6. Cal)!late #!*er a3erage ole)!lar weig1t weig1t a3erage ole)!lar weig1t a#" -ol"i-erit

i#"e+ fro t1e followi#g iJe e+)l!io# )1roatogra-1 "ata.

N!*er of ole)!le Mole)!lar weig1t

50 '000

45 2000

90 9000

40 5000

;0 6000

25 8000

90 ;000

20 000

'0 '0000

Aig#e#t 9% Mole)!lar )1ara)teriJatio#


94/218

g

a#" ole)!lar weig1t

'. 1 -oler )1ara)teriJatio# i o i-orta#t for a

-oler e#gi#eer Lit )1ara)teriJatio# -araeter.

2. 1at i -e#"a#t gro!- Nae a#" write t1e for!la of

two -oler w1i)1 1a t1e -e#"a#t gro!- i"e#tifi#g

-e#"a#t gro!-.

9. rite t1e for!la for #!*er a3erage ole)!lar weig1t

weig1t a3erage ole)!lar weig1t a#" -ol"i-erit

i#"e+.

Cal)!late #!*er a3erage weig1t a3erage


95/218

Ca )! ate ! *e a e age e g t a e age

a#" -ol"i-erit i#"e+

&umber of $olecules $ass of each $olecule

1 '00,000

3 (50,000

5 (00,000

' 50,000

10 00,000

13 550,000

20 500,000

13 )50,000

10 )00,000

' 350,000

5 300,000

3 250,000

1 200,000


96/218

eig1t A3erage M > PDI


97/218

eig1t A3erage M > PDI

Number of Molecules Mass of Each MoleculeTotal Mass of Each

Type of Molecule

Weight Fraction

Type of Molecule

#&i% #$

i% #&

i$

i% &

i$

i% #+

i$

i%

1 '00,000 '00,000 0.01 12,'00

3 (50,000 2,250,000 0.0)5 33,(50

5 (00,000 3,500,000 0.0(0 ),000

' 50,000 5,200,000 0.10) (,00

10 00,000 ,000,000 0.120 (2,000

13 550,000 (,150,000 0.1)3 (',50

20 500,000 10,000,000 0.200 100,000

13 )50,000 5,'50,000 0.11( 52,50

10 )00,000 ),000,000 0.0'0 32,000

' 350,000 2,'00,000 0.05 1,00

5 300,000 1,500,000 0.030 ,000

3 250,000 (50,000 0.015 3,(50

1 200,000 200,000 0.00) '00

+i$

i* 531,00

PDI59'600


98/218

Pro*le Statee#t 4.6

$ Mole)!lar weig1t "ata for oe -oler are ta*!late" 1ere.Co-!te

@a t1e #!*er:a3erage ole)!lar weig1t a#"

@* t1e weig1t:a3erage ole)!lar weig1t.

@) If it i #ow# t1at t1i aterial #!*er:a3erage "egree of-oleriJatio# i 488 w1i)1 o#e of t1e -oler lite" i# 7a*le 4.9i t1i -oler 1

@" 1at i t1i aterial weig1t:a3erage "egree of -oleriJatio#


99/218

+ 3er! w


100/218

+i3er! wi

$ +i& t1e #!*er fra)tio#& 71e #!*er of -oler )1ai# t1at fall wit1i# a )ertai# ole)!lar

weig1t ra#ge "i3i"e" * t1e total #!*er of -oler )1ai#.

$ wi& t1e weig1t fra)tio#

& 71e a of -oler )1ai# t1at fall wit1i# a )ertai# ole)!larweig1t ra#ge "i3i"e" * t1e total a.

@a N!*er a3erage ole)!lar weig1t


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@a N!*er:a3erage ole)!lar weig1t.

