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Lecture day 3 and 4

Lecture Day 3 And 4

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Page 1: Lecture Day 3 And 4

Lecture day 3 and 4

Page 2: Lecture Day 3 And 4

Objectives

• To have a group presentation regarding the promotion of AIDS awareness

• To discuss the different types of autoimmune deficiencies

Page 3: Lecture Day 3 And 4

AUTOIMMUNE DEFICIENCIES

• Are conditions wherein antibodies are formed against endogenous antigens that result in tissue injury

Page 4: Lecture Day 3 And 4

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

• Its autoimmune reaction occurs in the synovial joint.

• Greater incidence in women• Phagocytosis produces enzymes that

break down collagen causing edema, proliferation of the synovial membrane and pannus formation which destroys cartilage and degrades the bone.

• Sx: joint pain, swelling, warmth, erythema, lack of function, deformities

• Classic sign: joint stiffness in the morning

Page 5: Lecture Day 3 And 4

• Diagnosis: positive rheumatoid factor, elevated ESR, he rate at which red blood cells precipitate in a period of 1 hour, a non-specific measure of inflammation

• Mgt: • Early stage: rest and exercise, analgesics• Moderate/erosive: physical

therapy,cyclosporine• Persistent: surgery, corticosteroids• Surgery includes: • Synovectomy• Tenorrhaphy• Arthrodesis• Arthroplasty• Advanced/unremitting: immunosuppressive

agents

Page 6: Lecture Day 3 And 4

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

• 10 times more frequent in women, 3 times more frequent in African-americans

• It is a result of disturbed immune regulation that causes an exaggerated production of autoantibodies which is brought about by a combination of genetic, hormonal, environmental and drug-related causes.

• Sx: Affetcts different body systems• MS: arthralgia and arthritis, joint swelling• Skin: discoid SLE-erythematous papules and scaling,

butterfly rash in scalp,face and neck• Lesions worsen (excacerbate) upon exposure to

sunlight/UV light

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• Diagnosis: complete history, PE, and blood tests

• Mgt: Pharmacologic therapy: corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents

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Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

• Or chronic thyroiditis, occurs in women more frequently and in between 30-5- years of age

• an autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland is gradually destroyed by a variety of cell and antibody mediated immune processes, was first described by Dr. Hakaru Hashimoto, in 1912.

• Blood drawn from patients with Hashimoto's throiditis reveals an increased number of antibodies to the enzyme, thyroid peroxidase an enzyme found within the thyroid gland. As result of the antibodies' interaction with the enzyme, inflammation develops in the thyroid gland, the thyroid gland is destroyed, and the patient ultimately is rendered hypothyroid

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• Sx: weight gain, depression, mania, sensitivity to cold, fatigue, panic attacks, bradycardia, tachycardia, high cholesterol, reactive hypoglycemia, constipation, migraines, muscle weakness, cramps, memory loss, infertility and hair loss.

• Dx: T3 and T4, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies to aid in the diagnosis.

• Mgt: thyroid hormone therapy, surgery

Page 12: Lecture Day 3 And 4

MULTIPLE MYELOMA

• A malignancy involving plasma cells in bone marrow.• Exact etiology is unknown .Abnormal plasma cells

proliferate in the bone marrow where they release osteoclast activating factor causing a breakdown of bone cells and increasing blood calcium levels and risk for pathologic fractures.

• The cells release two types of proteins, one of them, the Bence-jones proteins impair renal tubules and result to renal failure.The other, M-type protein compromises the production of immunoglobulins .

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• Sx: bone pain, relieved by rest, pathologic fractures, fatigue, weakness, renal calculi

• Diagnosis:X-ray, high calcium levels, low blood cell counts, positive bence-jones protein in the urine

• Mgt: Steroids and anti-cancer drugs, radiation, analgesics, bone marrow transplants

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IMMUNIZING AGENTS• Vaccine- suspension of live or dead organism• Toxoid-bacterial toxin that has been rendered

non toxic• Immune globulin-sterile solution containing

antibodies from human blood• Antitoxin- solution of antibodies derived from

serum of animals immunized from specific antigens

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• In live attenuated vaccines, the organism in the vaccine is alive but unable to infect a person with a normal immune system.

• Patients with impaired immunity-such as those with immune deficiencies, on chemotherapy for cancer, or with AIDS-and pregnant women must not be given live vaccines.

• Examples of live attenuated vaccines are measles, mumps, rubella, and oral polio.

Page 16: Lecture Day 3 And 4

• Inactivated or killed vaccines contain dead, but intact, organisms, so the immune system can still recognize them. Most vaccines are inactivated.

