LECTURE NOTES ON Computer Organization

College of Information Technology, University of Babylon, Iraq

[email protected]

By Dr. Samaher Hussein Ali

LECTURE NOTES ON Computer Organization

Department of Information Networks The University of Babylon

8 March 2015

Dr. Samaher Hussein Ali

Basic Concepts

Notes of Lecture 1

Data

- Collection of data objects and their attributes

- An attribute is a property or characteristic of an object

Examples: eye color of a person, temperature, etc.

- A collection of attributes describe an object.

Object is also known as record, point, case, sample, entity, or instance

Information

Collection of organization data or preparing data to take the decision , where

Data + Processing = Information

Example: book is data while my book is information.

Computer

an electronic device which is capable of receiving information (data) in a particular form and of performing a sequence of

operations in accordance with a predetermined but variable set of procedural instructions (program) to produce a result in the

form of information or signals.

Computer is derived from the word compute which means compute or calculating in right manner. it can acess, store, and

retrived the large amount of data without intervention of human.

8 March 2015


Basic Concepts

Notes of Lecture 1

Information technology (IT)

Information technology (IT) is the design, development, implementation, support, and management of computer

hardware and software applications. An IT professional is knowledgeable about computer systems and operating systems.

This Lecture will review IT certifications and the components of a basic personal computer system

8 March 2015

After completing this Lecture, you will meet these objectives:

• Explain IT industry certifications.

• Describe a computer system.

• Identify the names, purposes, and characteristics of cases and power supplies.

• Identify the names, purposes, and characteristics of internal components.

• Identify the names, purposes, and characteristics of ports and cables.

• Identify the names, purposes, and characteristics of input devices.

• Identify the names, purposes, and characteristics of output devices.

• Explain system resources and their purposes.


Basic Concepts

Notes of Lecture 1 8 March 2015

Explain IT industry certifications This course will focus on desktop and laptop computers. It will also discuss electronic devices, such as personal digital

assistants and cell phones.

Training and experience will qualify a technician to service these computers and personal electronic devices. You will gain the

specialized technical skills needed to install, maintain, and repair computers. Earning an industry-standard certification will give

you confidence and increase your opportunities in IT.

Information Technology (IT) is a term that encompasses the relationship between hardware, software, networks, and

technical assistance provided to users. IT Essentials: PC Hardware and Software covers the information that a technician needs to

be successful in IT. This course covers the following topics:

• Personal computers

• Safe lab procedures

• Troubleshooting

• Operating systems

• Laptop computers

• Printers and scanners

• Networks

• Security

• Communication skills

Explain IT industry certifications


Describe of European Professional Informatics Societies (CEPIS)

This course will prepare you for Modules 1 and 2.

Module 1: PC Hardware

The PC Hardware module requires that the candidate understand the basic makeup of a personal computer and the functions of the

components. The candidate should be able to effectively diagnose and repair hardware problems. The candidate should be able to advise

customers of the appropriate hardware to buy.

Module 2: Operating Systems

The Operating Systems module requires that the candidate be familiar with the procedures for installing and updating most

common operating systems and applications. The candidate should know how to use system tools for troubleshooting and repairing

operating systems.

Module 3: Local Area Network and Network Services

This module is beyond the scope of the IT Essentials course, although some of the topics are covered. The Local Area Network and

Network Services module requires that the candidate be familiar with the procedure of installing, using, and managing local area networks.

The candidate should be able to add and remove users and shared resources. The candidate should know how to use system tools for

troubleshooting and repairing networks.

Module 4: Expert Network Use

This module is beyond the scope of the IT Essentials course, although some of the topics are covered. The Expert Network Use

module requires that the candidate understand LAN communication.

Module 5: IT Security

This module is beyond the scope of the IT Essentials course, although some of the topics are covered. The IT Security module

requires that the candidate be familiar with security methods and features that are available for a standalone or networked computer.

Notes of Lecture 1 8 March 2015

Dr. Samaher Hussein Ali Notes of Lecture 1 8 March 2015

Describe a computer system

A computer system consists of hardware and software components.

• Hardware is the physical equipment such as the case, storage drives, keyboards, monitors, cables, speakers, and printers.

• The term software includes the operating system and programs.

• The operating system instructs the computer how to operate. These operations may include identifying, accessing, and

processing information. Programs or applications perform different functions. Programs vary widely depending on the type of

information that will be accessed or generated. For example, instructions for balancing a checkbook are very different from

instructions for simulating a virtual reality world on the Internet.

The rest of this lecture discusses the hardware components found in a computer system.


Identify the names, purposes, and characteristics of cases and power supplies

• The computer case provides protection and support for the internal

components of the computer. All computers need a power supply to

convert alternating-current (AC) power from the wall socket into

direct-current (DC) power. The size and shape of the computer case is

usually determined by the motherboard and other internal components.

You can select a large computer case to accommodate additional

components that may be required in the future. Other users may select a

smaller case that requires minimal space. In general, the computer case

should be durable, easy to service, and have enough room for expansion.

The power supply must provide enough power for the components that

are currently installed and allow for additional components that may be

added at a later time. If you choose a power supply that powers only the

current components, it may be necessary to replace the power supply

when other components are upgraded.

After completing this section, you will meet these objectives:

• Describe cases.

• Describe power supplies.


A computer case contains the framework to support the internal components of a computer while providing an enclosure for added protection. Computer cases are typically made of plastic, steel, and aluminum and are available in a variety of styles. The size and layout of a case is called a form factor. There are many types of cases, but the basic form factors for computer cases include desktop and tower. Desktop cases may be slimline or full-sized, and tower cases may be mini or full-sized, Computer cases are referred to in a number of ways: • Computer chassis • Cabinet • Tower • Box • Housing There are many factors that must be considered when choosing a case: • The size of the motherboard • The number of external or internal drive locations called bays • Available space In addition to providing protection from the environment, cases help to prevent damage from static electricity. Internal components of the computer are grounded by attachment to the case. NOTE: You should select a case that matches the physical dimensions of the power supply and motherboard.

Describe cases


Main Features of Case








Describe power supplies

The power supply, converts alternating-current (AC) power coming from a wall outlet into direct-current (DC) power, which is a

lower voltage. DC power is required for all of the components inside the computer.

A computer can tolerate slight fluctuations in power, but a significant deviation can cause the power supply to fail. An

uninterruptible power supply (UPS) can protect a computer from problems caused by changes in power. A UPS provides power

for a computer using a power inverter. A power inverter provides AC power to the computer from a built-in battery by

converting the DC current of the UPS battery into AC power.


Connectors Most connectors today are keyed connectors. Keyed connectors are designed to be inserted in only one direction. Each part of the connector has a colored wire with a different voltage running through it, as seen in Figure 2. Different connectors are used to connect specific components to various ports on the motherboard: • A Molex connector is a keyed connector used to connect to an optical drive or a hard drive. • A Berg connector is a keyed connector used to connect to a floppy drive. A Berg connector is smaller than a

Molex connector. • A 20-pin or 24-pin slotted connector is used to connect to the motherboard. The 24-pin slotted connector

has two rows of 12 pins each, and the 20-pin slotted connector has two rows of 10 pins each. • A 4-pin to 8-pin auxiliary power connector has two rows of two to four pins and supplies power to all areas

of the motherboard. The 4-pin to 8-pin auxiliary power connector is the same shape as the main power connector, but smaller.

• Older standard power supplies used two connectors called P8 and P9 to connect to the motherboard. P8

and P9 were unkeyed

Describe power supplies


Power Color Code Power Supply Capacitors

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LECTURE NOTES ON Computer Organization