Mi @g


102/218

@* eig1t:a3erage ole)!lar weig1t

Mi @g


103/218

of -oleriJatio#

$ ## #!*er:a3erage "egree of -oleriJatio#& A3erage #!*er of er !#it -er -oler )1ai#

& ## M#< w1ere i t1e ole)!lar weig1t of a er !#it

& ## 488 a#" M# 48820 g


104/218

of -oleriJatio#

$ Mole)!lar weig1t of ea)1 er !#it )a# *e fo!#" *!i#g ole)!lar weig1t of )o#tit!e#t ato

$ I# t1i )ae well ig#ore t1e ole)!lar weig1t

)o#tri*!tio# of t1e teri#al gro!-


105/218

@) I"e#tif -oler !i#g #!*er:a3erage "egree


106/218

of -oleriJatio#

$ Mot liel P7/E @7eflo# or PMMA @Ple+igla$ Differe#tiate * )olor

& 7eflo# & w1ite

& PMMA & )lear

$ ,#liel to !e t1i -ro)e"!re to i"e#tif a -oler i#real life

@" eig1t:a3erage "egree of -oleriJatio#


107/218

@" eig1t:a3erage "egree of -oleriJatio#

$ #w weig1t:a3erage "egree of -oleriJatio#& A3erage #!*er of er !#it -er -oler )1ai#

& #w Mw< w1ere i t1e ole)!lar weig1t of a er !#it

& '00.042 g


108/218

7o-olog

$ Molecular topologyi a "e)ri-tio# ofole)!le w1i)1 i#)l!"e t1eir tereo:)1ei)al

arra#gee#t *ra#)1i#g foratio# of 1eli)e

a#" #etwor


109/218

7o-olog

7o-olog


110/218

7o-olog

7o-olog


111/218

$ Li#ear Poler%

& Ca# for )loe -a)e" tr!)t!re

$ No#li#ear @Bra#)1e" Poler

& Soe -oler !)1 a low "e#it -olet1le#e

@LDPE 1a3e *ra#)1e of "iffere#t iJe irreg!larl

-a)e" alo#g t1e )1ai#. S!)1 -oler are ai" to *e

#o#li#ear

& Poler wit1 -e#"a#t gro!- !)1 a t1e et1l

gro!- i# -ol-ro-le#e are )o#i"ere" to *e li#ear

& 71e *ra#)1e -re3e#t t1e #o#li#ear ole)!le fro

-a)i#g a )loel a t1e li#ear re"!)i#g t1eir "e#it

7o-olog
http://bluehawk.monmouth.edu/~tzielins/PCOLWEB/ChemOnLine/polymersRus/Resources/Pendant.htmhttp://bluehawk.monmouth.edu/~tzielins/PCOLWEB/ChemOnLine/polymersRus/Resources/Pendant.htm


112/218

7o-olog

$ Cro li#e" a#" Networ Poler& Soe -oler 1a3e cross;links*etwee# -oler )1ai# )reati#g

t1ree:"ie#io#al #etwor

&A 1ig1 "e#it of )ro:li#i#g retri)t t1e otio# of t1e )1ai# a#"

lea" to a rigi" aterial

$ Differe#t tr!)t!re gi3e rie to .ery"iffere#t -ro-ertie$ li#ear -olet1le#e 1a a elti#g -oi#t 20C 1ig1er t1a# *ra#)1e"

-olet1le#e. ,#lie li#ear a#" *ra#)1e" -oler #etwor -oler "o

#ot elt a#" will #ot "iol3e i# ol3e#t.

$ 71e effe)t of tr!)t!re o# -oler -ro-ertie i )alle" t1e T>tructure;

Property /elations)ipT.

Ioeri


113/218

Ioeri

$ Reg!larit of -oler )1ai# "e)i"e t1e or-1olog$ Hig1l irreg!lar )1ai# for aor-1o! -oler