Page 17: Lecture Day 3 And 4

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

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CHAIN OF INFECTION

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DISORDERS AFFECTING THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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Pneumonia• Is an inflammatory process of lung

parenchyma with many causes including aspiration of food and fluid, inhalation of toxic chemicals and gases

• S.pneumonia,S. aureus, H. influenza, P. aeruginosa are some of the common pathogens pathogens

• Risk factors: smoking, air pollution, URTI, prolonged immobility, immunocompromised, aspiration, chronic disease

Page 21: Lecture Day 3 And 4

• Sx: adventitious breath sounds, crackling• Dull sound over affected are upon

percussion• Unequal chest wall expansion• Fever, chills, sweating• Cough, sputum production, hemoptysis• Diagnosis: – Skin tests– Chest x-ray– Sputum exam/culture

Page 22: Lecture Day 3 And 4

• Pneumonia according to location:• Bronchopneumonia- involves terminal

bronchioles and alveoli• Segmental-one or more segents of a lobe• Lobar- one or more lobes of lung• Bilateral- lobes or segments of both lungs• Mgt: • Promote airway patency, breathing exercises• Increase fluid intake• antibiotics

Page 23: Lecture Day 3 And 4

DIPHTHERIA• Is severe localized throat infection caused

by corynebacterium diphtheria or the Klebs-Loeffler bacillus

• It is common in temperate climates, and in overcrowded populations

• Mode of transmission: droplet infection• Sx:• Classic sign: psudomembrane covering the

posterior pharynx• Others: headache, sore throat, fever

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• Diagnosis: swabbing and culture• Mgt: • Antibiotics and antitoxin• Maintain patent airway• Analgesics and antipyretics• Keep emergency tracheostomy set available at

bedside

Page 26: Lecture Day 3 And 4

TUBERCULOSIS• One of the leading causes of death worldwide• According to the World Health Organization,

the Philippines ranks fourth in the world for the number of cases of tuberculosis and has the highest number of cases per head in Southeast Asia. Almost two thirds of Filipinos have tuberculosis, and up to five million people are infected yearly in our country. (DOH, NTP)

Page 27: Lecture Day 3 And 4

• Pulmonary TB is suspected if a person has symptoms of cough for more than 2 weeks, fever, chest and back pains, poor appetite, loss of weight and hemoptysis. He should seek medical consultation and his sputum should be examined to detect the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

• Mode of transmission: droplet infection• Diagnosis: mantoux test, sputum exam, chest

x-ray

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Page 29: Lecture Day 3 And 4

• Mantoux Test:• Or tuberculin test, or purified protein

derivative• Given intradermally, when the skin reacts to it,

it means that the person has been infected with tuberculosis

• Prevention:• Cover nose and mouth when coughing,

sneezing or laughing• BCG, bacillus calmette-guerin

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• Extrapulmonary TB also exists. • Infections are characterized by the formation

of gray, translucent tubercles / granulomas which gradually become necrotic, liquefies and coughed out as sputum and the nodule becomes an air filled cavity.

• Primary infection• First the person gets infected• Gohn tubercle/Gohn complex may be formed• Secondary/Reinfection

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• Sx:• Fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, low grade fever, chills

and night sweats, dyspnea, hemoptysis, chest pain• • Tuberculosis is a curable disease. Patients are

prescribed with appropriate regimen to render them non-infectious and cured, as early as possible. The treatment for TB is a combination of 3-4 anti-TB drugs.

• NEVER should we prescribe a SINGLE DRUG for TB treatment! This will worsen the patient’s condition.

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DISORDERS AFFECTING THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM

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CHOLERA• Caused by organism Vibrio cholera• Transmitted by contaminated food and water• It is characterized by copious diarrhea, ”rice

watery stool” up to 1 liter per hour which may result to dehydration and cardiopulmonary collapse.

• Prevention:• Drink only safe and clean water. If unsure, boil

drinking water (Upon reaching boiling point, extend boiling for two or more minutes), or

• Do water chlorination.

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• Keep food away from insects and rats by covering it.

• Wash and cook food properly.• Sanitary disposal of human waste.• Use toilet properly and clean toilet everyday.• Management:• Replace lost body fluid by giving Oral

Rehydration Solution (ORESOL) or a homemade solution composed of 1 teaspoon of salt, 4 teaspoons of sugar mix to 1liter of water.

Page 35: Lecture Day 3 And 4

TYPHOID FEVER• Caused by organism Salmonella typhi• Mode of transmission: ingestion of

contaminated food• Sustained high fever• headache• malaise (weakness)• anorexia (loss of appetite)• diarrhea or constipation and abdominal

discomfort

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• Diagnosis is made by any blood, bone marrow or stool cultures and with the Widal test, demonstration of salmonella antibodies against antigens O-somatic and H-flagellar

• Where resistance is uncommon, the treatment of choice is a fluoroquinolone such as ciprofloxacin