IntroductionCeleste Roderno-Desingao

PsychologyCame from Greek words psyche and logos, which literally means soul and mind study

Scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Human beings are complex living systems; they have the biological, psychological and social dimensions.

In understanding certain behavior, one should have a holistic approach considering the three dimensions of a human being to have a complete view of what may have caused such behavior.

Behavior could either be overt or covert, conscious or unconscious, rational or irrational, voluntary or involuntary.

The goals of any psychological study are to describe, explain and understand, predict and control behavior.

Causes of a Persons BehaviorPhysiological or chemical changes in the nervous system.

Behavior may be a response to a very stressful experience.

Social interaction.

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGYDemocritus Believed that human mind is composed of atoms which could circulate freely and which enabled it to penetrate the whole body.

According to him, atoms from our environment enter through our sense organs enabling us to perceive the world around us.

PlatoAccording to him, the mind or soul is distinct in its own right and is God-given.

The soul has three parts The head (exerts reason), the heart (for noble impulses) and the diaphragm (seat of our own passions)

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGYAristotleA student of Plato, who distinguished 3 functions of the soul: the vegetative (concerned with basic maintenance of life; the appetitive, concerned with motives and desires; and the rational, governing function located in the heart.

He conceived of a common sense, one of the mental functions which ties perception and sensation together.

GalenContributed his theory of the dependence of human temperament/nature on physiological factors.

He correspondingly named temperaments as sanguine (cheerful), Phlegmatic (sluggish/slow), melancholic (sad) and choleric (irascible/irritable)

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGYRene Descartes (The Nativist View) This view stated the existence of innate ideas at birth and contested by the Empiricist View

John Locke (The Empiricist View)This view stated that ideas are acquired through sensory experiences and interactions with the environment.

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGYWilhelm WundtHe started studying sensations, mental images and affective states more closely.He established the first psychological/experimental laboratory in Germany in order to study these phenomena objectively using experimentation.

Granville Stanley Hall Established the first psychological laboratory in the US.

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGYRaymond Cattell Known for designing the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaires.

Sir Francis GaltonStudied individual differences (1869), which led to the development of intelligence test.

Schools and Movements in Psychology1. Structuralism (Edward Bradford Titchener)Study of mental structures (sensation, images, emotions) using the method of introspection to gather data.

2. Functionalism (William James)Primarily use the method of observation of mental functions.Concerned with conscious functions of learning, perception, memory and motivation as a way of helping the individual adapt to the environment.

Schools and Movements in Psychology3. Gestalt Psychology (Max Wertheimer with Wolfgang Kohler and Koffka)

Gestalt is a German word for form, pattern or configuration.

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts summarizes their view of totality and organization of experiences in understanding behavior.

Schools and Movements in Psychology4. Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud with Jean Martin Charcot)Used hypnosis in studying patients suffering from hysteria. Primarily based on the premise that all our behavior is influenced by the unconscious mind.

5. Behaviorism (John Watson)Watson believed that behavior can only be caused by anything that can be observed and therefore be measured. Watson gave the concept of Stimulus- Response (S-R) psychology.

Schools and Movements in PsychologyOther behaviorist:Ivan Pavlov (Classical conditioning)

Burrhus F. Skinner (Operant Conditioning)

Edward Thorndike (Connectionism)

Psychology in the Philippines17th Century Psychology was taught in University of San Carlos in Cebu and University of Santo Tomas.

1910 Psychology was being taught at University of the Philippines under the College of Liberal Arts, Department of Philosophy and Psychology.

1918 Psychology was transferred from the College of Liberal Arts to the College of Education in UP.

1959 Psychology was transferred from College of Education to the College of Arts and Sciences in UP.

Psychology in the PhilippinesSeptember 1925 Agustin Alonzo became the first chair of the Department of Psychology in UP (UPDP).

1970s - UPDP used bilingualism in the medium of instruction. Psychology was taught in Filipino.

Reasons in using Filipino as medium of instruction in Psychology:Filipino perspective has been introduced to the course;Realities in the Philippine setting have been brought into focus;The most important contribution was the development of psychology with Filipino orientation. (Sikolohiyang Pilipino)

Filipino PsychologistSinforoso Padilla the first to major in psychology from the undergraduate to the doctorate level.

Angel de Blas established the Experimental Psychology laboratory in UST

Estefania Aldaba Lim First Filipino to receive a Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology from the University of Michigan.

Filipino PsychologistAlfredo Lagmay Chairman of UPDP for 22 years

Jaime Bulatao, S.J. established the Department of Psychology at the Ateneo de Manila.