$ Hig1l reg!lar tr!)t!re -roote )rtalli#e growt1

$ Soe ioeri) for of -oler )1ai# "e)reae t1e

reg!larit of )1ai# re"!)i#g t1e -ro*a*ilit of fori#g

)rtalli#e tr!)t!re

Ioeri


114/218

Ioeri

$ Ioer are ole)!le& wit1 ae ole)!lar for!la

& Differe#t arra#gee#t of t1e ato i# -a)e

$ Differe#t arra#gee#t w1i)1 are i-l "!e to t1e ole)!le rotati#g a a

w1ole or rotati#g a*o!t -arti)!lar *o#" i #ot )o#i"ere" a ioer

$ 71ree for of ioeri i# -oler

& Mo#oer orie#tatio#

$ Hea":to:tail

$ Hea":to:1ea"

& Geoetri)

$ Ci ioeri

$ tra# ioeri

& Stereoioeri or ta)ti)it

$ Iota)ti)

$ S#"iota)ti)

$ Ata)ti)

Mo#oer Orie#tatio#


115/218

Mo#oer Orie#tatio#

$ Mo#oer wit1 -e#"a#t gro!-)a# atta)1 i# two wa.& 1ea":to:tail

& 1ea":to:1ea"

$ 71e !!al arra#gee#t i 1ea":to:tail wit1 t1e -e#"a#t

gro!- o# e3er ot1er )ar*o# ato i# t1e )1ai#

Hea" to tail Hea" to 1ea"

Geoetri) Ioeri
http://www.lasalle.edu/academ/chem/ms/polymersRus/Resources/Pendant.htmhttp://www.lasalle.edu/academ/chem/ms/polymersRus/Resources/Pendant.htm


116/218

$ Do!*le *o#" i# t1e -oler )1ai# )a# 1ow cis-or

trans-ioeri. 1e# a o#oer wit1 two )o#=!gate""o!*le *o#" !)1 a io-re#e !#"ergoe )1ai#-oleriJatio# o#e "o!*le *o#" )a# reai# i# t1e )1ai#.

Stereoioeri


117/218

Stereoioeri

$ 71ree "iffere#t for& Ata)ti) @Ra#"o )o#fig!ratio#

& Iota)ti) @Sae )o#fig!ratio#

& S#"iota)ti) @Alter#ati#g )o#fig!ratio#

Stereoioeri


118/218

Stereoioeri

Stereoioeri


119/218

Stereoioeri$ 71e -1i)al -ro-ertie of a -oler )a# 1a3e a tro#g

"e-e#"e#)e o# ta)ti)it.$ Iota)ti) a#" #"iota)ti) -ol-ro-le#e 1a3e reg!lar

tr!)t!re w1i)1 allow fa3ora*le -oler:-oler -a)i#g

$ Ata)ti) -ol-ro-. 1a a# irreg!lar tr!)t!re a#" -oor -a)i#g

$Iota)ti) a#" #"iota)ti) for 1a3e 1ig1er elti#gte-erat!re @U'65V a#" '90V C a#" are -oorl ol!*le i#

a# ol3e#t.

$ Ata)ti) 1a lower elti#g te- @K 0V C i oft r!**er a#"

)a# *e ol"e". It i alo ore ol!*le i# ot ol3e#t.

Mor-1olog


120/218

- g

$ Poler or-1olog i t1e o3erall "e)ri-tio# of -olertr!)t!re i#)l!"i#g P1ae

$ Mor-1olog i "etere#e" *

& 7o-olog

$ Li#ear *ra#)1e" )roli#e"& Mole)!lar eig1t

$ P1ae of -oler

& Crtalli#e -1ae

& Aor-1o! -1ae

Aor-1o! P1ae


121/218

-

$ Poler )1ai# wit1 *ra#)1e or irreg!lar -e#"a#tgro!- )a##ot -a) toget1er reg!larl e#o!g1 to for

)rtal. 71ee -oler are ai" to *e amorp)ous

$ Aor-1o! -oler are

& Softer& 1a3e lower elti#g -oi#t

& -e#etrate" ore * ol3e#t

Crtalli#e P1ae


122/218

$ Poler )1ai# wit1o!t *ra#)1e or *!lier -e#"a#tgro!- )a# -a) toget1er reg!larl e#o!g1 to for

)rtal. 71ee -oler are )alle" )rtalli#e -oler

$ Poler are ei )rtalli#e

$ Hig1l )rtalli#e -oler& rigi"

