Lecture Biological Psychology

7/28/2019 Lecture Biological Psychology

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A system that controls all of theactivities of the body.


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Your Amazing Brain

Receives information within a fraction of a second, toominuscule to measure

Acts on the external universe allows you to cry, walk,

play a musical instrument

Utilizes language one of your most advanced functions

Possesses emotions creates your affective universe

Thinksis responsible for your memory, intelligence,

your thoughts

Controls your autonomic functions heart rate,

breathing, homeostasis

Controls your immune system protects you from

viruses


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Central Nervous

SystemPeripheral Nervous System


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Central Nervous System

Brain

Spinal Cord

SpinalCord

Brain


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The Spinal Cord

Protected by a column of bones

Connects the brain to the rest of the nervous system

Sends messages to the brain

Produces some behaviors of its own without the help ofthe brain

These spinal reflexes are automatic, requesting noconscience effort

Sometimes they are influenced by thought and emotion

Example: touching a hot iron

The spinal cord sends messages to the brain.

The spinal cord sends messages to the brain.


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The Brain

Areas of the Brain

The Four Lobes of the Brain

Lateralization

Contralateral function


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The Hind Brain Medulla breathing, heart rate, digestion, other

vital reflexes(swallowing,coughing,vomiting,sneezing)

Pons sleeping, walking, dreaming

Reticular Activating System alertness,

arousal, attention

Cerebellum balancecoordinated, rapid

voluntary movements

e.g., playing thepiano, kicking,

throwing, etc.
http://www.math.tu-dresden.de/~belov/brain/stem.gif


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The Midbrain

Thalamus"central switching station"relays and processesincoming sensoryinformation (except

olfactory) to the higherbrain centers The sight of sunset is

directed to a visual area

The only sense that

completely bypasses thethalamus is the sense ofsmell, which has itsprivate switching station,the olfactory bulb


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The Midbrain

The Limbic System

Hypothalamus

Amygdala

Hippocampus


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Hypothalamus

Contains nuclei involved in a variety of behaviors

sexual behavior

hunger, thirst

sleep water and salt balance

body temperature regulation

circadian rhythms

role in hormone secretion

Hypothalamus releases hormones or releasing factors

which in turn cause pituitary gland to release its

hormones


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Amygdala

Inputs come from all

senses

Amygdala readsemotional significance

of inputs

Output influences

such functions as

heart rate, adrenaline

release


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Amygdala and Emotion

Identify emotion

from facial

expressions

Amygdala damage

makes this task

difficult


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Hippocampus

Important in

forming new

memories


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The Forebrain

The CerebrumHigher forms of thinking take place in it

It is divided into two halves called thecerebral hemispheres that are connectedby a large band of fibers called the

corpus callosum

They have different tasks (lateralization)


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The Forebrain

The Cerebral Cortex

The cerebrum is covered by several thin

layers of densely packed cells known asthe cerebral cortex

On each cerebral hemisphere, deep fissures

divide the cortex into 4 lobes


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The Four Lobes of the

Cerebral Cortex

Occipital

Lobes

Parietal

Lobe

Temporal

Lobes

Frontal

Lobes

-at the

back of thehead

-Visual

cortex

-at the top

of thebrain

-Somato-

sensorycortex

-pressure,

touch, pain

-at the

sides ofthe brain

-Auditory

cortex-memory,

perception

, emotion,

language

-toward the

front of thebrain

-Motor cortex

-voluntary

movement of

muscles-decision,

problem-

solving,

planning


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Functions of the Cortex

Motor Cortex an area ofthe frontal lobes thatcontrols voluntarymovements.

It sends messages out tothe body.

When stimulating,specific parts of theregion in the left or right

hemisphere, specificbody parts moved on theopposite side of the body.

Somatosensory CorteMotor Cortex


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Contralateral Motor Control

Movements controled by motor area

Right hemisphere controls left side of

body

Left hemisphere controls right side

Motor nerves cross sides in spinal cord


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Functions of the CortexSensory Cortex the area

at the front of the parietallobes that receives,

registers, and processes

body sensations.

Association Functions

areas of the cerebral

cortex that are not

involved in primary motor

or sensory functions;rather, they are involved

in higher mental

functions such as

learning, remembering,

thinking, and speaking.

Somatosensory CortexMotor Cortex


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LateralizationLeft Hemisphere

Verbal competence

Speaking, reading,

thinking & reasoning

Processes info in sequence

One piece of data at a time

logical

Right Hemisphere

Nonverbal areasComprehension, spatial

relationships, drawing,music, emotion

Processes info. As a whole

Intuitive


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Peripheral Nervous System contains only nerves and

connects the brain and spinalcord (CNS) to the rest of thebody.