1. Neurobiological PerspectiveThe nervous system and the endocrine system are two body systems that have much impact on behavior.

Continuous stimulation of the hypothalamus will result to overeating while removal of the hypothalamus will mean that an animal will not eat.

Malfunction of the hypothalamus which is the feeding system will result in conditions like bulimia (overeating) and anorexia (loss of appetite).

2. Behavioral perspectiveBehavior refers to all acts and activities of the organism.

This gave rise to the S-R Psychology and became the basis of most of the behavioral theories in learning such as classical conditioning, operant conditioning and connectionism

Food (stimulus) Eating (response)Perspective in Psychology

Perspective in Psychology3. Cognitive PerspectiveCognition involves mental processes or the internal works of the individual such as thinking, remembering, learning, perceiving, imagining, analyzing and the like.

According to cognitive theorists like Jean Piaget, the mind processes incoming stimulation, before giving its corresponding response.

Food (stimulus) like or dislike (mental process) Eating (response)

4. Psychodynamic Perspective According to the theory of Sigmund Freud that undesirable experiences of the individual are forced out of awareness into the unconscious mind (in dreams, slips of speech, mannerisms and may turn out to be the cause of emotional problems.Freuds Structures of Personality1. Id2. Ego3. Superego

Freuds Structures of PersonalityId First structure to developBehavior is geared towards pleasure (hedonistic) primarily sexual.Libido or sexual instinctImmediate satisfaction without considering realities of situation

EgoSecond structure to develop.Abides by the existing social and cultural norms. Control impulses of the id and seeks satisfaction in ways that are socially and culturally acceptable.Role: delays satisfaction until the time satisfaction is appropriate

Freuds Structures of PersonalitySuperegoThe last personality to developConscienceWhich is right and wrong?Develops at age 5, when interaction with the environment becomes more spontaneous.Parental discipline, rewards and punishments is very important on the development of superego.Forms the moral aspect of actions.Role: restrain the impulses of the id through the ego by making the ego feel guilt when wrong had been done to avoid recurrence of the behavior

Perspective in Psychology5. Phenomenological PerspectiveAlso known as humanistic psychology and was developed by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.

This approach to behavior is subjective and considers the persons concept of himself and his experience as basis for his behavior.

The central concept here is that freewill or the capacity to make choices for actions which the individual thinks will help him realized his inner potentials.

6. Socio-cultural PerspectiveThis is a combination of:Social psychology- focuses primarily on the study of group dynamics, social roles, behavior as affected by norms and interpersonal relationships

Cultural Psychology- focuses on lifestyle as a product of cultural norms, values and expectations

Perspective in Psychology7. Evolutionary PerspectiveThis focuses on the biological basis of mental characteristics that all living organisms share.

Survival of the Fittest-----This concept of species survival is what all living organisms share. Behavior then is programmed towards achieving this goal.

EngineeringEnvironmentalForensicGenderHealth/MedicalIndustrial-organizationalParanormalPersonalitySensation and PerceptionSocialSports

BiopsychologyClinical psychologyCognitive CommunityComparativeConsumerCounsellingCulturalDevelopmentalEducational/Learning/School

Specialization in Psychology

Methods used in Psychological ResearchNaturalistic ObservationVisual method of investigation wherein behavior is observed on its natural environment.Strength: Realistic picture of occurrence of behavior is observedWeakness: Interpretation of results may be biased if researchers are not trained to objectively interpret results Survey-QuestionnaireGathering of data is indirect but structured using pretested questionnaires to group of respondents/ samples.Strength: Easy to administer, interpret, time-saving and economical. Weakness: Inaccuracy of the participants responses so that nobody gets offended (Courtesy bias)

Case StudyUsed for clinical purposes by observation, interviews and testingDetermines how situations/events in the past contributed to the persons present psychological state. Strength: Add much to the understanding of the psychological state of person based on detailed study. Weakness: Review of past events may be distorted due to passage of time which may affect accuracy of interpretation

Methods used in Psychological ResearchArchival ResearchThis does not involve live objects but focus on documents and helps understand the patterns of a person or group of persons in history.Strength: Researcher fully comprehend how certain behaviors evolve into its present form.Weakness: Difficulty in obtaining data.

Experimental MethodStrength: Discover the effect of one variable to another variable. (cause and effect)Independent variables (stimulus variable) and Dependent variable (response variable)Experiment and Control groupWeakness: extraneous variable may affect or invalidate the result of the experiment. Correlation MethodStrength: Determine the relationship that may exist between two variables using Pearsons r. (Value of r may range from 0 (no relationship) to +/- 1 (perfect relationship)Weakness: Does not prove causation but it may be used for prediction.