& 1ig1 elti#g

& le affe)te" * ol3e#t -e#etratio#

& tro#g *!t wit1 low i-a)t reita#)e$ Poler Mole)!le for laella

Crtalli#e P1ae


123/218

$ Reg!lar -oler for -late lie tr!)t!re )alle"lamellar

$ ,!al t1i)#e of t1e laella i a*o!t '0 to 20 #

Sei:Crtalli#e Poler


124/218

$ Sei:)rtalli#e -oler 1a3e*ot1 )rtalli#e a#" aor-1o!

regio#

$ 1e# )rtal are fore" fro t1e

elt )1ai# e#ta#glee#t are

e+treel i-orta#t. Poler)1ai# ea#"eri#g i# a#" o!t of

or"ere" )rtalli#e -ortio#

$ 71e )rtalli#e -ortio# i i# t1e

laellae t1e aor-1o! -ortio# i

o!ti"e t1e laella

Sei:Crtalli#e Poler


125/218

$ P-er)e#tage of t1e -oler t1at i )rtalli#e i )alle"t1e percent crystallinity. 71e -er)e#t )rtalli#it 1a

a# i-orta#t i#fl!e#)e o# t1e -ro-ertie of t1e -oler.

S-1er!lite


126/218

-

$ 1e# a olte# )rtalliJa*le-oler )ool t1e )rtal

grow fro i#"i3i"!al #!)lei a#"

ra"iate o!t lie t1e -oe of a

*i))le w1eel

$ 71e )rtalli#e -ortio#a)t!all ra"iate o!t i# i# t1ree

"ie#io# fori#g -1ere

t1at are )alle" sp)erulites

$ I# a a-le of a )rtalli#e

-oler t1ere are *illio# of-1er!lite


127/218


128/218

S-1er!lite


129/218

/a)tor Affe)ti#g Crtalli#it


130/218

$ Str!)t!ral Reg!larit$ Degree of PoleriJatio#$ I#terole)!lar /or)e$ Pe#"a#t Gro!-

$ Pro)ei#g& Rate of Cooli#g& Orie#tatio#

Str!)t!ral Reg!larit


131/218

$ Str!)t!ral Reg!larit -roote )rtalliJatio#$ CrtalliJatio# i fa3o!re" *

& Li#ear tr!)t!re

& Hig1 "egree of etr

$ S#"iota)ti) a#" or iota)ti) ioer$ Liite" )rtalliJatio# )a# tae -la)e if a all #!*er of

*ra#)1e are -ree#t.

Degree of PoleriJatio#


132/218

$ Relati3el 1ort -oler )1ai# for )rtal orerea"il t1a# lo#g )1ai# *e)a!e t1e lo#g )1ai# te#" to

*e ore ta#gle".

$ Hig1 )rtalli#itge#erall ea# a tro#ger aterial

*!t low ole)!lar weig1t-oler !!all are weaer i#tre#gt1 e3e# if t1e are 1ig1l )rtalli#e

$ Low ole)!lar weig1t -oler 1a3e a low "egree of

)1ai# e#ta#glee#t o t1e -oler )1ai# )a# li"e *

ea)1 ot1er a#" )a!e a *rea i# t1e aterial.

I#terole)!lar /or)e
http://www.lasalle.edu/academ/chem/ms/polymersRus/Resources/Crystalline.htmhttp://www.lasalle.edu/academ/chem/ms/polymersRus/Resources/MolecWt.htmhttp://www.lasalle.edu/academ/chem/ms/polymersRus/Resources/MolecWt.htmhttp://www.lasalle.edu/academ/chem/ms/polymersRus/Resources/Crystalline.htm


133/218

$ Crtalli#it i fa3o!re" * tro#g i#ter *a)*o#e for)e$ 71e -ree#)e of -olar a#" 1"roge# *o#"i#g gro!-

fa3o!r )rtalli#it *e)a!e t1e ae -oi*le "i-ole:

"i-ole a#" 1"roge# *o#"i#g i#terole)!lar for)e

$ Polet1le#e tere-t1alate )o#tai# -olar eter gro!-.Di-ole:"i-ole for)e *etwee# t1e -olar gro!- 1ol" t1e

PE7 ole)!le i# tro#g )rtal.