3 kinds of neurons connect

CNS to the body sensory

motor

interneurons

Motor - CNS to muscles andorgans

Sensory - sensory receptorsto CNS

Interneurons: Connections

Within CNS

SpinalCord

Brain

Nerves


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Peripheral Nervous System

S ke le ta l

(S o ma t ic)

S ymp a t h e t ic P a ra symp a t h e t ic

A u t o n o mic

P e rip h e ra l Ne rvo u s S yst e m


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Somatic System

Nerves to/fromspinal cord control muscle

movements

somatosensoryinputs

Both Voluntary

and reflex

movements Skeletal

ReflexesMuscle

Motor

Neuron

Interneuron

Skin receptors

SensoryNeuron

Brain


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Autonomic System

Two divisions: sympathetic

Parasympatheitic

Control involuntary functions heartbeat blood pressure

respiration

perspiration digestion

Can be influenced by thought and

emotion


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Sympathetic

Fight or flight

response

Release adrenalineand noradrenaline

Increases heart rate

and blood pressure

Increases blood flow

to skeletal muscles

Inhibits digestive

functions

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMBrain

Spinalcord

SYMPATHETIC

Dilates pupil

Stimulates salivation

Relaxes bronchi

Accelerates heartbeat

Inhibits activity

Stimulates glucose

Secretion of adrenaline,nonadrenaline

Relaxes bladder

Stimulates ejaculationin male

Sympatheticganglia

Salivaryglands

Lungs

Heart

Stomach

PancreasLiver

Adrenalgland

Kidney


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Parasympathetic

Rest and digest

system

Calms body to

conserve and

maintain energy

Lowers heartbeat,

breathing rate,

blood pressure

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMBrain

PARASYMPATHETIC

Spinal

cord

Stimulates salivation

Constricts bronchi

Slows heartbeat

Stimulates activity

Contracts bladder

Stimulates erectionof sex or ans

Stimulates gallbladder

Gallbladder

Contracts pupil


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Summary of autonomic

differencesAutonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal

Sympathetic

division (arousing)

Parasympathetic

division (calming)

Pupilsdilate EYES Pupils contract

Decreases SALVATION Increases

Perspires SKIN Dries

Increases RESPERATION Decreases

Accelerates HEART Slows

Inhibits DIGESTION Activates

Secrete stress

hormones

ADRENAL

GLANDS

Decrease secretion

of stress hormones

Basic Tasks of the Nervous


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Basic Tasks of the Nervous

SystemSensory Input:

Monitor bothexternal and internal

environments.

Integration: Process

the information andoften integrate it with

stored information.

Motor output: If

necessary, signaleffector organs to

make an appropriate

response.


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Cell body:

functional portion

Dendrites: shortextensions that

receive signals

Axon: long

extension thattransmits impulses

away


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Nerve Impulse - The Action PotentialThreshold potential will trigger

an action potential ornerveimpulse

The action potential is an all-or-

none response


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How does a signal move from

one neuron to another?

The junction between a nerve cell and anothercell is called a synapse. The space between twocells is known as the synaptic cleft.

Messages travel within the neuron as an electricalaction potential.

To cross the synaptic cleft requires the actions ofneurotransmitters.

Neurotransmitters are biochemical substances

which carry information. stored in small synaptic vessicles clustered at the

tip of the axon and released by the signal cell(axon) to the receiver cell(dendrite).
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Types of chemical synapse

Acetylcholine: neuromuscular junctions,

glands, brain and spinal cord

Norepinepherine: affects brain regions

concerned with emotions, dreaming


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Chemical Messengers in the

NS

Neurotransmitters

Endorphins

Hormones


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Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters travel from one neuron

to another. Changes occur in the

receiving neurons membrane,

The ultimate effect is either:

Excitatory: the probability that the receiving

neuron will fire increases

Inhibitory: the probability that the receivingneuron will fire decreases


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Neurotransmitters

Serotonin

Sleep, appetite, sensory perception, temperatureregulation, pain suppression, and mood

DopamineVoluntary movement, learning, memory, and

emotion

Acetylcholine

Muscle action, cognitive functioning, memory, andemotion


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Neurotransmitters

Norepinephrine

Increased heart rate and the slowing of

intestinal activity during stress, learning,

memory, dreaming, waking from sleep, andemotion

GABA

(gama-aminobutyic acid)The major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the

brain


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Hormones

Insulin

Produced by the pancreas

Regulates the bodys use of glucose & affects

appetite

Melatonin

Secreted by the pineal gland

Helps to regulate daily biological rhythms andpromotes sleep.


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Hormones

Adrenal HormonesProduced by the adrenal glands are involved in

emotion and stress. They rise in response tononemotional conditions, such as cold, heat, pin

injury, and physical exercise, and in response tosome drugs such as caffeine and nicotine.

The Outer Part

Cortisol

The Inner PartEpinephrine & Norepinephrine


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Hormones

Sex Hormones

Are secreted by the gonads and by the

adrenal glands

Androgens

Masculinizing Hormones

EstrogensFeminizing Hormones


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Neurotransmitters & Hormones

Acetylcholine

Shortage in acetylcholine may be associated with

Alzheimers disease

DopamineThe degeneration of brain cells that produce and

use another neurotransmitter, dopamine,

appears to cause symptoms of Parkinsons

disease.

Low levels of dopamine may cause ADHD


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Serotonin

Decrease in norepinephrine and serotonin is

associated with depression. Elevated levels

along with other biochemical and brainabnormalities have been implicated in childhood

autism.

Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and adrenaline are

associated with excitement and stress.


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Cortisol

Cortisol is associated with stress. Increase in cortisoldamages the brain and may be associated withposttraumatic stress.

GABAAbnormal GABA levels have between implicated in sleep

and eating disorders and in compulsive disorders.

Glutamate

Glutamate, serotonin, and high levels of dopamine havebeen associated with schizophrenia


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Lecture Biological Psychology