Pe#"a#t Gro!-


134/218

$ Reg!lar -oler wit1 all -e#"a#t gro!-)rtalliJe

ore rea"il t1a# "o -oler wit1 large *!l -e#"a#tgro!-

$ Pol 3i#l al)o1ol @PFA i a"e * t1e 1"roli of -ol

3i#l a)etate @PFA). PFA )rtalliJe ore rea"il t1a#

PFA) *e)a!e of t1e *!l a)etate gro!- i# PFA). 71e

:OH gro!- i# PFA alo for tro#g 1"roge# *o#".

PFA) PFA

Pro)ei#g % Cooli#g Rate
http://www.lasalle.edu/academ/chem/ms/polymersRus/Resources/Pendant.htmhttp://www.lasalle.edu/academ/chem/ms/polymersRus/Resources/Pendant.htm


135/218

$ Ma=or "iffere#)e *etwee# all ole)!le a#" -oler i t1at t1eor-1olog of a -oler i "e-e#"e#t o# it t1eral 1itor

$ 71e )rtalli#it of a -oler )a# *e )1a#ge" * )ooli#g t1e

-oler elt lowl or !i)l a#" * W-!lli#gW t1e *!l aterial

eit1er "!ri#g it #t1ei or "!ri#g it -ro)ei#g

$ 1e# t1e are -ro)ee" i#"!triall -oler ofte# are )oole"ra-i"l fro t1e elt. I# t1i it!atio# )rtalliJatio# i )o#trolle"

* i#eti) rat1er t1a# t1ero"#ai)

$ 71ere a #ot *e tie for t1e )1ai# w1i)1 are e#ta#gle" i# t1e

elt to e-arate e#o!g1 to for )rtal o t1e aor-1o! #at!re

of t1e elt i WfroJe# i#toW t1e oli"$ A -oler i ore liel to 1a3e a 1ig1er -er)e#t )rtalli#it if it i

)oole" lowl fro t1e elt.

Pro)ei#g% Orie#tatio#


136/218

$ Crtalli#it )a# *e e#1a#)e" * tret)1i#g t1e *!l

aterial eit1er w1e# it i #t1eiJe" or "!ri#g it-ro)ei#g

$ I#"!)e" )rtalliJatio# "!e to orie#tatio# i )oo# for

*ot1 fil a#" fi*er

$ 1e# a fil i fore" t1e all )rtallite te#" to *era#"ol orie#te" relati3e to ea)1 ot1er. 8ra1ing

@tret)1i#g t1e fil -!ll t1e i#"i3i"!al )1ai# i#to a

ro!g1l -arallel orga#iJatio#

$ /il )a# eit1er *e !#ia+iall orie#te" @orie#te" i# o#l o#e

"ire)tio# or *ia+iall orie#te" @orie#te" i# two "ire)tio#.

Pro)ei#g% Orie#tatio#


137/218

$ /i*er #orall are "raw# o t1at t1e are orie#te" i#

o#e "ire)tio#. ,#tret)1e" #lo# fi*er are *rittle fore+a-le.. 1e# t1e fi*er are tret)1e" t1e orie#te"

fi*er are tro#g a#" to!g1.

Effe)t of Crtalli#it o# Pro-ertie


138/218


139/218


Se)tio# '.9% Poler Pro-ertie

Poler Pro-ertie


140/218

$ 71eral Pro-ertie

& Melti#g -oi#t

& Gla tra#itio#

& 71eral Sta*ilit

$ Me)1a#i)al Pro-ertie

& Stre#gt1& Mo"!l!

& Elo#gatio#

& 7o!g1#e

& I-a)t

& Cree-& Stre Rela+atio#

Poler Pro-ertieC1 i l P ti


141/218

C1ei)al Pro-ertie

& O+i"atio#

& 71eroo+i"ati3e ta*ilit& Degra"a*ilit

& C1ei)al reita#)e

& /laa*ilit


142/218

Crtalli#e Poler

Molte# State

Heat 7

Aor-1o! Poler

Gla State

Heat 7g


143/218

71eral Pro-ertie


144/218

Sei)rtalli#e-oler

Heat 7

Molte#

-oler Gla

State

Heat 7g


145/218

Gla 7ra#itio# te-erat!re


146/218

$ A*o3e 7g-oler are r!**er w1erea *elow 7g-oler are gla

$ R!**er *e1a3ior "!e to -oler a*ilit to )1a#ge it

)o#foratio# at 1ig1 te-erat!re

$ Gla *e1a3io!r "!e to la) of a*ilit to )1a#ge)o#foratio# at low te-erat!re

C1a#ge i# o"!l! wit1 7g


147/218

Factors Affecting Tg


148/218

& PolariJi#g gro!-$ Polar gro!- i#)reae 7g

& Cro li#i#g

$ 7gi# )reae wit1 )ro li# "e#it

& Plati)iJer

$ Plati)iJer "e)reae 7g

Factors Affecting Tg


149/218

& PolariJi#g gro!-$ Polar gro!- i#)reae 7g

& Cro li#i#g

$ 7gi# )reae wit1 )ro li# "e#it

& Plati)iJer

$ Plati)iJer "e)reae 7g

7ga#" Mole)!lar eig1t


150/218

Ba)*o#e /le+i*ilit


151/218

Pe#"a#t Gro!-


152/218

Pe#"a#t Gro!-


153/218

Pe#"a#t Gro!-


154/218

Pe#"a#t Gro!-


155/218

Pe#"a#t Gro!-


156/218

Polar Mole)!le


157/218

Polar Mole)!le

Cro Li#i#g


158/218

Effe)t of Plati)iJer


159/218

Effe)t of Stereo)1eitr


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/a)tor Affe)ti#g Melti#g -oi#t


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$ Melti#g te-erat!re "e-e#" o# ( Crtalli#it$ C1ei)al )o-oitio#

$ C1ai# e#ta#glee#t

Melti#g 7e-erat!re a#" )1ei)al

)o-oitio#


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Melti#g 7e-erat!re a#" Crtalli#it


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Me)1a#i)al Pro-ertie


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$ T)e mec)anical properties of a polymer in.ol.e itse)a.ior under stress

2o1 strong is t)e polymer?How !)1 )a# o! tret)1 it *efore it *rea

2o1 stiff is it?How !)1 "oe it *e#" w1e# o! -!1 o# it

s it rittle? Doe it *rea eail if o! 1it it 1ar"

s it )ard or soft?

8oes it )old up 1ell under repeated stress?

Me)1a#i)al Pro-ertie$ Tensile strengt):/esistance to stretc)ing


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Tensile strengt):/esistance to stretc)ing

$ (ompressi.e strengt):/esistance to compression

$ Flexural strengt):/esistance to ending!flexing$

$ mpact strengt):/esistance to sudden stress3 like a )ammer

lo1

$ Fatigue:/esistance to repeated applications of tensile3

flexural3 or compressi.e stress$ (reep:ncrease in strain 1)en a polymer sample is su5ected

to a constant !typical @iscoelastic Properties$: time dependent

$ >tress relaxation:8ecrease in stress 1)en a sample is

elongated rapidly to constant strain !typical @iscoelastic

Properties$: time dependent


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Strain=elongation=L/L0

Youngs Modulus = Stress/Strain


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/a)tor affe)ti#g tiff#e


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/a)tor affe)ti#g tiff#e


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7-i)al Stre Strai# C!r3e for Plati)


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A

B

C A% Li#ear elati)

regio#

B% Yiel" Poi#t

C% /ail!re -oi#t

7o!g1#e


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Co-ario# of to!g1#e


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Cree- a#" Stre Rela+atio#


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C1ei)al Pro-ertie

C1ei)al Pro-ertie


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$ O+i"atio#$ 71eral ta*ilit

$ C1ei)al reita#)e

$ ,F reita#)e

$ /laa*ilit


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$ O+ge# i# t1e ato-1ere a#" 1ig1 1eat )a# )a!e t1e

)a# -oler "egra"atio#

$ 7ertiar )ar*o# ato are ore 3!l#era*le for t1i t-e

of "egra"atio#$ ,!all A#tio+i"a#t@-oler a""iti3e are a""e" to

i-ro3e t1e o+i"ai3e -ro-ertie of -oler

Reita#)e to O+i"atio# a#" 71eral

Degra"atio#


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Poler "egra"e at 1ig1 te-erat!re. 7wo t1i#g 1a--e#w1e# -oler i 1eate" to a 3er 1ig1 te-erat!re%

Pro)ei#g te-erat!re i well *elow t1a# t1e "egra"atio# te-erat!re

Reita#)e to O+i"atio# a#" 71eral

Degra"atio#


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71ero:o+i"ati3e Sta*ilit

C1ei)al Reita#)e$ C1ei)al )a# *rea t1e *o#"

C


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$ Ca# e+tra)t a""iti3e a#" a#tio+i"a#t

$ Ca# fill !- of 3oi" a#" )a!e for welli#g. Swelli#g re"!)e

e)1a#i)al tre#gt1

$ C1ei)al reita#)e 3arie ao#g -oler

$ C1ei)al reita#)e of -oler )a# *e i#)reae" *

o"ifi#g t1e -oler

$ Crtalli#e -oler are ore reita#t t1a# Aor-1o!

-oler

$ Croli#i#g i#)reae )1ei)al reita#)e

$ Mot of t1e -oler are *etter )1ei)al reita#t t1a# etal

Reita#)e to ,F Lig1t


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,F lig1t )a# )a!e t1e "egra"atio# of Poler



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$,F ta*iliJer )a# *e a""e" to i-ro3e t1e ,F


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reita#)e of -oler$Car*o# Bla) i a# e+)elle#t ,F ta*iliJer

OJo#oli


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$oJo#e i# ato-1ere )a# )a!e t1e "egra"atio# of-oler * *reai#g t1e *o#"

Reita#)e to B!r#i#g


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& Poler otl *ei#g )ar*o# a#" 1"roge# i flaa*le

& A""iti3e )a# *e a""e" to i-ro3e t1e flae retar"a#t

-ro-ertie of -oler

& Haloge# are e+)elle#t flae retar"a#t. Mot of t1e flae

retar"a#t a""iti3e are 1aloge# *ae"

& E!ro-ea# )o!#trie "oe #ot allow 1aloge# *e)a!e of t1eto+i)it of t1e aloe# *ae" a""iti3e

& Al!i#i! tri1"ro+i"e @A7H a#" Mag#ei! "i 1"ro+i"e

@MDH are #o# aloge#ete" flae retar"a#t a""iti3e

Reita#)e to B!r#i#g


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Reita#)e to B!r#i#g


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Retar"i#g Co*!tio# Pro)e


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C1ar /oratio#


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De)o-oi#g Material


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D!ra*ilit

H l l ill l t i i "iti


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$ How lo#g -oler will lat i# er3i)e )o#"itio#

$ D!ra*ilit !!all i "eteri#e" * t1e )o*i#e" effe)tof e#3iro#e#t a#" )1ei)al

$ 7o -re"i)t t1e er3i)e lifetie !!all a))elerate" agi#gtet i )o#"!)te" i# a i!late" er3i)e )o#"itio# !)1

a 1eat )1ei)al oit!re a#" e)1a#i)al te#io#

/low


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$ 7o -ro)e t1e -oler -oler #ee" to *e elte"

$ Fi)oit of olte# -oler i a# i-orta#t -araeter for-ro)ei#g

$ Poler i 1ig1l #o# Newto#ia# fl!i" a#" -oler r1eolog i 3er)o-le+

$ 71eral 1itor a#" eor effe)t alo 3er i-orta#t for -ro)e

e#gi#eer a#" to "eteri#e 1ow t1e -oler will re-o#" to-ro)ei#g )o#"itio#

Material Sele)tio#:Deig#Re!iree#t

St t l


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$ Str!)t!ral

& 7e-erat!re

& H!i"it

& C1ei)al

& Ra"iatio#

Material Sele)tio#:Deig#Re!iree#t

R l ti < t " " t i t


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$ Reg!latio#


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$ 71e reao# to a"" a""iti3e rei#for)ee#t a#" filler

& 7o i-ro3e -ro)e a*ilit

& 7o re"!)e )ot

& 7o re"!)e 1ri#age

& 7o i-ro3e !rfa)e fi#i1

& 7o )1a#ge t1eral > ele)tri)al -ro-ertie

& 7o -re3e#t "egra"atio#

& 7o -ro3i"e "eira*le )olor

& 7o i-ro3e e)1a#i)al -ro-ertie

& 7o lower t1e )oeffi)ie#t of fri)tio#

A""iti3e

$ I#)reae -ro-ertie of -lati)


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$ I#)reae -ro-ertie of -lati)

& Stre#gt1

& Gla fi*er

& Gra-1ite fi*er

& Xe3lar fi*er

& oo" fi*er

& I-a)t tre#gt1

& Parti)le

& 7al)

A""iti3e$ I#)reae -ro-ertie of -lati)

& /lae retar"a#t


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& Sta*ilit @,F a#" )1ei)al& Mol" releae

$ A#tio+i"a#t

& O+i"atio# of -lati) & *reai#g of *o#" i# -oler

& Effe)t o# -lati)% )1ai# )iio#

&How to o3er)oe% A"" a#tio+i"a#t

$ Priar a#tio+i"a#t% to- o+i"ati3e rea)tio#

$ Se)o#"ar a#tio+i"a#t% #e!traliJe rea)ti3e aterial

$ E+a-le%

& Plati)% PP >PE

& Priar% P1e#oli) Ai#e& Se)o#"ar% P1o-1ite 71ioeter

PlatiiJer


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$ I#)reae fle+i*ilit

$ Re"!)e elt te-erat!re

$ Lower 3i)oit

& ater& Mil" ol3e#t

& Coer)ial

& Dio)tl -1t1alate

,F ta*aliJer @Car*o# *la)

$ ,F )a# C C *a)*o#e a#" a# i"e gro!-


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$ ,F )a# C:C *a)*o#e a#" a# i"e gro!-

$ Brittle

$ eae#

$ Ot1er a""iti3e

& 2:1"ro)*e#Jo-1e#o#e

/lae retar"a#t

$ Ao#i! -1o-1ate


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$ Ao#i! -1o-1ate

$ C1lori#ate" 1"ro)ar*o#

$ C1ei)al of *roi#e )1lori#ea#tio#

$ Effe)t%

& Eit fire:e+ti#g!i1i#g ga @CO2 N2& /or a# i#!latio# *arrier agai#t 1eat a#" flae.


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I#ter#al L!*ri)a#t

$ L!*ri)a#t


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$ L!*ri)a#t

'. Lower e+ter#al a#" i#ter#al fri)tio#.

2. No:ti)i#g to t1e ol".

9. Pre3e#t -ro"!)t fro a"1eri#g to ea)1 ot1er.

$ E+a-le%

& a+e

& Metalli) oa-

A#titati) Age#t

$ Attra)t oit!re fro t1e air ai#g t1e


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Attra)t oit!re fro t1e air ai#g t1e

$ !rfa)e ore )o#"!)ti3e a#" t1e# "ii-ati#g tati)

)1arge

$ E+a-le%

& Ai#e !ater#ar ao#i! )o-o!#"

& Orga#i) -1o-1ate Polet1le#e gl)ol

& eter

Documents

Lecture Notes Polymer Basics